Self-Checking of FPGA-based Control Units

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Instruction Manual for Self-Contained, AC-Operated

Instruction ManualSelf-Contained, AC-Operated Sensors•Featuring EZ-BEAM ® technology, the specially designed optics and electronics provide reliable sensing without the need for adjustments •30 mm plastic threaded barrel sensor in opposed, retroreflective, or fixed-field sensing modes•Completely epoxy-encapsulated to provide superior durability, even in harsh sensing environments rated to IP69K•Innovative dual-indicator system takes the guesswork out of sensor performance monitoring•20 V ac to 250 V ac (3-wire hookup); SPST solid-state switch output,maximum load 300 mAWARNING: Not To Be Used for Personnel ProtectionNever use this device as a sensing device for personnel protection. Doing so could lead to serious injury or death. This device does not include the self-checking redundant circuitry necessary to allow its use in personnel safety applications. A sensor failure or malfunction can cause either an energized or de-energized sensor output condition.ModelsFixed-Field Mode OverviewS30 Sensor self-contained fixed-field sensors are small, powerful, infrared diffuse mode sensors with far-limit cutoff (a type of background suppression). Their high excess gain and fixed-field technology allow detection of objects of low reflectivity, while ignoring background surfaces.The cutoff distance is fixed. Backgrounds and background objects must always be placed beyond the cutoff distance.•9 m (30 ft) cable: add suffix "W/30" (for example, S303E W/30).•4-pin Micro-style QD models: add suffix "Q1" (for example, S303EQ1). A model with a QD connector requires a mating cable.S30 Sensors AC-Voltage SeriesOriginal Document121519 Rev. A30 December 2015121519Fixed-Field Sensing – Theory of OperationThe S30FF compares the reflections of its emitted light beam (E) from an object back to the sensor’s two differently aimed detectors, R1 and R2. See Figure 1 on page 2. If the near detector's (R1) light signal is stronger than the far detector's (R2) light signal (see object A in the Figure below, closer than the cutoff distance), the sensor responds to the object. If the far detector's (R2) light signal is stronger than the near detector's (R1) light signal (see object B in the Figure below,beyond the cutoff distance), the sensor ignores the object.The cutoff distance for model S30FF sensors is fixed at 200, 400, or 600 millimeters (7.9 in, 16.7 in, or 23.6 in). Objects lying beyond the cutoff distance are usually ignored, even if they are highly reflective. However, under certain conditions,it is possible to falsely detect a background object (see Background Reflectivity and Placement on page 2).or Cutoff Near Detector FarDetectorEmitter Object is sensed if amount of light at R1 is greater than the amount of light at R2Figure 1. Fixed-Field Concept Figure 2. Fixed-Field Sensing AxisIn the drawings and information provided in this document, the letters E, R1, and R2 identify how the sensor’s three optical elements (Emitter “E”, Near Detector “R1”, and Far Detector “R2”) line up across the face of the sensor. Thelocation of these elements defines the sensing axis, see Figure 2 on page 2. The sensing axis becomes important in certain situations, such as those illustrated in Figure 5 on page 3 and Figure 6 on page 3.Device SetupSensing ReliabilityFor highest sensitivity, position the target object for sensing at or near the point of maximum excess gain. Maximum excess gain for all models occurs at a lens-to-object distance of about 40 mm (1.5 in). Sensing at or near this distance makes the maximum use of each sensor’s available sensing power. The background must be placed beyond the cutoff distance. Note that the reflectivity of the background surface also may affect the cutoff distance. Following these guidelines will improve sensing reliability.Background Reflectivity and PlacementAvoid mirror-like backgrounds that produce specular reflections. A false sensor response occurs if a background surface reflects the sensor’s light more to the near detector (R1) than to the far detector (R2). The result is a false ON condition (Figure 3 on page 3). To correct this problem, use a diffusely reflective (matte) background, or angle either the sensor or the background (in any plane) so the background does not reflect light back to the sensor (Figure 4 on page 3).Position the background as far beyond the cutoff distance as possible.An object beyond the cutoff distance, either stationary (and when positioned as shown in Figure 5 on page 3), ormoving past the face of the sensor in a direction perpendicular to the sensing axis, may cause unwanted triggering of the sensor if more light is reflected to the near detector than to the far detector. The problem is easily remedied by rotating the sensor 90° (Figure 6 on page 3). The object then reflects the R1 and R2 fields equally, resulting in no false triggering. A better solution, if possible, may be to reposition the object or the sensor. - Tel: +1-763-544-3164P/N 121519 Rev. ACutoff Highly Reflective BackgroundFigure 3. Reflective Background - ProblemR1 = Near Detector R2 = Far Detector E = EmitterCutoff DistanceFigure 4. Reflective Background - SolutionR1 = Near Detector R2 = Far Detector E = EmitterCutoff Reflective BackgroundorMoving ObjectA reflective background object in this position or moving across the sensor face in this axis and direction may cause false sensor response.Figure 5. Object Beyond Cutoff - ProblemE = EmitterR1 = Near Detector R2 = Far DetectorCutoff A reflective background object in this position or moving across thesensor face in this axis will be ignored.Figure 6. Object Beyond Cutoff - SolutionColor SensitivityThe effects of object reflectivity on cutoff distance, though small, may be important for some applications. It is expected that at any given cutoff setting, the actual cutoff distance for lower reflectance targets is slightly shorter than for higher reflectance targets. This behavior is known as color sensitivity.For example, an excess gain of 1 for an object that reflects 1/10 as much light as the 90% white card is represented by the horizontal graph line at excess gain = 10. An object of this reflectivity results in a far limit cutoff of approximately 190mm (7.5 in) for the 200 mm (8 in) cutoff model, for example; 190 mm represents the cutoff for this sensor and target.These excess gain curves were generated using a white test card of 90% reflectance. Objects with reflectivity of less than 90% reflect less light back to the sensor, and thus require proportionately more excess gain in order to be sensed with the same reliability as more reflective objects. When sensing an object of very low reflectivity, it may be especially important to sense it at or near the distance of maximum excess gain.P/N 121519 Rev. A - Tel: +1-763-544-31643SpecificationsSupply Voltage and Current20 av V to 250 V ac (50 Hz to 60 Hz)Average current: 20 mA Peak current:200 mA at 20 V ac 500 mA at 120 V ac 750 mA at 250 V acSupply Protection CircuitryProtected against transient voltagesOutput ConfigurationSPST solid-state ac switch; three-wire hookup; light operate or dark operate, depending on modelLight Operate: Output conducts when sensor sees its own (or the emitter’s) modulated lightDark Operate: Output conducts when the sensor sees darkRequired Overcurrent ProtectionWARNING: Electrical connections must be made by qualified personnel in accordance with local and national electrical codes and regulations.Overcurrent protection is required to be provided by end product application per the supplied table.Overcurrent protection may be provided with external fusing or via Current Limiting, Class 2 Power Supply.Supply wiring leads < 24 AWG shall not be spliced.For additional product support, go to .Output Rating300 mA maximum (continuous)Fixed-Field models: derate 5 mA/°C above +50° C (+122° F)Inrush capability: 1 amp for 20 ms, non-repetitive OFF-state leakage current: < 100 mAON-state saturation voltage: 3 V at 300 mA ac; 2 V at 15 mA ac Output Protection CircuitryProtected against false pulse on power-up Output ResponseTime Opposed mode: 16 ms ON, 8 ms OFF Other models: 16 ms ON and OFFNOTE: 100 ms delay on power-up; outputs do not conduct during this time.RepeatabilityOpposed mode: 2 ms Other models: 4 msRepeatability and response are independent of signal strength IndicatorsTwo LEDs (Green and Yellow)Green ON steady: power to sensor is ON Yellow ON steady: sensor sees lightYellow flashing: excess gain marginal (1 to 1.5 times) in light condition ConstructionPBT polyester housing; polycarbonate (opposed-mode) or acrylic lens Environmental RatingLeakproof design rated NEMA 6P, DIN 40050 (IEC IP69K)Connections2 m (6.5 ft) attached cable, or 4-pin Micro-style quick-disconnect fitting Operating ConditionsTemperature: −40 °C to +70 °C (−40 °F to +158 °F)Humidity: 90% at +50 °C maximum relative humidity (non-condensing)Vibration and Mechanical ShockAll models meet Mil. Std. 202F requirements. Method 201A (Vibration;frequency 10 Hz to 60 Hz, max., double amplitude 0.06 inchacceleration 10G). Method 213B conditions H&I. (Shock: 75G with unit operating; 100G for non-operation)CertificationsPerformance CurvesTable 1: Opposed Mode Sensors - Tel: +1-763-544-3164P/N 121519 Rev. ATable 2: Polarized Retro Mode Sensors2Table 3: Fixed-Field Mode Sensors Excess Gain33Performance based on use of a 90% reflectance white test card. Focus and spot sizes are typical.P/N 121519 Rev. A - Tel: +1-763-544-31645DimensionsCabled ModelsYellow LEDQD ModelsWiring DiagramsCabled Emittersbn bu20-250V acQD Emitters (4-pin Micro-Style)All Other Cabled ModelsAll Other QD Models (4-pin Micro-Style)CordsetsAll measurements are listed in millimeters (inches), unless noted otherwise. - Tel: +1-763-544-3164P/N 121519 Rev. ABanner Engineering Corp. Limited WarrantyBanner Engineering Corp. warrants its products to be free from defects in material and workmanship for one year following the date of shipment. Banner Engineering Corp. will repair or replace, free of charge, any product of its manufacture which, at the time it is returned to the factory, is found to have been defective during the warranty period. This warranty does not cover damage or liability for misuse, abuse, or the improper application or installation of the Banner product.THIS LIMITED WARRANTY IS EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE), AND WHETHER ARISING UNDER COURSE OF PERFORMANCE, COURSE OF DEALING OR TRADE USAGE.This Warranty is exclusive and limited to repair or, at the discretion of Banner Engineering Corp., replacement. IN NO EVENT SHALL BANNER ENGINEERING CORP. BE LIABLE TO BUYER OR ANY OTHER PERSON OR ENTITY FOR ANY EXTRA COSTS, EXPENSES, LOSSES, LOSS OF PROFITS, OR ANY INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR SPECIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY PRODUCT DEFECT OR FROM THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PRODUCT, WHETHER ARISING IN CONTRACT OR WARRANTY, STATUTE, TORT, STRICT LIABILITY, NEGLIGENCE, OR OTHERWISE.Banner Engineering Corp. reserves the right to change, modify or improve the design of the product without assuming any obligations or liabilities relating to any product previously manufactured by Banner Engineering Corp. - Tel: +1-763-544-3164。

Aurora 错误代码+光强模块-中英文(1)

AURORA U/T系列错误代码1.1.1.1内存自检RAM self-check[0x0011,0x0011] <设备内存自检失败，错误原因0x%03X。

>[0x0011,0x0011] <Error:0x%03X. Memory self-check failure.>[0x0012,0x0012] <设备内存自检失败，错误原因0x%03X。

>[0x0012,0x0012] <Error:0x%03X. Memory self-check failure.>[0x0013,0x0013] <设备内存自检失败，错误原因0x%03X。

>[0x0013,0x0013] <Error:0x%03X. Memory self-check failure.>[0x0014,0x0014] <设备内存自检失败，错误原因0x%03X。

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>[0x0015,0x0015] <Error:0x%03X. Memory self-check failure.>[0x0018,0x0018] <设备内存自检失败，错误原因0x%03X。

>[0x0018,0x0018] <Error:0x%03X. Memory self-check failure.>[0x0019,0x0019] <设备内存自检失败，错误原因0x%03X。

>[0x0019,0x0019] <Error:0x%03X. Memory self-check failure.>[0x001A,0x001A] <设备内存自检失败，错误原因0x%03X。

