2013年美赛A中文翻译(标准版)
2013年美赛MCM题目A评委点评中文翻译
介绍今年的焦点问题是如何实现质量和数量的平衡。
在质量方面，尽可能使热量均匀地分布。
目标是降低或避免矩形烤盘四个边角发生热量聚集的情况。
所以解决热量均匀分布这方面的问题，使用圆形烤盘是最佳的选择。
在数量方面，应该使烤盘充分的占据烤箱的空间。
所以我们的目的是使用尽可能多的烤盘来充分占据烤箱的空间，此时矩形烤盘是最佳选择。
对于这方面的问题的解决，就要考虑烤盘在烤箱水平截面上所占的比率。
在这个评论中，我们首先描述判断步骤，然后再讨论队伍对于三个问题的求解。
下一个话题就是论文的灵敏度和假设，紧随其后讨论确定一个给定方法的优势和劣势。
最后，我们简短的讨论一下参考和引用之间的区别。
过程第一轮的判别被称为“分流轮”。
这些初始轮的主要思想是确定论文应被给予更详细的考虑。
每篇论文应该至少阅读两次。
在阅读一篇论文的时候，评审的主要问题是论文是否包含所有必要的成分,使它成为一个候选人最详细的阅读。
在这些初始轮中，评审的时间是有限制的，所以我们要尽量让每一篇论文得到一个好的评判。
如果一篇论文解决了所有的问题，就会让评审觉得你的模型建立是合理的。
然后评审可能会认为你的论文是值得注意的。
有些论文在初轮评审中可能会得到不太理想的评论。
特别值得注意的是，一篇好的摘要应该要对问题进行简要概述，另外，论文的概述和方法，队员之间应该互相讨论，并且具体的结果应该在某种程度上被阐述或者表达出来。
在早期的几轮中，一些小细节能够有突出的表现，包括目录，它更便于评委看论文，同时在看论文的时候可能会有更高的期待。
问题求解也很重要。
最后，方法和结果要清晰简明的表达是至关重要的。
另外，在每个部分的开始，应该对那个部分进行一个概述。
在竞赛中，建模的过程是很重要的，同时也包括结论的表达。
如果结果没有确切和充分的表达，那么再好的模型和再大努力也是没有用的。
最后的回合最后一轮阅读的第一轮开始于评委会会议。
在这个会议中，评委将进行讨论，他们会分享他们各自认为的问题的关键方面。
2013年数学建模美赛题目中文翻译_共4页
Problem c:背景：社会正致力于运用和开发模型来预测地球的生物和环境情况。
很多科学研究总结了逐渐增长的地球环境和生物系统压力，但很少有人用全球范围的模型来检测这些观点。
联合国发表的千年生态系统评估综合报告发现：近三分之二的地球生命支持生态系统——包括净水，洁净的空气，稳定的气候——正在因非可持续性使用而逐渐衰减。
其中大部分破坏归咎于人类行为。
暴增的对于食物，淡水，燃料，木材的需求导致了剧烈的环境变化；从森林砍伐到空气，土壤和水污染。
尽管已存在大量关于局部习惯和地区因素的研究，目前的模型还不能告知决定人他们的局部策略是如何影响整个地球的健康的。
许多模型忽略了复杂的全球因素，这些模型无法判断重大政策的长期影响。
尽管科学家们意识到巨大环境和生物系统中存在的复杂关系和交叉作用，当前的模型通常忽略这些管理或限定了系统间的影响。
系统的复杂性体现在多元交互（多个元素的相关性），反馈，突发行为，即将发生的状态变化或触发点。
最近的自然杂志中一篇由22位国际知名科学家撰写的题为“迫近地球生物圈的状态变化”的文章讨论了许多有关科学模型对于预测行星健康系统潜在状态变化的重要性与必需性。
文章提供了两种具体定性的模型，并寻求更好的预测模型：1）通过在全球模型中加入相关系统的复杂性（包括局部情况对全球系统的影响，反之亦然）来优化生物状态预测。
2）辨别不同因素在产生非健康全球状态变化中的作用并展示如何运用有效的生态系统管理来预防或限制这些即将发生的状态变化。
研究最终归结于问题：我们是否能利用全球健康的局部或地区性组成部分预测潜在状态变化来帮助决策者制定基于对全球健康状况潜在影响的，有效的策略。
尽管有越来越多的警示信号出现，没人知道地球是否确实在接近全球性的转折点（极端状态），这种极端的状态是否是不可避免的。
自然杂志等研究指出了地球生态系统中的一些重要工作元素。
（例如：局部因素，全球变化，多维元素与关系，变化的时间与空间范围）。
2013年美国大学生数学建模竞赛(MCMICM)参赛规则中英文对照
2013年美国大学生数学建模竞赛（MCMICM）参赛规则中英文对照2 ICM:The InterdisciplinaryContest in ModelingICM：交叉学科建模竞赛ContestRules, Registration and Instructions比赛规则，报名注册和指导(All rules and instructions apply to both ICM and MCM contests, except where otherwisenoted.)（所有MCM的说明和规则除特别说明以外都适用于ICM）To participate in a contest, each team must be sponsored by a faculty advisor fromits institution.参加MCM的每个队伍需有一名在职的高校老师负责指导。
TeamAdvisors: Please read these instructions carefully. It isyour responsibility to make sure that teams are correctly registered and thatall of the following steps required for participation in the contest arecompleted:Pleaseprint a copy of these contest instructions for reference before, during, andafter the contest. Click here for the printer friendly version.指导老师：请认真阅读这些说明事项，确保完成了所有相关的项。
每位指导教师的责任包括确保每个参赛队正确注册并正确完成参加MCM/ICM所要求的相关步骤。
2013年美赛数模A题答案
中国水资源战略摘要Summary为了确定中国最佳的水资源战略，将中国分为九大流域，首先借助MATLAB建立多项式拟合模型来预测出中国2013年到2025年每年各流域的供水量和需水量，接着在可持续发展的原则指导下建立区域水资源合理配置模型，对每一个流域，采用水资源综合短缺度最小为目标函数, 对地表水、地下水等多种水源统筹考虑, 用权重区别对待工业、农业、生活、生态环境等不同领域的用水需求, ,从而求出各个流域最小的缺水量。
再根据前面的两个模型所预测出来的各流域的缺水量，建立最佳的补水模型解决缺水问题：通过对实际问题的分析，可能的补水方案有两个：方案一是直接从珠江流域调水到缺水的流域，方案二是沿海流域采取海水淡化补水，内陆流域采取直接从珠江流域调水过去，经过分析、计算发现方案二是最佳的。
最后，我们统筹考虑我们所制定的水策略，发现其无论是对经济、社会还是生态环境都将产生重大影响。
In order to determine the best water resources strategy, we divided China into nine basins. Firstly, we established polynomial fitting model with the use of MATLAB to predict the water supply and the water demand of every basin from 2013 to 2025. Secondly, we established the regional water resources rational allocation model under the guidance of the principle of sustainable development. In this model, through taking the minimum comprehensive water shortage degree as objective , surface water , groundwater and other water are considered, and different weightings are used for industrial, agricultural, domestic and ecological water users in order to realize regional water resources rational allocation .In this way can we obtained the minimum amount of water scarcity in every basin. Thirdly, according to the data predicted based on the previous two models, we can establish the optimal replenishment model to solve the problem of water shortage. We identified two possible replenishment program based on the analysis of the actual problems. One is to transfer the water of the Pearl River to basins where lack of water resources, another is to transfer the water of the Pearl River to inland basins directly while we meet the water shortage of coastal basins by desalination. After analysis and calculation, we find second program is the best. Finally, we find the water strategy we developed has a significant impact on the economic, social and ecological environment after we considered the models we established.关键字：水策略多项式拟合模型区域水资源合理配置模型补水模型Keywords：Water strategythe Polynomial fitting modelThe Regional water resources rational allocation modelthe Replenishment model§1.问题重述Problem restatement水是生命之源, 是人类生存和发展不可替代的资源, 是经济、社会可持续发展的基础。
美赛中文模版
Title（1）题目要紧扣论文内容，并以最恰当最简明的词语表达，不能过于笼统。
（2）简短精练，一般不超过20单词。
（3）题目应尽可能的避免使用化学结构式、数学公式，以及不为同行所熟悉的符号、简称和缩写。
Authors’ names and Institutional Affiliations具有三种作用：（1）署名是表明文责自负（2）署名排序是反映作者对本科研成果的贡献大小（3）便于读者联系AbstractAfter mathematically analyzing the ……problem, our modeling group would like to present our conclusions, strategies, (and recommendations )to the …….（数学分析后……的问题,我们的模型组要提出我们的结论,策略,(和建议)……。
）First, Define the variables in the problem。
