曼昆版 宏观经济学第二讲 英文共25页文档
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曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件——25production-growth
Production and Growth
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Why Productivity Is So Important • Productivity refers to the amount of goods and
services that a worker can produce from each hour of work.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
How Productivity Is Determined • The inputs used to produce goods and services
are called the factors of production. • The factors of production directly determine
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• The poorest countries have average levels of income that have not been seen in the United States for many decades.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Production and Growth
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
曼昆宏观经济学第七版英文课件第二章
▪ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ▪ The Consumer Price Index (CPI) ▪ The Unemployment Rate
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
Two definitions:
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
3
The Circular Flow
Income ($) Labor
Households
Goods Expenditure ($)
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Firms
4
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
18
U.S. Government Spending, 2008
$ billions
Govt spending
$2,882.4
- Federal
1,071.9
Non-defense
337.0
Defense
734.9
- State & local
1,810.4
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
in the production of final goods
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
23
Байду номын сангаас
GNP vs. GDP
▪ Gross National Product (GNP):
Total income earned by the nation’s factors of production, regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
Two definitions:
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
3
The Circular Flow
Income ($) Labor
Households
Goods Expenditure ($)
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Firms
4
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
18
U.S. Government Spending, 2008
$ billions
Govt spending
$2,882.4
- Federal
1,071.9
Non-defense
337.0
Defense
734.9
- State & local
1,810.4
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
in the production of final goods
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
23
Байду номын сангаас
GNP vs. GDP
▪ Gross National Product (GNP):
Total income earned by the nation’s factors of production, regardless of where located
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件 25
It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
How Productivity Is Determined
Human capital per worker is the economist’s term for the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience. Like physical capital, human capital raises a nation’s ability to produce goods and services.
The factors of production directly
How Productivity Is Determined
Physical capital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services. Physical capital includes:
Production and Growth
Productivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input. A nation’s standard of living is determined largely by the productivity of its workers.
How Productivity Is Determined
Human capital per worker is the economist’s term for the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience. Like physical capital, human capital raises a nation’s ability to produce goods and services.
The factors of production directly
How Productivity Is Determined
Physical capital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services. Physical capital includes:
Production and Growth
Productivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input. A nation’s standard of living is determined largely by the productivity of its workers.
曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第二章PPT精品文档37页
Every field of study has its own terminology
Mathematics
integrals axioms
vector spaces
torts
Law
Promissory estoppel
venues
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Uses two approaches: Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
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The Scientific Method
Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.
Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.
Demand
Deadweight loss
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Economics trains you to. . . .
Think in terms of alternatives. Evaluate the cost of individual and
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
宏观经济学 曼昆英文课件Tutorial_CHAP02
FirmsΒιβλιοθήκη Expenditure $
For the economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure. GDP measures the flow of dollars in the economy. 3 Chapter Two
1) To compute the total value of different goods and services, the national income accounts use market prices. Thus, if $0.50 $1.00
®
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
A PowerPoint Tutorial
To Accompany
MACROECONOMICS, 6th. ed.
N. Gregory Mankiw By
Chapter Two
Mannig J. Simidian
1
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the dollar value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given period of time.
Two ways of viewing GDP
Total income of everyone in the economy
Total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services Income $ Labor
Households Goods
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原
• The BLS conducts monthly consumer surveys to set the weights for the prices of those goods and services.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 2. Find the prices. Find the prices of each of the
• Compute the index by dividing the price of the basket in one year by the price in the base year and multiplying by 100.
Consumerprice index Price of basket of goodsand services100 Price of basket in base year
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 5. Compute the inflation rate. The inflation rate is
the percentage change in the price index from the preceding period.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
4. Choose a base year and compute the index.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 2. Find the prices. Find the prices of each of the
• Compute the index by dividing the price of the basket in one year by the price in the base year and multiplying by 100.
Consumerprice index Price of basket of goodsand services100 Price of basket in base year
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 5. Compute the inflation rate. The inflation rate is
the percentage change in the price index from the preceding period.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
