急性区域性隐匿性外层视网膜病变1例
『美国眼科英文缩写对照表』-
abd┃abdominal 腹部的ABK┃aphakic bullous keratopathy无晶体性大泡性角膜病变abn┃abnormal异常ac┃before meals餐前AC┃anterior chamber前房ACC┃accommodation调节ACG┃angle-closure glaucoma闭角青光眼ACIOL┃anterior chamber intraocular lens前房型眼内晶体add┃adduction or reading additional powe r内收；阅读另加屈光力ad lib┃as desired当需要时adv┃advanced高度AIBSE┃acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement急性特发性盲点扩大综合征AIDS┃acquired immunodeficiency syndrome艾滋病AION┃arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy动脉缺血性视神经病变┃anterior ischemic optic neuropathy前部缺血性视神经病变AKS┃ankyl osing spondylitis强直性脊椎炎AL┃argon laser氩激光ALPI┃argon laser peripheral iridoplasty氩激光周边虹膜成形术ALT┃argon laser trabeculoplasty氩激光小梁成形术AMA┃against medical advice违反医疗忠告ambl┃amblyopia弱视AMD┃age-related macular degeneration年龄相关性黄斑变性AMN┃acute macular neuroretin opathy急性黄斑神经视网膜病变AMPPE┃acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy 急性多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变AMPPPE┃acute multifocal posterior placoid pigment epitheliopathy急性多病灶性后部盾鳞状色素上皮病变ANA┃antinuclear antibody抗核抗体ant┃anterior前APMPPE┃acute posterior multifocal placoid p igment epitheliopathy 急性后部多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变AODM┃adult-onset diabetes mellitus成人（发病）型糖尿病AP┃anteroposterior前后APD┃afferent pupillary defect瞳孔传入缺陷approx┃approximately大约APTT┃activated partial thromboplastin time激活部分促凝血酶原激酶时间ARC┃anomalous retinal correspondenc e异常视网膜对应ARMD┃age-retinal pigment epitheliitis年龄相关性黄斑变性ARN┃acute retinal necrosis急性视网膜坏死ARPE┃acute retinal pegment epitheliitis急性视网膜色素上皮炎art┃artificial tears人工泪液AS┃anterior synechia前粘连ASA┃aspirin(acetylsalicylic acid)阿司匹林ASAP┃as soon as possible尽快地ASC┃anterior subcapsular cataract前囊下白内障ASCVD┃atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease动脉硬化性心血管病ASHD┃atherosclerotic heart disease动脉硬化性心脏病astig┃astigmatism散光ATR┃against-the-rule(astigmatism)逆规性（散光）AU┃anterior uveitis前葡萄膜炎AVM┃arteriovenous malformation动静脉畸形A/V┃arteriolar/venous(ratio,nicking)小动脉/静脉（比，压痕）AZOOR┃acute zonal occult outer retinopathy急性区域性隐匿性外层视网膜病变Bas┃basophils嗜碱细胞BC┃base curve基底曲线BCC┃basal cell carcinoma基底细胞癌BCP┃birth control pill避孕丸BCR┃base curve radius基底弯曲半径BCVA┃best corrected visua l acuity最佳矫正视力BD┃base down底向下BDR┃background diabetic retinopathy背景型糖尿病性视网膜病变BI┃base in底向内bid┃twice a day一日两次bilat┃bilateral两侧性BIO┃binocular indirect ophthalmoscope双眼间接检眼镜BK┃bullous keratopathy大泡性角膜病变bleph┃blepharitis睑缘炎BM┃basement membrane基底膜BO┃b ase out 底向外BP┃blood pressure血压BRAO┃branch retinal artery occlusion视网膜分枝动脉阻塞BRVO┃branch retinal vein occlusion视网膜分枝静脉阻塞BU┃base up底向上BUT┃break-up time泪膜破裂时间BVA┃best visual acuity最佳视力bx┃biopsy活检c┃with与c┃cornea角膜CA┃carcinoma癌CABG┃coronary artery byp ass graft冠状动脉旁路移植CAD┃coronary artery disease冠状动脉病CAI┃carbonic anhydrase inhibitor碳酸酐酶抑制剂Cap ┃capsule胶囊CAR┃cancer-associated retinopathy癌相关性视网膜病变cat┃cataract白内障CAT┃computed axial tomography计算机体层摄影术CB┃ciliary body睫状体CBC┃complete blood count完全血细胞计数cc┃with correction矫正（视力）cc┃chief complaint主诉CCA┃common carotid artery颈总动脉CCT┃computer-assisted corneal topography角膜地形图仪C/D┃cup-to-disc ratio杯/盘比CF┃count fingers数指CFZ┃capillary-free zone无毛细血管地带C＆F┃cells and flare细胞和光带（闪光）CHF┃congestive heart failure充血性心力衰竭CHI┃closed head injury闭合性头颅外伤CHRPE┃congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium先天性视网膜色素上皮肥厚CK┃conductive keratoplasty传导性角膜成形术CL┃contact lens,clear接触镜，透明CME┃cystoid macular edema囊样黄斑水肿cmv┃cytomegalovirus巨细胞病毒CN┃cranial nerve脑神经CNS┃centr al nervous system中枢神经系统CNV┃choroidal neovascularization脉络膜新生血管形成CNVM┃choroidal neovascular membrane脉络膜新生血管膜c/o┃complaining of主诉COAG┃chronic open-angle glaucoma慢开角青光眼cong┃congenital先天性conj┃conjunctiva结膜COP┃cicatricial ocular pemphigoid瘢痕性眼类天疱疮COPD┃c hronic obstructive pulmonary disease慢性阻塞性肺病CP┃cerebral palsy大脑麻痹CPEO┃chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia慢性进行性眼外肌麻痹CPR┃cardiopulmonary resuscitation心肺复苏术CR┃chorioretinal脉络膜视网膜CRAO┃central retinal artery occlusion视网膜中央动脉阻塞CRF┃chronic renal fai lure慢性肾衰竭CRT┃corneal refractive therapy角膜屈光矫正法CRVO┃central retinal vein occlusion视网膜中央静脉阻塞C＆S┃culture and sensitivity培养和敏感性CSCR┃central serous chorioretinopathy中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变CSF┃cerebrospinal fluid脑脊髓液CSME┃clinical significant macular edema临床意义性黄斑水肿CSR┃central serous retinopathy中心性浆液性视网膜病变csw┃corneoscleral wound角膜巩膜创伤CT┃cover test遮盖试验┃computed tomography计算机体层摄影CT scan┃computed tomographic scan计算机体层扫描CV┃color vision色觉CVA┃cerebrovascular accident脑中风CVD┃cardiovascular disease 心血管病CWS┃cotton-wool spot棉絮斑Cx┃culture（微生物）培养CXR┃chest x-ray film胸部X光片cyl┃cylinder柱镜d┃days天D┃diopter or diameter屈光度或直径D/C┃discontinue停止D＆C┃deep and clear（前房）深而透明DD┃disc diameter视盘直径DDx┃differential diagnosis鉴别诊断DFE┃dilated fundus examination扩瞳检查眼底D＆I┃ dilation and i rrigation（泪道）扩张和灌洗DHD┃dissociated horizontal deviation分离性水平偏斜dia┃diameter直径disp┃dispense配药DM┃diabetes mellitus糖尿病DR┃diabetic retinopathy糖尿病视网膜病变DV┃distance vision远距离视力DVA┃distance vision acuity远距离视力DVD┃dissociated vertical deviation分离性垂直偏离DW┃daily wear每日戴（接触镜）Dx┃diagnosis诊断DX┃Diamox醋氮酰胺E┃esophoria at far内隐斜（视远）E’ ┃esophoria at near内隐斜（视近）ECA┃external carotid artery颈外动脉ECCE┃extracapsular cataract extraction白内障囊外摘除术EDTA┃ethylene dianline tetraacctic acid乙烯dianline tetraacctic酸EEG┃electroencep halogram脑电图EF┃eccentric fixation离心注视EKC┃epidemic keratoconjunctivitis流行性角结膜炎EKGorECG┃electrocardiogram心电图ELISA┃enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay酶连结免疫吸收测定EMM┃epimacular membrane黄斑表面膜endo┃endothelium内皮细胞ENT┃ear,nose,throat耳鼻喉EOG┃electro-oculogram眼电图EOM┃extraocular muscles眼外肌eos┃eosinophil嗜酸型细胞epi┃epithelium上皮细胞ER┃emergency room急诊室ERG┃electroretinogram视网膜电图ERM┃epiretinal membrane视网膜表面膜ESR┃erythrocyte sedimentation rate血沉ET┃esotropia at far内斜视（视远）ET’ ┃esotropia at near内隐斜（视近）E（T）orIET┃intermit tent esotropia at far间歇性内隐斜（视近）E（T）’orIET’┃ intermittent esotropia at near间歇性内隐斜（视远）ETOH┃ethyl alcohol乙醇，酒精EUA ┃examination under anesthesia全麻下检查EW┃extended wear长期戴用（接触镜）EXT┃external ocular examination外眼检查exoph┃exophthalmos眼球突出FA┃fluorescein angiogr aphy荧光素血管造影FAZ┃fluorescein angiography中心凹无血管地带FB┃foreign body异物FBS┃fasting blood sugar空腹血糖FC┃finger count数指FFA┃fundus fluorescein angiography荧光素眼底血管造影FHorFHx┃family history家族史fl┃fluorescein荧光素FMHx┃family medical history家族病史FML┃fluorometholone弗米隆F OHx┃family ocular history家族眼病史FR┃foveal reflex中心凹反光FROM┃full range of motion运动范围完整FTA-ABS┃fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test荧光密螺旋体抗体吸收试验FTMH┃full-thickness macular hole黄斑全层裂孔f/u┃follow-up随访GC┃gonorrhea or gonococcus淋病或淋菌GCA┃giant cell a rteritis巨细胞性动脉炎gent┃gentamicin庆大霉素GI┃gastrointestine胃肠GLC┃glaucoma,glucose青光眼，葡萄糖fonio┃gonioscopy前房角镜检查GPC┃giant papillary conjunctivitis巨乳头性结膜炎gr┃grain 谷（=0.065克）gt or gtt┃drop(Plural,gtt)滴（复数，gtt）GTT┃glucose tolerance test葡萄糖耐量试验GVF┃Goldmann vis ual field Goldmann视野H or hr(hrs) ┃hour小时HA┃headache头痛Hb,Hgb┃hemoglobin血红蛋白HCL┃hard contact lens硬性接触镜Hct┃hematocrit血细胞比容HCTZ┃hydrocholorothiazide呋塞米（双氢克尿塞）hem┃hemorrhage出血HIV┃human immunodeficiency virus人类免疫缺陷病毒HLA┃histocompatibility locus antigen or human leukocyte antigen组织相容性基因位点抗原或人类白细胞抗原h/o┃history of历史HM┃hand motion手动H＆P┃history and physical病史和体格hs┃at bedtime在就寝时间HSK┃herpes simplex keratitis单纯疱疹性角膜炎HSV┃herpes simplex virus单纯疱疹病毒HT┃hypertropia at far上斜视（远距离）HT’ ┃hypertropia at near上斜视（近距离）HTN┃hypertension高血压HVF┃Humphrey visual field Humphrey视野Hx┃history历史HZO┃herpes zoster ophthalmicus眼带状疱疹I┃iris虹膜I＆A┃irrigation and aspiration灌注和抽吸IBx┃incisional biopsy切口性活检IC┃iridocyclitis虹膜睫状体炎ICA┃internal carotid artery颈内动脉ICCE┃intracapsular c ataract extraction白内障囊内摘除术ICE┃inidocorneal endothelial syndrome虹膜角膜内皮综合征ICG┃indocyanine green吲哚青绿ICP┃intracranial pressure颅内压ICU┃intensive care unit监护病房I＆D┃incision and drainage切开引流术IDDM┃insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus胰岛素依赖糖尿病IDU┃idoxuridine疱疹净IFIOL┃iris-fixated intraocular lens虹膜固定眼内晶体Ig┃immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白IK┃interstitial keratitis基质性角膜炎Im┃intramuscular肌内Imp┃impression印象inf┃inferior下inj┃injection注射INO┃internuclear ophthalmoplegia核间眼肌麻痹INQ┃inferonasal quadrant鼻下象限int┃intermittent间歇性IOF B┃intraocular forergn body眼内异物IOH┃intraocular hemorrhage眼内出血IOL┃intraocular lens眼内晶状体，人工晶体ION┃ischemic optic neuropathy缺血性视神经病变IOP┃intraocular pressure眼压IR┃infrared红外线IRMA┃intraretinal microvascular abnormality视网膜内微血管异常ITQ┃inferotemporal quadrant颞下象限iu┃international unit or intermediate uveitis国际单位或中间葡萄膜炎IV┃intravenous静脉内JCT┃Juxtacanalicular Tissue管旁组织JODM┃juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus青少年型糖尿病JRA┃juvenile rheumatoid arthritis少年类风湿性关节炎K┃cornea or potassium角膜或钾KCS┃keratoconjunctivitis sicca干燥性角膜结膜炎kg┃kilogram公斤KP┃keratic precipiate角膜后沉着物L┃left or lens左或晶状体lab┃laboratory试验室lac┃lacrimal泪LASEK┃laser subepithelial keratomileusis激光上皮下角膜磨削术LASIK┃laser in situ keratomileusis激光原位角膜磨削术LCG┃light contrast glare光对比炫耀LCTP┃lateral canthal tendon pli cation外眦腱折叠术LI┃laser iridotomy or laser interferometry激光虹膜切开术或激光干涉仪LK,LKP┃lamellar keratoplasty板层角膜移植术LIO┃left inferior oblique左眼下斜肌LIR┃left inferior rectus左眼下直肌LL┃lower lid or lids and lashes下睑或眼睑和睫毛LLR┃left lateral rectus左眼外直肌LMR┃left medial rectu s左眼内直肌LN┃lymph node淋巴结LP┃light perception,light projection,or lumber puncture光感，光定位，或腰椎穿刺LPI┃laser peripheral iridoplasty激光周边虹膜成形术LS┃lid scrubs睑缘擦洗（治疗睑缘炎）LSO┃laser scanner ophthalmolscope激光扫描检眼镜LSO┃left superior oblique左眼上斜肌LSR┃left superior rectus左眼上直肌LTP┃laser trabeculoplasy激光小梁成形术LTQ┃lower temporal quadrant颞下象限LVA┃low vision aids低视力辅助lymph┃lymphocytes or lymphatic淋巴细胞或淋巴mac┃macular黄斑mand┃mandibular下颌骨MAR┃melanoma-associated retinopathy黑色素相关的视网膜病变max┃maximum or maxillary最大值或上颌骨MCH┃mean co rpuscular hemoglobin 平均血细胞血红蛋白MCHC┃mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration平均血细胞血红蛋白浓度MCV┃mean corpuscular volume平均血细胞体积ME┃macular edema黄斑水肿MEDs┃medications药物治疗mERG┃multifocal ERG多区域（多焦）视网膜电图mfERG┃multifocal ERG多区域（多焦）视网膜电图MEWDS┃multiple evanescent white dot syndrome多数消散性白点综合征MFC┃multifocal choroiditis多病灶性脉络膜炎M.G. ┃Marcus Gunn瞳孔传入缺陷MHx┃medical history病史MI┃myocardial infarction心肌梗塞min┃minute or minimum分钟或最小量ml┃milliliter毫升mmHg┃millimeters of mercury毫米汞柱M＆N┃Mydriacyl(tropicamide)and Neo-synephrine(phenylephrine) 两种最常用的扩瞳剂：托庇卡按及新福林mon┃monocytes单核细胞MR┃manifest refraction显性验光┃magnetic resonance磁共振MRA┃magnetic resonance angiography磁共振血管造影术MRD┃上睑缘至角膜中心反光点的距离MRI┃magnetic resonance imaging磁共振成像术MS┃multiple sclerosis多发性硬化MVA┃motor vehicle accide nt交通工具意外事故（车祸）N/A┃not applicable不适用NAG┃narrow-angle glaucoma窄角型青光眼NAION┃nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy非动脉缺血性视神经病变NAP┃no apparent pathology无明显病理学NCT┃noncontact tonometer非接触眼压计neg┃negative隐性NFL┃nerve fiber layer神经纤维层NFLD┃nerve fiber layer def ect神经纤维层缺陷NG┃nongranulomatous非肉芽肿性NI┃no improvement无进步NIDDM┃non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病NION┃Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy非动脉缺血性视神经病变NKA┃no known allergies无已知的过敏反应nl┃normal正常NLP┃no light perception无光感Non repet┃not to b e repeated(refilled)不重复（再次发药）NPA┃near point of accommodation调节近点NPC┃near point of convergence集合近点NPDR┃non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变NR┃no refill不能再次发药NRC┃normal retinal correspondence正常视网膜对应NS┃nuclear sclerosis核性白内障（核硬化）NSA┃no si gnificant abnormalities无重要异常NSAID┃no steroidal anti-inflammatory drug非类固醇消炎药NTG┃normal tension glaucoma正常眼压性青光眼NV┃near vision or neovascularization近视力或新生血管形成NV┃neovascularization新生血管形成N/V┃nausea and vomiting恶心和呕吐NVA┃Near visual acuity近视力NVD┃neovascu larization of disc视盘新生血管形成NVE┃neovascularization of retina elsewhere视网膜新生血管形成NVG┃neovascular glaucoma新生血管性青光眼NVI┃neovascularization of the iris虹膜新生血管形成OA┃optic atrophy视神经萎缩OAG┃open-angle glaucoma开角型青光眼OCP┃ocular cicatricial pemphigoid眼瘢痕性类天疱疮OCT┃opt ic coherence tomography光学相干体层扫描术，光学相干层析术OD┃right eye右眼ODM┃ophthalmodynamometry眼动脉压测量OFHx┃ocular family history眼病家族史OGTT┃oral glucose tolerance test口服葡萄糖耐量试验OHTN┃ocular hypertension高眼压病OHx┃ocular history眼病史OKN┃optokinetic nystagmus视运动性眼球震颤ON┃optic n erve视神经ONAorOA┃optic nerve atrophy or optic atrophy视神经萎缩ONH┃optic nerve head视神经头ONSD┃optic nerve sheath decompression视神经鞘减压术OP┃outpatient门诊病人Op┃operation(Post Op)手术（术后）OR┃operating room手术室┃Over-refraction重叠验光Ortho┃orthophoria正视轴Ortho-K┃CRT,corneal refractive therapy角膜屈光矫正法OS┃left eye左眼OU┃both eyes双眼OZ┃optical zone光学地带p┃pupil瞳孔PA┃posteroanterior后前PACG┃primary angle-closure glaucoma原发性闭角型青光眼PACT┃prism alternating cover test棱镜交替遮盖试验PAM┃potential acuity meter潜在视力计PAN┃preauricular node耳前淋巴结PAS┃peripheral anterior synechia周边虹膜前粘连Pat or pt┃patient病人path┃pathology病理学P4,P2,etc. pilocarpine4%,2%,etc.drops毛果云香碱4%，2%等，眼药水PBK┃pseudophakic bullous keratopathy无晶状体性大泡性角膜病变PC┃after meals餐后PC┃posterior capsule后囊PCF┃pharyngoconjunctival fever咽结膜热PCIOL┃posterior chamber intraocular lens后房眼内晶体PCN┃penicillin青霉素PCO┃posterior capsular opacity后囊混浊PD┃prism diopter棱镜屈光度PD┃pupillary distance瞳孔距离PDR┃proliferative diabetic retinopathy增生性糖尿病视网膜病变PDS┃pigment dispersion syndrome色素播散综合征PDT┃photodynamic therapy光动力疗法PE┃physical examination体格检查PED┃pigment epithelial detachment色素上皮脱离PEE┃punctate epithelial erosions点状上皮侵蚀PEK┃punctate epithelial keratitis点状上皮角膜炎PERG┃pattern electroretinogram图形视网膜电图PERRL┃pupils equal,round,reactive to light瞳孔相等，圆，对光反射PERRLA┃pup ils equal,round,reactive to light and accommodation瞳孔相等，圆，对光反应和调节PF┃Pred FortePg┃Prostaglandin前列腺素ph┃pinhole针孔phako┃phakoemulsification晶状体乳化术PHNIorNIph┃pinhole no improvement针孔无进步PHPV┃persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous永存原始玻璃体增生症PI┃present illn ess,peripheral iridotomy,or peripheral