高中英语宾语、同位语从句及时态

宾语及宾语从句
宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。 We like English.我们喜欢英语。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。 He gave me some ink.他给了我一点墨水。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：We make him our monitor.我们选他当班长。
宾语从句：在主句中担当宾语的从句。学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类：动宾从句，介宾从句，形宾从句。
1.宾语从句的连接词
▲从属连词
连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that, if, whether.
that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句。
He told that he would go to the college the next year
I don’t know if/whether there will be a bus any more.
▲连接代词
连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.
连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
I don’t know whom you should depend on.
The book will show you what the best CEOs know..
Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
▲连接副词
连接副词主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等.
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
2.动词的宾语从句
▲大多数动词都可以带宾语从句
We all expect that they will win, for members of their team are stronger.
He told us that they would help us though the whole work.
▲部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句
I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
▲动词短语也可以带宾语从句
make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
▲可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
①动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together..
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.
②有些动词带宾语从句时要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.
I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.
I take it that

you will agree with us.
When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.
③若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.
3.介词的宾语从句
▲用wh-类的介词宾语从句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
The new book is about how Shen zhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.
▲用that, if引导的介词宾语从句,有时候except, but, besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.
4.形容词的宾语从句
用来引导宾从的形容词:sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprised
I am sure I will pass the exam.
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.
5.if,wheter在宾语从句中的区别
①if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know, ask, care, wonder, find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
②少数动词,如:leave, put, discuss ,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.
③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
④在不定式前只能用whether. I can’t decide whether to stay.
⑤避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.
6.哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that
当that作learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold等动词的宾语时；当宾语从句较长时；当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时；当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时；当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略；当宾语从句中的主语是this, that或this, that做主语的定语时；当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时；当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时；当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时；当宾语从句有it做其先行词时；在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.
7.宾语从句的否定转移
主句是谓语动词是think, believe, Imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim, is he?
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?
8.宾语从句的时态和语序
当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时候一般不受主句的时态所影响.
当主句为过去时的时候
①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生I only knew he was studying in a western country, but I did

n’t know what country he was in.
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.
②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.
▲如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
▲当宾语从句的引导词是who, which, what, when, where, how, why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
●(1)主、从句时态一致,主句谓语过去时，从句相应过去时.主句谓语现在时，从句时态任需；
具体过去永不变，真理格言现在时；He told me that he was born in 1980.
（2）否定前移，及完成反意问句；
在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应转移到主句上去，完成反意问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注: 否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称）
（3）在表示建议 suggest , advise ；要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 决定 decide；命令 order、command；坚决主张 insist；等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）
（4）如果宾语从句后有宾语补语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置
（5）宾语从句that常可省略，但在以下情况下不能省略
A．当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省略。
E g．I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get better?．
B．当it作形式宾语时
E g．She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him．
C．当宾语从句前置时
E g．That our team will win，I believe．
专项练习
1. The teacher told the children that the sun＿＿＿＿ round.
A. was B. is C. were D. are
2. I believe that our team＿＿＿＿ the basketball match.
A. win B. won C. will win D. wins
4. The soldiers soon reached _____ was once an old temple _____ the villagers used as a school.
A. which; where B. what; which C. where; which D. what; where
5. I don't know _________ he will come tomorrow. _________ he comes, I'll tell you．
A. if; Whether B. whether; Whether C. if; That D. if; If
6. I don't know _________ the day after tomorrow.
A. when does he come B. how will he come C. if he comes D. whether he'll come
7. Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is?
A. what B. how C. whether D. where
8. Could you

tell me _________ the radio without any help?
A. how did he mend B. what did he mend C. how he mended D. what he mended
9. I want to know _________.
A. whom is she looking after B. whom she is looking
C. whom is she looking D. whom she is looking after
10. Do you know where _________ now?
A. he lives B. does he live C. he lived D. did he live
11. Do you know what time _________?
A. the train leave B. does the train leave C. will the train leave D. the train leaves
12. I don't know _________. Can you tell me, please?
A. how the two players are old B. how old are the two players
C. the two players are how old D. how old the two players are
13. The small children don't know _________.
A. what is their stockings in B. what is in their stockings
C. where is their stockings in D. what in their stockings
14. I can't understand _________.
A. what does Christmas mean B. what Christmas does mean
C. what mean Christmas does D. what Christmas means
II. 按要求转换句型。
1. Does Mr. Brown enjoy living in China? Could you tell us? （改写句子）
Could you tell us whether/if Mr. Brown enjoys living in China?
2. "Does the girl need any help?” he asked me.（变为复合句）
He asked me whether/if the girl needs some help．
3. Jim is not a student. Tom is not a student, either.（合并为一个句子）
Neither Jim nor Tom is a student.
4. When does the train leave? I want to know.（改为含宾语从句的复合句）
I want to know when the train leaves.
5. They went home after they had finished their homework. (用not．．．until改写)
They didn’t go home until they had finished their homework．
6. Did Peter come here yesterday? Li Lei wants to know. (改为含宾语从句的复合句)