4. Choose a base year and compute the index.
(2024年)曼昆《宏观经济学》完整版
2024/3/26
3
宏观经济学定义与研究对象
宏观经济学定义
宏观经济学是研究整个经济体系的总 体经济行为、经济表现、经济波动以 及经济政策对整体经济影响的学科。
研究对象
宏观经济学主要关注整个经济体系的 总体问题，如国民收入、就业、通货 膨胀、经济增长等。
2024/3/26
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宏观经济学与微观经济学关系
净出口
出口减去进口的差额，受汇率、国际市场需求、贸易政策等 因素的影响。
17
总供给曲线形状及变动原因
• 总供给曲线形状：总供给曲线表示在一系列价格水平下，经济 社会愿意提供的总产量（或总收入）。在短期内，总供给曲线 可能呈现向右上方倾斜的形状，因为价格水平上升会刺激企业 增加生产；在长期内，总供给曲线可能呈现垂直形状，因为长 期内潜在产出水平是稳定的。
要点三
比较优势原理的应用
比较优势原理是现代国际贸易理论的 基础，它解释了为什么国际贸易会发 生以及贸易对各国经济的影响。各国 通过专业化生产和贸易，可以实现资 源的优化配置和经济效益的提高。
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汇率制度类型及特点比较
固定汇率制度
浮动汇率制度
固定汇率制度是指一国货币与另一国 货币或一篮子货币保持固定比价的汇 率制度。其特点包括汇率稳定、政策 纪律性强、有利于国际贸易和投资等 。但固定汇率制度也可Байду номын сангаас导致汇率失 真、国际收支失衡等问题。
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国际收支平衡表解读
国际收支平衡表的概 念
国际收支平衡表是一国在一定时期内 （通常为一年）与外国进行经济往来 的全部记录的统计表。它反映了一国 在一定时期内对外经济往来的总体情 况，包括贸易、服务、投资、援助等 方面的交易。
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版
第16页/共264页
REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDP
• An accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP by using the GDP deflator.
第17页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is calculated as follows:
GDP deflator = Nominal GDP 100 Real GDP
第22页/共264页
The GDP Deflator
• Nominal GDP is converted to real GDP as follows:
第3页/共264页
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because: • Ever y transaction has a buyer and a seller. • Ever y dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
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Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
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Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
第20页/共264页
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100.
REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDP
• An accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP by using the GDP deflator.
第17页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is calculated as follows:
GDP deflator = Nominal GDP 100 Real GDP
第22页/共264页
The GDP Deflator
• Nominal GDP is converted to real GDP as follows:
第3页/共264页
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because: • Ever y transaction has a buyer and a seller. • Ever y dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
第18页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
第19页/共264页
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
第20页/共264页
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100.
(完整word版)曼昆宏观经济学名词解释 (中英文)
宏观经济学第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一国收入的衡量Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.微观经济学:研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。
Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment，and economic growth宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长.GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.国内生产总值GDP：给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值Consumption is spending by households on goods and services， with the exception of purchased of new housing.消费：除了购买新住房,家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。
Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories， and structures, including household purchases of new housing。
投资:用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出.Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government.政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出.Net export is spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners (exports） minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents （imports)净出口：外国人对国内生产的物品的支出(出口)减国内居民对外国物品的支出(进口）。
曼昆经济学原理2)
Financial intermediaries are financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers. 金融中介机构——储蓄者能够 经过它间 接地向借款者提供资金旳金融机构。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
金融市场
股票市场
股票 代表企业旳全部权，所以也代表对所 取得利润旳索取权。 出售股票来筹资称为股本筹资。
• 与债券相比，股票旳风险高，潜在收益也高。
美国经济中最主要旳股票交易所是纽约 股票交易所、美国股票交易所和纳斯达克 （NASDAQ）。
• Tax Treatment: The way in which the tax laws treat the interest on the bond.
– Municipal bonds are federal tax exempt.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Financial Institutions in the U.S. Economy 美国经济中旳金融机构
Financial markets are the institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowers. 金融市场——想储蓄旳人直接向想借款旳 人提供资金旳机构。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
金融市场
股票市场
股票 代表企业旳全部权，所以也代表对所 取得利润旳索取权。 出售股票来筹资称为股本筹资。
• 与债券相比，股票旳风险高，潜在收益也高。
美国经济中最主要旳股票交易所是纽约 股票交易所、美国股票交易所和纳斯达克 （NASDAQ）。
• Tax Treatment: The way in which the tax laws treat the interest on the bond.
– Municipal bonds are federal tax exempt.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Financial Institutions in the U.S. Economy 美国经济中旳金融机构
Financial markets are the institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowers. 金融市场——想储蓄旳人直接向想借款旳 人提供资金旳机构。
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版
• Compute the index by dividing the price of the basket in one year by the price in the base year and multiplying by 100.