iridectomy现有疾病，周边虹膜切开术，或周边虹膜切除术PKPorPK┃penetrating keratoplasty穿透性角膜移植术PMMA┃polymethyl methacrylate聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（有机玻璃）PMN┃polymorphonuclear neutrophil多形核中性白细胞po┃per os,by mouth口服POAG┃primary open-angle glaucose原发性开角型青光眼POHS┃presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome假定眼组织胞浆菌病综合征post┃posterior后PPA┃peripapillary atrophy视乳头周围萎缩PPD┃purified protein derivative or posterior polymorphous dystrophy 纯蛋白质衍生物或后多形性营养不良PPDR┃pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy增生前型糖尿病视网膜病变PPL┃par s plana lensectomy平部晶状体切除术PPV┃pars plana vitrectomy平部玻璃体切割术prep┃preparation准备PRK┃photorefractive keratectomy激光屈光角膜切除术prn┃take as needed当需要时服用PRP┃pan-retinal photocoagulation全视网膜光凝术PS┃posterior synechia虹膜后粘连PSC┃posterior subcapsular catarcat后囊下白内障PT C┃pseudotumor cerebri大脑假性肿瘤PTK┃phototherapeutic keratectomy光治疗性角膜切除术PVD┃posterior vitreous detachment玻璃体后脱离PVEP┃pattern visual evoked potential图形视觉诱发电位PVR┃proliferative vitreoretinopathy增生性玻璃体视网膜病变Px┃prognosis预后PXE┃psuedoxanthoma elasticum弹力性黄假瘤q┃ev ery每qd┃every day每天q2h┃every 2 hours每2小时qid┃four times a day一天四次qod┃every other day每隔一日R┃right右RA┃rheumatoid arthritis类风湿性关节炎RB┃rose Bengal,retinoblastoma孟加拉玫瑰红，视网膜母细胞瘤RBC┃red blood cell红血细胞RBON┃retrobulbar optic neuritis球后视神经炎RCE┃recurrent cornea l erosion复发性角膜侵蚀RD┃retinal ditachment视网膜脱离RF┃rheumatoid factor类风湿因子R-G┃red-green红-绿RGB┃Red green blue红绿蓝RGP┃rigid gas permeable刚质透气（接触镜）RI┃rubeosis iridis虹膜红变RIO┃right inferior oblique右眼下斜肌RIR┃right inferior rectus右眼下直肌RK┃radial keratotomy放射状角膜切开术RLR┃right lateral tectus右眼外直肌RMR┃right medial rectus右眼内直肌R/O┃rule Out摈除，排除ROP┃retinopathy of prematurity早产儿视网膜病变RP┃retinitis pigmentosa视网膜色素变性RPE┃retinal pigment epithelium视网膜色素上皮RRD┃rhegmatogenous retinal detachment孔原性视网膜脱离RSO┃right superior obliq ue右眼上斜肌RSR┃right superior rectus右眼上直肌RT┃return复诊RTC┃return to clinic复诊RTO┃return to office复诊RV┃return visit复诊Rx┃prescription处方s┃without没有SB┃scleral buckle巩膜扣带术sc┃without correction未戴眼镜矫正SCL┃soft contact lens软接触镜SEI┃subepithelial infiltrate上皮下侵润SI┃sector iridectomy扇形虹膜切除术sibs┃siblings同胞Sig┃write on label用法SJS┃Stevens-Johnson syndrome综合征SL┃Schwalbe’s line or serum lysozyme Schwalbe线或血清溶菌霉SLE┃slit lamp examination or systemic lupus erythematosus裂隙灯检查或系统性红斑狼疮SLK┃superior limbic keratoconjuncti vitis上部角膜缘角结膜炎Sn┃sign体征SNQ┃superonasal quadrant鼻上象限SOB┃shortness of breath呼吸短促Sol┃solution溶液S/P┃status post后状态（例如XX手术后）Sph┃spherical球面镜SPK┃superficial punctuate keratitis浅层点状角膜炎SR┃subjective refraction主觉验光SRF┃subretinal fluid视网膜下液体SRNV┃subretinal neovascularization视网膜下新生血管形成SRNVM┃subretinal neovascular membrane视网膜下新生血管膜SRx┃spectacle prescription眼镜处方Ss┃scleral spur or sickle cell disease巩膜突或镰状细胞病stat┃immediately立即STD┃***ually transmitted disease性传播疾病STQ┃superotemporal quadrant颞上象限strab┃strab ismus斜视subcu┃subcutaneous皮下sup┃superior下susp┃suspension悬浮液SVP┃spontaneous venous pulsation自发性静脉波动Sx┃symptom症状synech┃synechia虹膜粘连T1/2┃Timoptic drops0.5%0.5%赛马心安眼药水TA┃applanation tonometry or temporal arteritis压平式眼压测量法或颞动脉炎Tab ┃tablet片剂Tap┃applanat ion tonometry压平式眼压测量法TB┃tuberculosis结核tbs┃tablespoon汤匙TBUT┃tear break-up time泪膜破裂时间TDx┃tentative diagnosis试验性诊断TIA┃transient ischemic attack暂时性缺血性发作tid┃three times a day一日三次TM┃trabecular meshwork小梁网状组织，小梁网络Tnct┃noncontact(air puff)tonometry非接触性（空气冲击）眼压测量法TPR┃temperature,pulse,respiration体温，脉搏，呼吸trab┃trabeculectomy小梁切除术TSH┃thyroid-stimulating hormone促甲状腺激素Tsp┃teaspoon茶匙Tx┃treatment治疗UA┃urinalysis尿分析UBM┃ultrasound biomicroscope超声活体显微镜UCT┃unilateral cover test单眼遮盖试验UL┃upper lid上睑ung┃ointment软膏UNQ┃upper nasal quadrant鼻上象限URI┃upper respiratory infection上呼吸道感染UTI┃urinary tract infection尿路感染UTT┃unable to test不能试验UV┃ultraviolet紫外线V┃vitreous玻璃体VA┃visual acuity视力Vcc┃vision with correction较正视力Vccl┃vision with contact lens接触镜矫正视力VD┃venereal d isease性病VDRL┃Venereal disease research laboratory性病研究实验室（梅毒试验）VEP┃visual evoked potential视诱发电位VER┃visual evoked response视诱发反应VF┃visual fields视野VH┃vitreous hemorrhage玻璃体积血VKC┃vernal keratoconjunctivitis春季角膜结膜炎VKH┃Vogt-koyanagi-harada syndrome综合征VOR┃vestibuloocular reflex前庭眼反射Vsc┃vision without correction裸眼视力VZV┃varicella-zoster correction水痘-带状疱疹病毒W-4-D┃Worth-four-dot Worth四点灯WBC┃white blood cell白血细胞WC┃warm compresses热敷WC/LS┃warm compresses and lid scrubs热敷及擦洗睑缘Wk┃week星期WNL┃within normal limit s在正常限度内WRA┃with-the-rule astigmatism顺规性（散光）wt┃weight重量X┃exophoria at far or axis外隐斜（视远）或轴X’ ┃exophoria at near外隐斜（视近）XT┃constant exotropia at far外斜视（视远）XT’ ┃contant exotropia at near外斜视（视近）X(T)orIXT┃intermittent exotropia at far间歇性外斜视（视远）X(T)’orIXT’ ┃intermittent exotropia at near间歇性外斜视（视近）YAG┃yttrium aluminum garnet亿铝石榴激光YLI┃YAG laser iridotomy YAG激光虹膜切开术Y/O┃years old岁（年龄）YPC┃YAG laser posterior capsulotomy YAG激光后囊切开术。
青年糖友更要警惕眼部并发症
22预防与治疗·心脑血管病□复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院 张 萌/黄 欣青年糖友更易发生并发症根据病因，我国青年糖尿病患者可分为三类：1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病和其他特殊类型的糖尿病患者。
近些年，青年2型糖尿病患者的比例正在不断增高，其疾病进展比成人型糖尿病更快，血糖控制更差，并增加了早期糖尿病相关并发症的风险。
有研究数据显示，青年2型糖尿病患者并发糖尿病肾病的比例为54.8%，并发神经疾病的比例为32.4%，并发视网膜病变的比例为51.0%。
其中，糖尿病视网膜病变是糖尿病最常见的几种微血管并发症之一，主要的病理表现为内层血视网膜屏障的进行性破坏、周细胞的丢失、微血管瘤的发生、视网膜的渗出等，后期可以并发难治性黄斑囊样水肿、新生血管，甚至玻璃体出血、视网膜脱离。
糖尿病视网膜病变根据有无视网膜新生血管的形成分为非增殖性和增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变两种，前者又可以根据严重程度分为轻度、中度和重度。
青年糖尿病患者的发病年龄青年糖友更要警惕眼部并发症根据最新的国际糖尿病联盟（IDF）统计，2021年我国糖尿病患者（20～79岁）数量已高达1.4亿人，且糖尿病的高发和年轻化趋势促使糖尿病眼病患者数量激增，24.7％～37.5％的患者并发糖尿病视网膜病变。
同时有研究发现，患糖尿病时的年纪越轻，以后发生糖尿病视网膜病变乃至致盲的风险会更高。
因此，年轻糖友一定要警惕糖尿病视网膜病变这一“沉默的视力杀手”，早预防、早发现、早治疗。
较早，糖尿病病程较长，胰岛β细胞功能较易衰竭，更易出现糖尿病视网膜病变。
早期症状不明显糖尿病视网膜病变的早期发生和发展具有隐匿性，患者通常没有眼部症状，中心视力也不受影响，因此不少糖尿病患者，特别是青年患者很少主动进行眼科常规检查，直到病变发展到晚期造成眼内出血或者黄斑水肿，导致视力明显下降才到医院就诊。
因此糖尿病视网膜病变被称为“沉默的视力杀手”。
当糖尿病患者自觉出现以下几个症状时，已经是高危预警信号了：视力下降 糖尿病视网膜病变所造成的黄斑区水肿、渗出，牵引性视网膜脱离，甚至孔源性视网膜脱离，都会引起视力下降。
视神经炎的分类及诊疗进展
视神经炎的分类及诊疗进展田国红;孙兴怀【摘要】视神经炎(ON)是导致青、中年人群急性视力下降的常见视神经疾病,其发病机制与免疫炎性反应后中枢神经系统脱髓鞘,胶质细胞增生、坏死密切相关.在白种人群中,ON和多发性硬化(MS)关系极为密切.随着对该病流行病学及病理机制研究的深入,ON的疾病谱也不断扩展,人们对ON的疾病分类、诊断、鉴别诊断以及治疗都有了更深刻的认识.以往按照疾病部位的简单分类已不能满足临床诊疗的需要,典型ON与不典型ON的提出为疾病的鉴别诊断及治疗奠定了基础.本文结合国内ON的疾病谱特点对该病的研究进展做一总结,有助于临床诊疗的规范化及个体化.【期刊名称】《中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志》【年(卷),期】2015(015)002【总页数】5页(P79-83)【关键词】视神经炎;多发性硬化;视神经脊髓炎;不典型视神经炎;治疗【作者】田国红;孙兴怀【作者单位】复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院眼科上海200031;复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院眼科上海200031【正文语种】中文视神经炎(optic neuritis，ON)是由多种病因导致的急性视神经的炎性病变。
随着生物免疫学技术及影像学技术的发展，人们逐渐认识到这一貌似简单的疾病背后的发病机制却千差万别，病变受累部位也不仅仅局限在视神经。
国内亚洲人群的ON 与西方典型的脱髓鞘视神经炎不论从发病年龄、临床表现及预后均存在差异。
本文通过总结目前ON的研究进展，结合国内临床常见疾病谱，对ON的分类、诊断、鉴别诊断与治疗做一概述，有助于临床诊疗的规范化及个体化。
全球单侧ON的年发病率为0.94/100 000～2.18/100 000[1-3]。
日本的流行病学数据显示年发病率为1.62/100 000[4]，与全球平均发病率接近。
Meta分析数据显示，北半球及高纬度地区的发病率高，男女比例在北欧为1∶3[5]。
而日本1992～1993年新发病的550例患者中，男女比例为1∶1.22[4]。
高血压视网膜病变的研究进展
高血压视网膜病变的研究进展焦 雷1,张红灵2摘要 高血压视网膜病变是长期高血压引起的视网膜血管损害,是高血压靶器官损害的一部分㊂由于眼底检测方法的局限性及高血压视网膜病变症状的隐匿性,高血压视网膜病变未得到足够重视㊂近年来,随着影像学技术的快速发展,特别是光学相干断层扫描及光学相干断层扫描血流成像的广泛应用,高血压视网膜病变的诊断有了较大发展㊂随着新型成像技术的发展,高血压视网膜病变预测高血压其他靶器官损害方面的研究较多,为高血压管理和心血管风险分层提供了新思路㊂综述高血压视网膜病变的发病机制㊁分期㊁分级和诊断方式的最新研究进展及高血压性视网膜病变领域的研究进展和方向㊂关键词 高血压;高血压视网膜病变;靶器官损害;综述d o i :10.12102/j.i s s n .1672-1349.2023.12.017 高血压是全球范围内患病率最高的慢性代谢性疾病之一,我国高血压患病率总体呈上升趋势[1]㊂高血压常引起心㊁脑㊁肾㊁眼㊁主动脉和外周动脉等不同器官的损害,2020年世界高血压学会指南将其定义为高血压介导的靶器官损害(target organ damage ,TOD )[2]㊂高血压视网膜病变是高血压引起的全身性血管病变在眼部的表现,是高血压常见的靶器官损害之一,70%以上的原发性高血压病人存在不同程度的视网膜病变[3],与年龄㊁病程长短㊁血压升高的程度有关㊂由于视网膜在胚胎发育㊁解剖结构及生理功能等方面与心㊁脑㊁肾等器官具有高度的相似性,因此,视网膜形态及功能的变化与其他器官疾病相互印证[4]㊂因此,高血压视网膜病变可作为判断高血压预后简单㊁实用的指标,对评估靶器官损害有重要的临床意义㊂现就高血压视网膜病变的发病机制㊁诊断与其他器官损害的关系及高血压视网膜病变领域的研究进展和方向进行综述㊂1 高血压视网膜病变血管系统视网膜分为色素上皮层和神经上皮层两部分㊂神经上皮层自外向内又分为视细胞层㊁外界膜㊁外核层㊁外丛状层㊁中界膜㊁内核层㊁内丛状层㊁神经节细胞层㊁神经纤维层㊁内界膜(见图1)[5]㊂图中,posteriorcortical vitreous 为后皮质玻璃;pre -retinal space 为前视网膜间隙;nerve fiber layer (NFL )为神经纤维层;ganglion cell layer (GCL )为神经节细胞层;inner作者单位 1.山西医科大学(太原030001);2.山西医科大学第一医院(太原030001)通讯作者 张红灵,E -mail :*****************引用信息 焦雷,张红灵.高血压视网膜病变的研究进展[J ].中西医结合心脑血管病杂志,2023,21(12):2212-2217.plexiform layer (IPL )为内丛状;inner nuclear layer (INL )为内核层;outer plexiform layer (OPL )为外丛状层;outer nuclear layer (ONL )为外核层;Henle 'snerve fiber 为Henle 纤维层;external limiting membrane 为外界膜;myoid zone 为肌样体区;ellipsoid zone 为椭圆体区;outer segments of the photoreceptors 为光感受器外节;interdigitation zone 为交叉区;RPE/Bruch 's membrane 为视网膜色素上皮/Bruch 膜复合体;choriocapillaris 为脉络膜毛细血管;Sattler 's layer 为脉络膜Sattler 层;Haller 's layer 为脉络膜Haller 层;choroid sclera junction 为脉络膜巩膜连接视网膜血液供应完全依赖视网膜中央动脉系统㊂视网膜中央动脉是眼动脉的分支,常起于眼动脉的视神经骨管孔附近,穿过视神经干鞘膜后进入视神经,分出视网膜中央动脉侧支后其主干通过筛板进入眼底㊂主干在视乳头中央略偏鼻侧处首先分为颞上㊁颞下动脉和鼻上㊁鼻下动脉㊂各支不断分出各级更小分支,最终形成毛细血管前微动脉,移行于毛细血管小叶,再汇入毛细血管小叶后微静脉,经静脉小分支㊁二级及一级分支,于视乳头中央穿过巩膜筛板进入视网膜中央静脉总干,血液汇入眼上静脉或海绵窦㊂视网膜中央动脉㊁静脉较大的分支,位于视网膜神经纤维层靠近内界膜一侧㊂视网膜毛细血管前动脉及位于神经纤维中的浅表血管丛(superficial vascular plexus ,SVP )和位于内核层更深处的深层血管丛(deep vascular plexus ,DVP )等深浅两组毛细血管网,遍布于视网膜神经上皮层的内层,是神经上皮层内层营养的唯一来源[6]㊂视网膜血管系统(包括视神经的血管在内)具有自主调节功能,对来自眼动脉血流灌注均有一定程度的调节作用㊂图1OCT下视网膜层次解剖位置(资料来源:Staurenghi G,Sadda S,Chakravarthy U,et al.Ophthalmology,2014,121(8):1572-1578)2高血压视网膜病变的发病机制高血压视网膜病变的发生涉及氧化应激㊁肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)激活㊁免疫系统与炎症反应等多种机制[7],高血压引起的不同血管反应导致眼底改变㊂2.1氧化应激反应氧化应激反应在视网膜血管损害过程中发挥着重要作用,参与氧化还原信号的主要分子是活性氧,如超氧化物㊁过氧化氢㊁羟基自由基㊁一氧化氮和过氧亚硝酸盐㊂内皮细胞㊁血管平滑肌细胞,外膜细胞及巨噬细胞等血管成分均可产生活性氧㊂活性氧在血管收缩和舒张㊁血管细胞的生长㊁死亡和迁移及细胞外基质修饰相关的信号转导中发挥着关键的作用㊂活性氧对免疫细胞分化和功能有影响,导致CD8+和CD4+T淋巴细胞的活化㊂淋巴细胞引起细胞因子分泌,从而增加氧化应激水平㊂大量免疫细胞浸润到血管壁,引起血管结构和功能损害[8]㊂视网膜中还原型辅酶Ⅱ(NADPH)氧化酶衍生的氧化应激和炎症反应的增加导致局部血压升高,活性氧过度产生引起眼部小胶质细胞活化,表明氧化应激㊁炎症和高血压眼病之间存在着相互作用[9]㊂2.2免疫系统与炎症反应免疫系统在高血压血管损害中发挥着重要作用,T细胞㊁B细胞㊁肥大细胞㊁巨噬细胞和树突状细胞产生相关细胞因子,通过免疫级联反应,介导组织损伤,阻碍血管舒张,增强钠的重吸收,引起血压升高,进而造成血管损害㊂单核细胞和巨噬细胞可增强血管收缩和钠潴留,树突状细胞和B淋巴细胞等抗原提呈细胞可能通过调节T细胞功能刺激血压升高㊂树突状细胞可产生白细胞介素(IL)-1β和IL-6等介质,可独立于T细胞调节血压[10]㊂在血管系统中,免疫细胞通过产生各种分子(如细胞因子㊁趋化因子㊁基质金属蛋白酶㊁活性氧)积聚在血管周围脂肪中,这些分子通过不同反应导致血压升高㊁血管扩张㊁刺激胶原合成㊁降解弹力纤维及增加血管僵硬度,最终引起血管功能障碍[11]㊂2.3RAAS通过血管紧张素-1受体(AT-1R)和血管紧张素-2受体(AT-2R)上的受体信号介导视网膜血管病变㊂A T-1R介导炎症㊁细胞死亡㊁氧化应激和血管收缩;A T-2R可降低促炎细胞因子水平,减轻氧化应激,提高细胞存活率㊂血管紧张素(Ang)Ⅱ通过AT-1R途径刺激促炎分子和活性氧的产生,激活免疫细胞,引起免疫细胞积聚,血管内皮功能障碍,从而导致局部血压升高[12]㊂AngⅡ引起视网膜周细胞迁移㊁视网膜动脉收缩和细胞外基质沉积,并发挥一系列致病性作用,导致视网膜病变,包括炎症㊁新生血管形成㊁血管渗漏和水肿形成[13]㊂3高血压视网膜病变分期高血压视网膜病变分为血管收缩期㊁硬化期和渗出期3个阶段㊂在血管收缩期,血压升高引起视网膜动脉生理性痉挛收缩,临床表现为全身性视网膜小动脉变窄㊂在硬化期,随着血压持续升高,视网膜小动脉内膜增厚㊁中膜壁增生及透明变性,临床观察到小动脉对光反射的改变,称为 铜线征 ㊂狭窄和硬化的小动脉僵硬并压缩相邻的视网膜小静脉,从而导致动静脉交叉征(AVN)㊂随着时间的推移,长期持续的血压升高导致组织缺血和血-视网膜屏障破坏[14]㊂在渗出期,出现血液-视网膜屏障破裂㊁血管内皮细胞和血管内皮细胞坏死㊁血液和脂质渗出㊁视网膜神经纤维层缺血等病理变化,临床表现为微动脉瘤㊁出血㊁硬性渗出物和棉绒斑㊂高血压性视网膜病变的3个阶段并非按顺序发生,高血压引起视网膜病变一方面取决于高血压的严重程度,另一方面取决于血压升高的时间和年龄㊂部分急性血压升高的病人常观察到视网膜出血或硬性渗出等渗出期改变,而无AVN等硬化期改变[15]㊂4高血压视网膜病变分级目前,临床常用的分级标准是Keith-Wagener-Baker分级[16]和Mitchell-Wong[17]分级,具体内容详见表1㊂在长期临床应用中,较难区分Keith-Wagener-Baker分级中的Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级病变㊂表1高血压视网膜病变分级标准Keith-Wagener-Baker分级Mitchell-Wong分级临床表现Ⅰ级轻度视网膜动脉痉挛狭窄或合并轻度硬化Ⅱ级中度中度至显著小动脉狭窄㊁局部和/或全身小动脉狭窄㊁光反射过度(铜线征)㊁动静脉交叉改变或切口Ⅲ级重度视网膜小动脉狭窄和局灶性收缩,伴有视网膜水肿㊁微血管瘤㊁出血㊁硬性渗出㊁棉绒斑等Ⅳ级除Ⅲ级改变外,伴有视盘水肿等5高血压视网膜病变的诊断2020年国际高血压学会全球高血压实践指南建议对所有2级及以上高血压[收缩压ȡ160mmHg (1mmHg=0.133kPa)和/或舒张压ȡ100mmHg]病人进行视网膜检查[2]㊂近年来,随着眼底影像学及图像处理技术的不断发展及广泛应用,临床对眼底的观察及评价方法有了显著进步㊂5.1彩色眼底照相目前,直接检眼镜等传统眼底检查方式由于主观性较强㊁检查范围较小㊁随访困难等缺点已被逐渐淘汰,而眼底照相以其操作简便㊁便于筛查等优势,已成为眼底检查的主流方式㊂高血压引起多种眼底改变,多表现为视网膜小动脉变细(如动脉变窄㊁铜丝样改变及管径大小不均等)㊁动静脉交叉征等,伴有视网膜内出血㊁水肿㊁硬性渗出等表现以及视网膜动静脉阻塞㊁动脉瘤等病变[18]㊂5.2眼底荧光血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography, FFA)FFA是将荧光素钠注入静脉,荧光素钠随着全身血液循环到达眼底,应用特殊的眼底照相机拍摄记录其在视网膜血管动态循环时发出的荧光㊂荧光素钠在眼底循环情况反映了视网膜血管及色素上皮层的生理病理改变,为眼底病的诊断及鉴别诊断提供了重要依据㊂高血压病人FFA常表现为出血㊁脂质渗出㊁荧光素渗漏等,严重者发生视乳头水肿㊂急进型高血压病人易出现血-视网膜屏障破裂,由于血压骤然升高㊁血管内皮调节失控及炎性因子的作用,血浆㊁脂肪及血液其他成分由血管进入视网膜,FFA可观察到出血㊁脂肪渗出㊁荧光素渗漏㊁水肿㊁微血管瘤和新生血管形成[19]㊂5.3光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography, OCT)OCT是近年来发展迅速的一项无创眼底检查技术,其是基于弱相干光干涉仪的基本原理,测定生物组织不同深度层面的反射或散射信号,从而得到高分辨率的图像,可对视网膜进行3D成像㊂有研究表明,高血压病人中心凹下脉络膜厚度(subfoveal choroidal thickness,SFCT)㊁中央黄斑厚度(central macular thickness,CMT)㊁内丛-神经节细胞复合体(inner plexiform-ganglion cell complex,IP-GCC)和视网膜乳头周围神经纤维层(retinal nerve fiber layer,RNFL)均低于对照组[20]㊂有靶器官损害的全身性高血压病人SFCT㊁CMT㊁IP-GCC和RNFL均降低,且随着靶器官数目的增加,SFCT显著降低,提示SCFT可作为预测终末器官损害负荷的指标㊂随着血压持续升高,血-视网膜屏障可能被破坏,并发生RNFL缺血㊂中度㊁重度高血压视网膜病变病人多预后不良㊂有研究显示, TOD和SFCT之间的关系,靶器官受累数目越多, SFCT越低,而CMT㊁IP-GCC和RNFL厚度随着TOD 数目增加而无明显下降[21]㊂5.4光学相干断层扫描血流成像(optical coherence tomography angiography,OCTA)OCTA是一种新型快速的㊁非侵入性的成像手段,可对病人视网膜和脉络膜层内的血管结构及功能进行分析,并在活体上分层观察视网膜的各层血流及脉络膜毛细血管血流情况㊂临床通过OCTA进行多次筛查,及时发现病人视网膜㊁脉络膜血管的异常改变㊂与传统的FFA相比,OCTA可提供更高分辨率的三维视网膜血管成像,精确描绘中心凹无血管区(foveal avascular zone,FAZ),并生成浅㊁深血管丛的深度分辨率图像,测量视网膜SVP与DVP的血管密度㊁灌注密度㊁FAZ面积和周长㊂与眼底照相比较,OCTA可观察到眼底照相无法识别的微血管异常,如FAZ侵蚀,浅层视网膜和深层视网膜中存在非灌注区域和微动脉瘤,血管襻和毛细血管迂曲等㊂由此可见,OCTA可精确显示视网膜血管系统的内部结构并进行定量分析,发现早期视网膜改变,这是传统眼底检查或照相难以发现的[22]㊂有研究表明,OCTA可观察到高血压视网膜病变的5种主要病理变化,包括局灶性毛细血管稀疏㊁散在性微血管瘤㊁局灶性黄斑拱环缺损㊁局灶性毛细血管障碍和局灶性毛细血管无灌注[23]㊂随着高血压视网膜病变逐步恶化,病变数量随之增加,深部血管密度可能是预测高血压性视网膜病变风险的最佳指标㊂6高血压性视网膜病变的治疗高血压视网膜病变的治疗主要是根据相关高血压管理指南降低血压㊂降低血压可减轻高血压视网膜病变进展的风险,改善小动脉结构和稀疏,并增加小动脉密度[24]㊂及早发现并控制血压,早期高血压视网膜病变表现通常是可逆的㊂有研究显示,当高血压视网膜病变作为治疗指征时,需使用降压药物治疗的高血压病人比例从3%上升到14%[25]㊂目前,高血压相关指南未对高血压视网膜病变的治疗提供具体指导,但建议将高血压病人的治疗目标定为血压<140/90 mmHg,理想情况下血压ɤ130/80mmHg,同时建议高血压病人改变生活方式,包括控制体重㊁坚持体育锻炼㊁遵循健康饮食㊁减少盐及酒精摄入量㊂若病人在改变生活方式后血压仍未得到控制或存在较高的心血管风险,需要及时使用降压药物治疗,包括肾素-血管紧张素抑制剂㊁血管紧张素受体拮抗剂㊁β受体阻滞剂㊁利尿剂或钙通道阻滞剂等,通常需在医生指导下用药[2]㊂7高血压视网膜病变与靶器官损害的关系7.1高血压视网膜病变与脑损害的关系由于眼和脑的胚胎同源性,二者具有相似的解剖学㊁生理学特征,视网膜的某些特征可在脑小血管病变的诊断和随访中代替或补充影像学检查[26]㊂相关研究表明,视网膜小动脉狭窄与腔隙性脑梗死有关[27],而视网膜动脉瘤与脑出血有关[28]㊂与对照组比较,脑小血管病变病人深层毛细血管层和浅层毛细血管层的血流密度降低,FAZ区域扩大,这些表现与基于MRI的脑小血管病变疾病评分相关[29-30]㊂有研究显示,痴呆和阿尔茨海默病病人出现视网膜神经纤维层(retinal nerve fiber layer,RNFL)变薄和微血管异常等,随着认知功能下降,RNFL与脉络膜变薄[31]㊂有研究发现,基线时较低的RNFL厚度与认知能力下降和痴呆的风险增加有关[32]㊂7.2高血压视网膜病变与心血管损害的关系心血管疾病在全球范围内具有极高的发病率和死亡率,高血压是心血管疾病的主要死亡风险因素,视网膜微血管病变可在一定程度反映其他潜在的高血压靶器官损害,在预测心血管疾病风险和死亡率方面发挥着重要作用[33]㊂在OCTA中,高血压对视网膜的影响主要表现在DVP㊁SVP的血管密度降低与FAZ面积扩大[34-35]㊂有研究发现,中央凹和中央凹旁区域DVP的血管密度与高血压视网膜病变严重程度有关,无高血压病史DVP 血管密度较高,近期新诊断为高血压的病人(未接受治疗的病人)血管密度较低,高血压未控制的病人血管密度值最低[27]㊂Pascual-Prieto等[36]研究发现,与低心血管风险病人相比,心血管风险高的高血压病人DVP 和SVP的血管密度较低㊂根据病人血压进行分层时,血压控制良好的病人较血压控制不佳病人DVP的血管密度更高[37]㊂根据高血压病程分层时,高血压病程较长(>5年)的病人黄斑区SVP的血管密度低于健康人和高血压病程ɤ5年病人[38]㊂Wang等[39]使用OCTA观察了158例冠心病病人的视网膜和脉络膜血流,并将其与数量相似的健康受试者进行了比较,结果显示,除中心凹外,视网膜其他区域的SVP和DVP的血管密度降低,随着研究的深入,将眼底微血管的变化(由血管密度和血流面积反映)与各冠状动脉分支的Gensini评分(狭窄范围)进行分析,结果显示,左主干(LM)㊁左回旋支(LCX)近端和右冠状动脉(RCA)的狭窄程度与SVP和DVP(中心凹区域除外)的血管密度变化呈负相关㊂7.3高血压视网膜病变与肾损害的关系眼睛与肾脏在结构㊁发育和组织方面有一定相似之处,脉络膜毛细血管内皮㊁Bruch's膜和视网膜色素上皮的排列反映了肾小球内皮㊁GBM和足细胞的排列,在Ⅱ型膜增殖性肾小球肾炎中,GBM和Bruch's膜上均出现了电子致密沉积物,该发现验证了这种观点[40]㊂慢性肾病病人视网膜微血管改变可能在视觉症状出现的早期发生㊂不同视网膜层的微血管可能对系统性合并症有不同的反应㊂慢性肾病病人存在明显的视网膜微血管异常㊂定量变化包括SVP和DVP的毛细血管变细㊁血管密度降低和FAZ的非圆形指数增加㊂血管密度降低可能是由于毛细血管的局部或弥漫性稀疏,FAZ的非圆形指数增加可能是由于中央凹旁毛细血管网络的破坏引起的[41]㊂一项研究通过对比60例慢性肾病的高血压病人与对照组的OCTA资料,结果显示,慢性肾病病人的SVP和DVP血管密度较低[35]㊂7.4高血压视网膜损害与颈动脉狭窄(carotid artery stenosis,CAS)的关系在CAS的病人中,同侧颈动脉重度狭窄病人视网膜中央动脉当量(CRAE)和动静脉比值(AVR)较小,重度CAS病人的平均视网膜敏感度降低㊂视网膜敏感度和CRAE呈正相关[42]㊂与健康对照组相比,病人视网膜血流密度降低[43]㊂Lee 等[44]研究CAS术前后视网膜微循环的变化,结果显示,双眼黄斑深部毛细血管层和浅毛细血管层的血管密度增加㊂8小结与展望高血压视网膜病变发病机制复杂,其损伤过程与全身微血管损伤密切相关,在诊疗过程中,临床医生并未对高血压视网膜病变的诊治给予足够重视,且常规眼底检查对早期微血管系统的发现不敏感㊂随着科学技术的进一步发展,OCT及OCTA等技术广泛应用,临床医生可早期发现和评估高血压视网膜病变㊂由于视网膜血管的可视性及其与心㊁脑㊁肾等各器官的内在联系,常将其作为判断其他器官损害的标志,可用于高血压管理和心血管风险的分层,也为临床医师早期发现并干预高血压靶器官损害提供借鉴和指导㊂参考文献:[1]王增武,王文.中国高血压防治指南(2018年修订版)解读[J].中国心血管病研究,2019(3):193-197.[2]UNGER T,BORGHI C,CHARCHAR F,et al.2020InternationalSociety of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines[J].Journal of Hypertension,2020,38(6):982-1004.[3]边波,万征,李永乐,等.高血压患者视网膜病变调查及其临床价值评价[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2011,19(2):170-171. 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眼科名词缩写大全