M97可编程直流电子负载说明书--英文版

M97可编程直流电子负载说明书--英文版Chapter 3 Quick Start3.1 Power-on self-checkingFirst, users need to connect the power correctly. The following are the specific steps of self-checking.You can use the following ways to solve the problems when you start the load.1) Check the power cord is connectedFirst check the power cord is connected, the load is being power supply, the power switch is started.2) Check the load voltage settingThe load working voltage is 110V or 220V, checking your load voltage setting is matching with the power supply voltage.3) Check if the fuse of the load is burnt.If the fuse of the load is burnt, please replace the fuse specifications from the table below.3.3 Front panel and back panel introductionThe front panel of M97 series electronic load is shown below.①The top half of the panel is a black VFD display screen and a switch.②The bottom half of the panel from left to right are 0~9 numberkeys, ESC, menu, move up(▲) and down(▼) keys, input and output terminals.The back panel of M97 series electronic load is shown below.①the electric current from 0 to full scale, corresponding 0~10V output; can connect the oscilloscope to observe the dynamic waveform②terminal for far-end measurement, trigger the interface of input and output③multifunctional communication interface, transfer GPIB, RS232, RS425, USB3.4 Keyboard introductionShift + Menu, enter into menu function →the VFD show the optional menu →▲or▼, overturn the VFD screen →Enter, enter into the function-option →▲or▼, overturn the VFD screen →Enter, enter into the next level submenu →Esc, return to the higher level menu.Chapter 4 Panel operation4.1 Basic operating modesThe electronic load can be operated in the following four modes.1. Constant current operation mode (CC).2. Constant voltage operation mode (CV).3. Constant resistance operation mode (CR).4. Constant power operation mode (CW).4.1.1 Constant current operation mode(CC)As shown in the following figure, in the constant current mode, the electronic load consumes a constant current regardless of whether the input voltage changes. Please note that if the maximum current value of the source is less than the given constant current value, the load will not be guaranteed to be set to the given current value and the voltage to be tested will also be pulled down.4.1.1.1 Standard constant current modePress the I-SET button, the load shows "STANDARD CURR = xxxxxxxxA", showing the current value. Then you can press the number keys and decimal point keys on the panel and input the required constant current value from high to low, and p ress “Enter” to confirm that the load goes to the standard constant current mode.If the input status is ON, the upper right corner of the display panel shows "OFF". If you want to change the input state to “ON”, press the On / Off button, then "CC" or "Unreg" is displayed in the upper right corner of the display panel. The display "CC" indicates the expected constant current value; "Unreg" indicates thatthe load cannot be correctly adjusted to the given current value. Please check whether the source to be tested is properly connected and turned on or whether the source to be measured can output a preset current value.At this point, if you want to fine-tune the set current value, you canuse the rotary encoder in upper right corner, clockwise adjustment to increase, counterclockwise adjustment to reduce, please note that if the given current value has reached the maximum which is limited by load, the current value cannot be adjusted upwards. In this case, the current value is indicated on the lower right side of the display panel, and one of the numbers has a cursor, Indicating that the current fine fineness is one unit of the current position. If the user wishes to change the fineness of the adjustment, the rotary encoder can be pressed down. The rotary encoder contains a key, once this button is pressed, the cursor will movea grid In order to achieve the adjustment of fineness adjustment.4.1.1.2 Loading and unloading constant current modeThe loading and unloading mode is a kind of protection to the measured source. When the source voltage is just beginning to climb, the load is automatically adjusted to the open state until the source voltage reaches the ONSET and the load is adjusted to set the constant current value. When the source voltage to be measured begins to fall and falls to the OFFSET unloading voltage, the load is automatically adjusted to an open state. If the ONSET load voltage is greater than the OFFSET unloading voltage, the load will likely avoid frequent loading and unloading near the critical point of the unloading voltage, which can better protect the source to be tested.In the standard constant current mode, press the Shift + 1 (V_Level)key to enter the loading and unloading constant current mode. At this time, the load display "ONSETVOLT = xxxxxxxxV", prompting the current load voltage. At this time, press the numeric key and the decimal key, and thenpress the Enter key from the high to the low order, and press the Enter key to confirm, then the load shows "OFFSET VOLT = xxxxxxxxV", prompting the current unloading voltage, then you can press the number keys and the decimal keys on the panel, and enter the desired unloading voltage value in turn and press Enter to confirm that the load enters the loading and unloading constant current mode.At this time, if the input status is OFF, the upper right corner of the display panel shows "OFF". If you want to change the input status to ON, press the On / Off button, then CC_UN" or "Unreg" is displayed in the upper right corner of the display panel. "Unreg" indicates that the load cannot be correctly adjusted to the given current value. Please check whether the source to be tested is properly connected and turned on or whether the source to be measured can output a preset current value.At this time, press the Shift + 1 (V_Level) key in the loading and unloading constant current mode and the load will return to the standard constant current mode.4.1.1.3 Soft start constant current modeSoft start constant current mode, equivalent to an inductive load, the analog inductance size is proportional to the length of the soft startrise time, in this mode, the source to be measured will likely avoid the impact of large current instantaneous.In the standard constant current mode, press the Shift + 2 (S_Start) key to enter the soft start constant current mode. At this time, the load display "RISINGTM = xxxxxxxxvmS" prompts the current rising edge time, and you can press the numeric key and the decimal point Key, enter the desired rising edge time from high to low, and press Enter to confirm that the load enters soft start constant current mode.At this time, if the input status is OFF, "OFF" appears in the upper right corner of the display panel. If you want to change the input status to ON, press the On / Off button, and the upper right corner of the displaypanel shows "CC_S" or "Unreg". "CC_S" indicates that the expected constant current value is reached. "Unreg" indicates that the load cannot be correctly adjusted to the preset current value. Please check whether the source to be tested is properly connected and turned on, or whether the source to be measured can output the preset current value.At this time, press the Shift + 2 (S_Start) key in the load unloading constant current mode and the load will return to the standard constant current mode.Note that the rising edge time will be automatically scaled to an integer multiple of 20uS.4.1.1.4 Constant current transfer voltage modeConstant current transfer voltage mode can better protect the source to be measured due to over discharge and damage.In the standard constant current mode, press Shift + 4 (CC + CV) key to enter the constant current transfer voltage mode. At this time, the load shows "CC TO CVVOLT = xxxxxxxxV" prompting the current constant voltage value, The number key and the decimal point key, from the high to the low order in order to enter the required constant voltage value, and press the Enter key to confirm, then load into the constant current transfer voltage mode.At this time, if the input state is OFF, the upper right corner of the display panel to display "OFF", to change the input state is ON, press the On / Off button, then the right upper corner panel displays "CC + CV" or "Unreg" , displays "CC + CV" represents a constant current value to achieve the desired display "Unreg" means the load to properly preset current value, check the source under test is properly connected and turned on, the voltage is within the normal range.At this time, press the Shift + 4 (CC + CV) key in the loading and unloading constant current mode and the load will return to the standard constant current mode.4.1.2 Constant resistance operation mode(CR)In the constant resistance mode, the electronic load is equivalent toa constant resistance, as shown in the following figure; the electronic load consumes a current that changes linearly with the change in input voltage. Please note that when the source voltage to be measured is too high and the set resistance is too small, the current consumed by it is greater than the maximum output current of the source to be measured, or the maximum load current of the load will not be equivalent to constant resistance, may cause the shock of the load.4.1.2.1 Standard resistance modePress the R-SET button, the load shows "STANDARD RESI = xxxxxxxxΩ", prompting the current resistance value, then you can press the number keys on the panel and decimal point, from high to low, enter the required constant resistance, Key to confirm that the load enters the standard constant resistance mode.If the input status is ON, press the On / Off button, and "CR" or "Unreg" appears in the upper right corner of the display panel, and the display status is displayed. If the input status is ON, "CR" means the expected constant resistance value, and "Unreg" indicates that the load cannot be correctly adjusted to the preset resistance value. Please check whether the source to be tested is connected and turned on properly, or whether the source to be measured can output the preset resistance Current.At this time, if you want to fine-tune the set resistance value, youcan use the upper right corner of the rotary encoder, clockwise adjustment to increase, counterclockwise adjustment to reduce. In the lower rightside of the display panel for the set resistance value indication, where a digit under the cursor prompt, indicating the current fine-tuning fineness of the current location of a unit, if the user wants to change the adjustment fineness, you can press the rotary encoder , The rotary encoder contains a button, this button is pressed once, suggesting that the cursor will move a grid, in order to achieve the adjustment of fineness.4.1.2.2 Loading and unloading constant resistance modePlease refer to the description of 4.1.1.2 for the principle of loading the unload mode.In the standard resistive mode, press Shift + 1 (V_Level) to enter the load unloading resistor mode. The load display "ONSETVOLT = xxxxxxxxV" prompts the current load voltage. At this time, press the numeric key and the decimal point on the panel, The load shows "OFFSET VOLT = xxxxxxxxV" prompts the current unloading voltage, then you can press the number keys on the panel and the decimal point key, from high to low order in order to enter the value of the load, The required unloading voltage value, and press Enter to confirm that the load is loaded Unload the resistive mode.If the input status is ON, press the On / Off button, and "CR_UN" or "Unreg" is displayed in the upper right corner of the display panel to display "CR_UN". If the input status bit is ON, "Indicates that the expected constant current value is displayed." Unreg "indicates that the load cannot be correctly adjusted to the preset current value. Please check whether the source to be tested is properly connected and turned on. Whether the voltage is within the normal range or whether the source set the resistance to absorb the current value.In the loading and unloading resistor mode, press the Shift + 1(V_Level) key, the load will return to the standard constant resistance mode.4.1.2.3 Constant resistance transfer voltage modeIn the constant resistance transfer voltage mode, it can better protect the measured source which is not damaged due to over discharge.In the standard constant resistance mode, press the Shift + 5 (CR + CV) key to enter the constant resistance variable voltage mode. The load display "CR TO CVVOLT = xxxxxxxxV" prompts the current constant voltage value. At this time, press the number key And the decimal point key, from the high to the low order, enter the required constant voltage value, and press the Enter key to confirm, the load into the constant resistance to change the voltage mode."Unreg" is displayed in the upper right corner of the display panel to display "CR + CV". If the input status is ON, "Indicates that the expected constant resistance value is displayed." Unreg "indicates that the load can not be correctly adjusted to the preset current value. Please check whether the source to be measured is connected and turned on and the voltage is within the normal range.In this mode, press the Shift + 5 (CR + CV) key and the load will return to the standard constant resistance mode.4.1.3 Constant voltage operation mode(CV)In the constant voltage mode, the electronic load will consume enough current to keep the input voltage at the set voltage. Note that the load may not be able to stabilize the voltage at the set value when the source voltage to be measured is below the set voltage or the maximum output current exceeds the maximum current that can be absorbed by the load.4.1.3.1 Standard constant voltage modePress the V-SET button, the load shows "STANDARD VOLT = xxxxxxxxV", prompting the current constant voltage value, then you can press the number keys on the panel and decimal point, from high to low, enter the required constant voltage value, Key to confirm, then load into the standard constant voltage mode."Unreg" is displayed in the upper right corner of the display panel to display the CV "Indicates that the expected constant voltage value is displayed." Unreg "indicates that the load cannot be correctly adjusted to the preset voltage value. Please check whether the source to be measured is connected and turned on properly or whether the source voltage to be measured is too low or the output current capacity exceeds the load Maximum load current.If you want to fine-tune the set voltage, you can use the rotary encoder in the upper right corner, adjust it clockwise to increase, and adjust it counterclockwise. Please note that if the set voltage value has reached the maximum voltage of the load setting, Adjust the voltage value. At this time, in the lower right side of the display panel for the set voltage value indication, where a digit under the cursor prompt, indicating the current fine fineness of the current location of a unit, if the user wants to change the adjustment fineness, you can press Rotary encoder, rotary encoder contains a button, this button is pressed once, suggesting that the cursor will move a grid, in order to achieve adjust the adjustment of fineness.4.1.3.2 Loading and unloading constant voltage modePlease refer to the description of 4.1.1.2 for the principle of loading the unload mode.In the standard constant voltage mode, press Shift + 1 (V_Level) key, enter the load unloading constant voltage mode, then the load shows "ONSETVOLT = xxxxxxxxV" prompt the current load voltage, then you can press the number keys and the decimal point , Press the Enter key from the high to the low order, and press the Enter key to confirm that the load shows "OFFSET VOLT = xxxxxxxxV" prompting the current unloading voltage, then you can press the number keys on the panel and the decimal point, from high to low Enter the desired unloading voltage in turn, and press Enter to confirm that the load enters the load unloading resistor mode.If the input status bit is ON, press the On / Off button, and "CV_UN" or "Unreg" is displayed in the upper right corner of the display panel. The display shows "CV_UN". If the input status bit is ON, press “unrigged” Indicates that the expected constant current value is displayed." Unreg "indicates that the load cannot be correctly adjusted to the preset current value. Please check whether the source to be tested is properly connected and turned on. Whether the voltage is in the normal range or the maximum whether the current exceeds the maximum load current of the load.In the load u。

抵抗外界干扰拥有屏蔽力英语作文800字

抵抗外界干扰拥有屏蔽力英语作文800字全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Strength to Stay Focused Amidst the NoiseAs a student in today's world, it's becoming increasingly challenging to maintain focus and resist the constant barrage of distractions that surrounds us. From the endless notifications on our smartphones to the alluring world of social media, we're constantly bombarded with stimuli vying for our attention. Developing the resilience to tune out these external disruptions is a crucial skill that can significantly impact our academic success and personal growth.One of the most pervasive distractions we face is the constant pull of our digital devices. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops have become an integral part of our lives, offering instant access to a wealth of information and entertainment. However, the ease with which we can switch between tasks and engage with these devices can be a double-edged sword. It's all too easy to find ourselves mindlessly scrolling through social media feeds or losing track of time while binge-watching ourfavorite shows, neglecting our studies and responsibilities in the process.To combat this, we must cultivate self-discipline and develop strategies to manage our digital consumption. Setting specific times for focused work, enabling app limits, and physically removing devices from our study spaces can help create an environment conducive to concentration. Additionally, practicing mindfulness techniques, such as deep breathing exercises or meditation, can help us regain control over our attention and resist the urge to constantly check our devices.Beyond the digital realm, we also face distractions in our physical environments. Noisy roommates, cluttered workspaces, or even the constant hum of traffic outside our windows can disrupt our ability to focus. Addressing these external factors is essential for maintaining a productive study environment. Investing in noise-canceling headphones, creating designated quiet zones, or finding a peaceful study spot on campus can help mitigate these disruptions and facilitate deep, uninterrupted work sessions.Moreover, we must learn to manage our internal distractions, such as procrastination, self-doubt, or negative thought patterns. These mental barriers can be just as detrimental to ourproductivity and academic performance as external distractions. Developing habits like setting realistic goals, breaking tasks into manageable chunks, and practicing positive self-talk can help us overcome these internal obstacles and stay focused on our objectives.Ultimately, cultivating resilience against distractions is not only essential for academic success but also for personal growth and well-being. By learning to manage our attention effectively, we develop self-discipline, time management skills, and the ability to prioritize our goals. These skills will serve us well beyond our academic careers, helping us navigate the challenges and distractions of the professional world and personal life.It's important to remember that building resilience against distractions is a journey, and setbacks are inevitable. There will be days when the lure of procrastination or the siren call of social media prove too tempting to resist. However, it's crucial not to beat ourselves up over these lapses but instead to approach them as learning opportunities. Reflect on what triggered the distraction, identify the strategies that didn't work, and adjust our approach accordingly.In conclusion, the ability to resist external distractions and maintain focus is a vital skill for students in today's fast-paced,constantly connected world. By developing self-discipline, creating conducive environments, and managing both external and internal disruptions, we can cultivate the resilience needed to stay on track and achieve our academic and personal goals. It's a journey that requires commitment, perseverance, and a willingness to continually adapt and improve, but the rewards of sustained focus and concentration are invaluable.篇2Resisting External Distractions and Developing the Power to FocusIn today's world, we are constantly bombarded with distractions from every direction. Our smartphones buzz incessantly with notifications, social media platforms vie for our attention, and the allure of mindless entertainment isever-present. Amidst this cacophony of stimuli, it can be challenging to maintain focus and harness our concentration. However, cultivating the ability to resist external distractions is an invaluable skill that can profoundly impact our lives, enabling us to achieve our goals and unlock our full potential.As a student, I've experienced firsthand the detrimental effects of succumbing to distractions. Whether it's the siren callof scrolling through Instagram or the temptation to binge-watch the latest series, these diversions can quickly derail our productivity and impede our academic progress. It's all too easy to rationalize these momentary lapses as harmless breaks, but they often spiral into hours of wasted time and unfulfilled intentions.Fortunately, through trial and error, I've discovered strategies to cultivate focus and strengthen my ability to resist distractions. One of the most effective approaches is to establish a conducive environment for focused work. This may involve creating a dedicated study space free from potential disruptions, or using noise-canceling headphones to block out external sounds. Additionally, disabling notifications on my devices and employing website blockers has proven invaluable in minimizing digital temptations.Another crucial aspect of resisting distractions is mindfulness and self-awareness. By developing a heightened sense of our thought patterns and tendencies, we can recognize when our minds begin to wander and consciously redirect our attention to the task at hand. Practicing mindfulness techniques, such as deep breathing exercises or meditation, can enhance our ability to stay present and focused.Moreover, cultivating the power to focus involves setting clear goals and prioritizing tasks effectively. When we have a clear understanding of our objectives and the steps required to achieve them, we are better equipped to channel our energy and concentration towards meaningful pursuits. Employing time management strategies, such as the Pomodoro technique or creating structured to-do lists, can help us stay organized and focused on our priorities.Undoubtedly, developing the ability to resist external distractions and maintain focus is a challenging endeavor, but the rewards are immense. By harnessing our concentration, we can unlock new levels of productivity, creativity, and academic success. We become more efficient learners, betterproblem-solvers, and more adept at retaining information. Additionally, the discipline and self-control cultivated through this process can spill over into other areas of our lives, fostering personal growth and self-mastery.It's important to recognize that the journey towards mastering focus is a lifelong pursuit, and setbacks and lapses are inevitable. However, with perseverance and a commitment to continuous improvement, we can gradually strengthen our ability to resist distractions and harness the power ofconcentration. Each small victory over a distraction, each focused hour of study, is a step towards unlocking our full potential and achieving our academic and personal goals.In conclusion, the ability to resist external distractions and cultivate focus is an invaluable asset in today's world. By embracing strategies such as creating a conducive environment, practicing mindfulness, setting clear goals, and employing effective time management techniques, we can overcome the constant pull of distractions and unlock new levels of productivity, creativity, and academic success. It is a challenging journey, but one that yields immense rewards and equips us with the skills necessary to thrive in an increasingly fast-paced and distraction-filled world.篇3Developing the Power to Block out DistractionsAs a student in today's constantly connected world, it's becoming increasingly challenging to stay focused and productive. We live in an age where distractions are omnipresent, lurking around every corner, waiting to derail our concentration. From the incessant pings of social media notifications to the temptation of mindless internet browsing, the potential fordistraction is virtually limitless. Amidst this chaos, the ability to block out external influences and maintain laser-sharp focus has become an invaluable asset – a superpower, if you will.Admittedly, honing this skill is no easy feat. The path to mastering the art of concentration is fraught with obstacles, both external and internal. External distractions, such as noisy environments, constant interruptions, and the ever-present allure of our digital devices, can quickly erode our ability to stay on task. Internal distractions, on the other hand, manifest as wandering thoughts, worries, and the constant mental chatter that plagues our minds.However, the rewards of cultivating this power of concentration are immense. By learning to block out distractions, we unlock a world of enhanced productivity, improved academic performance, and a heightened sense of mental clarity. Imagine being able to sit down and tackle that daunting research paper or complex math problem without the constant temptation of checking your phone or getting sidetracked by trivial diversions. The sense of accomplishment and satisfaction that comes from maintaining unwavering focus is truly unparalleled.So, how do we go about developing this superpower? The first step is to identify and understand our personal triggers fordistraction. For some, it might be the lure of social media, while for others, it could be the constant urge to multitask or the inability to resist the temptation of procrastination. Once we recognize these triggers, we can develop strategies to counteract them.One effective strategy is to create a distraction-free environment. This could involve turning off notifications on your devices, finding a quiet study space, or using website blockers to prevent access to time-wasting online destinations. Additionally, practicing mindfulness techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises, can help train our minds to stay present and focused.Another crucial aspect of developing this skill is time management. By carefully structuring our days and allocating dedicated blocks of time for focused work, we can create a rhythm that promotes concentration. During these designated periods, it's essential to eliminate all potential distractions and fully immerse ourselves in the task at hand.Ultimately, the power to block out distractions is a skill that requires continuous practice and dedication. It's a journey of self-discovery, discipline, and determination. Along the way, we may encounter setbacks and moments of weakness, but it'sessential to persevere and remain committed to our goal of cultivating this invaluable superpower.As students, the ability to maintain focus and concentration is not merely a luxury – it's an essential tool for academic success and personal growth. By mastering the art of blocking out distractions, we open the door to a world of limitless potential, where our minds are free to explore, create, and achieve greatness.。

