从社会符号学视角看杨译《儒林外史》中指称意义的转换

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翻译中的三种符号学意义

翻译中的三种符号学意义摘要: 将符号学运用于翻译学研究已成为当今翻译学发展的一大趋势，翻译学借鉴了符号学的理论侧重传达语言符号的所指意义、语用意义和言内意义，从而达到不同言语产物在翻译上的等值，因此从符号学的角度分析翻译中意义的转换是十分必要的。

关键词: 符号学；翻译；所指意义；语用意义；言内意义一、语义的符号学定义符号学认为意义是一种关系，即符号（语言单位也是一种符号）与符号所标示的东西之间的关系。

任何符号都是有意义的，因为它能说明符号之外的某个东西，如果符号不标示符号之外的某个东西，那它就不是符号。

用巴尔胡达罗夫的话说：“符号同符号之外的某个东西之间的关系就是意义。

”很显然，符号学给意义所下的定义摆脱了心理主义定义的主观性和神秘性，因而更具客观性、科学性。

同时，符号学定义比语言学定义更加直截了当地触及意义本身，而不留有需作进一步解释的余地，因此比语言学定义更为确切，更有说服力。

但也必须指出，特别是从翻译的角度看，对语义的认识不能局限于单纯的符号学理论。

符号中所涉及的不会是抽象的符号系统，而会是具体的、活生生的言语符号。

这些言语符号产生于特定的时期、特定的社会、特定的场合，具有特定的文化背景，因而具有特殊的意义。

只有把符号学同社会学结合起来，并借助于语言学、交际学等其他学科的理论，才能使符号学理论充分地运用于翻译研究。

翻译学比符号学更强调内容和形式的统一。

翻译中要做出功能对等的转换，首先必须全面理解原文的意思。

而这种全面理解则取决于译者对原文的一切因素，从句法到词汇，从词汇到语音，从句子到单词，从本义到转义，从所指到联想等等，都进行分析。

这就使翻译学得出以下合乎逻辑的结论：（1）原文中任何一个成分都具有意义，如句法有句法意义，词汇有词汇意义，修辞有修辞意义等等；（2）意义是形式与内容的不可分割的结合体：某个言语形式（包括口头的和笔头的）之所以被看作言语形式，是因为它具有意思，否则它就不是言语形式；意思寓于形式之中，而形式又因具有意思才能发挥其作用。

从社会符号学视角看英汉称呼语翻译

The Translation of English and Chinese Address Forms from the Perspective of Social Semiotics 作者：杨钦翔李炳炎
作者机构：湖南人文科技学院,湖南娄底417000
出版物刊名：河池学院学报
页码： 54-57页
年卷期： 2010年第1期
主题词：称呼语社会符号学翻译功能对等
摘要：社会符号学学派认为语言符号一般由三类意义构成,即指称意义、言内意义和语用意义。

称呼语作为人类社会历史产物具有社会内涵,并且在言语交际中体现一定语用功能。

称呼语可以分为六大类,在翻译各类称呼语时必须权衡这三种意义,从而实现译文和原文在功能上的对等。

社会符号学对汉语习语英译的解释

社会符号学对汉语习语英译的解释作者：张柏兰来源：《课程教育研究》2016年第13期【摘要】社会符号学翻译法是社会语言学与符合学的有机融合，其所强调和注重的是跨语言、跨文化的交流与互动。

在语言学中，翻译的过程通常被视为在译语进行的过程中寻求功能的对等，以求最大限度地满足意义与功能忠于原语。

习语是一种相对比较独特的语言表达方式，是在长期的社会发展过程中所形成的一种具有地域文化特色的翻译内容。

【关键词】符号学习语翻译《红楼梦》【中图分类号】G64 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089（2016）37-0103-01引言语言学和符号学作为翻译领域理论研究的重点途径，所侧重的点有所不同，前者通过是对语言形象的研究，将翻译视为语言的综合性处理。

而符合学则侧重于通过那些能够描述语言背后的非语言因素的翻译来将被翻译内容的真实含义和内容进行较为全面的表达。

从另一个角度来看，语言是重要载体之一文字就是一种社会符号，是在人类历史不断发展过程中所形成的。

下面我们将从语义的三角关系、语言符号的意义及其功能方面，并结合《红楼梦》杨译本为例来对社会符号学的应用进行分析。

1.语义三角关系概述语义三角关系的概念是语言学家奥格登和理查兹首先提出的，认为语义三角关系包含三重含义，即所指的事物或概念、用来表示该事物或概念的符号以及接触者脑海中所产生的与这些符号有关的概念和形象。

符号学的研究对象主要包含3方面，即研究符号之间关系的句法学、研究符号与事物之间关系的语义学和研究这些语言符号怎么使用的语用学。

从概念方面来看，符号学所研究的对象与语义三角关系所研究的关系之间有着明显的联系，其联系可以图1来表示。

2.语言符号的意义作为一种语言符号之间的转换，翻译可以借助社会符号学的相关理论和技巧来实现更大的突破，因为翻译实际指的是对语言背后关系的一种再表达。

原语的意义不仅通过语言自身来表述，同时还存在于语言表达的方式和环境。

社会符号学对汉语的翻译所注重的就是对语言符号的言内之意、指称意义和语用意义进行准确的定位与表达，虽然表达的语言、语法和词汇可能存在区别，但是其中所蕴藏的含义和关系是不变的。