眼科名词缩写大全abd┃abdominal 腹部的ABK┃aphakic bullous keratopathy无晶体性大泡性角膜病变abn┃abnormal异常ac┃before meals餐前AC┃anterior chamber前房ACC┃accommodation调节ACG┃angle-closure glaucoma闭角青光眼ACIOL┃anterior chamber intraocular lens前房型眼内晶体add┃adduction or reading additional power内收；阅读另加屈光力ad lib┃as desired当需要时adv┃advanced高度AIBSE┃acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement急性特发性盲点扩大综合征AIDS┃acquired immunodeficiency syndrome艾滋病AION┃arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy动脉缺血性视神经病变┃anterior ischemic optic neuropathy前部缺血性视神经病变AKS┃ankylosing spondylitis强直性脊椎炎AL┃argon laser氩激光ALPI┃argon laser peripheral iridoplasty氩激光周边虹膜成形术ALT┃argon laser trabeculoplasty氩激光小梁成形术AMA┃against medical advice违反医疗忠告ambl┃amblyopia弱视AMD┃age-related macular degeneration年龄相关性黄斑变性AMN┃acute macular neuroretinopathy急性黄斑神经视网膜病变AMPPE┃acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy 急性多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变AMPPPE┃acute multifocal posterior placoid pigment epitheliopathy急性多病灶性后部盾鳞状色素上皮病变ANA┃antinuclear antibody抗核抗体ant┃anterior前APMPPE┃acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy 急性后部多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变AODM┃adult-onset diabetes mellitus成人（发病）型糖尿病AP┃anteroposterior前后APD┃afferent pupillary defect瞳孔传入缺陷approx┃approximately大约APTT┃activated partial thromboplastin time激活部分促凝血酶原激酶时间ARC┃anomalous retinal correspondence异常视网膜对应ARMD┃age-retinal pigment epitheliitis年龄相关性黄斑变性ARN┃acute retinal necrosis急性视网膜坏死ARPE┃acute retinal pegment epitheliitis急性视网膜色素上皮炎art┃artificial tears人工泪液AS┃anterior synechia前粘连ASA┃aspirin(acetylsalicylic acid)阿司匹林ASAP┃as soon as possible尽快地ASC┃anterior subcapsular cataract前囊下白内障ASCVD┃atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease动脉硬化性心血管病ASHD┃atherosclerotic heart disease动脉硬化性心脏病astig┃astigmatism散光ATR┃against-the-rule(astigmatism)逆规性（散光）AU┃anterior uveitis前葡萄膜炎AVM┃arteriovenous malformation动静脉畸形A/V┃arteriolar/venous(ratio,nicking)小动脉/静脉（比，压痕）AZOOR┃acute zonal occult outer retinopathy急性区域性隐匿性外层视网膜病变Bas┃basophils嗜碱细胞BC┃base curve基底曲线BCC┃basal cell carcinoma基底细胞癌BCP┃birth control pill避孕丸BCR┃base curve radius基底弯曲半径BCVA┃best corrected visual acuity最佳矫正视力BD┃base down底向下BDR┃background diabetic retinopathy背景型糖尿病性视网膜病变BI┃base in底向内bid┃twice a day一日两次bilat┃bilateral两侧性BIO┃binocular indirect ophthalmoscope双眼间接检眼镜BK┃bullous keratopathy大泡性角膜病变bleph┃blepharitis睑缘炎BM┃basement membrane基底膜BO┃base out 底向外BP┃blood pressure血压BRAO┃branch retinal artery occlusion视网膜分枝动脉阻塞BRVO┃branch retinal vein occlusion视网膜分枝静脉阻塞BU┃base up底向上BUT┃break-up time泪膜破裂时间BVA┃best visual acuity最佳视力bx┃biopsy活检c┃with与c┃cornea角膜CA┃carcinoma癌CABG┃coronary artery bypass graft冠状动脉旁路移植CAD┃coronary artery disease冠状动脉病CAI┃carbonic anhydrase inhibitor碳酸酐酶抑制剂Cap ┃capsule胶囊CAR┃cancer-associated retinopathy癌相关性视网膜病变cat┃cataract白内障CAT┃computed axial tomography计算机体层摄影术CB┃ciliary body睫状体CBC┃complete blood count完全血细胞计数cc┃with correction矫正（视力）cc┃chief complaint主诉CCA┃common carotid artery颈总动脉CCT┃computer-assisted corneal topography角膜地形图仪C/D┃cup-to-disc ratio杯/盘比CF┃count fingers数指CFZ┃capillary-free zone无毛细血管地带C＆F┃cells and flare细胞和光带（闪光）CHF┃congestive heart failure充血性心力衰竭CHI┃closed head injury闭合性头颅外伤CHRPE┃congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium先天性视网膜色素上皮肥厚CK┃conductive keratoplasty传导性角膜成形术CL┃contact lens,clear接触镜，透明CME┃cystoid macular edema囊样黄斑水肿cmv┃cytomegalovirus巨细胞病毒CN┃cranial nerve脑神经CNS┃central nervous system中枢神经系统CNV┃choroidal neovascularization脉络膜新生血管形成CNVM┃choroidal neovascular membrane脉络膜新生血管膜c/o┃complaining of主诉COAG┃chronic open-angle glaucoma慢开角青光眼cong┃congenital先天性conj┃conjunctiva结膜COP┃cicatricial ocular pemphigoid瘢痕性眼类天疱疮COPD┃chronic obstructive pulmonary disease慢性阻塞性肺病CP┃cerebral palsy大脑麻痹CPEO┃chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia慢性进行性眼外肌麻痹CPR┃cardiopulmonary resuscitation心肺复苏术CR┃chorioretinal脉络膜视网膜CRAO┃central retinal artery occlusion视网膜中央动脉阻塞CRF┃chronic renal failure慢性肾衰竭CRT┃corneal refractive therapy角膜屈光矫正法CRVO┃central retinal vein occlusion视网膜中央静脉阻塞C＆S┃culture and sensitivity培养和敏感性CSCR┃central serous chorioretinopathy中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变CSF┃cerebrospinal fluid脑脊髓液CSME┃clinical significant macular edema临床意义性黄斑水肿CSR┃central serous retinopathy中心性浆液性视网膜病变csw┃corneoscleral wound角膜巩膜创伤CT┃cover test遮盖试验┃computed tomography计算机体层摄影CT scan┃computed tomographic scan计算机体层扫描CV┃color vision色觉CVA┃cerebrovascular accident脑中风CVD┃cardiovascular disease 心血管病CWS┃cotton-wool spot棉絮斑Cx┃culture（微生物）培养CXR┃chest x-ray film胸部X光片cyl┃cylinder柱镜d┃days天D┃diopter or diameter屈光度或直径D/C┃discontinue停止D＆C┃deep and clear（前房）深而透明DD┃disc diameter视盘直径DDx┃differential diagnosis鉴别诊断DFE┃dilated fundus examination扩瞳检查眼底D＆I┃dilation and irrigation（泪道）扩张和灌洗DHD┃dissociated horizontal deviation分离性水平偏斜dia┃diameter直径disp┃dispense配药DM┃diabetes mellitus糖尿病DR┃diabetic retinopathy糖尿病视网膜病变DV┃distance vision远距离视力DVA┃distance vision acuity远距离视力DVD┃dissociated vertical deviation分离性垂直偏离DW┃daily wear每日戴（接触镜）Dx┃diagnosis诊断DX┃Diamox醋氮酰胺E┃esophoria at far内隐斜（视远）E’┃esophoria at near内隐斜（视近）ECA┃external carotid artery颈外动脉ECCE┃extracapsular cataract extraction白内障囊外摘除术EDTA┃ethylene dianline tetraacctic acid乙烯dianline tetraacctic酸EEG┃electroencephalogram脑电图EF┃eccentric fixation离心注视EKC┃epidemic keratoconjunctivitis流行性角结膜炎EKGorECG┃electrocardiogram心电图ELISA┃enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay酶连结免疫吸收测定EMM┃epimacular membrane黄斑表面膜endo┃endothelium内皮细胞ENT┃ear,nose,throat耳鼻喉EOG┃electro-oculogram眼电图EOM┃extraocular muscles眼外肌eos┃eosinophil嗜酸型细胞epi┃epithelium上皮细胞ER┃emergency room急诊室ERG┃electroretinogram视网膜电图ERM┃epiretinal membrane视网膜表面膜ESR┃erythrocyte sedimentation rate血沉ET┃esotropia at far内斜视（视远）ET’┃esotropia at near内隐斜（视近）E（T）orIET┃intermittent esotropia at far间歇性内隐斜（视近）E（T）’orIET’┃intermittent esotropia at near间歇性内隐斜（视远）ETOH┃ethyl alcohol乙醇，酒精EUA ┃examination under anesthesia全麻下检查EW┃extended wear长期戴用（接触镜）EXT┃external ocular examination外眼检查exoph┃exophthalmos眼球突出FA┃fluorescein angiography荧光素血管造影FAZ┃fluorescein angiography中心凹无血管地带FB┃foreign body异物FBS┃fasting blood sugar空腹血糖FC┃finger count数指FFA┃fundus fluorescein angiography荧光素眼底血管造影FHorFHx┃family history家族史fl┃fluorescein荧光素FMHx┃family medical history家族病史FML┃fluorometholone弗米隆FOHx┃family ocular history家族眼病史FR┃foveal reflex中心凹反光FROM┃full range of motion运动范围完整FTA-ABS┃fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test荧光密螺旋体抗体吸收试验FTMH┃full-thickness macular hole黄斑全层裂孔f/u┃follow-up随访GC┃gonorrhea or gonococcus淋病或淋菌GCA┃giant cell arteritis巨细胞性动脉炎gent┃gentamicin庆大霉素GI┃gastrointestine胃肠GLC┃glaucoma,glucose青光眼，葡萄糖fonio┃gonioscopy前房角镜检查GPC┃giant papillary conjunctivitis巨乳头性结膜炎gr┃grain 谷（=0.065克）gt or gtt┃drop(Plural,gtt)滴（复数，gtt）GTT┃glucose tolerance test葡萄糖耐量试验GVF┃Goldmann visual field Goldmann视野H or hr(hrs) ┃hour小时HA┃headache头痛Hb,Hgb┃hemoglobin血红蛋白HCL┃hard contact lens硬性接触镜Hct┃hematocrit血细胞比容HCTZ┃hydrocholorothiazide呋塞米（双氢克尿塞）hem┃hemorrhage出血HIV┃human immunodeficiency virus人类免疫缺陷病毒HLA┃histocompatibility locus antigen or human leukocyte antigen组织相容性基因位点抗原或人类白细胞抗原h/o┃history of历史HM┃hand motion手动H＆P┃history and physical病史和体格hs┃at bedtime在就寝时间HSK┃herpes simplex keratitis单纯疱疹性角膜炎HSV┃herpes simplex virus单纯疱疹病毒HT┃hypertropia at far上斜视（远距离）HT’┃hypertropia at near上斜视（近距离）HTN┃hypertension高血压HVF┃Humphrey visual field Humphrey视野Hx┃history历史HZO┃herpes zoster ophthalmicus眼带状疱疹I┃iris虹膜I＆A┃irrigation and aspiration灌注和抽吸IBx┃incisional biopsy切口性活检IC┃iridocyclitis虹膜睫状体炎ICA┃internal carotid artery颈内动脉ICCE┃intracapsular cataract extraction白内障囊内摘除术ICE┃inidocorneal endothelial syndrome虹膜角膜内皮综合征ICG┃indocyanine green吲哚青绿ICP┃intracranial pressure颅内压ICU┃intensive care unit监护病房I＆D┃incision and drainage切开引流术IDDM┃insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus胰岛素依赖糖尿病IDU┃idoxuridine疱疹净IFIOL┃iris-fixated intraocular lens虹膜固定眼内晶体Ig┃immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白IK┃interstitial keratitis基质性角膜炎Im┃intramuscular肌内Imp┃impression印象inf┃inferior下inj┃injection注射INO┃internuclear ophthalmoplegia核间眼肌麻痹INQ┃inferonasal quadrant鼻下象限int┃intermittent间歇性IOFB┃intraocular forergn body眼内异物IOH┃intraocular hemorrhage眼内出血IOL┃intraocular lens眼内晶状体，人工晶体ION┃ischemic optic neuropathy缺血性视神经病变IOP┃intraocular pressure眼压IR┃infrared红外线IRMA┃intraretinal microvascular abnormality视网膜内微血管异常ITQ┃inferotemporal quadrant颞下象限iu┃international unit or intermediate uveitis国际单位或中间葡萄膜炎IV┃intravenous静脉内JCT┃Juxtacanalicular Tissue管旁组织JODM┃juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus青少年型糖尿病JRA┃juvenile rheumatoid arthritis少年类风湿性关节炎K┃cornea or potassium角膜或钾KCS┃keratoconjunctivitis sicca干燥性角膜结膜炎kg┃kilogram公斤KP┃keratic precipiate角膜后沉着物L┃left or lens左或晶状体lab┃laboratory试验室lac┃lacrimal泪LASEK┃laser subepithelial keratomileusis激光上皮下角膜磨削术LASIK┃laser in situ keratomileusis激光原位角膜磨削术LCG┃light contrast glare光对比炫耀LCTP┃lateral canthal tendon plication外眦腱折叠术LI┃laser iridotomy or laser interferometry激光虹膜切开术或激光干涉仪LK,LKP┃lamellar keratoplasty板层角膜移植术LIO┃left inferior oblique左眼下斜肌LIR┃left inferior rectus左眼下直肌LL┃lower lid or lids and lashes下睑或眼睑和睫毛LLR┃left lateral rectus左眼外直肌LMR┃left medial rectus左眼内直肌LN┃lymph node淋巴结LP┃light perception,light projection,or lumber puncture光感，光定位，或腰椎穿刺LPI┃laser peripheral iridoplasty激光周边虹膜成形术LS┃lid scrubs睑缘擦洗（治疗睑缘炎）LSO┃laser scanner ophthalmolscope激光扫描检眼镜LSO┃left superior oblique左眼上斜肌LSR┃left superior rectus左眼上直肌LTP┃laser trabeculoplasy激光小梁成形术LTQ┃lower temporal quadrant颞下象限LVA┃low vision aids低视力辅助lymph┃lymphocytes or lymphatic淋巴细胞或淋巴mac┃macular黄斑mand┃mandibular下颌骨MAR┃melanoma-associated retinopathy黑色素相关的视网膜病变max┃maximum or maxillary最大值或上颌骨MCH┃mean corpuscular hemoglobin 平均血细胞血红蛋白MCHC┃mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration平均血细胞血红蛋白浓度MCV┃mean corpuscular volume平均血细胞体积ME┃macular edema黄斑水肿MEDs┃medications药物治疗mERG┃multifocal ERG多区域（多焦）视网膜电图mfERG┃multifocal ERG多区域（多焦）视网膜电图MEWDS┃multiple evanescent white dot syndrome多数消散性白点综合征MFC┃multifocal choroiditis多病灶性脉络膜炎M.G. ┃Marcus Gunn瞳孔传入缺陷MHx┃medical history病史MI┃myocardial infarction心肌梗塞min┃minute or minimum分钟或最小量ml┃milliliter毫升mmHg┃millimeters of mercury毫米汞柱M＆N┃Mydriacyl(tropicamide)and Neo-synephrine(phenylephrine) 两种最常用的扩瞳剂：托庇卡按及新福林mon┃monocytes单核细胞MR┃manifest refraction显性验光┃magnetic resonance磁共振MRA┃magnetic resonance angiography磁共振血管造影术MRD┃上睑缘至角膜中心反光点的距离MRI┃magnetic resonance imaging磁共振成像术MS┃multiple sclerosis多发性硬化MVA┃motor vehicle accident交通工具意外事故（车祸）N/A┃not applicable不适用NAG┃narrow-angle glaucoma窄角型青光眼NAION┃nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy非动脉缺血性视神经病变NAP┃no apparent pathology无明显病理学NCT┃noncontact tonometer非接触眼压计neg┃negative隐性NFL┃nerve fiber layer神经纤维层NFLD┃nerve fiber layer defect神经纤维层缺陷NG┃nongranulomatous非肉芽肿性NI┃no improvement无进步NIDDM┃non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病NION┃Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy非动脉缺血性视神经病变NKA┃no known allergies无已知的过敏反应nl┃normal正常NLP┃no light perception无光感Non repet┃not to be repeated(refilled)不重复（再次发药）NPA┃near point of accommodation调节近点NPC┃near point of convergence集合近点NPDR┃non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变NR┃no refill不能再次发药NRC┃normal retinal correspondence正常视网膜对应NS┃nuclear sclerosis核性白内障（核硬化）NSA┃no significant abnormalities无重要异常NSAID┃no steroidal anti-inflammatory drug非类固醇消炎药NTG┃normal tension glaucoma正常眼压性青光眼NV┃near vision or neovascularization近视力或新生血管形成NV┃neovascularization新生血管形成N/V┃nausea and vomiting恶心和呕吐NVA┃Near visual acuity近视力NVD┃neovascularization of disc视盘新生血管形成NVE┃neovascularization of retina elsewhere视网膜新生血管形成NVG┃neovascular glaucoma新生血管性青光眼NVI┃neovascularization of the iris虹膜新生血管形成OA┃optic atrophy视神经萎缩OAG┃open-angle glaucoma开角型青光眼OCP┃ocular cicatricial pemphigoid眼瘢痕性类天疱疮OCT┃optic coherence tomography光学相干体层扫描术，光学相干层析术OD┃right eye右眼ODM┃ophthalmodynamometry眼动脉压测量OFHx┃ocular family history眼病家族史OGTT┃oral glucose tolerance test口服葡萄糖耐量试验OHTN┃ocular