Con ps riin uc d m P eer o e x b if rcae o s g fk o a eo s n td e dr s 1 v0 ic Pr ob ifcae is b nk a ye s ete ar
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
• The consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated • The inflation rate is calculated as follows:
I n f l a t i o n R a t e i n Y e a r 2 = C P I i n Y e a r 2 C P I i n Y e a r 1 1 0 0 C P I i n Y e a r 1
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
4. Choose a base year and compute the index.
Con ps riin uc d m P eer o e x b if rcae o s g fk o a eo s n td e dr s 1 v0 ic Pr ob ifcae is b nk a ye s ete ar
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
• The consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated • The inflation rate is calculated as follows:
I n f l a t i o n R a t e i n Y e a r 2 = C P I i n Y e a r 2 C P I i n Y e a r 1 1 0 0 C P I i n Y e a r 1
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
4. Choose a base year and compute the index.
2024版曼昆宏观经济学ppt课件完整版
曼昆宏观经济学ppt课件完整版•宏观经济学概述•国民收入核算与经济增长•失业、通货膨胀与货币政策•总需求-总供给模型与财政政策•国际金融与汇率制度•劳动市场、资本市场与长期经济增长•政府角色、社会保障与环境问题目录宏观经济学概述01宏观经济学定义与研究对象定义宏观经济学是研究整个经济体系的总体经济行为、经济表现及其内在规律的一门学科。
研究对象主要包括国民收入、就业、通货膨胀、经济增长等宏观经济现象。
宏观经济学与微观经济学关系联系微观经济学和宏观经济学都是研究经济现象的学科，两者相互补充，共同构成了经济学的完整体系。
区别微观经济学研究个体经济单位（如家庭、企业）的经济行为，而宏观经济学研究整个经济体系的总体经济行为。
03研究方法曼昆宏观经济学采用实证分析和规范分析相结合的方法，既注重理论推导，又强调经验验证。
01理论框架曼昆宏观经济学以新古典综合学派为基础，吸收了货币主义、理性预期学派等理论，形成了一个完整的理论体系。
02主要内容包括国民收入决定理论、就业理论、通货膨胀理论、经济增长理论等。
曼昆宏观经济学理论体系国民收入核算与经济增长02支出法通过核算一定时期内整个社会购买最终产品的总支出计算GDP ，适用于市场经济比较发达的国家。
收入法通过核算整个社会在一定时期内获得的收入总量来计算GDP ，适用于收入分配比较均衡的国家。
生产法通过核算一定时期内各生产单位所生产的全部最终产品的价值总量来计算GDP ，适用于统计基础比较完善的国家。
国内生产总值（GDP ）核算方法经济增长率计算及分析经济增长的源泉主要包括劳动投入的增加、资本投入的增加以及技术进步等。
经济增长的波动经济增长不是平稳的，而是呈现出周期性的波动，包括繁荣、衰退、萧条和复苏四个阶段。
比较优势与国际贸易对经济增长影响比较优势理论不同国家在生产不同产品时具有不同的比较优势，通过国际贸易可以实现互利共赢。
国际贸易对经济增长的影响国际贸易可以促进资源在全球范围内的优化配置，提高生产效率，推动技术创新和产业升级，从而促进经济增长。
宏观经济学曼昆版PPT82962280
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
2. Should monetary policy be made by rule rather than by discretion?
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Pro: Monetary policy should be made by rule
• Policy can manage aggregate demand in order to offset this inherent instability and reduce the severity of economic fluctuations.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Pro: Policymakers should try to stabilize the economy
• There is no reason for society to suffer through the booms and busts of the business cycle.
• Monetary and fiscal policy can stabilize aggregate demand and, thereby, production and employm-Western
Pro: Monetary policy should be made by rule
• There may be a discrepancy between what policymakers say they will do and what they actually do—called time inconsistency of policy.
2. Should monetary policy be made by rule rather than by discretion?
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Pro: Monetary policy should be made by rule
• Policy can manage aggregate demand in order to offset this inherent instability and reduce the severity of economic fluctuations.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Pro: Policymakers should try to stabilize the economy
• There is no reason for society to suffer through the booms and busts of the business cycle.
• Monetary and fiscal policy can stabilize aggregate demand and, thereby, production and employm-Western
Pro: Monetary policy should be made by rule
• There may be a discrepancy between what policymakers say they will do and what they actually do—called time inconsistency of policy.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件 25
• The poorest countries have average levels of income that have not been seen in the United States for many decades.
• Annual growth rates that seem small become large when compounded for many years.
• Compounding refers to the accumulation of a growth rate over a period of time.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Productivity: Its Role and Determinants
• Why Productivity Is So Important
• Tools used to build or repair automobiles. • Tools used to build furniture. • Office buildings, schools, etc.
• Physical capital is a produced factor of production.
How Productivity Is Determined
• Physical capital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services.
• Physical capital includes:
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
• Annual growth rates that seem small become large when compounded for many years.
• Compounding refers to the accumulation of a growth rate over a period of time.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Productivity: Its Role and Determinants
• Why Productivity Is So Important
• Tools used to build or repair automobiles. • Tools used to build furniture. • Office buildings, schools, etc.
• Physical capital is a produced factor of production.
How Productivity Is Determined
• Physical capital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services.
• Physical capital includes:
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
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