Second，Based on (write your basis .such as the theory of supply and demand), we establish a model(such as differential equation system that includes demand, supply).Therefore….Finally,we disscuss strengths and weakness of our models and make necessary recommendations to the policy-makers.最后一段，a.说明结论的可行性。
Our suggested solution, which is easy to implement, includes a detailed timetable and the arrangement of pipes.我们建议的解决方案,这很容易实现,包括一个详细的时间表和管道的布置。
2013MCM数学建模美赛A题中英文对照
PROBLEM A: The Ultimate Brownie Pan问题A：终极布朗尼蛋糕盘When baking in a rectangular pan heat is concentrated in the 4 corners and the product gets overcooked at the corners (and to a lesser extent at the edges).当蛋糕在矩形盘里加热时，热量会集中在蛋糕的四个角导致加热过度（在较小的边缘处也有这种情况）。
In a round pan the heat is distributed evenly over the entire outer edge and the product is not overcooked at the edges.在圆形的盘子里，热量均匀的分布在蛋糕表面，所以不会加热过度。
However, since most ovens are rectangular in shape using round pans is not efficient with respect to using the space in an oven.然而，由于大多数的烤箱是矩形的，使用的盘子是圆形的，不能有效的利用烤箱里的空间。
Develop a model to show the distribution of heat across the outer edge of a pan for pans of different shapes - rectangular to circular and other shapes in between.建立模型来显示在使用不同形状的盘子时（方形，圆形和两者之间的其他形状），热量在其表面的分布情况。
Assume假设1. A width to length ratio of W/L for the oven which is rectangular in shape.1，烤箱是矩形的，长为l，宽为W。
2013全国大学生英语竞赛A类决赛答案
2013National English Contestfor College Students(Level A-Final)参考答案及作文评分标准Part I Listening Comprehension(30marks)Section A(5marks)1—5BACBCSection B(10marks)6—8CBA9—10BA11—15BCBCASection C(5marks)16—20ABCAASection D(10marks)21.Germany22.passengers and pete with24.diameter25.circus animals26.Every safety precaution27.Cigarette lighters28.Special materials 29.Leaking gas30.groundedPart II Vocabulary and Structures(15marks)31—35DCBAB36—40CAADC41—45ABCDDPart III Cloze(10marks)46.to47.startling48.least49.driving50.being51.As52.miscalculates53.only54.Wrong55.civilizedPart IV Reading Comprehension(40marks)Section A(10marks)petitive aspect/competitive quality57.increased pressure58.pre-match preparation 59.(nervous)tension(state)60.exhaustionSection B(10marks)61.Sexual selection is the driving mechanism of the evolution of peacocks’tail.62.According to Wallace,peacocks’train is an advertisement for some genuine contribution to survival.63.Peacocks with the most eye-spots on the train do indeed attract the most mates.64.The proposal of Fisher’s Runaway in the thirties.65.Fisher’s Runaway would vindicate Darwin’s“beauty for beauty’s sake”.Section C(10marks)66.T67.T68.F69.历史证据显示，古人遇到了比我们大得多的生存挑战，然而他们生存了下来，并取得了成功,甚至获得了幸福。
2013年美赛A题
2013年美赛A题最终的布朗尼锅摘要关键字：目录引言题目背景近年来，电烤箱普遍采用远红外加热技术，使电烤箱的技术含量增加，耗能降低，深受广大用户的欢迎。
利用红外线加热物体，就是利用辐射波长与物体接收波长一致时，物体吸收大量的红外能，从而加剧物体内部的分子运动，使之加热升温。
加热时间短，能耗低，使用方便。
但是，当我们使用矩形烤盘烘烤食物时，热传导方程，加上一些边界条件，导致方形烤盘热量集中在的四个角上，因此四个角上的物体会因过度受热（以及在较小程度的边缘处）而变焦。
如果用圆形烤盘，热量会平均分布在整个外围边缘，在外围的物体就不会过度受热。
然而，由于大多数的烤箱都是矩形的，所以用圆形的烤盘就不能较好的利用烤箱的空间。
给烘烤食物的朋友带来了很大的不便。
为什么角部的食物肉容易烤焦，以及选择哪种形状的烤盘，，这是令人很费解的问题。
电烤箱工作原理电烤箱利用电热元件所发出的辐射热来烘烤食品，利用它我们可以制作烤鸡、烤鸭、烘烤面包、糕点等。
根据烘烤食品的不同需要，电烤箱的温度一般可在50-250℃范围内调节。
电烤箱主要由箱体、电热元件、调温器、定时器和功率调节开关等构成。
其箱体主要由外壳、中隔层、内胆组成三层结构，在内胆的前后边上形成卷边，以隔断腔体空气；在外层腔体中充填绝缘的膨胀珍珠岩制品，使外壳温度大大减低；同时在门的下面安装弹簧结构，使门始终压紧在门框上，使之有较好的密封性。
电烤箱的加热方式可分为面火（上加热器加热）、底火（下加热器加热）和上下同时加热三种。
电烤箱技术参数温度范围室温-200℃（300℃）温度稳定度±0.5℃温度分布均匀度±2℃（特佳）排气烟道叶片式设计可调出风量符号和定义l：多边形边长L: 多边形周长k: 周长与面积的比G：单位圆的周长C: 单位椭圆周长a: 椭圆的长半轴b: 椭圆的短半轴假设1、烤箱内温度同一层表分布均匀且稳定2、烤箱内风扇使空气及时流通3、假设烤盘之间相互不影响4、假设各层之间相互不影响5、假设烤盘的深度影响忽略不计6、假设烤箱内垂直分布的热辐射场为递增针对问题1问题1的说明针对问题1，考虑同一层烤架上温度稳定且分布均匀，我们提出了两个模型。
2013年美赛A题特等奖论文赏析
W L 2•a•k
正六边形之类网格镶嵌：
W 2•r• j L 2•R•k
总效率
N • A
Efftotal
p
W •L
1
p
Emin Emax
Emin , Emax的含义？
各种权重及烤盘形状下的烤盘面积
p
4
6
18
20 circle
0.0
0
0
1
0
6
0.1
0
0
1
1
适合烤箱规格的烤盘数量，形状； • 3.对问题分析透彻，通过试验测出参数值，并将
结果与先前的研究进行比较； • 4.灵敏度分析，对数据进行筛选
模型评价
• 缺点： • 1.对烤盘边缘热分布的模拟结果没有显示； • 2.实验数据有误差；
k 0.3 0.4W / m
缩减参数
T K T 2 hpan A
t c
c V
T Tpan
hair
c
A V
T
Tair
其中：
K 18.0 108 m2 / s c
hpan 2.5 105 m / s c
hair 4.0 106 m / s c
魔法数据
Magic Numbers？
模型假设
• 烤箱温度恒定 • 烤箱绝缘，不会有热损失 • 烤盘先加热到烤箱温度并保持 • 空气是二次加热 • 烤盘大小在36英寸以上 • 蛋糕的质量、密度、体积恒定 • 蛋糕的稠度恒定，不考虑水的蒸发
假设说明
• 对蛋糕质量、密度、体积假设的说明 • 未烘烤之前的密度是 1040kg / m3 • 烘烤20分钟后密度是 840kg / m3 • 蛋糕的密度设为1000 • 质量同样在变化
数模1998-2016年历年美赛题目(中文)
2016 年美赛题目翻译Program A一个人用热水从一个水龙头里灌满一个浴缸，然后安顿在浴缸中，清洗和放松。
不幸的是，浴缸不是一个温泉式浴缸，一个二次加热系统和循环射流，而是一个简单的水容器。
过了一会儿，洗澡就明显地凉快，所以人增加了一个恒定滴热水从水龙头加热洗浴用水。
该浴缸的设计是在这样一种方式，当浴缸达到容量，多余的水通过溢流泄流。
在空间和时间上开发一个浴缸的水的温度模型，以确定最佳的策略，在浴缸的人可以采取保持温度，即使在整个浴缸和尽可能接近的初始温度，没有浪费太多的水。
使用你的模型来确定你的策略取决于浴缸的形状和体积，浴缸的形状/体积/温度，浴缸中的人的运动。
如果这个人用了一个泡泡浴剂，而最初填充浴缸，以协助清洗，这会影响你的模型的结果？除了要求的一页摘要MCM提交，你的报告必须包括一一页的非技术性解释的浴缸，描述你的策略，解释为什么它是如此难以在洗澡水温度得到均匀地保持用户Program B小碎片在轨道上绕地球金额已日益受到关注。
据估计，超过50万件的空间碎片，也被称为轨道碎片，目前都正在跟踪的潜在危害飞船。
这个问题本身在新闻媒体上变得更广泛的讨论时，俄罗斯卫星的Kosmos-2251和美国铱卫星-33 2009年2月10日，上相撞。
已经提出许多方法以除去碎屑。
这些方法包括小的，基于空间的水射流，并用于针对碎片的特定部分高能激光器和大型卫星，旨在清扫杂物，等等。
碎片的大小和质量范围从漆片的废弃卫星。
碎片“高速轨道捕获做出困难。
开发时间依赖模型来确定一个私人公司可以采取作为一个商业机会，以解决空间碎片问题的替代品的最佳替代品或组合。
您的模型应该包括成本，风险，收益定量和/或定性的估计，以及其他的重要因素。
您的模型应该能够评估独立的替代方案以及替代品的组合，并能够探索各种重要的“如果什么？”的情景。
使用你的模型，确定经济上有吸引力的机会是否存在没有这样的机会是可能的。
如果可行的商业机会的存在作为替代的解决方案，提供了用于去除碎屑的不同选项的比较，并包括特定建议作为对碎片应如何除去。
2013全国大学生英语竞赛A类答案