hypertension高眼压病OHx┃ocular history眼病史OKN┃optokinetic nystagmus视运动性眼球震颤ON┃optic nerve视神经ONAorOA┃optic nerve atrophy or optic atrophy视神经萎缩ONH┃optic nerve head视神经头ONSD┃optic nerve sheath decompression视神经鞘减压术OP┃outpatient门诊病人Op┃operation(Post Op)手术（术后）OR┃operating room手术室┃Over-refraction重叠验光Ortho┃orthophoria正视轴Ortho-K┃CRT,corneal refractive therapy角膜屈光矫正法OS┃left eye左眼OU┃both eyes双眼OZ┃optical zone光学地带p┃pupil瞳孔PA┃posteroanterior后前PACG┃primary angle-closure glaucoma原发性闭角型青光眼PACT┃prism alternating cover test棱镜交替遮盖试验PAM┃potential acuity meter潜在视力计PAN┃preauricular node耳前淋巴结PAS┃peripheral anterior synechia周边虹膜前粘连Pat or pt┃patient病人path┃pathology病理学P4,P2,etc. pilocarpine4%,2%,etc.drops毛果云香碱4%，2%等，眼药水PBK┃pseudophakic bullous keratopathy无晶状体性大泡性角膜病变PC┃after meals餐后PC┃posterior capsule后囊PCF┃pharyngoconjunctival fever咽结膜热PCIOL┃posterior chamber intraocular lens后房眼内晶体PCN┃penicillin青霉素PCO┃posterior capsular opacity后囊混浊PD┃prism diopter棱镜屈光度PD┃pupillary distance瞳孔距离PDR┃proliferative diabetic retinopathy增生性糖尿病视网膜病变PDS┃pigment dispersion syndrome色素播散综合征PDT┃photodynamic therapy光动力疗法PE┃physical examination体格检查PED┃pigment epithelial detachment色素上皮脱离PEE┃punctate epithelial erosions点状上皮侵蚀PEK┃punctate epithelial keratitis点状上皮角膜炎PERG┃pattern electroretinogram图形视网膜电图PERRL┃pupils equal,round,reactive to light瞳孔相等，圆，对光反射PERRLA┃pupils equal,round,reactive to light and accommodation瞳孔相等，圆，对光反应和调节PF┃Pred FortePg┃Prostaglandin前列腺素ph┃pinhole针孔phako┃phakoemulsification晶状体乳化术PHNIorNIph┃pinhole no improvement针孔无进步PHPV┃persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous永存原始玻璃体增生症PI┃present illness,peripheral iridotomy,or peripheral iridectomy现有疾病，周边虹膜切开术，或周边虹膜切除术PKPorPK┃penetrating keratoplasty穿透性角膜移植术PMMA┃polymethyl methacrylate聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（有机玻璃）PMN┃polymorphonuclear neutrophil多形核中性白细胞po┃per os,by mouth口服POAG┃primary open-angle glaucose原发性开角型青光眼POHS┃presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome假定眼组织胞浆菌病综合征post┃posterior后PPA┃peripapillary atrophy视乳头周围萎缩PPD┃purified protein derivative or posterior polymorphous dystrophy纯蛋白质衍生物或后多形性营养不良PPDR┃pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy增生前型糖尿病视网膜病变PPL┃pars plana lensectomy平部晶状体切除术PPV┃pars plana vitrectomy平部玻璃体切割术prep┃preparation准备PRK┃photorefractive keratectomy激光屈光角膜切除术prn┃take as needed当需要时服用PRP┃pan-retinal photocoagulation全视网膜光凝术PS┃posterior synechia虹膜后粘连PSC┃posterior subcapsular catarcat后囊下白内障PTC┃pseudotumor cerebri大脑假性肿瘤PTK┃phototherapeutic keratectomy光治疗性角膜切除术PVD┃posterior vitreous detachment玻璃体后脱离PVEP┃pattern visual evoked potential图形视觉诱发电位PVR┃proliferative vitreoretinopathy增生性玻璃体视网膜病变Px┃prognosis预后PXE┃psuedoxanthoma elasticum弹力性黄假瘤q┃every每qd┃every day每天q2h┃every 2 hours每2小时qid┃four times a day一天四次qod┃every other day每隔一日R┃right右RA┃rheumatoid arthritis类风湿性关节炎RB┃rose Bengal,retinoblastoma孟加拉玫瑰红，视网膜母细胞瘤RBC┃red blood cell红血细胞RBON┃retrobulbar optic neuritis球后视神经炎RCE┃recurrent corneal erosion复发性角膜侵蚀RD┃retinal ditachment视网膜脱离RF┃rheumatoid factor类风湿因子R-G┃red-green红-绿RGB┃Red green blue红绿蓝RGP┃rigid gas permeable刚质透气（接触镜）RI┃rubeosis iridis虹膜红变RIO┃right inferior oblique右眼下斜肌RIR┃right inferior rectus右眼下直肌RK┃radial keratotomy放射状角膜切开术RLR┃right lateral tectus右眼外直肌RMR┃right medial rectus右眼内直肌R/O┃rule Out摈除，排除ROP┃retinopathy of prematurity早产儿视网膜病变RP┃retinitis pigmentosa视网膜色素变性RPE┃retinal pigment epithelium视网膜色素上皮RRD┃rhegmatogenous retinal detachment孔原性视网膜脱离RSO┃right superior oblique右眼上斜肌RSR┃right superior rectus右眼上直肌RT┃return复诊RTC┃return to clinic复诊RTO┃return to office复诊RV┃return visit复诊Rx┃prescription处方s┃without没有SB┃scleral buckle巩膜扣带术sc┃without correction未戴眼镜矫正SCL┃soft contact lens软接触镜SEI┃subepithelial infiltrate上皮下侵润SI┃sector iridectomy扇形虹膜切除术sibs┃siblings同胞Sig┃write on label用法SJS┃Stevens-Johnson syndrome综合征SL┃Schwalbe’s line or serum lysozyme Schwalbe线或血清溶菌霉SLE┃slit lamp examination or systemic lupus erythematosus裂隙灯检查或系统性红斑狼疮SLK┃superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis上部角膜缘角结膜炎Sn┃sign体征SNQ┃superonasal quadrant鼻上象限SOB┃shortness of breath呼吸短促Sol┃solution溶液S/P┃status post后状态（例如XX手术后）Sph┃spherical球面镜SPK┃superficial punctuate keratitis浅层点状角膜炎SR┃subjective refraction主觉验光SRF┃subretinal fluid视网膜下液体SRNV┃subretinal neovascularization视网膜下新生血管形成SRNVM┃subretinal neovascular membrane视网膜下新生血管膜SRx┃spectacle prescription眼镜处方Ss┃scleral spur or sickle cell disease巩膜突或镰状细胞病stat┃immediately立即STD┃sexually transmitted disease性传播疾病STQ┃superotemporal quadrant颞上象限strab┃strabismus斜视subcu┃subcutaneous皮下sup┃superior下susp┃suspension悬浮液SVP┃spontaneous venous pulsation自发性静脉波动Sx┃symptom症状synech┃synechia虹膜粘连T1/2┃Timoptic drops0.5%0.5%赛马心安眼药水TA┃applanation tonometry or temporal arteritis压平式眼压测量法或颞动脉炎Tab ┃tablet 片剂Tap┃applanation tonometry压平式眼压测量法TB┃tuberculosis结核tbs┃tablespoon汤匙TBUT┃tear break-up time泪膜破裂时间TDx┃tentative diagnosis试验性诊断TIA┃transient ischemic attack暂时性缺血性发作tid┃three times a day一日三次TM┃trabecular meshwork小梁网状组织，小梁网络Tnct┃noncontact(air puff)tonometry非接触性（空气冲击）眼压测量法TPR┃temperature,pulse,respiration体温，脉搏，呼吸trab┃trabeculectomy小梁切除术TSH┃thyroid-stimulating hormone促甲状腺激素Tsp┃teaspoon茶匙Tx┃treatment治疗UA┃urinalysis尿分析UBM┃ultrasound biomicroscope超声活体显微镜UCT┃unilateral cover test单眼遮盖试验UL┃upper lid上睑ung┃ointment软膏UNQ┃upper nasal quadrant鼻上象限URI┃upper respiratory infection上呼吸道感染UTI┃urinary tract infection尿路感染UTT┃unable to test不能试验UV┃ultraviolet紫外线V┃vitreous玻璃体VA┃visual acuity视力Vcc┃vision with correction较正视力Vccl┃vision with contact lens接触镜矫正视力VD┃venereal disease性病VDRL┃Venereal disease research laboratory性病研究实验室（梅毒试验）VEP┃visual evoked potential视诱发电位VER┃visual evoked response视诱发反应VF┃visual fields视野VH┃vitreous hemorrhage玻璃体积血VKC┃vernal keratoconjunctivitis春季角膜结膜炎VKH┃Vogt-koyanagi-harada syndrome综合征VOR┃vestibuloocular reflex前庭眼反射Vsc┃vision without correction裸眼视力VZV┃varicella-zoster correction水痘-带状疱疹病毒W-4-D┃Worth-four-dot Worth四点灯WBC┃white blood cell白血细胞WC┃warm compresses热敷WC/LS┃warm compresses and lid scrubs热敷及擦洗睑缘Wk┃week星期WNL┃within normal limits在正常限度内WRA┃with-the-rule astigmatism顺规性（散光）wt┃weight重量X┃exophoria at far or axis外隐斜（视远）或轴X’┃exophoria at near外隐斜（视近）XT┃constant exotropia at far外斜视（视远）XT’┃contant exotropia at near外斜视（视近）X(T)orIXT┃intermittent exotropia at far间歇性外斜视（视远）X(T)’orIXT’┃intermittent exotropia at near间歇性外斜视（视近）YAG┃yttrium aluminum garnet亿铝石榴激光YLI┃YAG laser iridotomy YAG激光虹膜切开术Y/O┃years old岁（年龄）YPC┃YAG laser posterior capsulotomy YAG激光后囊切开术常见英文缩写PVD玻璃体后脱离CRVO中静阻BRVO分支静阻CRAO中动阻CME黄斑囊样水肿RD视网膜脱离RRD孔源性RD PVR增殖性视网膜病变CNV脉络膜新生血管NVI虹膜新生血管PCV息肉样脉络膜病变PPV玻璃体切除术Phaco+IOL+GSL白内障+晶体植入+房角分离术AION前部缺血性视网膜病变PDR增殖性DR BDR背景期DR RP视网膜色素变性PK全层角膜移植LK板层角膜移植。
2019最新眼科英文缩写大全
2019眼科英文缩写大全ANA┃antinuclear antibody抗核抗体ant┃anterior前APMPPE┃acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy 急性后部多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变AODM┃adult-onset diabetes mellitus成人（发病）型糖尿病AP┃anteroposterior前后APD┃afferent pupillary defect瞳孔传入缺陷approx┃approximately大约APTT┃activated partial thromboplastin time激活部分促凝血酶原激酶时间ARC┃anomalous retinal correspondence异常视网膜对应ARMD┃age-retinal pigment epitheliitis年龄相关性黄斑变性ARN┃acute retinal necrosis急性视网膜坏死ARPE┃acute retinal pegment epitheliitis急性视网膜色素上皮炎art┃artificial tears人工泪液AS┃anterior synechia前粘连ASA┃aspirin(acetylsalicylic acid)阿司匹林ASAP┃as soon as possible尽快地ASC┃anterior subcapsular cataract前囊下白内障ASCVD┃atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease动脉硬化性心血管病ASHD┃atherosclerotic heart disease动脉硬化性心脏病astig┃astigmatism散光ATR┃against-the-rule(astigmatism)逆规性（散光）AU┃anterior uveitis前葡萄膜炎AVM┃arteriovenous malformation动静脉畸形A/V┃arteriolar/venous(ratio,nicking)小动脉/静脉（比，压痕）AZOOR┃acute zonal occult outer retinopathy急性区域性隐匿性外层视网膜病变Bas┃basophils嗜碱细胞BC┃base curve基底曲线BCC┃basal cell carcinoma基底细胞癌BCP┃birth control pill避孕丸BCR┃base curve radius基底弯曲半径BCVA┃best corrected visual acuity最佳矫正视力BD┃base down底向下BDR┃background diabetic retinopathy背景型糖尿病性视网膜病变BI┃base in底向内bid┃twice a day一日两次bilat┃bilateral两侧性BIO┃binocular indirect ophthalmoscope双眼间接检眼镜BK┃bullous keratopathy大泡性角膜病变bleph┃blepharitis睑缘炎BM┃basement membrane基底膜BO┃base out 底向外BP┃blood pressure血压BRAO┃branch retinal artery occlusion视网膜分枝动脉阻塞BRVO┃branch retinal vein occlusion视网膜分枝静脉阻塞BU┃base up底向上BUT┃break-up time泪膜破裂时间BVA┃best visual acuity最佳视力bx┃biopsy活检c┃with与c┃cornea角膜CA┃carcinoma癌CABG┃coronary artery bypass graft冠状动脉旁路移植CAD┃coronary artery disease冠状动脉病CAI┃carbonic anhydrase inhibitor碳酸酐酶抑制剂Cap ┃capsule胶囊CAR┃cancer-associated retinopathy癌相关性视网膜病变cat┃cataract白内障CAT┃computed axial tomography计算机体层摄影术CB┃ciliary body睫状体CBC┃complete blood count完全血细胞计数cc┃with correction矫正（视力）cc┃chief complaint主诉CCA┃common carotid artery颈总动脉CCT┃computer-assisted corneal topography角膜地形图仪C/D┃cup-to-disc ratio杯/盘比CF┃count fingers数指CFZ┃capillary-free zone无毛细血管地带C＆F┃cells and flare细胞和光带（闪光）CHF┃congestive heart failure充血性心力衰竭CHI┃closed head injury闭合性头颅外伤CHRPE┃congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium先天性视网膜色素上皮肥厚CK┃conductive keratoplasty传导性角膜成形术CL┃contact lens,clear接触镜，透明CME┃cystoid macular edema囊样黄斑水肿cmv┃cytomegalovirus巨细胞病毒CN┃cranial nerve脑神经CNS┃central nervous system中枢神经系统CNV┃choroidal neovascularization脉络膜新生血管形成CNVM┃choroidal neovascular membrane脉络膜新生血管膜c/o┃complaining of主诉COAG┃chronic open-angle glaucoma慢开角青光眼cong┃congenital先天性conj┃conjunctiva结膜abd┃abdominal 腹部的ABK┃aphakic bullous keratopathy无晶体性大泡性角膜病变abn┃abnormal异常ac┃before meals餐前AC┃anterior chamber前房ACC┃accommodation调节ACG┃angle-closure glaucoma闭角青光眼ACIOL┃anterior chamber intraocular lens前房型眼内晶体add┃adduction or reading additional power内收；阅读另加屈光力ad lib┃as desired当需要时adv┃advanced高度AIBSE┃acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement急性特发性盲点扩大综合征AIDS┃acquired immunodeficiency syndrome艾滋病AION┃arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy动脉缺血性视神经病变┃anterior ischemic optic neuropathy前部缺血性视神经病变AKS┃ankylosing spondylitis强直性脊椎炎AL┃argon laser氩激光ALPI┃argon laser peripheral iridoplasty氩激光周边虹膜成形术ALT┃argon laser trabeculoplasty氩激光小梁成形术AMA┃against medical advice违反医疗忠告ambl┃amblyopia弱视AMD┃age-related macular degeneration年龄相关性黄斑变性AMN┃acute macular neuroretinopathy急性黄斑神经视网膜病变AMPPE┃acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy 急性多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变AMPPPE┃acute multifocal posterior placoid pigment epitheliopathy急性多病灶性后部盾鳞状色素上皮病变COP┃cicatricial ocular pemphigoid瘢痕性眼类天疱疮COPD┃chronic obstructive pulmonary disease慢性阻塞性肺病CP┃cerebral palsy大脑麻痹CPEO┃chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia慢性进行性眼外肌麻痹CPR┃cardiopulmonary resuscitation心肺复苏术CR┃chorioretinal脉络膜视网膜CRAO┃central retinal artery occlusion视网膜中央动脉阻塞CRF┃chronic renal failure慢性肾衰竭CRT┃corneal refractive therapy角膜屈光矫正法CRVO┃central retinal vein occlusion视网膜中央静脉阻塞C＆S┃culture and sensitivity培养和敏感性CSCR┃central serous chorioretinopathy中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变CSF┃cerebrospinal fluid脑脊髓液CSME┃clinical significant macular edema临床意义性黄斑水肿CSR┃central serous retinopathy中心性浆液性视网膜病变csw┃corneoscleral wound角膜巩膜创伤CT┃cover test遮盖试验┃computed tomography计算机体层摄影CT scan┃computed tomographic scan计算机体层扫描CV┃color vision色觉CVA┃cerebrovascular accident脑中风CVD┃cardiovascular disease 心血管病CWS┃cotton-wool spot棉絮斑Cx┃culture（微生物）培养CXR┃chest x-ray film胸部X光片cyl┃cylinder柱镜d┃days天D┃diopter or diameter屈光度或直径D/C┃discontinue停止D＆C┃deep and clear（前房）深而透明DD┃disc diameter视盘直径DDx┃differential diagnosis鉴别诊断DFE┃dilated fundus examination扩瞳检查眼底D＆I┃dilation and irrigation（泪道）扩张和灌洗DHD┃dissociated horizontal deviation分离性水平偏斜dia┃diameter直径disp┃dispense配药DM┃diabetes mellitus糖尿病DR┃diabetic retinopathy糖尿病视网膜病变DV┃distance vision远距离视力DVA┃distance vision acuity远距离视力DVD┃dissociated vertical deviation分离性垂直偏离DW┃daily wear每日戴（接触镜）Dx┃diagnosis诊断DX┃Diamox醋氮酰胺E┃esophoria at far内隐斜（视远）E’┃esophoria at near内隐斜（视近）ECA┃external carotid artery颈外动脉ECCE┃extracapsular cataract extraction白内障囊外摘除术EDTA┃ethylene dianline tetraacctic acid乙烯dianline tetraacctic酸EEG┃electroencephalogram脑电图EF┃eccentric fixation离心注视EKC┃epidemic keratoconjunctivitis流行性角结膜炎EKGorECG┃electrocardiogram心电图ELISA┃enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay酶连结免疫吸收测定EMM┃epimacular membrane黄斑表面膜endo┃endothelium内皮细胞ENT┃ear,nose,throat耳鼻喉EOG┃electro-oculogram眼电图EOM┃extraocular muscles眼外肌eos┃eosinophil嗜酸型细胞epi┃epithelium上皮细胞ER┃emergency room急诊室ERG┃electroretinogram视网膜电图ERM┃epiretinal membrane视网膜表面膜ESR┃erythrocyte sedimentation rate血沉ET┃esotropia at far内斜视（视远）ET’┃esotropia at near内隐斜（视近）E（T）orIET┃intermittent esotropia at far间歇性内隐斜（视近）E（T）’orIET’┃intermittent esotropia at near间歇性内隐斜（视远）ETOH┃ethyl alcohol乙醇，酒精EUA ┃examination under anesthesia全麻下检查EW┃extended wear长期戴用（接触镜）EXT┃external ocular examination外眼检查exoph┃exophthalmos眼球突出FA┃fluorescein angiography荧光素血管造影FAZ┃fluorescein angiography中心凹无血管地带FB┃foreign body异物FBS┃fasting blood sugar空腹血糖FC┃finger count数指FFA┃fundus fluorescein angiography荧光素眼底血管造影FHorFHx┃family history家族史fl┃fluorescein荧光素FMHx┃family medical history家族病史FML┃fluorometholone弗米隆FOHx┃family ocular history家族眼病史FR┃foveal reflex中心凹反光FROM┃full range of motion运动范围完整FTA-ABS┃fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test荧光密螺旋体抗体吸收试验FTMH┃full-thickness macular hole黄斑全层裂孔f/u┃follow-up随访GC┃gonorrhea or gonococcus淋病或淋菌GCA┃giant cell arteritis巨细胞性动脉炎gent┃gentamicin庆大霉素GI┃gastrointestine胃肠GLC┃glaucoma,glucose青光眼，葡萄糖fonio┃gonioscopy前房角镜检查GPC┃giant papillary conjunctivitis巨乳头性结膜炎gr┃grain 谷（=0.065克）gt or gtt┃drop(Plural,gtt)滴（复数，gtt）GTT┃glucose tolerance test葡萄糖耐量试验GVF┃Goldmann visual field Goldmann视野H or hr(hrs) ┃hour小时HA┃headache头痛Hb,Hgb┃hemoglobin血红蛋白HCL┃hard contact lens硬性接触镜Hct┃hematocrit血细胞比容HCTZ┃hydrocholorothiazide呋塞米（双氢克尿塞）hem┃hemorrhage出血HIV┃human immunodeficiency