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美的数字多功能电饭煲用户手册(MMR5018)说明书

1 2 3 4 5 6 7. 8.Please read this User’s Manual carefully for proper use of Midea's Digital Rice Cooker.The design and specifications are subject to changewithout prior notice for product improvement.Consult with your dealer or manufacturer for details.For more information, please visit our website 1ed i u ge c i v r e S gn i n a e l C d n a e r a C es u r o f s n o i t c u r t s n I gn i n r a w y t e f a S Safety warningReminderNoteBasic safety precautions should always be followed to ensure secure use and avoid injury and/or property loss to user and others.Conditions unconsidered:the appliance is used by unsupervised children or the disabled.the appliance is played with by children.Represents [FORBIDDEN] contentProhibit the use of inferior plugs Prohibit wet hands from touching Prohibit children from operatingProhibit combustibleproducts Safety warning Product overview Instructions for use Care and CleaningService guideFORBIDDEN,MANDATORY,040301NOITNETTA Parts and features 05Accessories list 05Operation panel06Quick start guide06Functional description 07Disassemble the lid plate 11g n i n a e l c r o f Steam valve cleaning 11Cleaning the cooker body12Technical data of the product 13Circuit principle diagram 13Anomaly self-checking 14Table of Contents Do not use outdoors.persons (including children) with reduced physical, sensory or mental capabilities, or lack of experience and knowledge, unless they have been given supervision orinstruction concerning use of the appliance by a person responsible for their safety. that they do not play with the appliance household and similar applications such as:other working environments;- farm houses;- by clients in hotels, motels and other residential type environments;- bed and breakfast type environments; • If the supply cord is damaged, it must be replaced by a special cord or assembly available from the manufacture or its ser-vice agent.combustibles. During operation, stay away from curtains, drapes, curtain Or in similar articles to avoid the risk of fire.23egn i n r a w y t e f a S gn i n r a w y t e f a S If the power line is too short, user should use an extension socket forconnection. Please do not use poor-quality socket. The power consumption of the appliances must not exceed the maximum load of the extension socket.Clean the dust and water on both ends of the power line and the socket of the appliance to avoid the risk of fire, electric shock and short circuit.Represents [MANDATORY] contentsDon't immerse the appliance in water or drench with water.Independently use grounding socket with rated current of above 10A. When used with Others electrical appliances, the socket will go wrong and lead to dangers such as fire disaster.cause vent clogging: food in sheets (e.g. laver and Chinese cabbage), food in bands (e.g. kelp), food in pieces (e.g. corn dregs), to avoid accident and damage to the appliance.or face close to the steam vent to avoid burns.vent with cloth or other articles to avoid accident and damage to the appliance.maintenance technicians, persons are not allowed to disassemble or repair theappliance to avoid the risk of fire, electric shock and injury to persons.except for 220~240V AC to avoid the risk of fire and electric shock. In case of power wire damage, do not use the appliance.following ways to avoid fire risk and electric shock due to power line damage: Forcibly bend the power cord, keep it close tohigh-temperature objects, tie up the line or use it to carry weights.the appliance to avoid the risk of fire, electric shock and short circuit.electric shock and injury to persons.appliance.unsupervised children and babies to avoid dangerous accidents such as electric shock and burns.places or close to other fire and heatsources (e.g. stove). The optimum distance is 30cm. Otherwise, damage or accident may happen to the appliance.into the steam vent at the bottom of the appliance to avoid electric shock and injury to persons.• Please turn off and unplug the appliance before cleaning, maintenance or relocation and whenever it is not in use• Do not immerse any part of the appliance in water or other liquid.• The heating element surface is subject to residual heat after use, do not touch.• Warning: Avoid spillage on the connector.• Warning: Misuse may cause potential injury.When maintenance or parts replacement is necessary, please deliver the product to the authorized professional service centre for maintenance ofMidea. to avoid hidden dangers caused by improper maintenance or improper selection of accessories.The plug should be thoroughly inserted into the socket to avoid the risk of fire, electric shock and short circuit.In case of supply cord damage,the cord should be replaced by professionals of the Manufacturer,the Maintenance Department or similar.The appliance is for household use only.Note:Improper repair or short-circuiting without permission of some importantaccessories including fuse may lead to protection failureof the appliance and cause overheating or fire.45Product overviewParts and featuresUpper lidDetachable cover plateHandle Cooker bodyPower cordInnercooking potNoteAll the drawings in this manual are for functional reference only. There are differences in the physical products due to different product types and batches.Product overviewed i u ge c i v r e S gn i n a e l C d n a e r a C es u r o f s n o i t c u r t s n I gn i n r a w y t e f a S Represents [GENTLE REMINDER] contentAny discrepancy between the picture and the product is subject to the real object.Before operation, check whether the cooking pot and steam valve are in place to avoid accident.Before the first usage or after a long time of storage, add water to the steam water level line, select “steam” function and steam for one to two times to clean the interior of the cooker.During use, it is normal that the appliance slightly ticks or fizzes. Please do not panic.Do not use the appliance immediately after the first cooking, press the“Cancel” button and wait above 15 minutes for the heating plate to cool down.Do not boil rice with hot water to avoid affecting the judgement of the temperature control and worsening the result.Please regularly clean the steam valve.Please regularly clean the countertop on which the appliance is placed.The altitude scope for the appliance to properly function is 0~2000m.When maintenance or parts replacement is necessary, please deliver the product to the authorized service centre for maintenance of Midea to obtain professional quality service. Please keep the manual for future reference. Thank you.Represents [ATTENTION] Matters that may cause minor injuries or property lossThe appliance can only use the original cooking pot to avoid overheating and anomaly.Do not drop the cooking pot to avoid deformation.Do not impact the cooking pot with hard materials to avoid deformation.When operation is being performed or just finished, do not directly touch the inner cooking pot to avoid burns.Before operation, wipe dry the water outside the cooking pot to avoid malfunction.Before operation, clean the foreign materials including water drops and rice to avoid overheating and short circuit.Safety warningAccessories listHanging soup spoon X1Measurementcup X1Steamer X1Standing rice spoon X132176Instructions for useGentle Reminder:Display status refers to actual product;Press the “Timer ” button, enter the pre-set time adjustment mode, thenpress “Hour ” or “Minute ” button to adjust the pre-set time. (When there are no Set the timer for cooking completion Sweet Cooking/Congee/Cold Rice Heating/Baby Food Soup/SteamingRegarding the special instructions on “Super-Quick Cooking”.The “Super-Quick Cooking” function is based on the principle of Midea’s ricecooker “FiveTrilogy” cooking program. When the amount of rice and other factors are the same, the cooking time is shorter than “Sweet Cooking”.TimerHourMinuteMENU Close the rice cooker lid, press the “MENU ” button, select the features you need (such as “Sweet Cooking”).Menu selectionSweet CookingInstructions for useQuick start guideControl PanelReserve cookingFor example, pre-set 3 measurement cups of long grain rice for cooking the essence rice, and completes after 8 hours.Eg: Cook 3 cups of long grain rice Place the rinsed rice into the inner pot and choose the appropriate water level according to rice amount.Prepare rice and waterMENUProduct overview13212398ed i u ge c i v r e S gn i n a e l C d n a e r a C es u r o f s n o i t c u r t s n I gn i n r a w y t e f a S Instructions for useGentle Reminder:Steaming time can be adjusted, the time range is from 1 to 60 minutes. The default Steaming time is from the moment that boiled to the end of the process, not the time required for entire steaming process.Steaming For products with this function only.Add water to the “Steaming water level” mark, and put the food on the steamer or steaming rack, then put into the inner pot.Press the “Start ” button and wait for cooking to be complete.Close the lid, press the “MENU ” button to select the “Steaming” function.Soup For products with this function only.Prepare soup ingredients (such as pig bone, corn, carrots etc.), wash all ingredients and cut into small pieces, then put them into the inner pot, and add water no more than maximum water line.Close the lid, press the “MENU ” button to select the “Soup”.SoupSteamingMENUMENUPress the “Start ” button and wait for cooking to be complete.321Instructions for useWhen using Cold Rice Heating function,the maximum amount of rice cannot exceed Mark 4.Cold Rice HeatingPress “MENU ” button to select the “Cold Rice Heating” function and press the start button.Keep warmPress “Keep warm/OFF ” button to enter warm-keeping mode.After all functions finished cooking, it will automatically enter the warm-keeping mode;During the process of warm keeping, the product will be heated to maintain the temperature above 65 degrees Celsius.The product can achieve 24-hours water keeping function;Cold Rice HeatingMENUPress the “Start ” button and wait for cooking to be complete.1110Product overviewed i u ge c i v r e S gn i n a e l C d n a e r a C es u r o f s n o i t c u r t s n I gn i n r a w y t e f a S246810Instructions for useThe water level lines of inner pot are physically different due to product models and batches.The use of water level linesRice:Refer to the corresponding water level according to the type of rice when adding water.Congee:Refer to the congee water line when adding water.Steaming:When steaming, please add water according to the innerpot steaming water line, too much water will cause the water overflowing when it is boiling, and too little will cause it to become uncooked.CongeeWater Level Linericecongee porridgemaxRice2311Care and CleaningDisassemble the lid plate for cleaningNoteMake sure the product is not connected to power supply when cleaning.Rinse the whole cover with water and wipe it dry with cloth;Align top lid slot band insert the lid, press the lid near the button,when hears a “click” sound then the installation is complete.Press white button, pull outwards and remove the lid.Steam valve cleaningPull it up and remove the steam valve.plate131223132Circuit principle diagramThe electrical wiring is subject to change without prior notice.ReminderService guideTechnical data of the productWipe the inner lid with a damp cloth; do not wash directly with water.Care and CleaningAccording to the disassembly mark on the steam valve, after dismantling, clean the steam valve inside, then install it according to the disassembly Use a clean cloth to clean the water, rice grain and other debris on the water storage tank and heating plate.Wipe the bottom and outer surface of the inner pot with a clean cloth.Water storage tank Electric hot trayProduct overviewgn i n a e l C d n a e r a C es u r o f s n o i t c u r t s n I gn i n r a w y t e f a S Service guide1415。

