欧洲专利法与美国专利法的区别

The European Patent Convention (EPC)欧洲专利公约（EPC）

Currently, for ICT-related inventions the two most important areas to obtain patent protection are probably the United States and West-European countries. Twenty European countries are currently member to the European Patent Convention, and it is possible to obtain patent protection in those countries through a single procedure before the European Patent Office.

目前，与信息通讯技术相关的两个最重要的领域的发明,其专利的保护一般都是通过进入美国和西欧等国家获取的。欧洲专利公约当前加入了20个新成员国，并使申请人在向欧洲专利局提交申请之前能够通过某单一程序向所在成员国申请专利保护。

While quite a few aspects of patent law have been harmonized internationally (not in the least due to treaties like the Patent Cooperation Treaty or TRIPS), there still are many important differences between the two systems. This article discusses several of them.

虽然，专利法中有相当几个方面的内容已经做了国际化的协调与统一（不完全与《专利合作条约》以及《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》相同），但美欧两个系统间仍旧存在重要的差异，本文就其差异做出以下几点概括。

First to file versus first to invent

先申请制VS先发明制

When two people apply for a patent on the same invention, the first person to have filed his application will get the patent (assuming the invention is patentable, of course). This holds even if the second person did in fact come up with the invention first. The only thing that counts is the filing date.

若两名当事人就同一个发明分别申请专利权，那么率先提出申请者将获得该专利权（假设该发明确认是具有可专利性的）。由此认为，尽管此项发明是由第二个申请人先提出的，但仅以提交申请的日期为准。

In the USA, a slightly different approach is used. In case of two applications for the same invention (a

so-called interference), a determination is made who invented it first. This usually involves examining laboratory logbooks, establishing dates for prototypes, and so on. If the person who filed later is found to have invented earlier, he may be awarded the patent.

而美国则使用了稍微不同的方法。为了避免两位申请人申请同一发明的专利（即所谓的干扰），于是由先发明制决定专利权的所属人。依据通常包括：检查实验室研发日记，专利原型的创建日期等。如果后申请人能证明是其先做此发明的，也有获得专利权的可能。

Grace period

宽限期

If the invention has become publicly available in any way before the patent application was filed, the application will be rejected (Article 54 EPC). "Publicly available" includes selling the invention, giving a lecture about it, showing it to an investor without a non-disclosure agreement (NDA), publishing it in a magazine, and so on. It does not make a difference whether the person making it publicly available is the inventor, one of the inventors, or an independent third party.

若发明是在提交专利申请之前以任何形式向社会公开过的，该申请将被拒绝（《欧洲专利公约》第54条规定）。公开发布的形式包括出售发明，召开讲座，未规定保密协议（NDA）就向投资者展示，在杂志上发表等。无论做出此行为的人是发明者、发明者之一或者独立的第三方，该申请都将被拒。The USA has a one-year grace period (35 US Code section 102). This means that the inventor can freely publish his invention without losing patent rights. However, this only applies for the USA. If an inventor