2013National English Contestfor College Students(Level A-Preliminary)参考答案及作文评分标准Part I Listening Comprehension(30marks)Section A(5marks)1—5ACABBSection B(10marks)6—8CBA9—10BC11—15ACCABSection C(5marks)16—20BACCASection D(10marks)21.multi-national company22.failure23.easier24.motivator and(a)drawback 25.subconscious doubt26.head-on27.success28.the unknown29.think ahead30.take advantage ofPart II Vocabulary and Structures(15marks)31—35CBABD36—40DBDDB41—45AACBAPart III Cloze(10marks)46.in47.which48.against49.undoubtedly50.gunrmation52.deafening53.explode54.effect55.atPart IV Reading Comprehension(40marks)Section A(10marks)56.two57.production and consumption58.in need59.service their debts 60.impact of their behaviorSection B(10marks)61.Because some of the figures resemble the ones that decorate Nazca pottery.62.No,there are not.The author offers some guesses/theories.63.No,they couldn’t.People now can only see them from the air.64.No,she didn’t.The ground is too soft for the spacemen to land on.65.She crusaded to preserve the patterns.Section C(10marks)66.T67.F68.T69.城市的扩张侵占了农田和开阔的农村，这给许多国家敲响了警钟，他们被中心城市出现的令人困惑的城市化问题所震惊，于是已经开始建设为了满足现代需要而特别设计的新型城市。
2013年全国大学生英语竞赛A类初赛真题(官方)
2013 National English Contest for College Students(Level A – Preliminary)(总分：150分答题时间：120分钟)Part I listening Comprehension (30 marks)Section A (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a twenty-second pause. During the pause, read the q uestion and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark t he corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.1. Where does the dialogue probably take place?A. On a train.B. In a restaurant.C. In a gym.2. What are the speakers talking about?A. Where to have their meal.B. How to make people intelligent.C. The disadvantage of watching TV.3. What was the woman probably doing when she hurt herself?A. She was cooking.B. She was bathing.C. She was reading.4. What did the man mention about the briefcase?A. The price.B. The shape.C. The color.5. Why did the man get divorced according to the woman?A. He was bad-tempered all the time.B. He didn’t help take care of the baby.C. He spent too much time in the pub.Section B (10 marks)In this section, you will hear two long conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a one-minute pause. During the pause, read the quest ions and the three choices marked A, Band C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.Conversation One6. Why is it very difficult for the woman to get the time off?A. She is supposed to attend an important meeting.B. She has been arranged for an interview.C. There are not enough teachers in her school.7. Why does the woman ask the man to get off at the golf course?A. They are going to play golf together.B. The pathway is too rough for the taxis to go.C. It is nearest to her home.8. Who will the man come with?A. His dad.B. His friend.C. His child.Conversation Two9. What is this conversation about?A. Travel agencies.B. Space tours.C. Holiday plans.10. What is being planned for tourism in the beginning phase of the next ten years?A. Trips to the moon.B. Trips in the moon’s orbit.C. Trips within the earth’s orbit.11. What is said about the training?A. It takes a couple of days.B. Only children need some training.C. It’s unnecessar y.12. Who will be the potential tourists?A. The general public.B. Those wanting rest and recreation.C. Risk-takers.13. Which statement below is correct?A. A few minutes is enough for tourists because of weightlessness.B. The cost for the trip is acceptable to the general public.C. The duration of the trip is expected to be increased.14. What is said about moon tours?A. They will be the first tours that get out of the earth’s orbit.B. The number of tourists will be reduced.C. They are less dangerous than traveling to Mars.15. What does the man say people could do on the moon?A. Build hotels.B. Do space-walking.C. Prepare for trips to Mars.Section C (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short news items. After each item, which will be read only onc e, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet wi th a single line through the centre.16. What measure is mentioned in the news?A. Consolidating buildings.B. Implementing a curfew in cities.C. Storing food and water.17. How did the police find the files?A. The police found them after raiding the man’s home.B. The man lost some of the files during the duplication.C. The man handed them in.18. How much did Google approximately earn in the same period last year?A. $2bnB. $2.2bnC. $2.5bn19. What is the purpose of the report?A. To prepare for the construction of nuclear plants in Europe.B. To deal with the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan.C. To test European nuclear power plants’ reaction to emergencies.20. What’s the cause of demonstrations in cities and towns across Syria?A. They are calling for more freedom.B. Workers demand higher pay.C. Some thirty people were killed by the policeSection D (10 marks)In this section, you will hear a radio talk. The talk will be read only once. For questions 21-30, complete the notes which summarize what the speaker says. You will need to write a word or a sho rt phrase. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.Speaker: chairman of the Carocan Group-a (21)______Topic: How to achieve success Obstacles for success:● Fear of (22) ______ (the (23) ______ one to deal with)Analysis: It can be both a (24) _____. In fact daring not to take opportunities disclosesyour (25) ______ about your ability to succeed.Suggestion: Admit your fear and meet it (26) _____● Fear of (27) ______Analysis: It is in fact the fear of (28) ______Suggestion: (29) ______Conclusion: In order to succeed, you need to (30) ______ opportunities.Part II V ocabulary and Structure (15 marks)There are fifteen incomplete sentences in this section. For each blank there are four choices marke d A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding let ter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.31. Katie’s parents never see her as the mothering type but when her son was born she took to it like a _____ to water.A. shrimpB. horseC. duckD. dog32. He has struggled for weeks inside his heart since the offer of a place at a good university is not to be ______ at.A. coughedB. sneezedC. laughedD. rejected33. When a professor gives students ______ instructions, the instructions are generally easily understood.A. clear-cutB. blurryC. marginalD. ambiguous34. After years of neglect there was a huge _______ programme to return the city to its former glory.A. refurbishmentB. restorationC. conservationD. preservation35. More recently, green tea has also been ______ added to the list of youth-promoting substanc es as it contains rich Vitamin.A. coincidentallyB. supposedlyC. surprisinglyD. tentatively36. Our landlord tried to _____ all the cockroaches in our building, but they came back the next year.A. removeB. deportC. expediteD. eradicate37. Mariko believed everything she read on the Web, so she was ______ by the hoax the TV Sta tion played on April Fool’s Day.A. taken outB. taken inC. taken offD. taken on38. There is a lobby of people who insist that it’s justifiable and necessary to carry out these ani mal experiments _______ science.A. leading toB. relating withC. in touch withD. in the name of39. A drum is a percussion instrument made by ______ a skin or other material over one or both ends of a hollow container.A. compressingB. strengtheningC. calculated atD. stretching40. Britains gold and currency reserves ______ ￡15,977 million, and this year they have repaid foreign loans to the value of ￡3,500 million.A. equal toB. amounted toC. calculated atD. targeted at41. The film was initially a box-office disaster but quickly gained ______ status, and the actress has been well-known ever since.A. cultB. humbleC. vulgarD. feeble42. ______, but seats are proffered, doors smilingly held open for pram-pushing mothers and ta bles miraculously appear in crowded restaurants.A. Not only are they not shunnedB. They are not only shunnedC. Though they are not shunnedD. Despite they not being shunned43. Selina: Do you think Tim takes after his dad?Tom: Well, he does, in some ways. Selina: How?Tom: Well, I mean, they’re both very stubborn, aren’t they?Selina: That’s for sure. ______A. It’s not taken for granted.B. Nothing serious.C. It runs in the family.D. It’s hard to say.44. Assistant: Wadley’s Garage called this morning. They said your new car wasn’t ready.Manager: Oh, no… ______Assistant: They said there was a strike at the factory yesterday. Manager: Again?A. You sold it?B. why on earth not?C. I suppose not.D. I’ve bee n there.45. Manager: What have you got?Assistant: We’ve got the files up to 2010, but all those after 2010 have not been found.Manager: ______ It won’t take long to sort the rest out.A. That’s a relief!B. Bad news!C. Who knows?D. Let it g o.Part III Cloze (10 marks)Read the following passage and fill in each blank with one word. Choose the correct word in on e of the following three ways: according to the context, by using the correct form of the given wor d, or by using the given letter(s) of the word. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.A top racehorse was brought down at Royal Ascot with a shot from a high-tech sound gun, a c ourt was told yesterday. The gun was built into a pair of binoculars and fired from the crowd as the horse was (46) ______ sight of certain victory. The ―technically brilliant‖ ultra-sonic device-(47) ______ could not be heard by people-was devised by a back-street inventor. It-was to be used with potentially devastating effect in a secret plan ―to destroy the entire system of race-course betting an d bookmaking in this country,‖ defence lawyer Jonathan Goldberg told Southwark Crown Court in London. He said it had the potential to make a fortune in bets (48) ______ the favourite because it made sure that the horse would lose.It was used last year to unseat the leading jockey Greville Starkey from Ile de Chypre just bef ore the end of the King George V Handicap, which it (49) ______ (doubt) would have won, he said . The astonishing story was told by the defence during a trial in which the inventor of the (50) g___ ___, James Laming, denies drug conspiracy charges. It came to light because of his alleged connec tions with a drug baron who wanted to use the gun to help him win large bets. The inventor is a 49-year-old grandfather and south London car dealer who lives with his mother-in-law in a terraced h ouse. He told the court that he got all the (51) inf______ on ultra-sonics for the gun from the Ency clopedia Britannica and tested it on horses in fields.The gun was made from a pair of race binoculars. Showing them to the jury, Mr Goldberg said : ―This device subjected a passing racehorse to a sudden and (52) ______ (deaf) noise which we hu man beings cannot hear at all. It is the equivalent in suddenness to letting a loud firework (53) exp ______ in its ears.