广东省东莞市第四高级中学2024-2025学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题

广东省东莞市第四高级中学2024-2025学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题一、阅读理解Environmental charities play a crucial role in preserving our planet for future generations. Here’s a look at how a few of these organizations are making a difference.Sierra Club Foundation (SCF)The SCF has been a leader in environmental conservation for over a century. With a focus on wildlife protection and habitat restoration, the foundation has helped establish numerous national parks and wildlife reserves. They also run educational programs to raise awareness about environmental issues.Friends of the Earth (FOE)Friends of the Earth is an international network of environmental organizations that advocate for the protection of the natural world. They are known for their activism and persuading efforts, pushing for stronger environmental laws and corporate responsibility. FOE also provides resources to help individuals make sustainable choices.Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)The EDF is a global organization dedicated to addressing climate change and preserving biodiversity. They use science, economics, and law to find environmental solutions that work with industry and government. Their initiatives have led to significant policy changes and corporate responsibility improvements.Ecology and Environment Foundation (EEF)The EEF is a charitable organization that focuses on community-based conservation projects. They work closely with local communities to develop sustainable practices that protect the environment and improve livelihoods. By empowering individuals and communities, EEF aims to create lasting change.1．What is the primary mission of the Sierra Club Foundation?A．Relying on stronger environmental laws.B．Setting up national parks and wildlife reserves.C．Providing resources for sustainable living.D．Appealing to corporate responsibility.2．How does the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) mainly operate?A．Through community-based conservation projects.B．By using science, economics, and law to find solutions.C．By running educational programs for the public.D．By selling goods and asking for help.3．What is a unique approach of the Ecology and Environment Foundation (EEF)?A．Working with industry and government to create policy changes.B．Advocating for the protection of the natural world through activism.C．Using science and economics to address climate change.D．Granting rights of local communities to develop sustainable practices.Sandra Cisneros was born in Chicago in 1954 to a Mexican American family. As the only girl in a family of seven children, she often felt like she had “seven fathers,” because her six brothers, as well as her father, tried to control her. Feeling shy and unimportant, she retreated (躲避) into books. Despite her love of reading, she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate.In high school, with the encouragement of one particular teacher, Cisneros improved her grades and worked for the school literary magazine. Her father encouraged her to go to college because he thought it would be a good way for her to find a husband. Cisneros did attend college, but instead of searching for a husband, she found a teacher who helped her join the famous graduate writing program at the University of Iowa. At the university’s Writers’ Workshop, however, she felt lonely — a Mexican American from a poor neighborhood among students from wealthy families. The feeling of being so different helped Cisneros find her “creative voice”.“It was not until this moment when I considered myself truly different that my writing acquired a voice. I knew I was a Mexican woman, but I didn’t think it had anything to do with why I felt so much imbalance in my life, but it had everything to do with it! That’s when I decided I would write about something my classmates couldn’t write about.”Cisneros published her first work, The House on Mango Street, when she was twenty-nine.The book talks about a young Mexican American girl growing up in a Spanish-speaking area in Chicago, much like the neighborhoods in which Cisneros lived as a child. The book won an award in 1985 and has been used in classes from high school to graduate school level. Since then, Cisneros has published several books of poetry, a children’s book and a short-story collection. 4．What can we know about Cisneros in her childhood?A．Her brothers disliked her.B．She felt herself a nobody.C．She was too shy to go to school.D．She did not meet any good teachers.5．The graduate program gave Cisneros a chance to ________.A．run away from her family B．develop her writing styleC．make a lot of friends D．search for a husband6．According to Cisneros, what was the key factor in her success?A．Her childhood experience.B．Her training in the Workshop.C．Her feeling of being different.D．Her early years in college.7．What do we learn about The House on Mango Street?A．It enjoys great popularity among students.B．It is a book of poetry written by Cisneros.C．It wasn’t a success as it was written in Spanish.D．It won an award when Cisneros was twenty-nine.The news industry has had a rough decade. Print readership is steadily decreasing, newspapers are closing, and journalists with decades of experience are being laid off. In response, major newspapers have made significant changes. They’re attempting to defeat declining reader interest by shortening stories, creating clickbait (诱饵性标题), and most especially, using social media to their advantage.With the rise of social media sites, many people have claimed that we are entering a new age in which news must be delivered in 140 characters or fewer. People’s ability to focus onlong-form content and engage in deep reading has also been declining due to the endless distractions and excessive information in today’s world. This change in reading habits has led to a preference for short, easily understood news pieces that can be quickly consumed. To interest a more specific and generally younger readership, newspapers have revised content, prioritizing articles that are visually appealing instead of having depth.But, in reality, there is still a demand for in-depth reporting. In this era of misinformation and clickbait, readers are seeking reliable sources of news that provide context, analysis, and accountability. Depth reporting explores the fundamental causes, involves multiple views, and uncovers the hidden truths that shape our world, helping readers get a more comprehensive understanding of complex matters.While social media have changed the way we consume news, the quality of news remains essential for the public. It’s crucial for the news industry to achieve a balance between catering to changing reader preferences while also maintaining the integrity (完整性) of news. This means providing both quick updates and in-depth analysis, and using social media to promote their content, but not at the expense of accuracy or integrity. By doing so, news organizations can ensure that they remain relevant and trusted sources of information in a rapidly changing media environment.8．What problem does traditional news industry face?A．The decline of readership.B．The lack of long-form stories.C．The spread of unreliable information.D．The shortage of experienced journalists.9．What does the underlined word “prioritizing” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A．Checking out.B．Cutting down.C．Paying no attention to.D．Attaching importance to.10．What do we know from paragraph 3?A．People’s need for in-depth reporting is decreasing.B．Social media has played a key role in promoting hidden facts.C．Clickbait greatly increases readers’ interests in exploring truths.D．In-depth reporting can improve comprehension of complex issues.11．What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A．A focus on quick updates and popular topics.B．Preference for multiple perspectives and shorter articles.C．A balance between readers’ preferences and the quality of news.D．Importance of news sources and accuracy of contents.About ten years ago, logging into Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram would mostly show posts from friends and family in the order they were posted. Today, these platforms present a mix of content, tailored by algorithms (算法) to match users’ interests, whether it’s plants, sports, cats, or politics.Kyle Chayka, a writer for The New Yorker, discusses this topic in his book, Filterworld. He explains that algorithms analyze user data to predict and influence what they will likely engage with. This means that instead of a simple, chronological feed, users encounter a dynamic stream, constantly adapting to their preferences. Chayka examines how these algorithmic recommendations control what we consume, from music and movies to food and travel destinations. He argues that this machine-driven selection process has turned us into passive consumers, making our preferences and tastes more similar.Chayka points out that algorithms make us passive by always showing us content that we’re unlikely to click away from but won’t find too unexpected or challenging. This constant stream of recommendations reduces our exposure to diverse or challenging content, subtly shaping our preferences and behaviors.Moreover, Chayka points out that algorithms also pressure content creators, like musicians and artists, to tailor their work to fit these digital platforms. For instance, musicians on Spotify or TikTok might focus on creating catchy hooks at the beginning of their songs to grab the listener’s attention.Despite the strong presence of these algorithms, Chayka believes that regulation could reduce their influence. He suggests that if Meta, the parent company of Facebook, were required to separate its various services, like Instagram or WhatsApp, and make them compete with each other, it could give users more control and choice over their digital consumption.In summary, the change from simple, time-ordered social. media posts to algorithm-drivencontent has a big impact on both the viewers and the creators, influencing what we see, hear, and even think. Chayka’s insights highlight the need for greater awareness and potentially more regulation in our increasingly digital world.12．According to the text, how have social media platforms changed in the past ten years?A．They show posts in a time-based order.B．They prioritize posts from friends and family.C．They make adjustments to satisfy users’ needs.D．They provide more content to meet different needs.13．What does Kyle Chayka think of algorithmic recommendations?A．They make users more active consumers.B．They shape users’ preferences and behaviors.C．They reduce the influence of content creators.D．They expose users to diverse and challenging content.14．How do algorithms influence musicians’ work on digital platforms?A．By encouraging musicians to create longer songs.B．By discouraging musicians from using catchy hooks.C．By giving musicians more control and choice over their music.D．By requiring musicians to create their work to fit the platforms.15．What can be concluded from the text?A．Tech companies should have more departments.B．Social media algorithms give content creators less opportunities.C．Social media algorithms flatten our culture by making decisions for us.D．Network platforms have increased the common recommendations for 10 years.Art is all around us. It can be found everywhere, including fancy galleries, people’s living rooms, and on the sides of buildings. So, why is art important?It promotes expression and creativity. As humans, we’re naturally drawn to art as a form of expression and communication. 16 It’s a way for them to express themselves before they’re able to speak. In fact, participation in the arts may even assist kids with language, motor skills, and visual learning development.17 When someone applies for a job, there are certain skills they need to have like data analysis or bookkeeping. However, many employers also understand the very important need for the skills which are hard to measure and often difficult to define. Some examples include a person’s ability to adapt to change, think creatively, or collaborate with team members.It provides historical context. 18 This is why people devote their lives to studying cave art, Shakespearean plays, and so much more. When we take the time to dive into art created in the past, we can learn about other generations and eras. We can study art to find out what those before us were facing and how they overcame it. 19In therapy(疗法)settings, art also provides an opportunity for digging deeper and expressing emotions that are difficult to discuss. 20 In one important study, children between 6 and 12 were asked to draw a house as a distraction after thinking about something upsetting. This group was able to improve their mood when compared with children who were instructed to draw the negative event or simply copy another drawing.A．These are its major benefits.B．Children love to draw, sing, and dance.C．Art and human history go hand-in-hand.D．How does it have an impact on our life?E．It helps all of us develop necessary soft skills.F．It can help people handle both their past and present problems.G．Similarly, future generations will learn about our current events through our art.二、完形填空My mother has always been one of those rare people that sees the good in everyone and does good things. She’s had her ups and downs but has always 21 a positive, sunny outlook on life and been very 22 to people.One day, my little sister fell and hurt her ankle, desperately needing a 23 to the hospital emergency room. My mother immediately 24 into crisis mode, packed my sister into the car, and drove to our local hospital. In such a 25 , my mother didn’t call to tell my father. When she got to the hospital, she realized she needed to 26 with my father immediately.While waiting for my sister to be examined, my mother 27 her way to the pay phone to place her call. She put her coin in, called my father and told him everything. After she hung up, the phone 28 several additional coins that Mom wasn’t owed.Realizing that the phone was 29 , my mother decided to leave the 30 coins by the phone. She told us that in a crisis, people might not remember to bring 31 with them to make that emergency call.I’ve often thought about her 32 from an adult’s perspective. I realize that someone seeing the money by he phone may have 33 taken it because not everyone was as 34 as my mother. But I like to believe that my mother’s faith was 35 and that someone who needed them found the coins waiting there.21．A．tolerated B．anticipated C．maintained D．expressed 22．A．patient B．helpful C．honest D．polite 23．A．rest B．stay C．lift D．visit24．A．cut B．shifted C．looked D．stuck 25．A．rush B．way C．relief D．process 26．A．come along B．keep in line C．make up D．get in touch 27．A．made B．felt C．picked D．gave 28．A．found B．returned C．collected D．charged 29．A．smart B．ready C．convenient D．broken 30．A．different B．ancient C．extra D．rare31．A．luck B．phones C．change D．chances 32．A．opportunity B．decision C．appointment D．encounter 33．A．simply B．suddenly C．obviously D．gradually 34．A．thoughtful B．grateful C．hopeful D．successful 35．A．hard-won B．newly-built C．well-placed D．deeply-rooted三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

itas2-selfchecklist

Self-checking & letter of assurance ✧Self-Checking List⏹Using proper tools to design the logo⏹Finish designing the cover page and format properly⏹Correctly collect the materials from Resource⏹Correctly finish all of these points as follows:⏹Correctly set the page number⏹Splitting the article with column⏹Insert the table in the article⏹Finish merging the letter based on data resource⏹Insert caption⏹Insert content of table⏹Insert index⏹Insert footnote⏹Make the macro and proved by coding⏹Properly design and finish the quotation table ;⏹Properly layout the table and fill essential content;⏹Correctly fill in the product details;⏹Correctly calculate and fill in the blank (final price, V AT value, delivery fees and grandfinal ect.)⏹Protection accomplished of the asked parts;⏹Trace the proper numbers;⏹Correctly set name range(s);⏹Correctly set pivot table;⏹Rightly using the function (VLOOKUP) while filling the table;⏹Rightly finish merge function by merge two tables⏹Properly design the slides with following points:⏹Properly design and finish first page with company;⏹Including a “Company introduction page” with introduction of company;⏹Including a “Products introduction page” with categories of product you choose;⏹Including “Detailed introduction pages” with Pictures, product name, products details ,price and so on from outsource material with proper format -- WORD;⏹Including “ Market analysis” part with integration of outsource – ACCESS & EXCEL;⏹Including final “welcome to buy” page;⏹Correctly collect the materials from Internet ⏹Including content of text⏹Including animation⏹Including hyperlink⏹Including picture⏹Properly design the tables with correct data types;⏹Rightly input data into the tables;⏹Correctly founding the relationships between tables;⏹Creating Forms based on the table created with proper format (display text and pictorialcontent from table);⏹Creating Query based on Tables created and finish the action query;⏹Creating Report based on Query created;⏹Correctly finish “switch board” with all options;⏹Understand “import”& “export” data function and finish the function;⏹Properly export data to Excel file with graph created which both as outsource of PPT✧Letter of assuranceI understand the regulations of plagiarism and did not copy any contents from others in my project. For any behaviour of deregulation, I would like to accept the relevant punishments. (我已经了解SQA作弊惩罚条例并保证在考试中绝无抄袭行为，并愿意为违反规定承担相应责任和接受惩罚)Signature 签名: ________________________________Candidate ID ____________________________________Group __________________________________________Class ___________________________________________。