virus人类免疫缺陷病毒HLA┃histocompatibility locus antigen or human leukocyte antigen组织相容性基因位点抗原或人类白细胞抗原h/o┃history of历史HM┃hand motion手动H＆P┃history and physical病史和体格hs┃at bedtime在就寝时间HSK┃herpes simplex keratitis单纯疱疹性角膜炎HSV┃herpes simplex virus单纯疱疹病毒HT┃hypertropia at far上斜视（远距离）HT’┃hypertropia at near上斜视（近距离）HTN┃hypertension高血压HVF┃Humphrey visual field Humphrey视野Hx┃history历史HZO┃herpes zoster ophthalmicus眼带状疱疹I┃iris虹膜I＆A┃irrigation and aspiration灌注和抽吸IBx┃incisional biopsy切口性活检IC┃iridocyclitis虹膜睫状体炎ICA┃internal carotid artery颈内动脉ICCE┃intracapsular cataract extraction白内障囊内摘除术ICE┃inidocorneal endothelial syndrome虹膜角膜内皮综合征ICG┃indocyanine green吲哚青绿ICP┃intracranial pressure颅内压ICU┃intensive care unit监护病房I＆D┃incision and drainage切开引流术IDDM┃insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus胰岛素依赖糖尿病IDU┃idoxuridine疱疹净IFIOL┃iris-fixated intraocular lens虹膜固定眼内晶体Ig┃immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白IK┃interstitial keratitis基质性角膜炎Im┃intramuscular肌内Imp┃impression印象inf┃inferior下inj┃injection注射INO┃internuclear ophthalmoplegia核间眼肌麻痹INQ┃inferonasal quadrant鼻下象限int┃intermittent间歇性IOFB┃intraocular forergn body眼内异物IOH┃intraocular hemorrhage眼内出血IOL┃intraocular lens眼内晶状体，人工晶体ION┃ischemic optic neuropathy缺血性视神经病变IOP┃intraocular pressure眼压IR┃infrared红外线IRMA┃intraretinal microvascular abnormality视网膜内微血管异常ITQ┃inferotemporal quadrant颞下象限iu┃international unit or intermediate uveitis国际单位或中间葡萄膜炎IV┃intravenous静脉内JCT┃Juxtacanalicular Tissue管旁组织JODM┃juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus青少年型糖尿病JRA┃juvenile rheumatoid arthritis少年类风湿性关节炎K┃cornea or potassium角膜或钾KCS┃keratoconjunctivitis sicca干燥性角膜结膜炎kg┃kilogram公斤KP┃keratic precipiate角膜后沉着物L┃left or lens左或晶状体lab┃laboratory试验室lac┃lacrimal泪LASEK┃laser subepithelial keratomileusis激光上皮下角膜磨削术LASIK┃laser in situ keratomileusis激光原位角膜磨削术LCG┃light contrast glare光对比炫耀LCTP┃lateral canthal tendon plication外眦腱折叠术LI┃laser iridotomy or laser interferometry激光虹膜切开术或激光干涉仪LK,LKP┃lamellar keratoplasty板层角膜移植术LIO┃left inferior oblique左眼下斜肌LIR┃left inferior rectus左眼下直肌LL┃lower lid or lids and lashes下睑或眼睑和睫毛LLR┃left lateral rectus左眼外直肌LMR┃left medial rectus左眼内直肌LN┃lymph node淋巴结LP┃light perception,light projection,or lumber puncture光感，光定位，或腰椎穿刺LPI┃laser peripheral iridoplasty激光周边虹膜成形术LS┃lid scrubs睑缘擦洗（治疗睑缘炎）LSO┃laser scanner ophthalmolscope激光扫描检眼镜LSO┃left superior oblique左眼上斜肌LSR┃left superior rectus左眼上直肌LTP┃laser trabeculoplasy激光小梁成形术LTQ┃lower temporal quadrant颞下象限LVA┃low vision aids低视力辅助lymph┃lymphocytes or lymphatic淋巴细胞或淋巴mac┃macular黄斑mand┃mandibular下颌骨MAR┃melanoma-associated retinopathy黑色素相关的视网膜病变max┃maximum or maxillary最大值或上颌骨MCH┃mean corpuscular hemoglobin 平均血细胞血红蛋白MCHC┃mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration平均血细胞血红蛋白浓度MCV┃mean corpuscular volume平均血细胞体积ME┃macular edema黄斑水肿MEDs┃medications药物治疗mERG┃multifocal ERG多区域（多焦）视网膜电图mfERG┃multifocal ERG多区域（多焦）视网膜电图MEWDS┃multiple evanescent white dot syndrome多数消散性白点综合征MFC┃multifocal choroiditis多病灶性脉络膜炎M.G. ┃Marcus Gunn瞳孔传入缺陷MHx┃medical history病史MI┃myocardial infarction心肌梗塞min┃minute or minimum分钟或最小量ml┃milliliter毫升mmHg┃millimeters of mercury毫米汞柱M＆N┃Mydriacyl(tropicamide)and Neo-synephrine(phenylephrine) 两种最常用的扩瞳剂：托庇卡按及新福林mon┃monocytes单核细胞MR┃manifest refraction显性验光┃magnetic resonance磁共振MRA┃magnetic resonance angiography磁共振血管造影术MRD┃上睑缘至角膜中心反光点的距离MRI┃magnetic resonance imaging磁共振成像术MS┃multiple sclerosis多发性硬化MVA┃motor vehicle accident交通工具意外事故（车祸）N/A┃not applicable不适用NAG┃narrow-angle glaucoma窄角型青光眼NAION┃nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy非动脉缺血性视神经病变NAP┃no apparent pathology无明显病理学NCT┃noncontact tonometer非接触眼压计neg┃negative隐性NFL┃nerve fiber layer神经纤维层NFLD┃nerve fiber layer defect神经纤维层缺陷NG┃nongranulomatous非肉芽肿性NI┃no improvement无进步NIDDM┃non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病NION┃Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy非动脉缺血性视神经病变NKA┃no known allergies无已知的过敏反应nl┃normal正常NLP┃no light perception无光感Non repet┃not to be repeated(refilled)不重复（再次发药）NPA┃near point of accommodation调节近点NPC┃near point of convergence集合近点NPDR┃non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变NR┃no refill不能再次发药NRC┃normal retinal correspondence正常视网膜对应NS┃nuclear sclerosis核性白内障（核硬化）NSA┃no significant abnormalities无重要异常NSAID┃no steroidal anti-inflammatory drug非类固醇消炎药NTG┃normal tension glaucoma正常眼压性青光眼NV┃near vision or neovascularization近视力或新生血管形成NV┃neovascularization新生血管形成N/V┃nausea and vomiting恶心和呕吐NVA┃Near visual acuity近视力NVD┃neovascularization of disc视盘新生血管形成NVE┃neovascularization of retina elsewhere视网膜新生血管形成NVG┃neovascular glaucoma新生血管性青光眼NVI┃neovascularization of the iris虹膜新生血管形成OA┃optic atrophy视神经萎缩OAG┃open-angle glaucoma开角型青光眼OCP┃ocular cicatricial pemphigoid眼瘢痕性类天疱疮OCT┃optic coherence tomography光学相干体层扫描术，光学相干层析术OD┃right eye右眼ODM┃ophthalmodynamometry眼动脉压测量OFHx┃ocular family history眼病家族史OGTT┃oral glucose tolerance test口服葡萄糖耐量试验OHTN┃ocular hypertension高眼压病OHx┃ocular history眼病史OKN┃optokinetic nystagmus视运动性眼球震颤ON┃optic nerve视神经ONAorOA┃optic nerve atrophy or optic atrophy视神经萎缩ONH┃optic nerve head视神经头ONSD┃optic nerve sheath decompression视神经鞘减压术OP┃outpatient门诊病人Op┃operation(Post Op)手术（术后）OR┃operating room手术室┃Over-refraction重叠验光Ortho┃orthophoria正视轴Ortho-K┃CRT,corneal refractive therapy角膜屈光矫正法OS┃left eye左眼OU┃both eyes双眼OZ┃optical zone光学地带p┃pupil瞳孔PA┃posteroanterior后前PACG┃primary angle-closure glaucoma原发性闭角型青光眼PACT┃prism alternating cover test棱镜交替遮盖试验PAM┃potential acuity meter潜在视力计PAN┃preauricular node耳前淋巴结PAS┃peripheral anterior synechia周边虹膜前粘连Pat or pt┃patient病人path┃pathology病理学P4,P2,etc. pilocarpine4%,2%,etc.drops毛果云香碱4%，2%等，眼药水PBK┃pseudophakic bullous keratopathy无晶状体性大泡性角膜病变PC┃after meals餐后PC┃posterior capsule后囊PCF┃pharyngoconjunctival fever咽结膜热PCIOL┃posterior chamber intraocular lens后房眼内晶体PCN┃penicillin青霉素PCO┃posterior capsular opacity后囊混浊PD┃prism diopter棱镜屈光度PD┃pupillary distance瞳孔距离PDR┃proliferative diabetic retinopathy增生性糖尿病视网膜病变PDS┃pigment dispersion syndrome色素播散综合征PDT┃photodynamic therapy光动力疗法PE┃physical examination体格检查PED┃pigment epithelial detachment色素上皮脱离PEE┃punctate epithelial erosions点状上皮侵蚀PEK┃punctate epithelial keratitis点状上皮角膜炎PERG┃pattern electroretinogram图形视网膜电图PERRL┃pupils equal,round,reactive to light瞳孔相等，圆，对光反射PERRLA┃pupils equal,round,reactive to light and accommodation瞳孔相等，圆，对光反应和调节PF┃Pred FortePg┃Prostaglandin前列腺素ph┃pinhole针孔phako┃phakoemulsification晶状体乳化术PHNIorNIph┃pinhole no improvement针孔无进步PHPV┃persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous永存原始玻璃体增生症PI┃present illness,peripheral iridotomy,or peripheral iridectomy现有疾病，周边虹膜切开术，或周边虹膜切除术PKPorPK┃penetrating keratoplasty穿透性角膜移植术PMMA┃polymethyl methacrylate聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（有机玻璃）PMN┃polymorphonuclear neutrophil多形核中性白细胞po┃per os,by mouth口服POAG┃primary open-angle glaucose原发性开角型青光眼POHS┃presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome假定眼组织胞浆菌病综合征post┃posterior后PPA┃peripapillary atrophy视乳头周围萎缩PPD┃purified protein derivative or posterior polymorphous dystrophy纯蛋白质衍生物或后多形性营养不良PPDR┃pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy增生前型糖尿病视网膜病变PPL┃pars plana lensectomy平部晶状体切除术PPV┃pars plana vitrectomy平部玻璃体切割术prep┃preparation准备PRK┃photorefractive keratectomy激光屈光角膜切除术prn┃take as needed当需要时服用PRP┃pan-retinal photocoagulation全视网膜光凝术PS┃posterior synechia虹膜后粘连PSC┃posterior subcapsular catarcat后囊下白内障PTC┃pseudotumor cerebri大脑假性肿瘤PTK┃phototherapeutic keratectomy光治疗性角膜切除术PVD┃posterior vitreous detachment玻璃体后脱离PVEP┃pattern visual evoked potential图形视觉诱发电位PVR┃proliferative vitreoretinopathy增生性玻璃体视网膜病变Px┃prognosis预后PXE┃psuedoxanthoma elasticum弹力性黄假瘤q┃every每qd┃every day每天q2h┃every 2 hours每2小时qid┃four times a day一天四次qod┃every other day每隔一日R┃right右RA┃rheumatoid arthritis类风湿性关节炎RB┃rose Bengal,retinoblastoma孟加拉玫瑰红，视网膜母细胞瘤RBC┃red blood cell红血细胞RBON┃retrobulbar optic neuritis球后视神经炎RCE┃recurrent corneal erosion复发性角膜侵蚀RD┃retinal ditachment视网膜脱离RF┃rheumatoid factor类风湿因子R-G┃red-green红-绿RGB┃Red green blue红绿蓝RGP┃rigid gas permeable刚质透气（接触镜）RI┃rubeosis iridis虹膜红变RIO┃right inferior oblique右眼下斜肌RIR┃right inferior rectus右眼下直肌RK┃radial keratotomy放射状角膜切开术RLR┃right lateral tectus右眼外直肌RMR┃right medial rectus右眼内直肌R/O┃rule Out摈除，排除ROP┃retinopathy of prematurity早产儿视网膜病变RP┃retinitis pigmentosa视网膜色素变性RPE┃retinal pigment epithelium视网膜色素上皮RRD┃rhegmatogenous retinal detachment孔原性视网膜脱离RSO┃right superior oblique右眼上斜肌RSR┃right superior rectus右眼上直肌RT┃return复诊RTC┃return to clinic复诊RTO┃return to office复诊RV┃return visit复诊Rx┃prescription处方s┃without没有SB┃scleral buckle巩膜扣带术sc┃without correction未戴眼镜矫正SCL┃soft contact lens软接触镜SEI┃subepithelial infiltrate上皮下侵润SI┃sector iridectomy扇形虹膜切除术sibs┃siblings同胞Sig┃write on label用法SJS┃Stevens-Johnson syndrome综合征SL┃Schwalbe’s line or serum lysozyme Schwalbe线或血清溶菌霉SLE┃slit lamp examination or systemic lupus erythematosus裂隙灯检查或系统性红斑狼疮SLK┃superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis上部角膜缘角结膜炎Sn┃sign体征SNQ┃superonasal quadrant鼻上象限SOB┃shortness of breath呼吸短促Sol┃solution溶液S/P┃status post后状态（例如XX手术后）Sph┃spherical球面镜SPK┃superficial punctuate keratitis浅层点状角膜炎SR┃subjective refraction主觉验光SRF┃subretinal fluid视网膜下液体SRNV┃subretinal neovascularization视网膜下新生血管形成SRNVM┃subretinal neovascular membrane视网膜下新生血管膜SRx┃spectacle prescription眼镜处方Ss┃scleral spur or sickle cell disease巩膜突或镰状细胞病stat┃immediately立即STD┃sexually transmitted disease性传播疾病STQ┃superotemporal quadrant颞上象限strab┃strabismus斜视subcu┃subcutaneous皮下sup┃superior下susp┃suspension悬浮液SVP┃spontaneous venous pulsation自发性静脉波动Sx┃symptom症状synech┃synechia虹膜粘连T1/2┃Timoptic drops0.5%0.5%赛马心安眼药水TA┃applanation tonometry or temporal arteritis压平式眼压测量法或颞动脉炎Tab ┃tablet 片剂Tap┃applanation tonometry压平式眼压测量法TB┃tuberculosis结核tbs┃tablespoon汤匙TBUT┃tear break-up time泪膜破裂时间TDx┃tentative diagnosis试验性诊断TIA┃transient ischemic attack暂时性缺血性发作tid┃three times a day一日三次TM┃trabecular meshwork小梁网状组织，小梁网络Tnct┃noncontact(air puff)tonometry非接触性（空气冲击）眼压测量法TPR┃temperature,pulse,respiration体温，脉搏，呼吸trab┃trabeculectomy小梁切除术TSH┃thyroid-stimulating hormone促甲状腺激素Tsp┃teaspoon茶匙Tx┃treatment治疗UA┃urinalysis尿分析UBM┃ultrasound biomicroscope超声活体显微镜UCT┃unilateral cover test单眼遮盖试验UL┃upper lid上睑ung┃ointment软膏UNQ┃upper nasal quadrant鼻上象限URI┃upper respiratory infection上呼吸道感染UTI┃urinary tract infection尿路感染UTT┃unable to test不能试验UV┃ultraviolet紫外线V┃vitreous玻璃体VA┃visual acuity视力Vcc┃vision with correction较正视力Vccl┃vision with contact lens接触镜矫正视力VD┃venereal disease性病VDRL┃Venereal disease research laboratory性病研究实验室（梅毒试验）VEP┃visual evoked potential视诱发电位VER┃visual evoked response视诱发反应VF┃visual fields视野VH┃vitreous hemorrhage玻璃体积血VKC┃vernal keratoconjunctivitis春季角膜结膜炎VKH┃Vogt-koyanagi-harada syndrome综合征VOR┃vestibuloocular reflex前庭眼反射Vsc┃vision without correction裸眼视力VZV┃varicella-zoster correction水痘-带状疱疹病毒W-4-D┃Worth-four-dot Worth四点灯WBC┃white blood cell白血细胞WC┃warm compresses热敷WC/LS┃warm compresses and lid scrubs热敷及擦洗睑缘Wk┃week星期WNL┃within normal limits在正常限度内WRA┃with-the-rule astigmatism顺规性（散光）wt┃weight重量X┃exophoria at far or axis外隐斜（视远）或轴X’┃exophoria at near外隐斜（视近）XT┃constant exotropia at far外斜视（视远）XT’┃contant exotropia at near外斜视（视近）X(T)orIXT┃intermittent exotropia at far间歇性外斜视（视远）X(T)’orIXT’┃intermittent exotropia at near间歇性外斜视（视近）YAG┃yttrium aluminum garnet亿铝石榴激光YLI┃YAG laser iridotomy YAG激光虹膜切开术Y/O┃years old岁（年龄）YPC┃YAG laser posterior capsulotomy YAG激光后囊切开术常见英文缩写PVD玻璃体后脱离CRVO中静阻BRVO分支静阻CRAO中动阻CME黄斑囊样水肿RD视网膜脱离RRD孔源性RD PVR增殖性视网膜病变CNV脉络膜新生血管NVI虹膜新生血管PCV息肉样脉络膜病变PPV玻璃体切除术Phaco+IOL+GSL白内障+晶体植入+房角分离术AION前部缺血性视网膜病变PDR增殖性DR BDR背景期DR RP视网膜色素变性PK全层角膜移植LK板层角膜移植。
视神经病变与视网膜病变的鉴别要点_田国红
病变。依据视物变形的部位，可以初步定位： 中心对应 黄斑，周边对 应 视 网 膜 周 边，鼻 侧 与 颞 侧 也 可 以 依 照 Amsler 格与视野定位粗测。如果患者是视神经病变将 不会有视物变形，但有视野遮挡，同样可以根据患者指 出的视野缺损部位初步判断类型： 中心暗点、生理盲点 扩大、水平半侧、鼻侧或颞侧视野缺损。
视网膜疾病从病变的部位可以划分为 2 部分： 感 受器损害和神经节细胞、神经纤维层损害。并不是所 有的结构损害都可以通过检眼镜观察到，一些隐匿的 感受器或神经节细胞功能损害需要更敏感的电生理检 查和影像学手段，如相干光断层扫描（ optical coherence tomography，OCT） 才能发现，同时这些检查也可解释 一些不明原因的视力下降 。 ［1-2］
2） 色觉检查。前面已经提到，色觉障碍在视神经 病变中较为突出。中浆、脉络膜病变、黄斑前膜患者色 觉减退并不明显。但视锥细胞营养不良患者色觉减退 可能是就诊主要症状。检查时可以使用简易的 Ishihara 假同色板、Farnsworth-Munsell-100 色谱和简易 D-15 色 相子。视网膜病变患者色觉减退可以是广泛性或蓝-黄 色觉障碍。确诊必须依靠进一步的视网膜结构功能检 查、眼底荧光血管造影（ FFA） 和视觉电生理检查。
2） 畏光 （ photophobia） 和 夜 盲 （ nyctalopia） 。是 视 网膜病变（ 包括黄斑病变） 的另一症状，与视神经病变 的视野中心暗点和片状遮挡相比，患者常主诉视野中 存在过亮的区域，或在暗处视物较明处更清晰。夜盲 多为原发或继发性视网膜色素病变患者的主诉。
眼科英文缩写
BDR┃background diabetic retinopathy背景型糖尿病性视网膜病变
BI┃base in底向内
bid┃twice a day一日两次
bilat┃bilateral两侧性
BIO┃binocular indirect ophthalmoscope双眼间接检眼镜
BK┃bullous keratopathy大泡性角膜病变
bleph┃blepharitis睑缘炎
BM┃basement membrane基底膜
BO┃base out 底向外
BP┃blood pressure血压
BRAO┃branch retinal artery occlusion视网膜分枝动脉阻塞
DFE┃dilated fundus examination扩瞳检查眼底
D＆I┃ dilation and irrigation（泪道）扩张和灌洗
DHD┃dissociated horizontal deviation分离性水平偏斜
dia┃diameter直径
disp┃dispense配药
AU┃anterior uveitis前葡萄膜炎
AVM┃arteriovenous malformation动静脉畸形
A/V┃arteriolar/venous(ratio,nicking)小动脉/静脉（比，压痕）
AZOOR┃acute zonal occult outer retinopathy急性区域性隐匿性外层视网膜病变
ARC┃anomalous retinal correspondence异常视网膜对应
ARMD┃age-retinal pigment epitheliitis年龄相关性黄斑变性
常见黄斑疾病的诊断和治疗(尖峰学院)新
• FFA：
– 卵黄完整时，呈遮蔽荧光；卵黄破裂时呈不规则的透见荧光和遮 蔽荧光相混杂；若继发CNV，有CNV性燃料渗漏
• 自发荧光：卵黄样物质可有自发荧光 • OCT：
– 可有色素上皮层和/或神经上皮层隆起，卵黄样物质表现为中高反 射信号
• EOG：
– Arden比值严重降低或平坦为特征性改变
• ERG：
视网膜色素上皮层上的黄斑部病变
7、急性区域性隐匿性外层视网膜病变(AZOOR) –是以中青年女性发病为主的少见眼病。男女比 例为14: 37 – 是一组由于急性视网膜外层功能障碍而出现一 个或多个区域视野缺损的症侯群 –主要表现为眼前闪光感、视野缺损、视觉电生 理检测结果异常、眼底轻微病变
0:23.2
• PERG
右 眼 左 眼 正 常 对 照
• 治疗
– 尚无有效治疗方法 – 减少紫外线照射 – 补充叶黄素、玉米黄质、血管扩张剂
病变位于视网膜色素上皮的黄斑病变
2、Best病
– 常显遗传 – 儿童和青年时期发病 – 病变位于RPE层 – 眼底黄斑区双眼对称/不对称性卵黄样特征性损害
• 卵黄病变前期：中心凹见黄色小点 • 卵黄病变期：黄斑中央有卵黄样轻度隆起 • 卵黄破碎期：似蛋黄打碎的形状，假性积脓外观 • 萎缩期：萎缩、瘢痕、色素增殖，可继发CNV
– 目前的观点认为首先是视网膜色素上皮发生病 变，然后出现光感受其萎缩，最后脉络膜毛细 血管改变。
• OCT
– 视野：中心暗点 – ERG：