‖The noise would be ―a horrible ear-piercing shriek‖ like the feedback from a microphone. Bec ause racehorses were sensitive and temperamental it would have the (54) ef ______ of making the horse swerve and unseat the rider.“It left no evidence of its use and no permanent disability for the animal,‖ he said. The plan was to use the gun for horse races and possibly for greyhound races. Mr Goldberg said: ―He would fire it (55) ______ the favourite or second favourite in a race.”“These criminals, of course, were in a unique position to ensure that the horse lost.‖Part IV Reading Comprehension (40 marks)Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the q uestions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.Section A (10 marks)Questions 56—60 are based on the following passage.I want to talk about the economy, not the one we hear about endlessly in the news each day an d in politicians’ speeches, but the one we live in day by day. It’s where most of us live on a daily ba sis, earning our living, paying our taxes, and purchasing the necessities of life.The term ―economic expansion‖suggests something desirable and benevolent, but expansio n simply means spending more money.More spending doesn’t mean that life is getting better. More spending merely feeds our whole economic system, which is based on production and consumption. Unless money keeps circulating , the economy collapses. If we don’t keep consuming, then manufacturers and retailers go out of bu siness.As a leading economist put it, consumer societies are ―in need of need‖. We don’t need the thi ngs the economy produces as much as the economy needs our sense of need for things. Need is the miracle that keeps the engines of expansion turning relentlessly. In economics, there is no concept of enough. It is a hunger that cannot be satisfied.There is so much craziness in the world. There is a American company that manufactures a ra nge of food with a high fat content. This causes obesity and high blood pressure. By coincidence, t he same company also makes products that help people who are trying to diet. Not only that, it eve n produces pills for those with high blood pressure.Nearly all of my mail consists of bills, banks trying to lend me money, catalogues trying to m ake me spend it, and charity appeals for the losers in this ecstasy of consumption-the homeless, the refugees, the exploited, the starving. Why is it possible to buy strawberries from Ecuador and gree n beans from Kenya when these countries can hardly feed their own people? It is because there are cash crops, and the countries need the money to service their debts. Notice that servicing a debt do es not mean paying it off. It means just paying the interest. Western banks make vast profits from t hird world debt.We buy clothes that are manufactured in sweat shops by virtual slaves in poor parts of the wo rld. We create mountains of waste. We demand cheap food, mindless of the fact that it is totally de void of taste and is produced using chemicals that poison the land. We insist on our right to drive o ur own car wherever we want to go.The evil of the consumption culture is the way it makes us oblivious to the impact of our own behavior. Our main problem is not that we don’t know what to do about it. It is mustering the desir e to do it..Questions 56—60Complete the following sentences with information given in the passage, using a maximum of four words for each sentence.56. At the beginning of the passage, the author states that there are ______ kinds of economy a nd he will talk about the one related to the majority of people.57. According to the passage, ______ serve as the foundation of the whole economic system.58. Economists believe that the economy struggles to keep people feel like they are always __ ____.59. The reason poor countries like Ecuador and Kenya export their crops is to get money to __ ____.60. The aim of this passage is to make people recognize the ______ and thus be free to make t heir own choices in the consumption culture.Section B (10 marks)Questions 61-65 are based on the following passage.For more than a mile, the desert in southern Peru has a curious ruler-straight and tack-sharp de sign made by rocks. The wandering mule paths that cross it only emphasize its precision.Throughout hundreds of square miles of arid plateau, other such markings around, most of the m concentrated between the towns of Nazca and Palpa. Known as the Nazca Lines, they form a ge ometric mélange of quardrangles, triangles, and trapezoids. The markings also form spirals and flo