内部控制及其披露【外文翻译】

外文翻译Internal control and its disclosureMaterial Source:Laura F. Spira Author: Michael In this paper we explore the use of disclosure as a regulatory tool, using as an illustration the current UK requirements regarding the disclosure of informationabout internal control. After discussing the broad concept of regulation by disclosure, we trace the evolution of concepts of internal control and its reporting, describing the background to the Turnbull guidance for directors on internal control reporting, the basis of current UK requirements. We then examine recent examples of internal control disclosures, identifying the range of ways in which they address the disclosure requirements and considering the possible impact of the disclosure requirements on corporate behaviour and on the audiences for disclosure. We conclude with some reflections on the disclosure life cycle. The paper contributes to the literature on disclosure by specifically considering the role of disclosure as a regulatory tool and by examining the nature of specific disclosures in an area of continuing interest, that of internal control.In his analysis of the development of the role of audit, Power observes that internal control has become increasingly important as part of a system of regulation which relies on making internal mechanisms visible through forms of self-validation and disclosure. Corporate governance requirements have frequently been couched in the form of codes of practice on the principle of ‘comply or explain’ rather than prescriptive legislation. The monitoring role of the board of directors, which forms the apex of the internal control system of an organisation, has been emphasised. The influence of particular interest groups has been important in the negotiation of these developments. Auditors, both internal and external, can claim expertise in internal control, advancing their organisational position in the case of internal auditors (Spira and Page 2003) and increasing the potential for sales of specialised services in the case of external auditors. Regulators and legislators have focused on internal control issues as a policy response to crises (Cunningham 2004).The use of internal control as a corporate governance device reflects a subtle but signifi cant change in its conception, moving from the original ‘‘supportive’’notion that internal control systems were an integral part of the structure of an organisation which enabled its goals to be achieved, to the more recent view of internal control as a s ubstantially ‘‘preventive’’ system, designed to minimise obstructions to goal achievement and carrying significantly greater expectations of the effectiveness of such systems. As Page and Spira (2004) note, companies have also increasingly taken ‘risk-base d’ approaches to internal control because of the increased pace of organisational change—control systems change too fast to be rigidly documented and companies may not even have full documentation relating to some of their IT based systems. For these reasons there has been an increase in ‘delegation’ of control downwards in the organisation and there is likely to be no central record of control systems.The emergence of risk-based approaches to internal control has resulted in a confluence of internal control and risk management to the point that an influentialpublication (Jones and Sutherland 1999) issued at the same time as the Turnbull guidance referred frequently to ‘‘internal control and risk management’’ as a single concept in providing practical assistance for boards in complying with the Turnbull disclosure requirements.The demonstration of ‘‘good’’ corporate governance is a challenge for boards of directors but describing structural mechanisms such as internal control processes may be one way of meeting demands for transparency. Thus, what was once an internal interest becomes a means of demonstrating regulatory compliance.Concerns about internal control in the US and the UK arose initially from a desire to establish the boundaries of external auditor responsibility. The difficulties of defining internal control are illustrated in the earliest US experience, as summarised in a lecture by Mautz (1980). He quotes the 1949 AICPA definition: Internal control comprises the plan of organization and all of the coordinate methods and measures adopted within a business to safeguard its assets, check the accuracy and reliability of its accounting data, promote operational efficiency, and encourage adherence to prescribed managerial policies.and describes the c oncern of firms’ legal counsel about the broadness of this definition. This concern led to a new definition issued in 1958 which split the four parts of the original definition between ‘‘accounting control’’ (safeguarding assets and checking reliability an d accuracy of accounting data) and ‘‘administrative control’’ (promotion of operational efficiency and encouragement of adherence to prescribed management policies) and defined auditors’ responsibility as reviewingaccounting controls only. A further narrowing took place in 1972 when the US auditing profession limited the two components of ‘‘accounting control’’ even more.Up to this point, the definition was really only of concern to companies and their auditors but the passing of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in 1977 changed this. The Act was passed in response to bribery scandals and for the first time envisaged the use of internal control as regulation. It was based on a narrow conception of internal control newly described as ‘‘internal accounting control’’. It also changed the focus of internal control: whereas the concerns of ‘‘accounting control’’ had been at low organisational levels and clerical procedures, the Act now shifted attention to controls at board level for the first time.Further concern about inadequacies in financial reporting led to a private sector initiative which established the Treadway Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting in 1987. Its recommendations included a call for a review of the varying concepts of internal control to develop a consistent approach. The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO 1992) subsequently produced an integrated framework for internal control in 1992, defining internal control as:A process … designed to provide reasonable assurance regar ding theachievement of objectives in the following categories:• Effectiveness and efficiency of operations.• Reliability of financial reporting.• Compliance with applicable laws and regulations (COSO 1992, p. 9) However, the Sarbanes Oxley legislation of 2002 introduced a further definition: ‘‘internal control over financial reporting’’3 which suggests that consistency has not yet been achieved and ambiguity still exists.In the UK, internal control first entered the corporate governance agenda when the Cadbury Committee, reporting in 1992 on the financial aspects of corporate governance, adopted the view that directors’ responsibilities with regard to internal control should be clarified. They recommended that directors should report on the effectiveness of internal control systems and that auditors should report on that statement but passed responsibility for implementing this to the accountancy profession.In 1994 the Rutteman working party defined internal control using the US definition of 1958 and also replaced the Cadbury recommendation that directors should report on the effectiveness of internal controls with the suggestion that they may wish to do so. In 1998 the Hampel review of the Cadbury Code weakened thisrecommendation even further but, for the first time, suggested that internal control and risk management were related.This link was built on by the internal control working party chaired by Nigel Turnbull which was charged with producing guidance for directors in interpreting the Code’s req uirements for reporting on internal control, finally grasping the nettle avoided by Cadbury, Rutteman and Hampel. Using a broad definition of internal control, the Turnbull guidance views it as a key component of risk management. In terms of the apparent satisfaction of disclosers and their audiences, the guidance consultation initiated by the Financial Reporting Council Turnbull Review Group in 2005. The guidance has also been widely adopted in the public sector.The study reported in this paper uses disclosures required by the Turnbull guidance to illustrate aspects of the use of disclosure as a regulatory tool. Having outlined the background to current concerns about internal control disclosure, the next section considers theories of disclosure.译文内部控制及其披露资料来源:施普格林作者：迈克尔本文选取英国当前对于内部控制信息披露的规定作为案例，探讨了披露这项监管工具的使用。

消防集中火灾报警控制器自检操作流程

消防集中火灾报警控制器自检操作流程The self-checking process of a fire alarm control panel in a centralized fire alarm system is an essential step to ensure the system's proper functioning. This process involves several sequential procedures that are conducted to verify the integrity of the system components and their operational capabilities.During the self-checking operation, the fire alarm control panel analyzes various elements within the system,including detectors, notification appliances, power supply, communication pathways, and other critical components. This evaluation aims to identify any malfunctions or faults that may compromise the system's efficiency.To begin with, once initiated, the fire alarm control panel conducts a comprehensive circuit check by evaluating each connected device. It checks whether all detectors, sensors, and modules are appropriately connected and communicating with the control panel. This process helps to ensure that none of the devices have been compromised or disconnected.Next, the control panel checks for any open circuits orshort circuits within the system. It examines each circuitto confirm if there are any interruptions in communication between devices or if there is a risk of electricaloverload due to short circuits. This step ensures that optimal electrical connectivity is maintained throughoutthe entire network.Furthermore, during this self-checking procedure, all audible and visual notification appliances installed in various zones are activated one by one. The control panel verifies if each device functions correctly by evaluating parameters such as sound intensity and visual brightness. Any malfunctioning devices are detected through thisprocess and indicated for further inspection or maintenance.In addition to testing individual components, the firealarm control panel also performs comprehensive tests on critical functionalities such as communication pathways and power supply backup systems. It confirms that communication channels between multiple panels are operational byactively checking both wired and wireless connections. Additionally, it ensures uninterrupted functionality during power failures by testing battery backup systems and their efficiency in providing sufficient power during emergencies.Throughout this self-checking operation, technicians continuously monitor indicators displayed on the control panel's LCD screen or utilize specific software designedfor troubleshooting purposes. These indicators providereal-time feedback on the system's status, thus enabling technicians to identify any inconsistencies or malfunctions that require immediate attention.Overall, the self-checking process of a fire alarm control panel in a centralized fire alarm system is crucial for maintaining the system's efficacy. By systematically assessing various components and functionalities,technicians can promptly detect any faults or malfunctions and take appropriate actions to ensure the system operates reliably.我的问题是：消防集中火灾报警控制器自检操作流程消防集中火灾报警系统中的报警控制器自检流程是确保系统正常运行的重要步骤。

Self-sufficient control unit for externally checki

专利名称：Self-sufficient control unit for externallychecking the operation of an aircraft landinggear发明人：HEIL, LEONHARD申请号：EP96103616.7申请日：19960308公开号：EP0739817A3公开日：19971105专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：An autarkic control unit including a protection switch, voltage controller (2) a two-pole selector switch (3) with three switch-positions, three time delay units (4), two piezo-signal transmitters (5) and three actuating keys (6) with returning action, is designed to enable externally controlled autarkic testing of an under-carriage, including the undercarriage hinged-covers, function, independently and in parallel with the on-going systems testing at the in-board aircraft panel, with actuation of undercarriage covers, and the raising and lowering of the undercarriage accompanied by an acoustic warning before and during autarkic testing so as to avoid injury to personnel. The first switch output corresp. to the first position of the selector switch (3) is connected to the first input of a second time-delay unit (4.2), which occupies one switch contact, and a second switch output corresp. to the selector switch (3) second position is connected to the first input of a first time-delay unit (4.1), occupying a first switch contact.申请人：DAIMLER-BENZ AEROSPACE AIRBUS GESELLSCHAFT MIT BESCHRAENKTER HAFTUNG地址：Kreetslag 10 21129 Hamburg DE国籍：DE代理机构：Hansmann, Dierk, Dipl.-Ing.更多信息请下载全文后查看。

self check的英语作文

self check的英语作文In today’s fast-paced world, the importance of self-checking cannot be overstated. This practice involves taking the time to reflect on one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions, ultimately leading to personal growth and self-improvement. Engaging in regular self-checks helps individuals to better understand their strengths, weaknesses, and areas in need of change.One significant benefit of self-checking is the enhancement of self-awareness. By dedicating time to introspection, individuals can identify patterns in their behavior and responses to different situations. For instance, I often find myself overwhelmed by stress during periods of high academic demand. Through self-reflection, I realizedthat my stress was largely self-imposed due to unrealistic expectations. Acknowledging this allowed me to adjust mygoals and adopt healthier methods for coping with pressure, such as practicing mindfulness and time management techniques.Moreover, self-checking promotes accountability. When one takes the time to assess their actions, it becomes easier to recognize the impact these actions have on oneself and others. For example, I previously struggled with procrastination,often delaying tasks until the last minute. During a self-check, I examined how this habit not only affected myacademic performance but also my relationships with peers who relied on me for group projects. Understanding the ripple effects of my procrastination motivated me to create a more structured schedule, which in turn improved both my gradesand my friendships.Another crucial aspect of self-checking is its role in fostering resilience. Life is full of challenges and setbacks, and how we respond to these difficulties can define our character. Through consistent self-reflection, I learned toapproach failures not as definitive endpoints but as opportunities for growth. Each time I faced a hardship, I would review the situation, analyzing what went wrong and how I could do better in the future. This practice transformed my perspective, allowing me to embrace challenges and view them as stepping stones toward success.In addition to these personal benefits, self-checking can enhance interpersonal relationships. When individuals take the time to evaluate their behavior, they become more empathetic and understanding towards others. This has been particularly true in my life, where I’ve noticed an improvement in my communication skills. By being more attuned to my feelings and reactions, I find it easier to listen actively and respond thoughtfully in conversations.In conclusion, self-checking is a powerful tool for personal development that fosters self-awareness, accountability, resilience, and better relationships. Thejourney of introspection may be challenging, but the rewards are profound, paving the way for continuous growth and a deeper understanding of oneself. By making self-checking a routine part of my life, I have witnessed remarkable transformations that have enriched both my personal and academic experiences. As we navigate the complexities of life, taking a moment for a self-check can be the key to unlocking our potential.。