早期正常；
随病情进展：
明视ERG振 幅下降，病变累 及周边，明视和 暗视ERG均异常
正常对照
暗视 最大反应
OPS 明视
30Hz
Stargardt病
眼科名称缩写
abd abdominal 腹部的ABK aphakic bullous keratopathy无晶体性大泡性角膜病变abn abnormal异常ac before meals餐前AC anterior chamber前房ACC accommodation调节ACG angle-closure glaucoma闭角青光眼ACIOL anterior chamber intraocular lens前房型眼内晶体add adduction or reading additional power内收；阅读另加屈光力ad lib as desired当需要时adv advanced高度AIBSE acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement急性特发性盲点扩大综合征AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome艾滋病AION arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy动脉缺血性视神经病变anterior ischemic optic neuropathy前部缺血性视神经病变AKS ankylosing spondylitis强直性脊椎炎AL argon laser氩激光ALPI argon laser peripheral iridoplasty氩激光周边虹膜成形术ALT argon laser trabeculoplasty氩激光小梁成形术AMA against medical advice违反医疗忠告ambl amblyopia弱视AMD age-related macular degeneration年龄相关性黄斑变性AMN acute macular neuroretinopathy急性黄斑神经视网膜病变AMPPE acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy 急性多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变AMPPPE acute multifocal posterior placoid pigment epitheliopathy急性多病灶性后部盾鳞状色素上皮病变AN A antinuclear antibody抗核抗体ant anterior前APMPPE acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy 急性后部多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变AODM adult-onset diabetes mellitus成人（发病）型糖尿病AP anteroposterior前后APD afferent pupillary defect瞳孔传入缺陷approx approximately大约APTT activated partial thromboplastin time激活部分促凝血酶原激酶时间ARC anomalous retinal correspondence异常视网膜对应ARMD age-retinal pigment epitheliitis年龄相关性黄斑变性ARN acute retinal necrosis急性视网膜坏死ARPE acute retinal pegment epitheliitis急性视网膜色素上皮炎art artificial tears人工泪液AS anterior synechia前粘连ASA aspirin(acetylsalicylic acid)阿司匹林ASAP as soon as possible尽快地ASC anterior subcapsular cataract前囊下白内障ASCVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease动脉硬化性心血管病ASHD atherosclerotic heart disease动脉硬化性心脏病astig astigmatism散光ATR against-the-rule(astigmatism)逆规性（散光）AU anterior uveitis前葡萄膜炎AVM arteriovenous malformation动静脉畸形A/V arteriolar/venous(ratio,nicking)小动脉/静脉（比，压痕）AZOOR acute zonal occult outer retinopathy急性区域性隐匿性外层视网膜病变Bas basophils嗜碱细胞BC base curve基底曲线BCC basal cell carcinoma基底细胞癌BCP birth control pill避孕丸BCR base curve radius基底弯曲半径BCVA best corrected visual acuity最佳矫正视力BD base down底向下BDR background diabetic retinopathy背景型糖尿病性视网膜病变BI base in底向内bid twice a day一日两次bilat bilateral两侧性BIO binocular indirect ophthalmoscope双眼间接检眼镜BK bullous keratopathy大泡性角膜病变bleph blepharitis睑缘炎BM basement membrane基底膜BO base out 底向外BP blood pressure血压BRAO branch retinal artery occlusion视网膜分枝动脉阻塞BRVO branch retinal vein occlusion视网膜分枝静脉阻塞BU base up底向上BUT break-up time泪膜破裂时间BVA best visual acuity最佳视力bx biopsy活检c with与c cornea角膜CA carcinoma癌CABG coronary artery bypass graft冠状动脉旁路移植CAD coronary artery disease冠状动脉病CAI carbonic anhydrase inhibitor碳酸酐酶抑制剂Cap capsule胶囊CAR cancer-associated retinopathy癌相关性视网膜病变cat cataract白内障CAT computed axial tomography计算机体层摄影术CB ciliary body睫状体CBC complete blood count完全血细胞计数cc with correction矫正（视力）cc chief complaint主诉CCA common carotid artery颈总动脉CCT computer-assisted corneal topography角膜地形图仪C/D cup-to-disc ratio杯/盘比CF count fingers数指CFZ capillary-free zone无毛细血管地带C＆F cells and flare细胞和光带（闪光）CHF congestive heart failure充血性心力衰竭CHI closed head injury闭合性头颅外伤CHRPE congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium先天性视网膜色素上皮肥厚CK conductive keratoplasty传导性角膜成形术CL contact lens,clear接触镜，透明CME cystoid macular edema囊样黄斑水肿cmv cytomegalovirus巨细胞病毒CN cranial nerve脑神经CNS central nervous system中枢神经系统CNV choroidal neovascularization脉络膜新生血管形成CNVM choroidal neovascular membrane脉络膜新生血管膜c/o complaining of主诉COA G chronic open-angle glaucoma慢开角青光眼cong congenital先天性conj conjunctiva结膜COP cicatricial ocular pemphigoid瘢痕性眼类天疱疮COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease慢性阻塞性肺病CP cerebral palsy大脑麻痹CPEO chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia慢性进行性眼外肌麻痹CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation心肺复苏术CR chorioretinal脉络膜视网膜CRAO central retinal artery occlusion视网膜中央动脉阻塞CRF chronic renal failure慢性肾衰竭CRT corneal refractive therapy角膜屈光矫正法CRVO central retinal vein occlusion视网膜中央静脉阻塞C＆S culture and sensitivity培养和敏感性CSCR central serous chorioretinopathy中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变CSF cerebrospinal fluid脑脊髓液CSME clinical significant macular edema临床意义性黄斑水肿CSR central serous retinopathy中心性浆液性视网膜病变csw corneoscleral wound角膜巩膜创伤CT cover test遮盖试验┃computed tomography计算机体层摄影CT scan computed tomographic scan计算机体层扫描CV color vision色觉CVA cerebrovascular accident脑中风CVD cardiovascular disease 心血管病CWS cotton-wool spot棉絮斑Cx culture（微生物）培养CXR chest x-ray film胸部X光片cyl cylinder柱镜d days天D diopter or diameter屈光度或直径D/C discontinue停止D＆C deep and clear（前房）深而透明DD disc diameter视盘直径DDx differential diagnosis鉴别诊断DFE dilated fundus examination扩瞳检查眼底D＆I dilation and irrigation（泪道）扩张和灌洗DHD dissociated horizontal deviation分离性水平偏斜dia diameter直径disp dispense配药DM diabetes mellitus糖尿病DR diabetic retinopathy糖尿病视网膜病变DV distance vision远距离视力DVA distance vision acuity远距离视力DVD dissociated vertical deviation分离性垂直偏离DW daily wear每日戴（接触镜）Dx diagnosis诊断DX Diamox醋氮酰胺RD 视网膜脱离NV- 无新生血管NVI-无虹膜新生血管PPV？好像是玻璃体切除VR？玻璃体视网膜手术abd┃abdominal 腹部的AB K┃aphakic bullous keratopathy无晶体性大泡性角膜病变abn┃abnormal异常ac┃before meals餐前AC┃anterior chamber前房ACC┃accommodation调节ACG┃angle-closure glaucoma闭角青光眼ACIOL┃anterior chamber intraocular lens前房型眼内晶体add┃adduction or reading additional power内收；阅读另加屈光力ad lib┃a s desired当需要时adv┃advanced高度AIBSE┃acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement急性特发性盲点扩大综合征AIDS┃acquired immunodeficiency syndrome艾滋病AION┃arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy动脉缺血性视神经病变┃anterior ischemic optic neuropathy前部缺血性视神经病变AKS┃ankylosing spondylitis强直性脊椎炎AL┃argon laser氩激光ALPI┃argon laser peripheral iridoplasty氩激光周边虹膜成形术ALT┃argon laser trabeculoplasty氩激光小梁成形术AMA┃against medical advice违反医疗忠告ambl┃amblyopia弱视AMD┃age-related macular degeneration年龄相关性黄斑变性AMN┃acute macular neuroretinopathy急性黄斑神经视网膜病变AMP PE┃acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy 急性多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变AMPPPE┃acute multifocal posterior placoid pigment epitheliopathy急性多病灶性后部盾鳞状色素上皮病变ANA┃antinuclear antibody抗核抗体ant┃anterior前APMPPE┃acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy急性后部多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变AODM┃adult-onset diabetes mellitus成人（发病）型糖尿病AP┃anteroposterior前后APD┃afferent pupillary defect瞳孔传入缺陷approx┃approximately大约APTT┃activated partial thromboplastin time激活部分促凝血酶原激酶时间ARC┃anomalous retinal correspondence异常视网膜对应ARMD┃age-retinal pigment epitheliitis年龄相关性黄斑变性ARN┃acute retinal necrosis急性视网膜坏死ARPE┃acute retinal pegment epitheliitis急性视网膜色素上皮炎art┃artificial tears人工泪液AS┃anterior synechia前粘连ASA┃aspirin(acetylsalicylic acid)阿司匹林ASAP┃as soon as possible尽快地ASC┃anterior subcapsu lar cataract前囊下白内障ASCVD┃atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease动脉硬化性心血管病ASHD┃atherosclerotic heart disease动脉硬化性心脏病astig┃astigmatism散光ATR┃against-the-rule(astigmatism)逆规性（散光）AU┃anterior uveitis前葡萄膜炎AVM┃arteriovenous malformation动静脉畸形A/V┃arteriolar/venous(ratio,nicking)小动脉/静脉（比，压痕）AZOOR┃acute zonal occult outer retinopathy急性区域性隐匿性外层视网膜病变Bas┃basophils嗜碱细胞BC┃base curve基底曲线BCC┃basal cell carcinoma基底细胞癌BCP┃birth control pill避孕丸BCR┃base curve radius基底弯曲半径BCVA┃best corrected visual a cuity最佳矫正视力BD┃base down底向下BDR┃background diabetic retinopathy背景型糖尿病性视网膜病变BI┃base in底向内bid┃twice a day一日两次bilat┃bilateral两侧性BIO┃binocular indirect ophthalmoscope双眼间接检眼镜BK┃bullous keratopathy大泡性角膜病变bleph┃blepharitis睑缘炎BM┃basement membrane基底膜BO┃base out 底向外BP┃blood pressure血压BRAO┃branch retinal artery occlusion视网膜分枝动脉阻塞BRVO┃branch retinal vein occlusion视网膜分枝静脉阻塞BU┃base up底向上BUT┃break-up time泪膜破裂时间BVA┃best visual acuity最佳视力bx┃biopsy活检c┃with与c┃cornea角膜CA┃carcinoma癌CABG┃coronary artery bypass graft冠状动脉旁路移植CAD┃coronary artery disease冠状动脉病CAI┃carbonic anhydrase inhibitor碳酸酐酶抑制剂Cap ┃capsule 胶囊CAR┃cancer-associated retinopathy癌相关性视网膜病变cat┃cataract白内障CAT┃computed axial tomography计算机体层摄影术CB┃ciliary body睫状体CBC┃complete blood count完全血细胞计数cc┃with correction矫正（视力）cc┃chief complaint主诉CCA┃common carotid artery颈总动脉CCT┃computer-assisted corneal topography角膜地形图仪C/D┃cup-to-disc ratio杯/盘比CF┃count fingers数指CFZ┃capillary-free zone无毛细血管地带C＆F┃cells and flare细胞和光带（闪光）CHF┃congestive heart failure充血性心力衰竭CHI┃closed head injury闭合性头颅外伤CHRPE┃congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium先天性视网膜色素上皮肥厚CK┃conductive keratoplasty传导性角膜成形术CL┃contact lens,clear接触镜，透明CME┃cystoid macular edema囊样黄斑水肿cmv┃cytomegalovirus巨细胞病毒CN┃cranial nerve脑神经CNS┃centra l nervous system中枢神经系统CNV┃choroidal neovascularization脉络膜新生血管形成CNVM┃choroidal neovascular membrane脉络膜新生血管膜c/o┃complaining of主诉COAG┃chronic open-angle glaucoma慢开角青光眼cong┃congenital先天性conj┃conjunctiva结膜COP┃cicatricial ocular pemphigoid瘢痕性眼类天疱疮COPD┃ch ronic obstructive pulmonary disease慢性阻塞性肺病CP┃cerebral palsy大脑麻痹CPEO┃chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia慢性进行性眼外肌麻痹CPR┃cardiopulmonary resuscitation心肺复苏术CR┃chorioretinal脉络膜视网膜CRAO┃central retinal artery occlusion视网膜中央动脉阻塞CRF┃chronic renal fail ure慢性肾衰竭CRT┃corneal refractive therapy角膜屈光矫正法CRVO┃central retinal vein occlusion视网膜中央静脉阻塞C＆S┃culture and sensitivity培养和敏感性CSCR┃central serous chorioretinopathy中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变CSF┃cerebrospinal fluid脑脊髓液CSME┃clinical significant macular edema临床意义性黄斑水肿C SR┃central serous retinopathy中心性浆液性视网膜病变csw┃corneoscleral wound角膜巩膜创伤CT┃cover test遮盖试验┃computed tomography计算机体层摄影CT scan┃computed tomographic scan计算机体层扫描CV┃color vision色觉CVA┃cerebrovascular accident脑中风CVD┃cardiovascular disease 心血管病CWS┃cotton-wool spot棉絮斑Cx┃culture（微生物）培养CXR┃chest x-ray film胸部X光片cyl┃cylinder柱镜d┃days天D┃diopter or diameter屈光度或直径D/C┃discontinue停止D＆C┃deep and clear（前房）深而透明DD┃disc diameter视盘直径DDx┃differential diagnosis鉴别诊断DFE┃dilated fundus examination扩瞳检查眼底D＆I┃ dilation and ir rigation（泪道）扩张和灌洗DHD┃dissociated horizontal deviation分离性水平偏斜dia┃diameter直径disp┃dispense配药DM┃diabetes mellitus糖尿病DR┃diabetic retinopathy糖尿病视网膜病变DV┃distance vision远距离视力DVA┃distance vision acuity远距离视力DVD┃dissociated vertical deviation分离性垂直偏离DW┃daily wear每日戴（接触镜）Dx┃diagnosis诊断DX┃Diamox醋氮酰胺E┃esophoria at far内隐斜（视远）E’ ┃esophoria at near内隐斜（视近）ECA┃external carotid artery颈外动脉ECCE┃extracapsular cataract extraction白内障囊外摘除术EDTA┃ethylene dianline tetraacctic acid乙烯dianline tetraacctic酸EEG┃electroenceph alogram脑电图EF┃eccentric fixation离心注视EKC┃epidemic keratoconjunctivitis流行性角结膜炎EKGorECG┃electrocardiogram心电图ELISA┃enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay酶连结免疫吸收测定EMM┃epimacular membrane黄斑表面膜endo┃endothelium内皮细胞ENT┃ear,nose,throat耳鼻喉EOG┃electro-oculogram眼电图E OM┃extraocular muscles眼外肌eos┃eosinophil嗜酸型细胞epi┃epithelium上皮细胞ER┃emergency room急诊室ERG┃electroretinogram视网膜电图ERM┃epiretinal membrane视网膜表面膜ESR┃erythrocyte sedimentation rate血沉ET┃esotropia at far内斜视（视远）ET’ ┃esotropia at near内隐斜（视近）E（T）orIET┃intermitt ent esotropia at far间歇性内隐斜（视近）E（T）’orIET’┃ intermittent esotropia at near间歇性内隐斜（视远）ETOH┃ethyl alcohol乙醇，酒精EUA ┃examination under anesthesia全麻下检查EW┃extended wear长期戴用（接触镜）EXT┃external ocular examination外眼检查exoph┃exophthalmos眼球突出FA┃fluorescein angiogra phy荧光素血管造影FAZ┃fluorescein angiography中心凹无血管地带FB┃foreign body异物FBS┃fasting blood sugar空腹血糖FC┃finger count数指FFA┃fundus fluorescein angiography荧光素眼底血管造影FHorFHx┃family history家族史fl┃fluorescein荧光素FMHx┃family medical history家族病史FML┃fluorometholone弗米隆FO Hx┃family ocular history家族眼病史FR┃foveal reflex中心凹反光FROM┃full range of motion运动范围完整FTA-ABS┃fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test荧光密螺旋体抗体吸收试验FTMH┃full-thickness macular hole黄斑全层裂孔f/u┃follow-up随访GC┃gonorrhea or gonococcus淋病或淋菌GCA┃giant cell ar teritis巨细胞性动脉炎gent┃gentamicin庆大霉素GI┃gastrointestine胃肠GLC┃glaucoma,glucose青光眼，葡萄糖fonio┃gonioscopy前房角镜检查GPC┃giant papillary conjunctivitis巨乳头性结膜炎gr┃grain 谷（=0.065克）gt or gtt┃drop(Plural,gtt)滴（复数，gtt）GTT┃glucose tolerance test葡萄糖耐量试验GVF┃Goldmann visu al field Goldmann视野H or hr(hrs) ┃hour小时HA┃headache头痛Hb,Hgb┃hemoglobin血红蛋白HCL┃hard contact lens硬性接触镜Hct┃hematocrit血细胞比容HCTZ┃hydrocholorothiazide呋塞米（双氢克尿塞）hem┃hemorrhage出血HIV┃human immunodeficiency virus人类免疫缺陷病毒HLA┃histocompatibility locus antigen o r human leukocyte antigen组织相容性基因位点抗原或人类白细胞抗原h/o┃history of历史HM┃hand motion手动H＆P┃history and physical病史和体格hs┃at bedtime在就寝时间HSK┃herpes simplex keratitis单纯疱疹性角膜炎HSV┃herpes simplex virus单纯疱疹病毒HT┃hypertropia at far上斜视（远距离）HT’ ┃hypertropia at near上斜视（近距离）HTN┃hypertension高血压HVF┃Humphrey visual field Humphrey视野Hx┃history历史HZO┃herpes zoster ophthalmicus眼带状疱疹I┃iris虹膜I＆A┃irrigation and aspiration灌注和抽吸IBx┃incisional biopsy切口性活检IC┃iridocyclitis虹膜睫状体炎ICA┃internal carotid artery颈内动脉ICCE┃intracapsular ca taract extraction白内障囊内摘除术ICE┃inidocorneal endothelial syndrome虹膜角膜内皮综合征ICG┃indocyanine green吲哚青绿ICP┃intracranial pressure颅内压ICU┃intensive care unit监护病房I＆D┃incision and drainage切开引流术IDDM┃insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus胰岛素依赖糖尿病IDU┃idoxuridine疱疹净I FIOL┃iris-fixated intraocular lens虹膜固定眼内晶体Ig┃immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白IK┃interstitial keratitis基质性角膜炎Im┃intramuscular肌内Imp┃impression印象inf┃inferior下inj┃injection注射INO┃internuclear ophthalmoplegia核间眼肌麻痹INQ┃inferonasal quadrant鼻下象限int┃intermittent间歇性IOFB┃intraocular forergn body眼内异物IOH┃intraocular hemorrhage眼内出血IOL┃intraocular lens眼内晶状体，人工晶体ION┃ischemic optic neuropathy缺血性视神经病变IOP┃intraocular pressure眼压IR┃infrared红外线IRMA┃intraretinal microvascular abnormality视网膜内微血管异常ITQ┃inferotemporal quadrant颞下象限iu┃international unit or intermediate uveitis国际单位或中间葡萄膜炎IV┃intravenous静脉内JCT┃Juxtacanalicular Tissue管旁组织JODM┃juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus青少年型糖尿病JRA┃juvenile rheumatoid arthritis少年类风湿性关节炎K┃cornea or potassium角膜或钾KCS┃keratoconjunctivitis sicca干燥性角膜结膜炎kg┃kilogram公斤KP┃keratic precipiate角膜后沉着物L┃left or lens左或晶状体lab┃laboratory试验室lac┃lacrimal泪LASEK┃laser subepithelial keratomileusis激光上皮下角膜磨削术LASIK┃laser in situ keratomileusis激光原位角膜磨削术LCG┃light contrast glare光对比炫耀LCTP┃lateral canthal tendon plication外眦腱折叠术LI┃laser iridotomy or laser interferometry激光虹膜切开术或激光干涉仪LK,LKP┃lamellar keratoplasty板层角膜移植术LIO┃left inferior oblique左眼下斜肌LIR┃left inferior rectus左眼下直肌LL┃lower lid or lids and lashes下睑或眼睑和睫毛LLR┃left lateral rectus左眼外直肌LMR┃left medial rectus左眼内直肌LN┃lymph node淋巴结LP┃light perception,light projection,or lumber puncture光感，光定位，或腰椎穿刺LPI┃laser peripheral iridoplasty激光周边虹膜成形术LS┃lid scrubs睑缘擦洗（治疗睑缘炎）LSO┃laser scanner ophthalmol scope激光扫描检眼镜LSO┃left superior oblique左眼上斜肌LSR┃left superior rectus左眼上直肌LTP┃laser trabeculoplasy激光小梁成形术LTQ┃lower temporal quadrant颞下象限LVA┃low vision aids低视力辅助lymph┃lymphocytes or lymphatic淋巴细胞或淋巴mac┃macular黄斑mand┃mandibular下颌骨MAR┃melanoma-associated retinopathy黑色素相关的视网膜病变max┃maximum or maxillary最大值或上颌骨MCH┃mean corpuscular hemoglobin 平均血细胞血红蛋白MCHC┃mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration平均血细胞血红蛋白浓度MCV┃mean corpuscular volume平均血细胞体积ME┃macular edema黄斑水肿MEDs┃medications药物治疗mERG┃multifocal ERG多区域（多焦）视网膜电图。