wers, narrow lines that extend more than five miles, and a desert zoo of giant creatures-birds, reptil es, whales, a monkey, and a spider-all made by stones whose patterns can only be seen from the air .Because some of the figures resemble the ones that decorate Nazca pottery, archaeologists attri bute the lines to the Nazcas, a coastal people whose culture rose, flourished, and declined between 100 B. C. and A. D. 700.Making the patterns must have been extremely time-consuming. The Nazcas must have cleare d millions of rocks to expose the lighter ground beneath them, piled the rocks in rows, and created designs that, in this nearly rainless region, can last thousands of years.But why did they construct them? Nobody really knows. There have been many guesses. Som e say that they were prehistoric roads, or farms. Others say they were signals or offerings to celesti al beings. It has also been suggested that they constitute a giant astronomical calendar, an almanac for farmers who wished to predict the return of water to valley streams. One study did ascertain tha t some of the lines point to solstice positions of the sun and moon in ancient times, as well as to the rising and setting points on the horizon of some of the bright stars. But none of the theories have p roven to be correct.And so the mystery remains, including the most tantalizing question of all: why did the Nazca s create immense designs that they themselves could never see, designs that people nowadays can only see from the air?One person who worked to find out the answer was Maria Reiche. For over forty years she ph otographed and charted ―las lineas‖, striving to complete a map of the hundreds of designs and figu res of this area, which is some thirty miles long and threaded by the Pan American highway.This determined German-born mathematician slept on a camp cot behind her car on the rocky, grassless Peruvian ―pampa‖, and even when she was elderly, got up before daylight to conduct her research.She scorned the suggestion that the markings may have been airfields for outer-space visitors t o earth during prehistoric times. ―Once you remove the stones, the ground is quite soft,‖ she said. ―I’m afraid the spacemen would have gotten stuck.‖Although Maria Reiche was not able to find the answer, she crusaded to preserve the patterns s o that others following her might have a chance to do so.Questions 61 to 65Answer the following questions with the information given in the passage in a maximum of fif teen words for each question.61. Why do people name the patterns the Nazca Lines?62. Are there any definite reasons for the construction of Nazca Lines? If not, what does the au thor offer?63. Could those who built the Nazca Lines see the patterns? If not, how can people now see th em?64. Did Maria Reiche believe the Nazca Lines have something to do with outer-space visitors? What was her reason?65. What’s Reiche’s contribution about the mystery of the Nazca Lines even though she had not solved it herself?Section C (10 marks)Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage.In the past, most cities usually were the natural outgrowth of villages and towns that happened to prosper. Rome started out as a small village, as did Athens, Paris, London and New York. Of co urse, there were exceptions to this general rule. In ancient times, Alexandria in Egypt, and Saint Pe tersburg, were both planned cities. But for the most part, cities throughout history were not the pro ducts of deliberate thought.Today the reverse is true. Many nations, alarmed by the urban sprawl that has been gobbling u p farmland and open countryside, and appalled by the staggering urban problems in the central citi es, have begun building new cities that are specifically designed to meet modern needs Britain has long been a pioneer in planning new cities. As the first nation to become industriali zed and urbanized, it faced traffic, slums and pollution long before anyone else. In 1898 an English man, Sir Ebenezer Howard, published a book called To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform, i n which he advocated a new form of urban growth and organization: the ―garden city‖. Such a city combined the beauty of nature-trees, grass, sunshine and fresh air-with all the advantages of city li ving, including an abundance of jobs, social and cultural centres and good shopping facilities. The garden city was to be fairly small int size and the inhabitants would have easy access to the countr yside, while at the same time they would be close to their work.In 1899 Howard organized the Garden City Association and in 1903 and 1920 he built the first and the second garden city, Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City. These projects encountered man y difficulties and failed to arouse widespread enthusiasm. Nevertheless, both Welwyn and Letchwo rth survived and grew, and in later years-particularly after World War II-British planners looked at t hem with renewed interest.The war had given the British a painful lesson in the weakness of modern, heavily populated c ities. Cities were not the places of refuge they had once been. One the contrary, the