机器安全保护术语及其定义说明书

SELECTED MACHINE SAFEGUARDINGTERMINOLOGYAuthorized Output:an output from a safety controller’s positive-guided relays (used to “authorize”or “enable”a machine’s start circuit when safety system conditions exist).Also known as “safety output.”Automatic Reset:a safety controller reset circuit that automatically resets the safety controller when safe system conditions (no system faults)exist.A manual reset button is optional.Auxiliary output:a non-safety related contact closure or semiconductor output primarily used for signaling component or system status to a PLC,audible alarm or visual indicator (such as a stack light).Also called a “signaling contact”or “auxiliary monitoring contact”.ANSI (American National Standards Institute):an association of industry representatives who,working together,develop safety and other technical standards.Auxiliary monitoring contact:See “auxiliary output”.BG (Berufgenossenschaft):an independentGermaninsurance agency whose legislative arm recommends industry safety practices.One of many “notiﬁed bodies”authorized to certify that safety products comply with all relevant standards.CE (ConformitéEuropeéne)mark:a symbol (CE)applied to ﬁnished products and machinery indicating it meets all applicable European Directives.For electrical and electronic “ﬁnished products”,such as a safety relaymodule,these include the Low Voltage Directive and,where relevant,the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)Directive.Coded-Magnet Sensor:a two-piece position sensor consisting of an array of reed switches and a multiple magnet array-actuating element.Such devices will only deliver an output signal when the reed switch element is in the presence of a matched,multiple-magnetic ﬁeld array.Coded-magnet sensors cannot be actuated using a simple magnet.Hence they are far more difﬁcult to defeat/bypass than a simple magnetic switch or proximity sensor.Control Reliability:A term applied to safety devices or systems which are designed constructed and installed such that the failure of a single component within the device or system does not prevent normal machinestopping action from taking place…but doesprevent a successive machine cycle frombeing initiated.CSA (Canadian Standards Association):an independ-ent Canadian testing and standards-making organization similar to UnderwritersLaboratories (UL)in the U.S.“CSA-certiﬁed”products meet relevant CSA electrical and safety standards.Declaration of Conformity:a manufacturer’s self-certi-ﬁed document,signed by a highly-positioned technical manager,which lists all the Standards and Directives to which a product conforms.A Declaration of Conformity is mandatory for all CE-marked products,and formachine components which,if they fail,could lead to a dangerous or hazardous situation on a machine.Deﬁned Area:a predetermined area scanned by a light beam within which the presence of an opaque object of speciﬁed minimum size will result in the generation of a control signal.Direct-Action Contacts:See “positive-break”contacts.Diverse Redundancy:the use of different components and/or different microprocessor instruction sets written by different programmers in the design and construction of redundant components/circuits.Its purpose is to increase system reliability by minimizing the possibility of common-mode failure (the failure of like components used in redundant circuits).Dual-Channel Safety System:a safety control system characterized by two inputs;each connected to one of two independent safety circuits.Dual-channel systems are typically capable of detecting interconnection wiring faults such as open circuits,short-circuits and ground faults.As such they provide a higher level of safety than single-channel systems.E-Stop (Emergency Stop):the stopping of a machine by actuation of an “emergency stop”switch (such as a safety interlock switch,emergency push button switch,rope-pull switch,foot switch,or other actuating device.European Machinery Directive (EMD)2006/42/EC:a set of machine safety design requirements which must be satisﬁed to meet the Essential Health and Safety standards established by the European EconomicCommunity.This Directive,and other relevant European Directives (such as the Low Voltage Directive,EMC Directive,et al)must be satisﬁed for the machine to bear the CE mark.388Fail-to-Danger:a component or system failure which allows a machine to continue operating,exposing personnel to a hazardous or unsafe condition.Fail-to-Safe:“Fail-to-Safe”safety devices are designed such that a component failure causes the device/system to attain rest in a safe condition.Fault Detection:the monitoring of selected safety sys-tem components whose failure would compromise the functioning of the safety system.The detection of such failures is known as“fault detection.”Examples are:•a short-circuit in the safety circuit’s interconnectionwiring•an open-circuit in the safety circuit’s interconnection wiring•a welded contact in the safety controller’s positive-guided relays•an open machine guardFault Exclusion:the ability to minimize known possible component failures(“faults”)in a safety system by design criteria and/or component selection.Simple examples of“excluded faults”are:•The use of an overrated contactor to preclude thepossibility of contact welding.•Design of a machine guard such that the safetyinterlock switch actuator cannot be damaged.•Selection of a suitable safety interlock switch.•Use of positive-break safety interlock switchestogether with a self-monitoring safety relay module, such that the possibility of a contact weld resultingin the loss of the safety function is eliminated.The elimination of such faults are generally a compro-mise between the technical safety requirements andthe theoretical probability of their occurrence.Design engineers are permitted to exclude such faults when constructing the machine’s safety system.However, each“fault exclusion”must be identiﬁed,justiﬁed,and documented in the Technical File submitted to satisfy the European Machinery Directive.Feedback Loop:an auxiliary input on a safety controller designed to monitor and detect a contact weld in the primary machine-controlled device(e.g.motor contactor, relay,et al)having positive-guided contacts.Force-Guided Contacts:See“Positive-Guided Contacts”.Fixed Barrier Guard:See“Hard Guarding”.Guard:a barrier that prevents entry of an individual’s hands or other body parts into a hazardous area.Hard Guarding:the use of screens,fences,or other mechanical barriers to prevent access of personnel to hazardous areas of a machine.“Hard guards”generally allow the operator to view the point-of-operation.Hazardous Area:an area of a machine or process which presents a potential hazard to personnel.Interlock:an arrangement in which the operation ofone device automatically brings about or prevents the operation of another device.Interlocked Barrier Guard:aﬁxed or movable guard which,when opened,stops machine operation. Machine Primary Control Element(MPCE):an electrically powered component which directly controls a machine’s operation.MPCE’s are the last control component to operate when a machine’s motion is initiated or stopped.Machine Secondary Control Element(MSCE):a machine control element(other than an MPCE)capable of removing power from the hazardous area(s)of a machine.Manual Start-Up Test:a term applied to safety con-trollers designed such that at least one of the system’s interlocked machine guards must be manually-opened and closed(after applying power)before machine oper-ation is authorized.All SCHMERSAL’S even numbered Series AES microprocessor--based safety controllers (e.g.AES1136,AES1146,AES1156,AES3366,et al) are designed to require a manual start-up test. Manually-monitored Reset:a safety controller reset circuit requiring the presence of a discrete“trailing-edge”signal(24V to0V)to activate the controller’s authorized outputs.A reset button is mandatory.Muting:the ability to program a monitoring and/or control device to ignore selected system conditions. Negative Mode Mounting:the mounting of a single-piece safety interlock switch(e.g.a limit switch)such that the force applied to open the normally closed(NC) safety contact is provided by an internal spring.(See Figure1.)In this mounting mode the NC contacts may not open when the safety guard is“open”.Here welded/stuck contacts,or failure of a contact-opening spring,may result in exposing the machine operator to a hazardous/unsafe area.When mounted in the“negative-mode”,single-piece safety interlock switches can be easily circumvented/ defeated by the operator…simply by taping down the switch actuator when the safety guard is open.389OSHA (Occupational Safety Health Administration):a U.S.Department of Labor Federal agency responsible for monitoring and regulating workplace safety.OSHA enforcement may reference their own regulations,as well as those of other industry standards-making groups (e.g.ANSI,NFPA,UL,et al).Performance Level:outlined in EN ISO 13849-1,a required level of safety for SRPCS.Designated PL a through PL e .Point-of-Operation:the area(s)of a machine where material or the workpiece is positioned and a process is performed.Point-of-Operation Guarding:a device or guardinstalled at the interface between the operator and the point-of-operation which is intended to protect personnel from hazardous areas.Positive-Break Contacts:normally-closed (NC)con-tacts which,upon actuation,are forced to open by a non-resilient mechanical drive mechanism.Also called “positive-opening”or “direct-action”contacts.(See Figure 2.)Positive-Guided Contacts:Normally-open (NO)and normally-closed (NC)contacts which operate interde-pendently such that the NO and NC contacts can never be closed at the same time.They are designed such that if one of the contacts welds/sticks closed,the other contacts cannot change state.(See Figure 3.)The interdependent operation between NO and NC contacts permits self-checking/monitoring of the func-tioning of relays and contactors featuring positive-guided contacts.Hence they are desirable in machine safety circuits where “fail-to-safe”or “control reliability”is desired.Also called “force-guided contacts”.Positive Linkage:a term applied to roller lever,rocking lever and other switch actuating members designed such that the integrity of the linkage between the actua-tor and the shaft is heightened (beyond a set screw on a smooth shaft)by its mechanical design.Examples of positive-linkages are pinned,square and serrated shafts.(See Figure 4.)Figure 1NEGATIVE-MODE INSTALLATIONFigure 2CONVENTIONAL VERSUS POSITIVE-OPENINGCONTACTSFigure 3390Positive-Mode Mounting:the mounting of a singe-piece safety interlock switch (e.g.a limit switch)such that the non-resilient mechanical mechanism which forces the normally-closed (NC)contacts to open is directly driven by the interlocked machine safety guard.In this mode (as opposed to “negative-mode mounting”)the safety guard physically forces the NC contacts to open when the guard is opened.(See Figure 5.)Positive-Opening Contacts:See “Positive-Break Contacts”.Push/Pull Operation:a term applied to emergency rope-pull switches designed to actuate when the rope/trip-wire is pulled and when it is pushed (goes slack).Such rope-pull switches provide a higher level of safety than units which only actuate when the trip-wire/rope is pulled.Redundancy:the duplication of control circuits and/or components such that if one component/circuit should fail the other (redundant)component/circuit will ensure safe operation.Risk Assessment:a systematic means of quantifying the relative level of danger different types of machinehazards present to the machine operator and/or mainte-nance personnel.This assessment is usually done in the early stages of the machine’s design to permit such hazards to be designed-out or alternatively determine the scope of the safety system needed to protect per-sonnel from possible injury.One approach suggested in EN ISO 13849-1is summarized in Figure 6.Safeguarding:protecting personnel from hazards using guards,barriers,safety devices and/or safe working procedures.Safety Controller:an electronic and/or electromechani-cal device designed expressly for monitoring the integri-ty of a machine’s safety system.Such controllers are designed using positive-guided (force-guided)relays.Depending upon the model,SCHMERSAL ’s safety controllers are capable of detecting the following types of potential safety system faults:•Machine guard(s)open•Guard monitoring switch/sensor failure •Interconnection wiring “open circuit”•Interconnection wiring “short circuit”•Interconnection wiring “short-to-ground”•Welded contact in controlled output device•Failure of one of the safety controller’s positive-guided relays•Fault in the safety controller’s monitoring circuit •Insufﬁcient safety controller operating voltageUpon detection of a system fault,the safety controller will initiate a “machine stop”command and/or prevent the restarting of the machine until the fault has been corrected.The “stop”command may be immediate or time-delayed depending upon the modelsafety controller selected.Figure 4PinnedSquare ActuatorPositive LinkageSerratedFigure 5391Safety Enable:(See“Authorized Output.”)Safety Interlock Switch:a switch designed expressly to safely monitor the position of a machine barrier guard. Such switches typically feature positive-break contacts and are designed to be more tamper-resistant than con-ventional position/presence-sensing switches.Safety Output:(See“Authorized Output.”)Safety Relay:an electromechanical relay designed with positive-guided contacts.Self-Checking:the performing of periodic self-diagnos-tics on the safety control circuit to ensure that critical individual components are functioning properly.Self-Monitoring:see“Self-Checking”.Single-Channel Safety System:a safety control sys-tem characterized by one safety interlock switch whose normally-closed contact is the sole input to a safety con-troller or a motor contactor.Such systems are unable to detect a short circuit failure in the interconnection wiring and are only recommended for addressing Safety Categories B,1and2(see“Risk Assessment”). Solenoid-Latching Safety Interlock Switch:a two-piece safety interlock(actuating key and switch mechanism)whose design prevents the removal ofthe actuating key until released by an integral latching solenoid.Solenoid latching is typically controlled by a time-delay,motion detector,position sensor or other control components.Stop Categories:“0”Requires immediate removal of power from the controlled devices.“1”Allows for a time delay up to30seconds for removal of power.This is commonly used with drive systems where immediate removal of power may result in alonger stop time.SRPCS:Safety Related Parts of Control Systems—(sub)systems which perform a safety function.Tamper-Resistant:a term applied to safety interlock switches referring to their relative ability to be defeated or bypassed using simple,readily available means such as a screwdriver,paper clip,piece of tape or wire,etc. Switches and sensors designed expressly for use as machine guard safety interlocks are designed to be more“tamper-resistant”than conventional switches/ sensors(e.g.proximity switches,reed switches,conven-tional limit switches).Time-delayed Authorized Outputs:a safety controller’s authorized outputs whose activation is delayed(up to30 seconds)to satisfy Stop Category1requirements.Trailing-edge Reset:(See“Manually-monitored Reset.”)Two-Hand Control:a machine control system which requires“simultaneous”use of both of the operator’s hands to initiate a machine cycle.UL(Underwriters Laboratories):an independenttesting and standards-making organiza-tion.UL tests products for compliance torelevant electrical and safety standards/requirements.392。

年轻人自控力缺乏英文作文

年轻人自控力缺乏英文作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Young people today often struggle with a lack of self-control. It's easy to get caught up in the fast-paced, technology-driven world we live in. We are constantly bombarded with distractions and temptations, making it difficult to stay focused and disciplined.Social media plays a big role in our lack of self-control. We are constantly checking our phones, scrolling through endless feeds, and comparing ourselves to others. This not only wastes valuable time, but it also feeds into our need for instant gratification, making it harder to resist other temptations.The pressure to succeed and achieve can also contribute to our lack of self-control. We are constantly pushing ourselves to do more, be more, and have more. This can lead to impulsive decision-making and an inability to delay gratification, as we are constantly seeking validation and recognition.Furthermore, the prevalence of fast food and unhealthy eating habits can also contribute to our lack of self-control. We are bombarded with advertisements for sugary, fatty foods, and it can be difficult to resist the temptation to indulge. This can lead to poor health choices and a lack of discipline when it comes to our diet and exercise habits.In conclusion, the lack of self-control among young people is a widespread issue that is influenced by avariety of factors. It is important for us to recognize these influences and work towards developing better self-discipline and decision-making skills. By being mindful of our habits and setting realistic goals, we can overcome our lack of self-control and lead more balanced and fulfilling lives.。

基于fpga的多通道sata接口设计与实现

摘要摘要随着信息社会的蓬勃发展，人们对信息存储设备的存储容量、传输稳定性、数据完整性都提出了更高的要求。

固态硬盘凭借其优良的工作性能以及更快的传输速率，逐渐成为主流的高速存储介质，而且随着存储阵列技术的发展，存储系统的容量也变得越来越大。

论文设计了基于FPGA的多通道SATA接口，进而实现了由固态硬盘组成的高速大容量固态存储阵列，安全稳定，应用广泛，存储容量更大，并且具有一定的可扩展性。

论文首先设计了系统的整体结构，包括主控板卡、存储控制板、VPX背板以及固态存储阵列，主控板卡提供了系统的命令接口和数据接口，负责系统工作控制和数据分发；存储控制板基于FPGA的片上嵌入式系统，根据SATA标准协议，设计实现了多通道SATA控制器；VPX背板一方面完成存储控制板与主控板卡的板间数据传输，另一方面构成存储控制板与固态存储阵列间的SATA通路；固态存储阵列由24块480G的固态硬盘构成。

论文的主要工作如下：1、依据VPX标准设计了总线型系统架构，详细分析了系统数据传输带宽需求及VPX高速串行接口的传输能力，基于FPGA内集成的高速串行接口的高效性和稳定性，通过VPX背板实现了多路并行高速数据的板间传输。

2、以Xilinx公司的XC5VFX200T芯片为核心，对单板多通道SATA接口进行了硬件设计，包括四个主要模块，其中SATA控制模块依据SATA标准协议设计实现了多通道的SATA控制器，完成对固态盘的读写控制；数据传输模块完成与背板之间的数据交互、数据位宽转换以及数据缓存过程；时钟管理模块负责管理外部可配置时钟芯片并完成系统内部时钟网络的设计和管理；命令管理模块负责接收并执行主控板卡的命令，控制单板系统的工作流程。

3、为保证系统工作的可靠性和稳定性，结合硬件调试进行了改进性设计，通过推迟外设时钟芯片工作时间及通过应用层控制底层链路重建的措施，解决了硬盘检测的问题；通过改进控制物理链路的OOB状态机，为底层程序增加了自我校验的功能，增加了系统冗余性，结合硬件设计重新修正了主机端高速串行接口参数，进一步完善了通信链路的信号完整性。