眼科常用中英文缩写题库
美国眼科英文缩写对照表abd┃abdominal 腹部的ABK┃aphakic bullous keratopathy无晶体性大泡性角膜病变abn┃abnormal异常ac┃before meals餐前AC┃anterior chamber前房ACC┃accommodation调节ACG┃angle-closure glaucoma闭角青光眼ACIOL┃anterior chamber intraocular lens前房型眼内晶体add┃adduction or reading additional power内收；阅读另加屈光力ad lib┃as desired当需要时adv┃advanced高度AIBSE┃acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement急性特发性盲点扩大综合征AIDS┃acquired immunodeficiency syndrome艾滋病AION┃arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy动脉缺血性视神经病变┃anterior ischemic optic neuropathy前部缺血性视神经病变AKS┃ankylosing spondylitis强直性脊椎炎AL┃argon laser氩激光ALPI┃argon laser peripheral iridoplasty氩激光周边虹膜成形术ALT┃argon laser trabeculoplasty氩激光小梁成形术AMA┃against medical advice违反医疗忠告ambl┃amblyopia弱视AMD┃age-related macular degeneration年龄相关性黄斑变性AMN┃acute macular neuroretinopathy急性黄斑神经视网膜病变AMPPE┃acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy 急性多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变AMPPPE┃acute multifocal posterior placoid pigment epitheliopathy急性多病灶性后部盾鳞状色素上皮病变ANA┃antinuclear antibody抗核抗体ant┃anterior前APMPPE┃acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy 急性后部多病灶性盾鳞状色素上皮病变AODM┃adult-onset diabetes mellitus成人（发病）型糖尿病AP┃anteroposterior前后APD┃afferent pupillary defect瞳孔传入缺陷approx┃approximately大约APTT┃activated partial thromboplastin time激活部分促凝血酶原激酶时间ARC┃anomalous retinal correspondence异常视网膜对应ARMD┃age-retinal pigment epitheliitis年龄相关性黄斑变性ARN┃acute retinal necrosis急性视网膜坏死ARPE┃acute retinal pegment epitheliitis急性视网膜色素上皮炎art┃artificial tears人工泪液AS┃anterior synechia前粘连ASA┃aspirin(acetylsalicylic acid)阿司匹林ASAP┃as soon as possible尽快地ASC┃anterior subcapsular cataract前囊下白内障ASCVD┃atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease动脉硬化性心血管病ASHD┃atherosclerotic heart disease动脉硬化性心脏病astig┃astigmatism散光ATR┃against-the-rule(astigmatism)逆规性（散光）AU┃anterior uveitis前葡萄膜炎AVM┃arteriovenous malformation动静脉畸形A/V┃arteriolar/venous(ratio,nicking)小动脉/静脉（比，压痕）AZOOR┃acute zonal occult outer retinopathy急性区域性隐匿性外层视网膜病变Bas┃basophils嗜碱细胞BC┃base curve基底曲线BCC┃basal cell carcinoma基底细胞癌BCP┃birth control pill避孕丸BCR┃base curve radius基底弯曲半径BCVA┃best corrected visual acuity最佳矫正视力BD┃base down底向下BDR┃background diabetic retinopathy背景型糖尿病性视网膜病变BI┃base in底向内bid┃twice a day一日两次bilat┃bilateral两侧性BIO┃binocular indirect ophthalmoscope双眼间接检眼镜BK┃bullous keratopathy大泡性角膜病变bleph┃blepharitis睑缘炎BM┃basement membrane基底膜BO┃base out 底向外BP┃blood pressure血压BRAO┃branch retinal artery occlusion视网膜分枝动脉阻塞BRVO┃branch retinal vein occlusion视网膜分枝静脉阻塞BU┃base up底向上BUT┃break-up time泪膜破裂时间BVA┃best visual acuity最佳视力bx┃biopsy活检c┃with与c┃cornea角膜CA┃carcinoma癌CABG┃coronary artery bypass graft冠状动脉旁路移植CAD┃coronary artery disease冠状动脉病CAI┃carbonic anhydrase inhibitor碳酸酐酶抑制剂Cap ┃capsule胶囊CAR┃cancer-associated retinopathy癌相关性视网膜病变cat┃cataract白内障CAT┃computed axial tomography计算机体层摄影术CB┃ciliary body睫状体CBC┃complete blood count完全血细胞计数cc┃with correction矫正（视力）cc┃chief complaint主诉CCA┃common carotid artery颈总动脉CCT┃computer-assisted corneal topography角膜地形图仪C/D┃cup-to-disc ratio杯/盘比CF┃count fingers数指CFZ┃capillary-free zone无毛细血管地带C＆F┃cells and flare细胞和光带（闪光）CHF┃congestive heart failure充血性心力衰竭CHI┃closed head injury闭合性头颅外伤CHRPE┃congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium先天性视网膜色素上皮肥厚CK┃conductive keratoplasty传导性角膜成形术CL┃contact lens,clear接触镜，透明CME┃cystoid macular edema囊样黄斑水肿cmv┃cytomegalovirus巨细胞病毒CN┃cranial nerve脑神经CNS┃central nervous system中枢神经系统CNV┃choroidal neovascularization脉络膜新生血管形成CNVM┃choroidal neovascular membrane脉络膜新生血管膜c/o┃complaining of主诉COAG┃chronic open-angle glaucoma慢开角青光眼cong┃congenital先天性conj┃conjunctiva结膜COP┃cicatricial ocular pemphigoid瘢痕性眼类天疱疮COPD┃chronic obstructive pulmonary disease慢性阻塞性肺病CP┃cerebral palsy大脑麻痹CPEO┃chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia慢性进行性眼外肌麻痹CPR┃cardiopulmonary resuscitation心肺复苏术CR┃chorioretinal脉络膜视网膜CRAO┃central retinal artery occlusion视网膜中央动脉阻塞CRF┃chronic renal failure慢性肾衰竭CRT┃corneal refractive therapy角膜屈光矫正法CRVO┃central retinal vein occlusion视网膜中央静脉阻塞C＆S┃culture and sensitivity培养和敏感性CSCR┃central serous chorioretinopathy中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变CSF┃cerebrospinal fluid脑脊髓液CSME┃clinical significant macular edema临床意义性黄斑水肿CSR┃central serous retinopathy中心性浆液性视网膜病变csw┃corneoscleral wound角膜巩膜创伤CT┃cover test遮盖试验┃computed tomography计算机体层摄影CT scan┃computed tomographic scan计算机体层扫描CV┃color vision色觉CVA┃cerebrovascular accident脑中风CVD┃cardiovascular disease 心血管病CWS┃cotton-wool spot棉絮斑Cx┃culture（微生物）培养CXR┃chest x-ray film胸部X光片cyl┃cylinder柱镜d┃days天D┃diopter or diameter屈光度或直径D/C┃discontinue停止D＆C┃deep and clear（前房）深而透明DD┃disc diameter视盘直径DDx┃differential diagnosis鉴别诊断DFE┃dilated fundus examination扩瞳检查眼底D＆I┃ dilation and irrigation（泪道）扩张和灌洗DHD┃dissociated horizontal deviation分离性水平偏斜dia┃diameter直径disp┃dispense配药DM┃diabetes mellitus糖尿病DR┃diabetic retinopathy糖尿病视网膜病变DV┃distance vision远距离视力DVA┃distance vision acuity远距离视力DVD┃dissociated vertical deviation分离性垂直偏离DW┃daily wear每日戴（接触镜）Dx┃diagnosis诊断DX┃Diamox醋氮酰胺E┃esophoria at far内隐斜（视远）E’┃esophoria at near内隐斜（视近）ECA┃external carotid artery颈外动脉ECCE┃extracapsular cataract extraction白内障囊外摘除术EDTA┃ethylene dianline tetraacctic acid乙烯dianline tetraacctic酸EEG┃electroencephalogram脑电图EF┃eccentric fixation离心注视EKC┃epidemic keratoconjunctivitis流行性角结膜炎EKGorECG┃electrocardiogram心电图ELISA┃enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay酶连结免疫吸收测定EMM┃epimacular membrane黄斑表面膜endo┃endothelium内皮细胞ENT┃ear,nose,throat耳鼻喉EOG┃electro-oculogram眼电图EOM┃extraocular muscles眼外肌eos┃eosinophil嗜酸型细胞epi┃epithelium上皮细胞ER┃emergency room急诊室ERG┃electroretinogram视网膜电图ERM┃epiretinal membrane视网膜表面膜ESR┃erythrocyte sedimentation rate血沉ET┃esotropia at far内斜视（视远）ET’┃esotropia at near内隐斜（视近）E（T）orIET┃intermittent esotropia at far间歇性内隐斜（视近）E（T）’orIET’┃ intermittent esotropia at near间歇性内隐斜（视远）ETOH┃ethyl alcohol乙醇，酒精EUA ┃examination under anesthesia全麻下检查EW┃extended wear长期戴用（接触镜）EXT┃external ocular examination外眼检查exoph┃exophthalmos眼球突出FA┃fluorescein angiography荧光素血管造影FAZ┃fluorescein angiography中心凹无血管地带FB┃foreign body异物FBS┃fasting blood sugar空腹血糖FC┃finger count数指FFA┃fundus fluorescein angiography荧光素眼底血管造影FHorFHx┃family history家族史fl┃fluorescein荧光素FMHx┃family medical history家族病史FML┃fluorometholone弗米隆FOHx┃family ocular history家族眼病史FR┃foveal reflex中心凹反光FROM┃full range of motion运动范围完整FTA-ABS┃fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test荧光密螺旋体抗体吸收试验FTMH┃full-thickness macular hole黄斑全层裂孔f/u┃follow-up随访GC┃gonorrhea or gonococcus淋病或淋菌GCA┃giant cell arteritis巨细胞性动脉炎gent┃gentamicin庆大霉素GI┃gastrointestine胃肠GLC┃glaucoma,glucose青光眼，葡萄糖fonio┃gonioscopy前房角镜检查GPC┃giant papillary conjunctivitis巨乳头性结膜炎gr┃grain 谷（=0.065克）gt or gtt┃drop(Plural,gtt)滴（复数，gtt）GTT┃glucose tolerance test葡萄糖耐量试验GVF┃Goldmann visual field Goldmann视野H or hr(hrs) ┃hour小时HA┃headache头痛Hb,Hgb┃hemoglobin血红蛋白HCL┃hard contact lens硬性接触镜Hct┃hematocrit血细胞比容HCTZ┃hydrocholorothiazide呋塞米（双氢克尿塞）hem┃hemorrhage出血HIV┃human immunodeficiency virus人类免疫缺陷病毒HLA┃histocompatibility locus antigen or human leukocyte antigen组织相容性基因位点抗原或人类白细胞抗原h/o┃history of历史HM┃hand motion手动H＆P┃history and physical病史和体格hs┃at bedtime在就寝时间HSK┃herpes simplex keratitis单纯疱疹性角膜炎HSV┃herpes simplex virus单纯疱疹病毒HT┃hypertropia at far上斜视（远距离）HT’┃hypertropia at near上斜视（近距离）HTN┃hypertension高血压HVF┃Humphrey visual field Humphrey视野Hx┃history历史HZO┃herpes zoster ophthalmicus眼带状疱疹I┃iris虹膜I＆A┃irrigation and aspiration灌注和抽吸IBx┃incisional biopsy切口性活检IC┃iridocyclitis虹膜睫状体炎ICA┃internal carotid artery颈内动脉ICCE┃intracapsular cataract extraction白内障囊内摘除术ICE┃inidocorneal endothelial syndrome虹膜角膜内皮综合征ICG┃indocyanine green吲哚青绿ICP┃intracranial pressure颅内压ICU┃intensive care unit监护病房I＆D┃incision and drainage切开引流术IDDM┃insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus胰岛素依赖糖尿病IDU┃idoxuridine疱疹净IFIOL┃iris-fixated intraocular lens虹膜固定眼内晶体Ig┃immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白IK┃interstitial keratitis基质性角膜炎Im┃intramuscular肌内Imp┃impression印象inf┃inferior下inj┃injection注射INO┃internuclear ophthalmoplegia核间眼肌麻痹INQ┃inferonasal quadrant鼻下象限int┃intermittent间歇性IOFB┃intraocular forergn body眼内异物IOH┃intraocular hemorrhage眼内出血IOL┃intraocular lens眼内晶状体，人工晶体ION┃ischemic optic neuropathy缺血性视神经病变IOP┃intraocular pressure眼压IR┃infrared红外线IRMA┃intraretinal microvascular abnormality视网膜内微血管异常ITQ┃inferotemporal quadrant颞下象限iu┃international unit or intermediate uveitis国际单位或中间葡萄膜炎IV┃intravenous静脉内JCT┃Juxtacanalicular Tissue管旁组织JODM┃juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus青少年型糖尿病JRA┃juvenile rheumatoid arthritis少年类风湿性关节炎K┃cornea or potassium角膜或钾KCS┃keratoconjunctivitis sicca干燥性角膜结膜炎kg┃kilogram公斤KP┃keratic precipiate角膜后沉着物L┃left or lens左或晶状体lab┃laboratory试验室lac┃lacrimal泪LASEK┃laser subepithelial keratomileusis激光上皮下角膜磨削术LASIK┃laser in situ keratomileusis激光原位角膜磨削术LCG┃light contrast glare光对比炫耀LCTP┃lateral canthal tendon plication外眦腱折叠术LI┃laser iridotomy or laser interferometry激光虹膜切开术或激光干涉仪LK,LKP┃lamellar keratoplasty板层角膜移植术LIO┃left inferior oblique左眼下斜肌LIR┃left inferior rectus左眼下直肌LL┃lower lid or lids and lashes下睑或眼睑和睫毛LLR┃left lateral rectus左眼外直肌LMR┃left medial rectus左眼内直肌LN┃lymph node淋巴结LP┃light perception,light projection,or lumber puncture光感，光定位，或腰椎穿刺LPI┃laser peripheral iridoplasty激光周边虹膜成形术LS┃lid scrubs睑缘擦洗（治疗睑缘炎）LSO┃laser scanner ophthalmolscope激光扫描检眼镜LSO┃left superior oblique左眼上斜肌LSR┃left superior rectus左眼上直肌LTP┃laser trabeculoplasy激光小梁成形术LTQ┃lower temporal quadrant颞下象限LVA┃low vision aids低视力辅助lymph┃lymphocytes or lymphatic淋巴细胞或淋巴mac┃macular黄斑mand┃mandibular下颌骨MAR┃melanoma-associated retinopathy黑色素相关的视网膜病变max┃maximum or maxillary最大值或上颌骨MCH┃mean corpuscular hemoglobin 平均血细胞血红蛋白MCHC┃mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration平均血细胞血红蛋白浓度MCV┃mean corpuscular volume平均血细胞体积ME┃macular edema黄斑水肿MEDs┃medications药物治疗mERG┃multifocal ERG多区域（多焦）视网膜电图mfERG┃multifocal ERG多区域（多焦）视网膜电图MEWDS┃multiple evanescent white dot syndrome多数消散性白点综合征MFC┃multifocal choroiditis多病灶性脉络膜炎M.G. ┃Marcus Gunn瞳孔传入缺陷MHx┃medical history病史MI┃myocardial infarction心肌梗塞min┃minute or minimum分钟或最小量ml┃milliliter毫升mmHg┃millimeters of mercury毫米汞柱M＆N┃Mydriacyl(tropicamide)and Neo-synephrine(phenylephrine) 两种最常用的扩瞳剂：托庇卡按及新福林mon┃monocytes单核细胞MR┃manifest refraction显性验光┃magnetic resonance磁共振MRA┃magnetic resonance angiography磁共振血管造影术MRD┃上睑缘至角膜中心反光点的距离MRI┃magnetic resonance imaging磁共振成像术MS┃multiple sclerosis多发性硬化MVA┃motor vehicle accident交通工具意外事故（车祸）N/A┃not applicable不适用NAG┃narrow-angle glaucoma窄角型青光眼NAION┃nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy非动脉缺血性视神经病变NAP┃no apparent pathology无明显病理学NCT┃noncontact tonometer非接触眼压计neg┃negative隐性NFL┃nerve fiber layer神经纤维层NFLD┃nerve fiber layer defect神经纤维层缺陷NG┃nongranulomatous非肉芽肿性NI┃no improvement无进步NIDDM┃non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病NION┃Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy非动脉缺血性视神经病变NKA┃no known allergies无已知的过敏反应nl┃normal正常NLP┃no light perception无光感Non repet┃not to be repeated(refilled)不重复（再次发药）NPA┃near point of accommodation调节近点NPC┃near point of convergence集合近点NPDR┃non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变NR┃no refill不能再次发药NRC┃normal retinal correspondence正常视网膜对应NS┃nuclear sclerosis核性白内障（核硬化）NSA┃no significant abnormalities无重要异常NSAID┃no steroidal anti-inflammatory drug非类固醇消炎药NTG┃normal tension glaucoma正常眼压性青光眼NV┃near vision or neovascularization近视力或新生血管形成NV┃neovascularization新生血管形成N/V┃nausea and vomiting恶心和呕吐NVA┃Near visual acuity近视力NVD┃neovascularization of disc视盘新生血管形成NVE┃neovascularization of retina elsewhere视网膜新生血管形成NVG┃neovascular glaucoma新生血管性青光眼NVI┃neovascularization of the iris虹膜新生血管形成OA┃optic atrophy视神经萎缩OAG┃open-angle glaucoma开角型青光眼OCP┃ocular cicatricial pemphigoid眼瘢痕性类天疱疮OCT┃optic coherence tomography光学相干体层扫描术，光学相干层析术OD┃right eye右眼ODM┃ophthalmodynamometry眼动脉压测量OFHx┃ocular family history眼病家族史OGTT┃oral glucose tolerance test口服葡萄糖耐量试验OHTN┃ocular hypertension高眼压病OHx┃ocular history眼病史OKN┃optokinetic nystagmus视运动性眼球震颤ON┃optic nerve视神经ONAorOA┃optic nerve atrophy or optic atrophy视神经萎缩ONH┃optic nerve head视神经头ONSD┃optic nerve sheath decompression视神经鞘减压术OP┃outpatient门诊病人Op┃operation(Post Op)手术（术后）OR┃operating