invention of the aeroplane had made them the most vulnerable targets for attack. Aerial warfare made it clear that p eople were far safer outside the great urban centres. It was better not to concentrate so much of the population and industrial resources in a few large cities, but to spread them out into many smaller t owns and cities. Fast, modern transportation methods made such dispersal possible. Furthermore, t hese new towns-modeled on Howard’s garden cities-could also drain off the surplus population of t he large cities, relieving the overcrowded conditions, housing shortages, slums and traffic jams that plagued them.Questions 66 to 68Mark each statement as either true (T) or false (F) according to the passage.66. In the past, most cities were not planned and they just grew up spontaneously.67. Garden cities built by Howard never aroused widespread enthusiasm.68. It can be inferred that the author believes the construction of big cities is a mistake.Questions 69—70Translate the following sentences of the passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.69. Many nations, alarmed by the urban sprawl that has been gobbling up farmland and open c ountryside, and appalled by the staggering urban problems in the central cities, have begun building new cities that are specifically designed to meet modern needs70. Furthermore, these new towns-modeled on Howard’s garden cities-could also drain off the surplus population of the large cities, relieving the overcrowded conditions, housing shortages, alu ms and traffic jams that plagued them.Section D (10 marks)Questions 71—75 are based on the following passage.Sport is ubiquitous. Sky TV has at least thirteen sports channels. Throughout the world there is a proliferation of newspapers and magazines totally dedicated to sport. Sports personalities have b ecome cultural icons, worshipped like movie-stars and sought after by sponsors and advertisers ali ke. Where sport was once for fun and amateurs, it is now the stuff of serious investment.Of course, sport has always mattered. But the point is that in the past sport knew its place. No w it invades areas of life where previously it had no presence: fashion, showbiz, business. It is a w orldwide obsession.What is it that makes sport so enjoyable for so many? First, we seriously believe that sport is s omething we can all do, howeverbadly or however well. Tens of thousands set off on the London and New York Marathons. A mateur football matches take place all over the world every weekend. Sport is a democratic activity .Second, sports stars are self-made people. Sport is dominated by athletes from ordinary backgr ounds. This is why it is a classic means by which those from the poorest backgrounds can seek fam e and fortune.Third, we enjoy watching sport because we like to see the supreme skill of those who act like gladiators in the modern arena. There is the excitement of not knowing who is going to win. No ro ck concert, no movie, no play can offer that kind of spontaneous uncertainty. This gut-wrenching e xperience can be shared with a crowd of fifty round a widescreen TV in a pub, or a thronging mass of 100,000 live in a stadium.The rise of sport has been accompanied by the growing prominence of sports stars. They have become public figures, hence in great demand for TV commercials. The rise of the sports star is mi rrored by the rise of sports companies such as Nike and Adidas.“Sport probably does more to unify nations than any politician has ever been capable of‖. So said Nelson Mandela. The only truly global occasions are the Olympics and World Cup, watched b y thousands of millions across the world. These great sporting events bring together players and at hletes from different races like no other. Not only that, but sport provides just about the only exam ple of global democracy where the rich do not dominate on the contrary, Brazilians have long been supreme at football, the Kenyans at middle-distance running, and black Americans at boxing.However, there are signs of disquiet in this vast, global industry. The sheer volume of sport is r eaching the bursting point for all but the most besotted fan. Overpaid tennis players and golfers fly endlessly in personal jets from one meaningless tournament to the next. Sport risks kelling itself th rough greed and over-exposure. The danger is that we will all become satiated and ultimately disill usioned. Questions 71 to 75Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three wo rds for each blank.Sport is now enjoying popularity all over the world. Besides the entertaining quality, it has tur ned into a kind of (71) ______. Furthermore, the worldwide obsession to it leads to its (72) ______ in many fields. There are three points which can shed a light on its unique charm: it being a democ ratic activity, athletes from ordinary backgrounds, and audience enjoying (73) ______ that they can ’t get from other kinds of entertainments. More importantly, sport is playing a significant role in (7 4) ______ and offering global democracy. However, this global industry will probably be confront ed with audiences’ (75) ______ due to its over-exposure.Part V Translation (10 marks)Translate the following sentences into English by using the word or words given in brackets. R emember to write your answers on the answer sheet.76. 请大家在座位上坐好，系紧安全带，待飞机停稳后从紧急出口离开。