如何培养大学生自律能力英语作文

如何培养大学生自律能力英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1How to Cultivate College Students' Self-disciplineSelf-discipline is one of the most important qualities for college students to possess. It can help them stay focused, set goals, and achieve success in both academic and personal life. However, cultivating self-discipline is not an easy task, especially for young adults who are facing so many distractions and temptations. In this article, we will discuss some effective strategies to help college students develop self-discipline.First and foremost, setting clear goals is essential in cultivating self-discipline. College students should have a clear vision of what they want to achieve in their academic and personal life. By setting specific, realistic, and measurable goals, they can stay motivated and focused on their tasks. It is important for students to break down their goals into smaller, manageable tasks and create a timeline to track their progress.Secondly, time management is crucial in developingself-discipline. College students often have to juggle betweenclasses, assignments, extracurricular activities, and social life. Therefore, it is important for them to prioritize their tasks, create a daily or weekly schedule, and allocate enough time for studying, exercising, and relaxing. By managing their time effectively, students can avoid procrastination and stay productive.In addition, self-control is another key aspect ofself-discipline. College students should learn how to resist temptations, avoid distractions, and stay focused on their goals. It is important for them to set boundaries, limit their time on social media, and avoid unhealthy habits such as procrastination, binge-watching, and overeating. By practicing self-control, students can develop a strong willpower and make wise decisions in their daily life.Furthermore, self-reflection is essential in cultivatingself-discipline. College students should take the time to reflect on their actions, behaviors, and attitudes. By identifying their strengths and weaknesses, students can make improvements, set new goals, and develop a growth mindset. It is important for students to be honest with themselves, seek feedback from others, and learn from their mistakes. By reflecting on theirexperiences, students can become more self-aware and develop a sense of responsibility.Moreover, self-motivation is crucial in developingself-discipline. College students should find their inner drive, passion, and purpose to stay motivated and committed to their goals. It is important for students to remind themselves of their why, set rewards for their achievements, and stay positive and optimistic in the face of challenges. By cultivating self-motivation, students can overcome obstacles, push their limits, and achieve success in their academic and personal life.In conclusion, cultivating self-discipline is a lifelong process that requires determination, effort, and commitment. College students should set clear goals, manage their time effectively, practice self-control, reflect on their actions, and stay motivated to develop self-discipline. By cultivating this important quality, students can achieve success, fulfill their potential, and lead a fulfilling and meaningful life.篇2How to Cultivate College Students' Self-discipline AbilitySelf-discipline is an essential trait for college students to achieve success in both academic and personal life. It requiresthe ability to control oneself and adhere to rules and regulations. However, many college students struggle with self-discipline due to the freedom and independence that come with university life. In this article, we will explore some effective strategies to help cultivate college students' self-discipline ability.First and foremost, setting clear goals and priorities is crucial in developing self-discipline. College students should identify their long-term objectives and break them down into smaller, manageable tasks. By creating a study schedule and establishing daily routines, students can stay focused and motivated to accomplish their goals.Moreover, time management plays a significant role in fostering self-discipline. Students should learn to prioritize tasks, avoid procrastination, and allocate sufficient time for studying, relaxation, and extracurricular activities. By creating a to-do list and using time management tools like planners and apps, students can enhance their productivity and self-control.Additionally, maintaining a healthy lifestyle is essential for developing self-discipline. Adequate sleep, regular exercise, and a balanced diet can improve students' physical and mentalwell-being, enabling them to stay alert, energized, and motivated. Moreover, avoiding excessive use of electronicdevices, social media, and other distractions can help students focus on their studies and develop self-discipline.Furthermore, seeking support from peers, mentors, and family members can enhance college students' self-discipline. By surrounding themselves with positive and motivated individuals, students can receive encouragement, accountability, and guidance in their academic and personal endeavors. Moreover, participating in study groups, workshops, and counseling sessions can provide students with valuable resources and strategies to improve their self-discipline.In conclusion, cultivating college students' self-discipline ability is essential for their academic success and personal growth. By setting clear goals and priorities, managing time effectively, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and seeking support from others, students can enhance their self-control, perseverance, and resilience. With perseverance and practice, college students can develop the self-discipline needed to achieve their academic and personal goals.篇3How to Cultivate College Students' Self-disciplineSelf-discipline is crucial for college students to succeed in their academic studies and personal development. It is a key quality that enables individuals to stay focused, organized, and motivated to achieve their goals. Cultivating self-discipline is not an easy task, especially in the modern age where distractions are abundant and temptations are everywhere. However, with the right strategies and mindset, college students can develop their self-discipline and become more successful in all aspects of their lives. In this article, we will discuss some effective ways to cultivate self-discipline among college students.Set Clear GoalsOne of the first steps in developing self-discipline is setting clear and achievable goals. College students should have a clear vision of what they want to achieve in their academic studies, career, and personal life. Setting specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals can help students stay focused and motivated to work towards their objectives. By knowing what they want to achieve, students can create a roadmap to success and stay disciplined in their efforts to reach their goals.Create a RoutineEstablishing a daily routine is essential for cultivatingself-discipline. College students should create a schedule that includes time for studying, working on assignments, attending classes, exercising, and relaxing. By following a routine, students can develop good habits and avoid procrastination. Awell-organized schedule can help students manage their time effectively and prioritize tasks based on their importance and deadlines. By sticking to a routine, students can developself-discipline and stay focused on their goals.Avoid DistractionsIn the modern age of smartphones, social media, and online entertainment, distractions are everywhere. College students often struggle to stay focused on their studies and avoid temptations that can derail their academic progress. To cultivate self-discipline, students should identify their biggest distractions and find ways to avoid or minimize them. This may include turning off notifications on their phone, setting specific times for checking social media, or creating a designated study space free of distractions. By eliminating distractions, students can develop the focus and concentration needed to succeed in their academic studies.Practice Self-controlSelf-control is a key aspect of self-discipline that involves resisting temptations and impulses that can hinder progress towards goals. College students should practice self-control by learning to delay gratification, make responsible choices, and resist peer pressure. By developing self-control, students can make better decisions, stay focused on their goals, and overcome obstacles that stand in their way. Practicingself-control can help students develop the resilience and perseverance needed to succeed in their academic studies and personal development.Seek SupportCultivating self-discipline is a challenging task that requires dedication, perseverance, and support. College students should seek support from their peers, professors, mentors, and counselors to help them stay motivated and focused on their goals. Building a support network can provide students with encouragement, guidance, and accountability to help them overcome obstacles and stay disciplined in their efforts to succeed. By seeking support from others, students can develop the self-discipline needed to achieve their full potential.In conclusion, self-discipline is a vital quality that college students need to succeed in their academic studies and personaldevelopment. By setting clear goals, creating a routine, avoiding distractions, practicing self-control, and seeking support, students can cultivate their self-discipline and become more successful in all aspects of their lives. Developing self-discipline is a lifelong process that requires dedication, perseverance, and continuous effort. By following the strategies outlined in this article, college students can develop the self-discipline needed to achieve their goals and fulfill their potential.。

如何应对信息过载英语作文

如何应对信息过载英语作文In today's digital age, we are constantly bombarded with an overwhelming amount of information. Whether it's through social media, news websites, or email subscriptions, we are constantly exposed to a never-ending stream of data. This phenomenon, known as information overload, can have detrimental effects on our productivity, mental health, and overall well-being. In this article, we will explore effective strategies to cope with information overload and regain control of our digital lives.First and foremost, it is crucial to prioritize the information we consume. With an abundance of information at our fingertips, it's easy to get caught up in the endless scrolling and clicking. To overcome this, we need to identify our goals and focus on the information that is relevant and beneficial to us. This could involve unsubscribing from unnecessary email newsletters, unfollowing social media accounts that do not add value, and setting specific time limits for browsing the internet.Additionally, developing critical thinking skills is essential in navigating through the vast sea of information. With the rise of fake news and misinformation, it is crucial to question the credibility and validity of the information we come across. Fact-checking, verifying sources, and cross-referencing information can help us make informed decisions and avoid falling into the trap of misinformation.Another effective strategy is to establish a digital detox routine. Taking regular breaks from technology can help alleviate the stress and overwhelm caused by information overload. This could involve setting aside designated periods of time each day to disconnect from our devices, engaging in activities that promote mindfulness and relaxation, such as reading a book, going for a walk, or practicing meditation. By consciously creating space for ourselves away from the constant influx of information, we can recharge and rejuvenate our minds.Moreover, organizing and curating the information we consume can significantly reduce the feeling of overload. Utilizing productivity tools such as note-taking apps, bookmarking websites, and creating digital folders can help us categorize and storeinformation in a structured manner. This not only allows for easy retrieval of relevant information when needed but also reduces the clutter and chaos associated with information overload.Furthermore, effective time management is crucial in combating information overload. With limited time and an abundance of information, it is essential to allocate our time wisely. Prioritizing tasks, setting realistic goals, and breaking them down into manageable chunks can help us stay focused and productive. Additionally, utilizing time management techniques such as the Pomodoro Technique, where work is divided into intervals with short breaks in between, can enhance productivity and prevent burnout.Lastly, practicing self-care is vital in maintaining a healthy balance in the face of information overload. Taking care of our physical and mental well-being is essential for optimum performance and resilience. This could involve getting enough sleep, exercising regularly, eating a balanced diet, and engaging in activities that bring joy and relaxation. By nurturing ourselves, we can better cope with the demands of the digital world and prevent information overload from taking a toll on our overall well-being.In conclusion, information overload is a prevalent issue in today's digital age. However, by implementing effective strategies such as prioritizing information, developing critical thinking skills, establishing a digital detox routine, organizing and curating information, practicing time management, and prioritizing self-care, we can successfully navigate through the overwhelming sea of information and regain control of our digital lives. By doing so, we can lead more balanced, productive, and fulfilling lives in this information-rich era.。

FF-SPS4 Series产品说明书

105FF-SPS4 SeriesFF-SPS4 SeriesNRTL/CF F -S P S 4Type 4 self-contained single beam For access controlFEATURES•Meets applicable parts of US OSHA 1910.212, ANSI B11.19 and RIA 15.06for Control Reliability•Active optoelectronic protective equipment, Type 4 according to the norm IEC/EN 61496 - parts 1 & 2•Protection against mutual interference by selection of the emission frequency •Through scan device with permanent self-checking ensuring the highest level of safety•Power supplies: 120 Vac, 240 Vac and 24 Vdc•Response time: 0.020 sec •Scanning range:0.5 to 40 m / 1.6 to 131.2 ft (standard)0.5 to 20 m / 1.6 to 65.6 ft (lens heating)30 to 75 m / 98.4 to 246 ft (long range)•Beam aperture angle: ±2° in compliance with the norm IEC/EN 61496 - 2•Connection: terminal strips or connectors•Outputs: 2 safety relays with guided contacts•Sealing: IP 67/NEMA 6 (terminal) or IP 65/NEMA 4 (connector)•Available restart modes:.automatic restart.start interlock (at power up only).start & restart interlock (at power up and after any beam interruption)•Final Switching Devices monitoring input •Test input•Numerous LED status indicators•Accessories: individual and adjustable beam deflection mirror, floor mounting deflection mirrors for 2, 3 or 4 beams •Alignment aid kit: compact and self-contained laser pen, signal margin LED indicatorAPPLICATIONSAccess control: perimetric protection around a robot zone, trip device at the entrance and the exit of a paint shop, etc.The FF-SPS4 Active Optoelectronic Protective Device is a single through scan infra-red beam designed to detect the body of an operator on approach to a dangerous zone.The interruption of the beam de-energizes the output contacts which in turn de-energizes the machine stop circuitry.The emission source is modulated infrared which makes the operation almost com-pletely independent of ambient light conditions. Moreover, the device is equipped with an emission frequency selector to avoid possible mutual interference between sets.The processing is a permanent dynamic self-checking principle meeting the require-ments of the norm IEC/EN 61496 - parts 1 & 2 for Type 4 Electrosensitive Protective Equipment. Any internal failure will be immediately detected and disable the output relays.The Canadian CSA (NRTL/C) gave an approval to this device which meets applicable parts of US ANSI, RIA 15.06 standards and OSHA 29 CFR and 1910.212 regulations for Control Reliability.The FF-SPS4 is preset with the start and restart interlock mode on delivery. The start and restart interlock guarantees that the equipment remains in alarm at power up or after an interruption of the beam. The operator must press a push-button to restart the protective equipment. However, an automatic restart can be easily programmed by internal switches.106FF-SPS4 SeriesFF-SPS4The receiver unit is equipped with 2 safety relays with guided contacts which can be directly used to stop the dangerous movement. However, most of the time, additional relaying (or Final Switching Devices) between the equipment outputs and the machine circuitry is necessary. For this reason, the FF-SPS4has a Final Switching Device monitoring input to negate the use of a self-checking relay module. A test input is also available.The use of the test input sets the equipment in an alarm condition. When used in conjunction with the monitoring input, the test input facility provides the ability to regularly check the correct operation of interface relays.A lens heating system is available on some models to prevent condensation where conditions of use may require such an equipment. These models can operate down to -25°C/-13°F ambient temperature.LED indicators provide useful visual information on the equip-ment status during installation and operation. They ease beam adjustment and warn the operator about a lens contamination or misalignment before an unexpected emergency stop signal is generated.The equipment is delivered with a pair of standard adjustable brackets for ease of installation. The use of deflection mirrors is a cost effective solution for designing multiple separate beam trip devices or perimetric protections around a dangerous area.A laser pen is available as an accessory. It helps a single person adjust rapidly and easily the infrared beams even if deflection mirrors are used.The device features the highest level of safety and can be used for a wide range of dangerous machines.Multiple separate beamsMultiple separate beams are often used to detect the intrusion of the whole body rather than parts of the body.The installation of a multiple separate beam arrangement has to be carried out in such a way that access to the dangerous mov-ing parts is impossible without breaking the beams.The pr EN 999 European standard gives the following formula for the calculation of the minimum safety distance between the dangerous zone and the detection plane. Compliance to this formula will ensure reliable detection of an operator and stop the dangerous motion before the operator reaches the danger:S ³ 1600 (t1 + t2) + 850 (mm)(or Ds ³ 63 (t1 + t2) + 33.5 (in) Ds = S)S: Minimum safety distance (in mm/in)t1:Response time of the FF-SPS4 equipment (0.02 sec)t2:Response time of the machine (in sec), i.e. time required to stop the machine or remove the risk after receiving the output signal from the protective equipment Recommended beam heightsEN 999 recommends the following heights which have been found to be the most practical in application for multiple sepa-rate beams.Number Beam heights above the reference floorof beamsmmin.2400/90015.7/35.43300/700/110011.8/27.6/43.34300/600/900/120011.8/23.6/35.4/47.2The number of beams to be used needs to be defined according to the risk assessment and to the importance for the machine operator to pass undetected. Particularly, during risk assess-ment, methods of defeating the safety equipment shall be taken into account before selecting the correct configuration.Protection against mutual interferenceWhen more than one FF-SPS4 is used, mutual interference may occur between sets.To avoid these undesirable disturbances, the device is equipped with internal switches designed to select the emission fre-quency F1 or F2 of the infrared modulated light. The position of these switches can be changed to avoid mutual interference between two systems.In some cases, mutual interference can be cancelled by using two different emission frequencies and by reversing the trans-mission direction of the through scan beams. This would be thecase for a three beam trip device for instance:107FF-SPS4 SeriesSignal margin (ms)Light Off Light On reset mode indicatorEnergized relay indicator De-energizer relay indicator Emission frequency indicator Flickering lightManual Press the push-buttonOFF state NO contacts: ON stateNO contacts: ON state NO contacts: OFF stateF2F1≥ 2 thresholdms < 0.5 threshold 0.5≤ ms < 2 thresholdPower on indicatorF F -S P S 4Status indicators EmitterReceiverOperating diagram(Output status/Reception signal)ms Signal 2 s margin 1 s (ms)0.5 sNO ContactsSignal margin indicatorLaser alignment procedureThe use of the FF-SPZLASER pen is recommended to perform easy and fast beam alignment, particularly if the scanning dis-tance is greater than 10 m / 32.8 ft. The FF-SPS4 equipment housing is designed to support the laser pen without any addi-tional mechanical adapter. A location notch found on the top of the housing is designed to support the laser pen which should be used in conjunction with a target (such as a white sheet of paper) as shown below. However, in the absence of the laser pen, the notch can be used as a “backsight notch” to ease align-ment operations.108FF-SPS4 SeriesNRTL/CFF-SPS4FF-SPS4•Type 4 according to IEC/EN 61496 - parts 1 & 2•Scanning range up to 75 m / 246 ft without adjustment •ø35 mm / 1.4 in. detection capability•Meets applicable parts of US OSHA, ANSI and RIA for Control ReliabilityDimensions in millimeters / inches, meters / feet, weights in kg / lbs109FF-SPS4 SeriesF F -S P S 4Connection diagramThe FF-SPS4 can be easily connected to the machine control circuitry due to the FSD monitoring and start and restart interlock facilities:(1)RC (220 Ω + 0.22 µF) for AC interfaces or varistors for DC interfaces.FSD: Final Switching Device.NO P/B: Contact Normally Open of a push-button.Frequency switches and restart mode selectorsThe position of the emission frequency switches must be changed on both the emitter and the receiver units otherwise the system remains permanently in alarm.It is recommended to use the start and restart interlock facility when using the equipment as a trip device to control access to a dangerous zone. The restart push-button should be installed outside the dangerous zone. However, if the application does not require this facility, it can be removed using the following indications:The equipment is preset on the emission frequency F1 (50kHz) and Start & Restart interlock on delivery.Test input settingTest NO test contact (Factory setting)Test NC test contact110FF-SPS4 SeriesFF-SPS4Accessories FF-SPS4FF-SPZSPX001FF-SPZLASERMounting bracket (already included in the FF-SPS4package)Mounting bracket for fixing a unit onto a wall (tool: Allen key no. 5).Laser penThe laser pen FF-SPZLASER is a self-contained and compact laser device designed to ease infrared beam alignments. Its IIa class conforms to the EN 60825 European standard and the US 21 CFR 1040 American standard.Laser Red visible light diode Classification Class IIOptical powerMin. 1.8 mW / max. 5 mW Wavelength 635 nm Beam diameter. 4 mm / 0.15 in Beam spread Less than 0.7 mrad Supply 2 AAA batteries (1.5V)Endurance time Typically 20 hours continuous Lifetime MTBF greater than 10 000 hours Material AluminiumWeightApprox. 80 gr/0.17 lb (2.8 oz)ToolsFF-SPZSCREWTorx T15 screwdriver for FF-SPS4 cover.FF-SBZCRIMPCrimping tool for female contacts (for connector version).FF-SBZREMOVRemoval tool for female contacts (for connector version).111FF-SPS4 SeriesFF-SPS4 SeriesNRTL/CF F -S P S 4Access control systemsMAIN FEATURES•Meets applicable parts of US OSHA 1910.212, ANSI B11.19 and RIA 15.06for Control Reliability•2 or 3-beam electrosensitive protective devices designed in compliance with the IEC 61496-1/2 standard for Type 4protective equipment•Easy and quick installation•Beam height in compliance with the pr EN 999 European standard•Different models available with scanning ranges from 8 to 75 m/ 26.24 to 246 ft •Supply voltages: 24 Vdc, 120 Vac,240 Vac•Selectable restart modes (automatic or manual restart)•Final Switching Devices monitoring loop •Mutual interference immunity•Wiring: terminal strips, connectors or 10 m/32.8 ft cable•Laser pen for beam alignment APPLICATIONSAccess control: perimetric protection around a robot zone, trip device at the entrance and the exit of a paint shop, etc.The FF-SPS4 access control systems are protective equipment designed for the control of dangerous zones in Industry. The intrusion of a person inside the zone is detected by the interruption of one or several infrared beams permanently self-checked by an electronic circuitry which outputs an alarm signal toward the ma-chine control circuitry. The opening of the output contacts due to the detection immediately stops the dangerous movement.These systems offer different solutions which fit any need. Each system consists of two columns which support one or several FF-SPS4 single safety beams and 45°deflection mirrors for some of them. The nominal scanning distance of the beam allows to cover distances from 8 to 75 m / 26.24 ft to 246 ft with or without mirrors,offering a cost effective solution. The installation of beams and mirrors is done on delivery to shorten time spent on setting up the system. The mechanics of both column and mirrors is designed to fulfill the requirements of the optics, and eases beam alignment adjustment. Moreover, a laser pen can be used to adjust beam alignment quickly.The integrated functions simplify the electrical interfacing of the machine control circuits while saving cost: the restart input and the final switching device monitor-ing loop reduce the number of components used in the interface with two relays (with guided contacts). Prewired models are also available and add flexibility to the application.112FF-SPS4 SeriesNRTL/CFF-SPS42-beam access control systems•Scanning ranges: 0 to 20 m/ 0 to 65.6 ft, 5 to 75 m/16.4 to 246 ft (1)•Terminal strips or connector option•Meets applicable parts of US OSHA, ANSI and RIA for Control Reliability, and IEC/EN 614 - parts 1 & 2requirements for Type 4 protective equipmentDimensions in millimeters / inches, meters / feet, weights in kg / lbs113FF-SPS4 SeriesNRTL/CF F -S P S 43-beam access control systems•Scanning ranges 0 to 8 m / 0 to 26.24 ft, 5 to 75 m / 16.4 to 246 ft •Terminal strips or connector option•Meets applicable parts of US OSHA, ANSI and RIA for Control Reliability, and IEC/EN 614 - parts 1 & 2requirements for Type 4 protective equipmentDimensions in millimeters / inches, meters / feet, weights in kg / lbs114FF-SPS4 Series(1): RC (200 Ω + 0.22µF) for AC interfaces, or varistors for DC interfaces:NO P/B: normally open of a push-button; FSD: Final Switching Device.Dimensions (in mm / in.)•Tools (to be ordered separately)FF-SPZLASERThe laser pen FF-SPZLASER is a self-contained and compact laser device designed to ease infrared beam alignments; its II class conforms to the EN 60825 European standard and the US 21 CFR 1040 American standard.FF-SCZ604764Mechanical adapter M18 x 90.To be used of the installation of the laser pen on the columns.0.31FF-SPS4。