room手术室┃Over-refraction重叠验光Ortho┃orthophoria正视轴Ortho-K┃CRT,corneal refractive therapy角膜屈光矫正法OS┃left eye左眼OU┃both eyes双眼OZ┃optical zone光学地带p┃pupil瞳孔PA┃posteroanterior后前PACG┃primary angle-closure glaucoma原发性闭角型青光眼PACT┃prism alternating cover test棱镜交替遮盖试验PAM┃potential acuity meter潜在视力计PAN┃preauricular node耳前淋巴结PAS┃peripheral anterior synechia周边虹膜前粘连Pat or pt┃patient病人path┃pathology病理学P4,P2,etc. pilocarpine4%,2%,etc.drops毛果云香碱4%，2%等，眼药水PBK┃pseudophakic bullous keratopathy无晶状体性大泡性角膜病变PC┃after meals餐后PC┃posterior capsule后囊PCF┃pharyngoconjunctival fever咽结膜热PCIOL┃posterior chamber intraocular lens后房眼内晶体PCN┃penicillin青霉素PCO┃posterior capsular opacity后囊混浊PD┃prism diopter棱镜屈光度PD┃pupillary distance瞳孔距离PDR┃proliferative diabetic retinopathy增生性糖尿病视网膜病变PDS┃pigment dispersion syndrome色素播散综合征PDT┃photodynamic therapy光动力疗法PE┃physical examination体格检查PED┃pigment epithelial detachment色素上皮脱离PEE┃punctate epithelial erosions点状上皮侵蚀PEK┃punctate epithelial keratitis点状上皮角膜炎PERG┃pattern electroretinogram图形视网膜电图PERRL┃pupils equal,round,reactive to light瞳孔相等，圆，对光反射PERRLA┃pupils equal,round,reactive to light and accommodation瞳孔相等，圆，对光反应和调节PF┃Pred FortePg┃Prostaglandin前列腺素ph┃pinhole针孔phako┃phakoemulsification晶状体乳化术PHNIorNIph┃pinhole no improvement针孔无进步PHPV┃persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous永存原始玻璃体增生症PI┃present illness,peripheral iridotomy,or peripheral iridectomy现有疾病，周边虹膜切开术，或周边虹膜切除术PKPorPK┃penetrating keratoplasty穿透性角膜移植术PMMA┃polymethyl methacrylate聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（有机玻璃）PMN┃polymorphonuclear neutrophil多形核中性白细胞po┃per os,by mouth口服POAG┃primary open-angle glaucose原发性开角型青光眼POHS┃presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome假定眼组织胞浆菌病综合征post┃posterior后PPA┃peripapillary atrophy视乳头周围萎缩PPD┃purified protein derivative or posterior polymorphous dystrophy纯蛋白质衍生物或后多形性营养不良PPDR┃pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy增生前型糖尿病视网膜病变PPL┃pars plana lensectomy平部晶状体切除术PPV┃pars plana vitrectomy平部玻璃体切割术prep┃preparation准备PRK┃photorefractive keratectomy激光屈光角膜切除术prn┃take as needed当需要时服用PRP┃pan-retinal photocoagulation全视网膜光凝术PS┃posterior synechia虹膜后粘连PSC┃posterior subcapsular catarcat后囊下白内障PTC┃pseudotumor cerebri大脑假性肿瘤PTK┃phototherapeutic keratectomy光治疗性角膜切除术PVD┃posterior vitreous detachment玻璃体后脱离PVEP┃pattern visual evoked potential图形视觉诱发电位PVR┃proliferative vitreoretinopathy增生性玻璃体视网膜病变Px┃prognosis预后PXE┃psuedoxanthoma elasticum弹力性黄假瘤q┃every每qd┃every day每天q2h┃every 2 hours每2小时qid┃four times a day一天四次qod┃every other day每隔一日R┃right右RA┃rheumatoid arthritis类风湿性关节炎RB┃rose Bengal,retinoblastoma孟加拉玫瑰红，视网膜母细胞瘤RBC┃red blood cell红血细胞RBON┃retrobulbar optic neuritis球后视神经炎RCE┃recurrent corneal erosion复发性角膜侵蚀RD┃retinal ditachment视网膜脱离RF┃rheumatoid factor类风湿因子R-G┃red-green红-绿RGB┃Red green blue红绿蓝RGP┃rigid gas permeable刚质透气（接触镜）RI┃rubeosis iridis虹膜红变RIO┃right inferior oblique右眼下斜肌RIR┃right inferior rectus右眼下直肌RK┃radial keratotomy放射状角膜切开术RLR┃right lateral tectus右眼外直肌RMR┃right medial rectus右眼内直肌R/O┃rule Out摈除，排除ROP┃retinopathy of prematurity早产儿视网膜病变RP┃retinitis pigmentosa视网膜色素变性RPE┃retinal pigment epithelium视网膜色素上皮RRD┃rhegmatogenous retinal detachment孔原性视网膜脱离RSO┃right superior oblique右眼上斜肌RSR┃right superior rectus右眼上直肌RT┃return复诊RTC┃return to clinic复诊RTO┃return to office复诊RV┃return visit复诊Rx┃prescription处方s┃without没有SB┃scleral buckle巩膜扣带术sc┃without correction未戴眼镜矫正SCL┃soft contact lens软接触镜SEI┃subepithelial infiltrate上皮下侵润SI┃sector iridectomy扇形虹膜切除术sibs┃siblings同胞Sig┃write on label用法SJS┃Stevens-Johnson syndrome综合征SL┃Schwalbe’s line or serum lysozyme Schwalbe线或血清溶菌霉SLE┃slit lamp examination or systemic lupus erythematosus裂隙灯检查或系统性红斑狼疮SLK┃superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis上部角膜缘角结膜炎Sn┃sign体征SNQ┃superonasal quadrant鼻上象限SOB┃shortness of breath呼吸短促Sol┃solution溶液S/P┃status post后状态（例如XX手术后）Sph┃spherical球面镜SPK┃superficial punctuate keratitis浅层点状角膜炎SR┃subjective refraction主觉验光SRF┃subretinal fluid视网膜下液体SRNV┃subretinal neovascularization视网膜下新生血管形成SRNVM┃subretinal neovascular membrane视网膜下新生血管膜SRx┃spectacle prescription眼镜处方Ss┃scleral spur or sickle cell disease巩膜突或镰状细胞病stat┃immediately立即STD┃sexually transmitted disease性传播疾病STQ┃superotemporal quadrant颞上象限strab┃strabismus斜视subcu┃subcutaneous皮下sup┃superior下susp┃suspension悬浮液SVP┃spontaneous venous pulsation自发性静脉波动Sx┃symptom症状synech┃synechia虹膜粘连T1/2┃Timoptic drops0.5%0.5%赛马心安眼药水TA┃applanation tonometry or temporal arteritis压平式眼压测量法或颞动脉炎Tab ┃tablet片剂Tap┃applanation tonometry压平式眼压测量法TB┃tuberculosis结核tbs┃tablespoon汤匙TBUT┃tear break-up time泪膜破裂时间TDx┃tentative diagnosis试验性诊断TIA┃transient ischemic attack暂时性缺血性发作tid┃three times a day一日三次TM┃trabecular meshwork小梁网状组织，小梁网络Tnct┃noncontact(air puff)tonometry非接触性（空气冲击）眼压测量法TPR┃temperature,pulse,respiration体温，脉搏，呼吸trab┃trabeculectomy小梁切除术TSH┃thyroid-stimulating hormone促甲状腺激素Tsp┃teaspoon茶匙Tx┃treatment治疗UA┃urinalysis尿分析UBM┃ultrasound biomicroscope超声活体显微镜UCT┃unilateral cover test单眼遮盖试验UL┃upper lid上睑ung┃ointment软膏UNQ┃upper nasal quadrant鼻上象限URI┃upper respiratory infection上呼吸道感染UTI┃urinary tract infection尿路感染UTT┃unable to test不能试验UV┃ultraviolet紫外线V┃vitreous玻璃体VA┃visual acuity视力Vcc┃vision with correction较正视力Vccl┃vision with contact lens接触镜矫正视力VD┃venereal disease性病VDRL┃Venereal disease research laboratory性病研究实验室（梅毒试验）VEP┃visual evoked potential视诱发电位VER┃visual evoked response视诱发反应VF┃visual fields视野VH┃vitreous hemorrhage玻璃体积血VKC┃vernal keratoconjunctivitis春季角膜结膜炎VKH┃Vogt-koyanagi-harada syndrome综合征VOR┃vestibuloocular reflex前庭眼反射Vsc┃vision without correction裸眼视力VZV┃varicella-zoster correction水痘-带状疱疹病毒W-4-D┃Worth-four-dot Worth四点灯WBC┃white blood cell白血细胞WC┃warm compresses热敷WC/LS┃warm compresses and lid scrubs热敷及擦洗睑缘Wk┃week星期WNL┃within normal limits在正常限度内WRA┃with-the-rule astigmatism顺规性（散光）wt┃weight重量X┃exophoria at far or axis外隐斜（视远）或轴X’┃exophoria at near外隐斜（视近）XT┃constant exotropia at far外斜视（视远）XT’┃contant exotropia at near外斜视（视近）X(T)orIXT┃intermittent exotropia at far间歇性外斜视（视远）X(T)’orIXT’┃intermittent exotropia at near间歇性外斜视（视近）YAG┃yttrium aluminum garnet亿铝石榴激光YLI┃YAG laser iridotomy YAG激光虹膜切开术Y/O┃years old岁（年龄）YPC┃YAG laser posterior capsulotomy YAG激光后囊切开术。
急性间歇性卟啉病1例
予抑 酸 ， 症 及支 持 治疗 ， 见 缓解 。 对 未 遂 患 者 转 入 我 院 ， 格 检 查 ： 温 体 体 ３ ． ￣ 脉 搏 ８ 次／ ｎ 血 压 １０ ７ ６５Ｃ， ５ ｍｉ， ３／０
ｍ Ｈ ， 性 痛 苦 面 容 ， 膜 中度 黄 染 ， ｍ ｇ急 巩 腹 部 平 、 ， 上 腹 轻 度 压 痛 ， 反 跳 痛 软 左 无 及 肌 紧 张 ， 部 叩 诊 呈 鼓 音 。 辅 助 检 腹 查： 、 血 尿淀 粉 酶 均 正 常 ； 功 能 ： 蛋 肝 白 白 ４ ． Ｌ 总 胆 红 素 ８ ． ｍ ｌＬ， ３３ ， ９ ７￣ ｏ／ 谷 丙 转 氨 酶 １６ ０ Ｉ／ ， 草 转 氨 酶 ７ ． Ｕ Ｌ 谷 ８ ． Ｕ Ｌ 电 解 质 未 见 异 常 。 患 者 尿 ２ ０Ｉ／ ；
式， 提高心理健康 、 躯体健康及生活质 量 ， 使身心愉悦 ， 以更 好 的状 态 投 入 工 作 。
参 考 文 献
［ ］ 张 明圊．精神科评 定量表手册［ ．长沙 ： １ Ｍ］ 湖南 科学技术 出版
社 ，１ ９ １ ２ ． ９ ３： ６— ４
［ ］ 于 云彩 ．精 神 科 与 综 合 科 护 理 人 员 心 理健 康状 况 调查 ［ ］ ２ Ｊ ．云 南 精 神 医学 ， ０ ７， ５（ ） ４ ． ２ ０ １ ２ ： ４ ［ ］ 李 瑞 芹 ，贺 敬 义 ， 瑞 芳 ．精 神 科 与 综 合 科 医 护 人员 心理 健 康 ３ 龙 调查 ［］ Ｊ ．健 康 心 理 学 杂 志 ，１９ ， ２ ：Ｉ７一Ｉ８ ９ ６ ４（ ） １ １． ［ ］ 陈 亚 娣 ，陈君 柱 ，姜 乾 金 ．永 久 性起 搏 器植 入 患者 心 理 卫 生 状 ４
伤 、 神 刺 激 ） ② 补 充 高 糖 ： 糖 可 抑 精 ； 高 制 诱 导 ６一氨 基 一＾一酮 戊 酸 （ Ｌ 合 ｙ Ａ Ａ）
尖峰眼科课程分享---急性区域性隐匿性外层视网膜病变（AZOOR）Part2
尖峰眼科课程分享---急性区域性隐匿性外层视网膜病变（AZOOR）Part2接上节课内容说完I型AZOOR，再分别说说II型AZOOR中的各种疾病。
多发性一过性白点综合征（MEWDS）由Jampol在1984年首次报道。
女性多见，年龄多在14-47岁，多累及单眼，也有发生于双眼或反复发作于同一眼者。
发病时视力轻度到中度减退，以后较快自行恢复。
眼底上，视乳头边界欠清晰，发病早期可见无数细小不规则的灰白小点位于色素上皮水平，分布于黄斑区及视乳头周围视网膜上。
有的患者灰白斑点较大，约1/4视乳头大小，满布后极部。
数月后视网膜白点自行消失，视力和眼底正常。
FFA早期可见视乳头周围及黄斑区RPE深层有多发性点状荧光，晚期持续着染荧光素。
视野上生理盲点扩大，单眼颞侧视野缺损。
ERG表现视锥细胞、视杆细胞均抑制。
由于该病变动较快，所见到的病症不一，加之本病病变可涉及视网膜深层，位于黄斑部及视神经周围，因此可发生视网膜病变或视神经病变的表现。
除视网膜白点及特大生理盲点以外，不同患者还有其他病状，因此认为，急性特发性生理盲点扩大，多发性短暂性视网膜白点综合征合并黄斑部神经视网膜病变等命名其实是不同作者所见到的MEWDS的不同表现。
该病病因不明，有些患者发病前可有感冒样前驱症状。
无特效治疗，一般数月后可自行恢复，视力可达正常。
来看看一个病例报道，这是一个就诊于Wills眼科医院急诊的40岁白人女性，主诉右眼颞侧视野视物模糊5天。
患者否认有眼前闪光感等其他伴随症状。
查体：双眼视力20/20（未矫正），色觉正常，双眼瞳孔等大，对光反射正常，无RAPD，双眼Amsler方格表检查无变形。
视野：右眼颞侧巨大暗点，左眼正常。
双眼活动度正常。
压平式眼压计检查：右眼19mmHg，左眼13mmHg。
裂隙灯检查：双眼前节正常。
眼底检查：右眼后极部视网膜深层及视网膜色素上皮层散布小的不连续的白色病灶。
鼻侧显著。
视盘及黄斑正常。
左眼眼底正常。
光学相干断层扫描血管造影(OCTA)在视网膜疾病中的应用新进展
韩林峰this paper, the application of this technique in common ophthalmic diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, retinal artery and vein occlusion, etc. is re-viewed in detail, and it is compared with the current fluorescence angiography (FA) and indocya-nine green angiography (ICGA), and its clinical application value in retinal vascular diseases is summarized. OCTA can display the dual information of structure and blood flow, but it also has its application limitations, including relatively small visual field, inability to display the leakage of blood vessels, and image artifacts when patients do not cooperate. In this paper, the characteris-tics and shortcomings of OCTA are summarized, which indicates that OCTA needs further research while being vigorously promoted in clinical practice.KeywordsOptical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA), Fluorescein Angiography (FA), IndocyanineGreen Angiography (ICGA), Retinal Vessel/Pathophysiology, Choroidal Neovascularization/Diagnosis Array Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0)./licenses/by/4.0/1. 引言光学相干断层扫描血管造影(optical coherencetomography angiography, OCTA)是一种非侵入性的利用运动对比对血管进行成像的全新技术，它利用分频谱振幅去相干血管成像(split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography, SSADA)算法在数秒钟时间内采集血管内血流信息，并生成分辨率很高的血管造影图像[1]。
2023眼科住院医师视网膜疾病试卷(练习题库)
眼科住院医师视网膜疾病试卷（练习题库）1、血-视网膜内屏障界面是指O2、下列关于中心性浆液性视网膜脉络膜病变的治疗方法，禁忌采用的是（）3、眼底检查发现有白色棉絮斑（软性渗出）说明糖尿病视网膜病变进展到（）4、对近期出现飞蚊症合并闪光感的患者，初次接诊正确的处理是（）5、有关术后真菌性眼内炎与细菌性眼内炎的鉴别，错误的是O6、1991年国际视网膜学会修改PVR的分类，以下错误的是（）7、视网膜脱离的部位是在O8、以下视网膜变性易造成视网膜脱离的有O9、64岁男性，昨晚突然左眼漆黑持续约5分钟。
数年前曾有心肌梗死发作。
血压为IOO/90mmHg o眼部检10、黄斑〃樱桃红〃征是下述哪种疾病的典型体征O11、视网膜静脉阻塞较常发生的并发症不包括O12、原发性视网膜色素变性的诊断依据包括O13、易于导致视网膜脱离的周边部视网膜变性是O14、裂孔性视网膜脱离指的是O15、中心性浆液性视网膜脉络膜病变O16、慢性进行性视野缩小常见于（）17、视力急剧下降多见于O18、视乳头水肿O19、引起后天性夜盲的原因多见于O20、视觉神经冲动经三级神经元传递的顺序是O21、眼底出现微血管瘤，主要见于O22、裂孔性视网膜脱离的患者临床表现有O23、视网膜上视觉最敏锐的部位是O24、糖尿病引起的眼病，哪项最为重要O25、视野中心出现哑铃状暗点首先应考虑O26、马蹄形视网膜裂孔最多见于O27、视网膜静脉阻塞的典型出血方式是（）28、玻璃体手术的适应证包括O29、视网膜静脉周围炎的临床特点包括O30、Coats病的鉴别诊断包括O31、白内障超声乳化摘除术中晶状体后囊破裂，较大的晶状体碎核掉进玻璃体腔，最好的处理方法是O32、关于早产儿视网膜病变的分区，2区对应的范围是O33、渗出性视网膜脱离的原发疾病不包括O34、飞蚊症（Myodesopsia）的直接原因是O35、关于玻璃体星状变性，正确的是O36、下列疾病较少发生玻璃体积血的是（）37、玻璃体积血时，最常见的并发症为O38、关于增生性玻璃体视网膜病变，以下正确的是（）39、以下为视网膜静脉阻塞的并发症，除外（）40、视网膜分支静脉阻塞中，哪支血管发病率最高O41、关于视网膜静脉阻塞，以下说法错误的是（）42、湿性老年黄斑变性和干性老年黄斑变性的区别是O43、不符合〃棉絮斑〃特征的有O44、不符合Ea1es病特征性改变的是O45、在5名患者眼底上分别能看到以下中的一项，最怀疑有糖尿病视网膜病变的是O46、对糖尿病性视网膜病变的早期诊断最有帮助的辅助检查是（）47、不符合Coats病临床症状的是O48、对于中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变，正确的是O49、对视网膜色素变性早期诊断无帮助的检查方法为O50、下列关于眼部缺血综合征哪-项是错误的O51、视网膜动脉阻塞的病因包括以下几项，除了（）52、急性视网膜动脉阻塞时，在受累眼底发现明显的栓子的比率是O53、对于视网膜母细胞瘤，临床上必须重视的问题是O54、早产儿视网膜病变的原因O55、关于黄斑囊样变性，错误的是O56、〃牛眼〃黄斑病变最常见于以下哪种遗传性黄斑营养障碍O57、关于重度非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变，错误的是O58、以下关于遗传性视网膜劈裂症的说法都正确，除了O59、关于巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎，下列阐述正确的是O60、下列哪一项关于视网膜母细胞瘤的阐述是错误的O61、一例患单眼散发性视网膜母细胞瘤儿童的健康父母，想知道他们第二个孩子患同样疾病的可能性，你应该告诉他们62、下列哪一项关于永存增生原始玻璃体(PHPV)的描述是正确的O63、有关视网膜母细胞瘤第二原发肿瘤，正确的是O64、患者，男，15岁，无意中发现右眼视力下降3天。
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［ １ ］ 张艳琼 ， 王文吉． 内源性眼内炎 １ Ｏ 年临床回顾性分析 ［ Ｊ ］ ． 眼科研
究， ２ ０ ０ ６， ２ ４ （ １ ） ： ９ １ － ９ ２ ．
梅毒性葡 萄膜炎及 Ｖ ｏ ｇ ｔ 一小柳 一原 田综 合征相 鉴别 。而本 例 患者有 ２ ０年糖尿病 病史 ， 同时患者 有泌 尿系统 感染 长达 １年
［ ２ ］ 胡轶 ， 胡玉章 ， 盘如刚． 混合性转移性 眼内炎一例 ［ Ｊ ］ ． 中华眼底病
杂志， ２ ０ ０ ５， ２ １ （ ２ ） ： ９ ６ ．
气管 内插管等 ） ， 形成 生物被 膜 （ Ｂ Ｆ ） 相关 的慢性 感染 ， 而且
还能在 膀胱 上皮 细胞 内形 成 生 物 膜 ， 造 成 泌 尿 系 统 持 续 感 染 Ｊ ， 具有抵抗 力强 、 耐药性 强等 特点 。眼 内一旦感 染 大肠埃 希菌 ， 对眼 内结构破 坏较 重 ， 即便及 时全身 应用抗 生素及 激 素
ａ ｆ ｆ ｌ ｉ ｃ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ［ Ｊ ］ ． Ｏ ｐ ｈ ｔ ｈ ａ ｌ ｍ ｏ ｌ ｏ ｇ ｙ， ２ ０ ０ ０， １ ０ ７（ ８ ） ： １ ４ ８ ３ — １ ４ ９ １ ．
［ ４］ Ｋ ｏ ｂ ａ ｙ ａ ｓ ｈ ｉ Ｈ． Ａ ｉ ｒ ｗ ａ ｙ ｂ ｉ ｏ ｆ ｉ ｌ ｍ ｄ ｉ ｓ ｅ ａ ｓ ｅ ［ Ｊ ］ ． Ｉ ｎ ｔ Ｊ Ａ ｎ ｔ ｉ ｍｉ ｅ ｒ ｏ ｂ Ａ ｇ ｅ ｎ ｔ ｓ ，
源性细菌性眼内炎视力预后较差 ， １ ６ ％ 的 患 眼 需 行 眼 球 或 眼 内
［ ５ ］ Ｄ ｏ ｎ ｌ ａ ｎ ｎ ＲＭ．Ｂ ｉ ｏ ｆ ｉ ｌ ｍ ｓ ： ｍｉ ｃ ｒ ｏ ｂ ｉ ａ ｌ ｌ ｉ ｆ ｅ Ｏ １ １ ｓ ｕ ｆ ｒ ａ ｃ ｅ ｓ ［ Ｊ ］ ．Ｅ ｍｅ ｒ ｇ Ｉ ｎ ｆ ｅ ｅ ｔ
２ ０ ０ ６， ４ ２ （ １ ０ ）： ９ ４ ６ ９５ － ０ ． （ 收稿 日期 ２ ０ １ ４ － ０ ６ ４ ３ ６ ）
容物摘除。人院后 我们紧急抢救 治疗 ， 避免 了炎症进 一步加 重 甚至向颅 内扩散 的可能 ， 但是 眼 内炎 症未 ３ ］ Ｗｏ ｎ ｇ Ｊ Ｓ ， Ｃ ｈ ａ ｎ Ｔ Ｋ， Ｌ ｅ ｅ Ｈ Ｍ， ｅ ｔ ａ １ ． Ｅ ｎ ｄ ｏ ｇ ｅ ｎ ｏ ｕ ｓ ｂ ａ ｅ ｔ ｅ — ｒ ｉ ｌ ａ ｅ ｎ ｄ ｏ ｐ ｈ ｔ ｈ ｌ— ａ
ｍｉ ｔ ｉ ｓ： ａ ｎ ｅ ａ ｓ ｔ Ａｓ ｉ ａ ｎ ｅ ｘ ｐ ｅ ｒ ｉ ｅ ｎ ｃ ｅ ａ ｎ ｄ ａ ｒ ｅ ａ ｐ－ ｐ ｒ ａ ｉ ｓ ｌ ａ ｏ ｆ ａ ｓ ｅ ｖ ｅ ｒ ｅ ｏ ｃ ｕ ｌ ａ ｒ
余， 反 复发作 ， 长期使 用抗生 素 ， 曾行尿 细菌培 养 ， 结果 为 大肠
埃 希 菌 。术 后 行 眼 内 容 物 细 菌 培 养 结 果 为 大 肠 埃 希 菌 。考 虑
该患者全身状态极 差 ， 体 内潜 伏有感 染病 灶 ， 所 以细 菌栓 子经 血液循环达眼动脉 ， 阻塞 在 眼睫状 动脉而 致化脓 性眼 内炎 ， 致 使巩膜薄弱 的肌 肉附着处坏死 、 穿孔 。大肠埃希 菌是 医院 内感 染常见的条件致病菌 ， 不仅 可黏 附于医疗装 置 （ 如 留置导尿 管 、
的辅助检查 ， 有助于快速鉴别视神经病 变与视 网膜 、 黄斑 疾病 ， 避免大剂量激素 冲击 的副作用 ， 合理解释预后。
Ｄ ｉ ｓ ， ２ ０ ０ ２， ８ （ ９ ） ： ８ ８ １ － ８ ９ ０ ．
［ ６ ］ 黄彦红 ， 吴志伟 ， 巴景斌． 大肠埃希菌致内源性全眼球 炎 １例 ［ Ｊ ］ ． 中国实用眼科杂志 ， ２ ０ ０ １ ， １ ９ （ ３ ） ： １ ９ ４ ． ［ ７ ］ 黎晓新 ， 张正 ． 眼 内炎 的诊断 与处理 及预 防［ Ｊ ］ ． 中华 眼科 杂志 ，
２ ０ ０ １ ， １ ７ （ ５ ） ： ３ ５ １ － ３ ５ ６ ．
治疗 ， 由于血一 眼屏 障 的存在 ， 药 物在 眼 内不能 达到有 效浓 度 ，
感染 也很 难控 制。因大肠 埃希 菌引起 内源 性眼 内炎 的病 例极 其罕见 ， 最终导致 眼球破裂者 曾有 １例 Ｊ 。 内源性眼内炎的病原学诊断非常重要 ， 其主要致 病菌为 真 菌和细菌。黎晓新等 报道 半数 以上 内源性 眼 内炎 系 由真 菌 引起。临床上细 菌性 眼 内炎 的发 病率 虽 然不 高 ， 然 而一 旦 发 生， 将对眼组织 产生严 重损 害 ， 对 视力危 害较 大。据报道 内
等 并 发 症 。诊 断 时 应 与 非 感 染 性 葡 萄 膜 炎 、 白塞病 、 结 核 性 或
球未能得到保 留。根据 此病 例 ， 我 们应 总结 经验 ： 对长 期应 用 抗生素 、 体 内伴有感染灶 的患者 发生虹膜炎 时 ， 应高 度警惕 ， 积 极做好预防措施 ； 对 已发生 眼内炎且 不 能控制 者 ， 则 必须 彻底 清除病灶 ， 并查 明致病 因素 ， 防止病情进一步恶化。
人院后我们紧急抢救治疗避免了炎症进一步加重本文编辑诸静英甚至向颅内扩散的可能但是眼内炎症未能得到有效控制眼上接第52页的辅助检查有助于快速鉴别视神经病变与视网膜黄斑疾病该患者以急性视力下降为主诉就诊查体左眼视力下降避免大剂量激素冲击的副作用合理解释预后
５ ４
Ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ Ｊ Ｏｐ ｈ ｔ ｈ ａ ｌ ｍｏ ｌ ａ ｎ ｄ Ｏｔ ｏ ｒ ｈ ｉ ｎ ｏ ｌ ａ ｒ ｙ ｎ ｇ ｏ ｌ ，Ｊ ａ ｎ ｕ ａ ｒ ｙ ２ ０１ ５， Ｖｏ ｌ １ ５， Ｎｏ ． １
诸静 英 ）
（ 上接 第 ５ ２页 ）
该 患者 以急性视 力下降 为主诉就诊 ， 查 体左 眼视力下 降 、 视野缺损 ， 但视盘形 态正 常。如 不仔 细追 问病史 ， 极 易 与球 后
视神经炎混淆 。视神经炎 同样是急性病程 ， 但９ ０ ％ 的患者病初 伴有头部 、 眼球周 围及 眼球后 部 的疼 痛 ， 眼球转 动 时疼痛 明显