2013年美赛MCM问题A翻译
2013年赛题
MCM问题
问题A：终极布朗尼平底锅
当在一个矩形的锅烘烤时，热度会集中在4个角，而且烘烤的产品会在4个角焙烤过度（以及较小程度上在边缘也有）。
在一个圆形盘的热量被均匀地分布在整个外缘，导致在边缘处的产品焙烤不足。
然而，由于大多数微波炉都是方形的，用圆锅放在里面的话空间利用率就不高。
开发一个模型来展示不同形状平底锅（方形到圆形以及介于之间的），沿平底锅边缘的热量分布。
假设
1．宽度与长度比率的W / L的形状是矩形的烘箱。
2．每个盘必须具有面积A。
3．最初，两个机架在烤箱，间隔均匀。
建立一个模型，可用于选择最佳的类型（形状）的平底锅，在下列情况下：1．适合在烤箱的锅，可以最大限度地提高数（N）
2．最大限度地均匀分布热量（H）
3．优化的组合的条件（1）和（2）式中的权重p和（为1 - p）被分配的结果来说明如何随不同的值的W / L和p。
在除了MCM格式解决方案中，准备一到两页的广告片的新布朗尼美食杂志突出自己的设计和结果。
2013年美国数学建模A题论文 中文版
4.2.2 热量的均匀分布
4.2.3(二) 如何得到最佳烤盘 从上边两种情况可以分别得到不同形状的烤盘排列在烤炉中时的空 间利用率，以及它们各自在达到平衡时的热量分布，同时我们由温度 的方差得出温度的分布均匀性。考虑到实际情况中，我们常常既想追 求温度的最均匀分布，因为此时得到的蛋糕品味最佳，又想使空间得 到最有效利用，不致于资源浪费，显然这两者不能同时满足。这时我 们应该考虑针对不同的需要，使用不同形状的烤盘，下面我们来解决 这个问题。 就像在招聘员工考虑不同因素来为求职者打分一样， 我们从温度的均 匀分布和空间利用率两方面考察一个烤盘的性能时， 可以给以不同的 权重 p 与 1-p，我们将在不同的 p 值下考察不同形状烤盘的性能。
占用率 Q=
NA 84 % . WL
WL 2(2 3 ) X 2
]=2[
L2
2(2 3 ) A
],
由此，我们比较四种不同图形在烤箱平面中数目和占用率，可以容易 的得知：矩形（以正方形为例）烤盘在烤箱平面中占用率最高，为 100%，而圆形盘占用率最小仅为 84%。矩形盘和圆盘分为两个极端， 中间分布着其他图形的数目和占用率。 当选用烤箱平面中烤盘的最大 数量时，显然矩形(正方形)最大。
为了减少由于方差 S 过大而引起的影响，我们引入了参数 U，以正方 形的温度分布为基准，表示温度分布的相对不均匀度 Ui =
Si S1
由此得到不同情况下温度分布的相对不均匀度 从而， U1 = 1， U2 = 0.526， U3 = 0.427， U4 = 0.397 U1 , U2 , U3 , U4 分 别对应于正方形，正六边形，正八边形，圆形。 我们再引入一个参数 R 来反映烤盘的相对综合性能 R=p∗Q− 1−p ∗U 这里的 R 相当于烤盘的性能得分，R 的值越大，则说明其性能越好。 注意， 这里对 U 的处理比较特殊， 因为其值越小反映的烤盘的温度分 布越均匀，故这里要用减号。 （1） p 一定时，不同烤盘的性能比较
2013美赛C题requirement翻译
Requirement 1:Build a dynamic global network model of some aspect of Earth's health (you develop the measure) by identifying local elements of this condition (network nodes) and appropriately connecting them (network links) to track relationship and attribute effects.Since the dynamic nature of these effects is important, this network model must include a dynamic time element that allows the model to predict future states of this health measure. For example, your nodes could be nations, continents, ocea ns, habitats, or any combination of these or other elements which together constitute a global model. Your links could represent nodal or environmental influences, or the flow or propagation of physical elements (such as pollution) over time. Your health measure could be any element of Earth's condition to include demographic, biological, environmental, social, political, physical, and/or chemical conditions. Be sure to define all the elements of your model and explain the scientific bases for your modeling decisions about network measures, nodal entities, and link properties. Determine a methodology to set any parameters and explain how you could test your model if sufficient data were available. What kinds of data could be used to validate or verify the efficacy of your model? (Note: If you do not have the necessary data to determine parameters or perform verification, do not throw out the model. Your supervisor realizes that, at this stage, good creative ideas and theories are as important as verified data-based models.) Make sure you include the human element in your model and explain where human behavior and government policies could affect the results of your model.通过识别在这种情况下的本地元素（网络节点）建立一个地球健康方面的（发展的措施）动态全球网络模型，适当连接它们（网络链接）来跟踪关系和属性效果。
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问题A：终极布朗妮平锅
当用长方形平底锅炒菜时，热集中于四个角，因此四个角的食物就炒糊了（四个边上的食物炒糊的程度略微轻一点）。
用圆形平底锅时，热会均匀地分布在整个外部边缘，因此锅边的食物就不会炒得太过。
然而，大多数炉子在形状上都是长方形的，那么考虑到炉子的空间使用，用圆形平底锅就不是很经济。
建立一个模型来说明热在不同形状的平底锅外部边缘的分布——长方形平底锅，圆形平底锅或介于两都者之间的其他形状的平底锅。
假设：
1.长方形炉子的宽长比为W/L。
2.每个平底锅必须有一个面积A。
3.最初的时候，炉子里两个层架的空间是均匀的。
建立一个模型，基于以下条件，用以选择最好的平底锅（形状）：
1.使适合炉子的平底锅的数量最大化（N）。
2.使平底锅上热（H）的平均分布最大化。
3.优化条件（1）和（2）的组合，条件（1）和（2）的权重P和（1－P）是用来表示结果是如何随着W/L和p的取值变化而变化的。
除了根据MCM格式要求的解决方案外，你还需为新一期的“布朗妮美食杂志”准备一到两页的广告页来突出你的设计和结果。
Hewlett-PackardHP LaserJet 1018
PROBLEM A: The Ultimate Brownie Pan
When baking in a rectangular pan heat is concentrated in the 4 corners and the product gets overcooked at the corners (and to a lesser extent at the edges). In a round pan the heat is distributed evenly over the entire outer edge and the product is not overcooked at the edges. However, since most ovens are rectangular in shape using round pans is not efficient with respect to using the space in an oven.
Develop a model to show the distribution of heat across the outer edge of a pan for pans of different shapes - rectangular to circular and other shapes in between.
Assume
1. A width to length ratio of W/L for the oven which is rectangular in shape.
2. Each pan must have an area of A.
3. Initially two racks in the oven, evenly spaced.
Develop a model that can be used to select the best type of pan (shape) under the following conditions:
1. Maximize number of pans that can fit in the oven (N)
2. Maximize even distribution of heat (H) for the pan
3. Optimize a combination of conditions (1) and (2) where weights p and (1- p) are assigned to illustrate how the results vary with different values of W/L and p.
In addition to your MCM formatted solution, prepare a one to two page advertising sheet for the new Brownie Gourmet Magazine highlighting your design and results.。