CCSA-基础词汇

CCSA-基础词汇CCSA基本词汇Aacceptance testing 验收测试access存取、访问access control访问控制accountability责任Accounting controls 会计控制achieve达到activity活动activity network diagram作业网络图activity-based costing(ABC)system 作业成本法activity-level objective作业层次目标Activity reports活动报告add value增加价值adequacy充分，足够；适当adequate controlAnalysis and Evaluation(IIAPreformance Standard 2320)分析和评价(IIA工作标准2320)Analysis audit procedures分析性审计程序analytical review分析性复核anonymity匿名，匿名者appearance表面application应用appraisal costs鉴定成本appreciation评价，鉴别appropriate适当的appropriation拨款，占用，盗用，挪用approve批准Approval批准Approval of risk-based plans （批准）以风险为导向的计划Approval of work programs （批准）工作方案artificial intelligence人工智能assess对??????进行评估，评价assessment评估Assessment control控制（评估）Assessment of control processes控制程序（评估）Assessment definition/timing of定义/时间安排（评估）Assessment of quality programs质量方案（评估）Assessment of risk management process风险管理过程（评估）Assets，control and ues of资产、控制和使用Assignment of authority and responsibility 权责划分assistance援助，帮助assistant辅助的，助理的assumption假设assurance确认、保证Assurance Services确认服务Assurance Services and consulting services确认服务和咨询服务Assurance Services nature of确认服务的性质Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL) 非对称用户数字环线asynchronous异步attribute Standards属性标准attributes sampling属性抽样audience受众audit conclusion审计结论audit committees审计委员会communications with audit committees与审计委员会的沟通audit coverage审计覆盖面audit directors审计主管audit directors compliance with IIA’s attribute standards（审计主管）遵循IIA的属性标准duties of audit directors审计主管责任personnel responsibilities of audit directors人事责任planning by audit directors规划audit directors and policies/procedures 审计主管和政策/程序quality assurance role of audit directors 质量保障角色auditing control审计控制audit managers/supervisors审计经理/督导audit evidence审计证据audit finding审计发现audit methodology审计方法audit objectives审计目标auditors-in-charge主管审计师audit plans/planning审计计划audit procedures审计程序audit programs审计方案assessments to audit programs 评估审计方案audit recommendation审计建议audit reports审计报告audit resources审计资源audit risk审计风险audit scope审计范围audit team leaders 审计小组领导audit time budgets 审计时间预算audit trail审计踪迹audit work planning 审计工作计划audit work programs 审计工作方案auditee被审计单位authentication鉴别authority权威性，权限authorization授权avoid避免awareness意识Bbackup/restart procedure 备份/重启程序balance controls余额控制bar chart条形图，柱状图bar-code条码BBS电子公告牌benchmarking基准比较法biometric technology生物技术Board董事会(审计委员会)internal control responsibilities of board of directors（董事会的）内部控制责任bounded rationality有限理性brainstorming头脑风暴break-even盈亏平衡点bridge网桥browser浏览器bus network总线网business application systems业务应用系统see also internal control application development内部控制应用程序开发application system documentation control应用系统文本记录控制corrective controls纠正性控制data integrity controls数据完整性控制data origination/preparation/input controls 数据产生/编制/输入控制data output controls数据输出控制data processing controls数据处理控制detective controls检查性控制inventory of controls in存货控制operational application system controls操作应用系统控制preventive controls预防性控制spreadsheet controls电子数据表控制system-related file maintenance controls 系统相关文档维护控制business organizations经营组织business process reengineering业务流程再造business risk，audit risk vs.经营风险，审计风险Ccallback回拨capacity plan能力计划capital structure资本结构cause原因cause-and-effect diagrams因果图centralized processing集中处理certainty确定性certification authority(CA)证书认证中心Certified Internal Auditor(CIA) 国际注册内部审计师challenge挑战change control变更控制change management变革管理characteristics特性charter章程Check Sheet日常检查单checklists问题清单Chief Audit Executive(CAE) 首席审计执行官circumstantial evidence附属证据class类client委托人，客户，客户机client feedback mechanisms客户反馈机制closing conference结束会议cluster(block)sampling分块抽样CoCo model，see Criteria of control model 控制标准模式Code of Ethics职业道德规范monitoring compliance with 监控合规性coefficient of correlation相关系数coefficient of determination 决定系数cold site冷站collection收款combination controls合并控制comment观点，评论Committee委员会Committee of Sponsoring Organizations(COSO) 发起组织委员会Committee structure委员会结构communicating results沟通结果communication and internal control沟通和内部控制Compact Disc/Read-Only Memory(CD-ROM) 紧凑式只读光盘comparison比较comparison controls比较控制compensating controls 补偿性控制competency能力，胜任competent能胜任的，足够的competitive bid竞标compiler编译器complexity复杂性compliance遵循/合规性legal considerations in evaluating programs for compliance针对合规性评价方案的法律考虑事项compliance monitoring监控compliance audit合规性审计compliance test符合性测试computation controls计算控制computer-assisted audit technique计算机辅助审计技术computer controls计算机控制concerns关注点concise简洁conclusive evidence确证证据concurrency并发concurrent access controls 并行存取控制concurrent control并行控制condition条件conditional probability 条件概率confidence interval置信区间confidence level置信水平confidentiality保密confirmation函证conflicts of interest利益冲突、关注焦点consensus testing一致性测试consistent with与??????一致constructive建设性Consulting Services咨询服务contemporary management controls 现代管理控制contingency design权变理论contingency plan应急计划control控制self-assessment of control自我评估control activities控制活动control assessment控制评估control breakdowns控制崩溃control chart控制图control environment控制环境control files控制文档control report控制报告Control Self-assessment控制自我评价Control Self-assessment(CSA) model控制自我评估（CSA）模式control-based以控制为基础的controller会计部主任cooperation协作corporate governance公司治理corporate governance CoCo model控制标准（CoCo）模式corporate governance control self-assessment model控制自我评估模式corporate governance COCO’s internal control COCO的内部控制corporate governance separation of ownership from control源自控制的所有权分离corrective action纠正行动corrective controls纠正性控制corroborative evidence佐证证据COSO internal control modelCOSO内部控制模式cost of assurance保证成本cost of quality质量成本cost-volume-profit analysis 本-量-利分析credit committee信贷委员会criteria标准Critical Path Method(CPM) 关键路径法critical thinking关键思考cross-referencing交叉索引current当前、流动current ratio流动比率Cyclical Redundancy Checking(CRC) 循环冗余检验Ddata mining数据挖掘data processing controls数据处理控制data synthesis数据统计database数据库deadly embrace死锁debugger调试器decentralized processing 分散处理decision-tree analysis决策树分析decline谢绝，下降deduction扣除额；演绎；推论deficiency缺陷delegation授权Delphi techniques 德尔菲技术departmentalization 部门化depend upon取决于dependency check 相关性检验design设计detailed testing详细测试detect发掘，侦查detective control检查型控制diagnostic诊断difference estimation sampling 差额估计抽样digital certificate数字证书Digital Data Network(DDN) 数字数据网络digital signature数字签名direct cutover strategy直接转换策略direct evidence直接证据direct-access file直接存取文件directed sampling定向抽样directive control指导型控制disclosure披露discount折扣discovery sampling发现抽样discretionary access control 自主访问控制discriminate analysis 辨别分析disk磁盘disk utility磁盘工具distributed processing 分布处理distribution分发diversify分散，多样化division of labor劳动分工divisional structure分布型结构documental information 文件信息dollar-unit sampling货币单位抽样download下载dounsizing降型化draft草稿Due Professional Care 应有的职业审慎性dumb terminal哑终端Dynamic Link Libraries(DLL)动态链接库dynamic programming动态规划EE-commerce activities电子商务活动risk/control issues with E-commerce activities 电子商务活动风险/控制问题Economic Order Quantity(EOQ)经济订货量effect效果effectiveness有效性Electronic Data Interchange(EDI) 电子数据转换Electronic Data Process(EDP)电子数据处理Electronic Funds Transfer(EFT) 电子资金转账electronic voting电子投票embedded audit module嵌入式审计模块employees雇员responsibilities of employees雇员职责empowerment授权endorse背书end-user终端用户End-User Computing(EUC) 终端用户计算engagement审计业务engagement area审计业务范围engagement client审计业务客户engagement conclusion审计业务结论engagement information审计业务信息engagement observation审计业务观察结果engagement recommendation 审计业务建议engagement result审计业务结果enhance提高、加强environmental audits环境审计equal-weight加权平均ethics伦理/道德ethics monitoring compliance with code of conduct对行为规范遵循性的监控evaluate评估，评价evidence证据exception report例外报告existence check存在性检验exit conference退出会议expectation期望expected value期望值expert system专家系统expertise专长exponential smoothing 指数平滑exposure暴露extent延伸external assessment外部评估external information外部信息external-internal information 外-内信息Ffacilitated team workshops 推动型专题讨论会fail-soft protection故障弱化保护failure cost失败成本FDIC Improvement Act联邦存款保险公司改进法feasibility可行性feedback payments反馈控制feed-forward control前馈控制field字段final audit report最终审计报告final engagement communication 最终审计业务沟通financial control systems财务控制系统firewall防火墙fishbone diagram鱼骨图flat file平面文件flat organizations扁平化组织flexible budgeting弹性预算flowcharting流程图focus groups专题小组follow-up by internal auditors 后续审计follow -up后续follow -up review 跟踪检查format check格式检验Fragmentation 分割frame relay帧中继framework框架fraud舞弊fraud auditing 舞弊审计。