（一） 动词的时态
时态动词是谓语动所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常用的只有9种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。下面分别介绍。
1、 一般现在时的用法 （do/does）
1） 表示经常性、习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征和真理。句中常用 often, usually, every day, sometimes, every week/year, twice aweek 等时间状语。例如：
a. He goes to school every day.
b. He is very happy.
c.The earth moves around the sun.
2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。例如：
a. If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting.
b. When I graduate, I’ll go to countryside.
3) 有时这个时态表示按计划、规定, 按时间表要发生的动作（句中都带有时间状语），但限于少数动词，如：begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return, open, close等。例如：
a. the m

eeting begins at seven.
b. the rain starts at nine in the morning.
4) 表示状态和感觉的动词(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般现在进行时。
a. i like english very much.
b. the story sound very interesting.
5) 书报的标题、小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。
2.一般过去时的用法(did)
1） 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过反复发生的动作。常与yesterday,the other day, ….ago, in the past, in +过去时间（1998）。
a. he saw mr. wang yesterday.
b. he worked in a factory in 1986.
2)表示过去经常发生的动作
也可用 “used to “ 和“would + 动词原形”。
I used to smoke.
During the vacation i would swim in the sea.

注：”used to “ 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。“would + 动词原形”没有 “现在不再……”含义。
3.一般将来时的用法（shall/will do）
一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了 “ will 或 shall + 动词原形 ”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。
It is going to rain.
We are going to have a meeting today.
2）“be to + 动词原形” 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见。
The boy is to go to school tomorrow.
Are we to go on with this work?
3) “be about to + 动词原形” 表示即将发生的动作，意为 be ready to do sth. 后面一般不跟时间状语。 we are about to leave.
4) go , come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。i’m leaving for beijing.
5) 某些动词(如come, go ,leave, arrive, start, get , stay 等)的一般现在时也可表示将来。
The meeting starts at five o’clock.
He gets off at the next stop.
4. 过去将来时的用法(would do)
过去将来时表示从过去的某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
They were sure that they would succeed.
5.现在进行时的用法（am/is/ are doing）
1） 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，
What are you doing?
2）表示某种感情色彩“总是” eg. You are always watching TV.
6.过去进行时的用法(was/were doing)
1） 过去进行时过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，
In 1980 he was studying in a university.
He was reading a novel when I came in.
He was watvign Tv at this time yesterday.
7. 将来进行时（will be doing）
表将来某一时刻，某一段时间正在进行的动作。
Eg. I will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.
8. 现在完成时(have/has done)：
1） 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，但对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。
He has gone to fuzhou.
He has been to fuzhou.
2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去常用 for 和since表示一段时间的状语或so far , now, today, this

week (month, year ,), in the past 3 years等表示包括现在内的状语。
He has studied english for 5 years.
He has studied english since 1985.
Now I have finished the work..
注意：表示短暂时间动作的词（如come, go , die, marry, buy 等）的完成时不能与for, since 等连用。
3）现在完成进行时还可用时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。
I’ll go o your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.
9．过去完成时的用法（had done）
1） 过去完成时由“had + 过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动作表示过去某一时刻或某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。句中常用by, before, until, when 等词引导的时间状语。
By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
I had learnt 5000 words before i entered the university.
2)过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
10．将来完成时（will have done）
11.现在完成进行时 ( have (has)+ been +（doing）)，
表示现在以前一直进行的动作。有些动词（work, study, live, teach 等） 用现在完成时与用现在完成时意思差不多。
I have worked here for three years.
I have been working here for three years.
但多数动词在这两种时态表示不同意思
I have been writing a letter.
（二） 动词语态
1． 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时， 谓语的形式叫主动语态。句子的主语是动作承受者时，谓语的形式叫被动作语态。被动语态由助动词be + 过去分词构成，时态通过be 表现出来。
1） 一般现在时：am/is/are done
2） 一般过去时：were/was done
3） 一般将来时：will/shall be done
4） 现在进行时：am/is/are being done
5） 过去进行时：was/were being done
6） 现在完成时：has/have been done
7） 过去完成时：had been done
8） 过去将来时：would be done
9. 将来完成时： will have been done
2. 一些特殊的被动结构
1） 带情态动词的被动结构(情态动词 be done)：
the problem must be solved soon.
2） 带不定式的被动结构：
the room is going to be painted.
the homework needs to be done with care.
特殊句式：
1. it/this is the first/second time that ….2. it is (high/about) time that ……
3it is/has been 段时间 since 过去式/should do
4it is/will be 段时间 before 一般现在时
5.it was 段时间 before 一般过去式
6.sb was/were aboout to do when 一般过去式
sb was/ wer doing sth…………..
Translation: 1. A lot of books are kept in our school library.
2. A thief was caught last night. 3. The watch is being repaired.
4.The door was being painted at that time. 5.The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon

.
6.They said the work would be finished the next day. 7.My bag has been stolen.
8.She said this airport had never been used. 9.The question needn’t be discussed.
10.A new hotel is going to be built near the station. 11.His bike has been stolen.
12. The plan has already been made.
13. Have you moved into the new house?
—Not yet. The rooms are being painted.
14.The volleyball match will be put off if it rains. .
15. Mary was making a dress when she cut her finger.
16.The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.
17.Whe and where to build the new factory hasn’t been decided yet.
18.When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.
19.In come parts of the world, tea is served with milk and sugar.
20、That dinner was the most expensive meal we had had.
Consolildation:
1) —Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time?—Yes, since she ______ the Chinese Society.
A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joined
2) I like these English songs and they ________many times on the radio.
A. taught B. have taught C. are taught D. have been taught
3) I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother _____ on the phone all the time!
A. was talking B. has been talking C. has talked D. talked
4) —I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
—I think so. He ______ for it for months.
A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing
5) By the time he realizes he ______ into a trap, it’ll be too late for him to do anything about it.
A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked
6) We first met on a train in 2000. We both felt immediately that we ______ each other for years.
A. knew B. had known C. have known D. know
7) —Have you got any job offers?
—No. I ______.
A. waited B. had been waiting C. have waited D. am waiting
8) If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it ____ all day.
A. rained B. rains C. has rained D. is raining
9) –Did you go to the show last night?
–Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area _________ invited
A. were B. have been C. has been D. was
10) The telephone _______, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped.
A. had rung B. was ringing C. rings D. has rung
11) —Have you read the book called Waiting for Anya?
—Who _______ it?
A. writes B. has written C. wrote D. had written
12) The hotel wasn’t particularly good. But I ____ in many worse hotels.
A .was staying B. stayed C. would stay D. had stayed
13) No decision about any future appointment until all the candidates(候选人) have been interviewed.
A. will be made B. is made C. is being made D. has been made
14) He _____ football regularl

y for many years when he was young.
A. was playing B. played C. has played D. had played
15) Teenagers __ their health because they play computer games too much.
A. have damaged B. are damaging C. damaged D. will damage
16) ----Do you know if Terry will go camping this weekend?
----Terry? Never! She ___ tents and fresh air!
A. has hated B. hated C. will hate D. hates
17) Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science _________ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill. (广东卷)
A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing
18) The country life he was used to _________ greatly since 1992. (山东卷)
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
19) “Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.” “Oh ! I thought they _________ without me.” (江西卷)
A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone
20) Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _________ the Pacific, and we met no storms. (辽宁卷)
A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called
21) “What would you do if it _________tomorrow?” “We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready.” (全国卷I)
A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining
22) As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when _________and see him. (北京卷)
A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come
23) Scientists think that the continents _________always where they _________ today. (北京卷)
A. aren’t; are B. aren’t; were C. weren’t; are D. weren’t; were
24) Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People _________ to ask how I am going to spend the money.
A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning
25)---- “Did you tell Julia about the result?”
----“Oh, no, I forgot. I _________her now.”
A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. was to call


名词性从句学案
各位同仁前辈们，名词性从句是英语学习的一大难点，尤其是同位语从句和主语从句。能准确而又熟练的掌握它，真是很多学生的梦想，我这里把自己总结独创的方法抛出来，望能对大家有点小小的帮助，那我也就开心了。
宾语从句和表语从句相对而言比较简单，所以就在下面的练习中加以巩固，容我把重点放在同位语和主语从句吧！
同位语从句fact ，suggestion ，truth ，idea ，belief ，conclusion ，problem ，news ，prediction
e.g. The fact that he has been elected mayor surprised us.
a. that/whether 引导的同位语从句
1. 他总有一天会出现，我们没有失去这个希望
2. 你得回答你是否愿意回答这个问题
b. 连接代词和连接副词引导的同位语从句
1. 我不知道该如何开始这项工作
2. 主席做出哪个选

手可能获得奖牌的预言
主语从句
Americans like to eat a lot is well-known.
a. 从属连词that, whether构成的主语从句
1. That Mary will marry John is certain.
2. Whether he will come or not remains a question.
b. 连接代词引导的主语从句
他在会议上说的使得在场的每个人都很惊讶
谁会去参加会议是个问题
c. 连接副词引导的主语从句
我们该在何时何地建造一个图书馆还没有被决定
接下来的实用误区，各位可要睁大眼睛看清楚了。。。可是平时联系和高考中出现频率最高的哦~·~
使用误区
1. The idea which the earth is round is true
2. The photos will show you what does our school look like.
3. Can you tell me what the matter is?
4. It is known to all that China is a developing country.
As is known to all, China is a developing country..
What is known to all is that China is a developing country.
5. No matter what you say is useless now.
6. Whether/if Whether the 20th Olympic Games will be held in London is not known yet.
7. What/That A modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago.
8.分割的同位语
Word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.
The fact came out that the poor young man was the son of the millionaire
9. What I want to have for breakfast today are the pieces of bread and a glass of milk.
10. who/whoever// what/whatever
a. Who will give us a talk is unknown. b. Whoever gives us a talk will be welcome
a. Can you tell me what your name is? b. Don’t you give whatever he wants
11.宾语从句和主语从句的区别
a.The news that Jay will give a concert in a gym of Hangzhou next Sunday excites the fans
b. The news (that) Jay told to all his classmates was very exciting.
12.It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.