《诗经·卷耳》理雅各和许渊冲译作翻译方法探究——从社会符号学理论角度出发

《诗经·卷耳》理雅各和许渊冲译作翻译方法探究——从社会符号学理论角度出发摘要：《诗经》，是我国文坛极具影响力的一部诗歌总集，它共收集了311篇我国古代文采斐然、辞趣翩翩的诗歌，在文学发展的历史上有着举足轻重的地位。

本文根据社会符号学翻译标准，以《诗经》中《周南·卷耳》这首诗歌为范例，通过中外两名翻译家许渊冲与詹姆斯·理雅各的英文译本，对比分析其中言内意义，指称意义和语用意义的翻译方法，并结合二人所处历史背景、社会文化等因素分析造成差异的原因，旨在促进对本诗含义与情感的更好把握，探究中国古诗的翻译方法，使外国读者更好地读懂中华经典。

关键词：诗经；卷耳；社会符号学；翻译方法1.社会符号学理论简介巴赫金认为：“世界是文本，符号学或符号系统”，社会符号学是以符号学、社会学和语言学为理论基础的一门交叉学科，是一门研究符号系统、社会以及人类关系的科学，用社会符号学的基本原则来研究翻译是翻译理论上的重大突破。

社会符号学翻译方法强调，翻译是一种跨文化、跨社会、跨语言的交际活动。

社会符号学翻译理论为翻译对等研究提供了新的视角。

根据奈达的社会符号学意义观，符号学是用于分析符号的最全面的系统。

近年来，社会符号学翻译法被广泛用于指导《周易》，《水浒传》《儒林外史》及《红楼梦》等古典文学的翻译，然而，它很少应用于古典诗歌的翻译。

社会符号学认为符号学的意义观适用于翻译，翻译即为翻译意义，并认为意义与功能是衡量译文质量不可或缺的两个方面[1]。

由此，陈宏薇教授提出了社会符号学翻译标准———意义相符，功能相似。

1.2《诗经》简介《诗经》是中国文学史上第一部诗集，汇集了自西周初期(公元前11世纪)至春秋中叶 (公元前6世纪) 约500年间的诗歌305首，对中国诗歌的发展影响深远。

它风格简约自然，真实地反映了现实生活，表达了真挚的思想感情，具有强烈的现实主义精神; 其次，《诗经》中多处运用赋、比、兴的手法，同时运用大量修辞手法来传情达意。

从社会符号学角度评析《红楼梦》的杨译本———以第三回为例

ｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｍｅａｎｉｎｇ，ｉｎｔｒａｌｉｎｇｕａｌｍｅａｎｉｎｇａｎｄｐｒａｇｍａｔｉｃｍｅａｎｉｎ，ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓｏｃｉｏ — ｓｅｍｉ — ｏｔｉｃｃｒｉｔｅｒｉｏｎｏｆｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ “ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｃｅｉｎｍｅａｎｉｎｇａｎｄｓｉｍｉｌａｒｉｔｙｉｎｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ”．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ
— —
以第三回为例
安然
（华东理工大学外国语学院，上海２００２３７）
摘要：以《红楼梦》第三回为例，结合社会符号学的翻译标准“ 意义相等，功能相似 ” ，分别在指称意
义、言内意义和语用意义三个方面对原文和译文进行对比。通过揭示这三种意义在译文中的具体
— —
ＡＣａｓｅＳｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅＴｈｉｒｄＣｈａｐｔｅｒ
ＡＮＲａｎ
（ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＦｏｒｅｉｇｎＬａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ，ＥａｓｔＣｈｉｎａＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ２００２３７，Ｃｈｉｎａ）
ｐｒａｇｍａｔｉｃｍｅａｎｉｎｇ

从社会符号学角度评析《红楼梦》杨译本

动的全过程，言之，换文本不能孤立于社会情境。３符）号学意义的解释涉及符号所在的结构（ｔｃｒ）即：ｓｕｔｅ。ｒｕ
、
理论基础
１社会符号学翻译法、符号学认为世界是由符号组成的。万事万物都可
任何文字符号的意义只能借助于其它 ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้关符号才能得
第２９卷
湖北师范学院学报（哲学社会科学版）
ＪｕａｏｕｅＮｒａＵｉｒｔＰｉｓｐｙａｄＳｃｌｃｅｃ）ｏｒｌｆｂｉｏｍｌｎｖｓｙ（ｈｌｏｈｎｏｉｉｎｅｎＨｅｉｏａＳ
Ｖ０．９１２
第３期
Ｎ．２ｏｏ３．０９
他将语言分为六类，们是：）息功能（ｎｏｔｅ他ｔ信ｉｒｉｆｍａｖ
象。因此韩礼德主张用社会符号学观点研究语言。师从韩礼德的美国语言学家冈瑟克雷斯发展了其老师的观点，著有专著《会符号学》书中细致的拴释了语言社，
的再现了语用意义及其相应的功能。
（关键词］社会符号学；意义；功能；翻译；红楼梦
［中图分类号］０９Ｈ５
［文献标识码］Ａ
［文章编号］０９４３（０９０ — １４０１０ —７３２０）３０２— ６
意义和社会不可分割的关系。用社会符号学研究语言的好处在于将信息，其意义与社会联系起来。社会符号学翻译法的代表人物是尤金．达。他认奈

《红楼梦》大观园中人物居所名的翻译——从社会符号学的视角

［］８王力．中国现代语法［．Ｍ］北京：商务印书馆，８．１５９
［特约编辑：赵秀璐］
一
５ — ３
一
个整体，同构成了词语和话语的总体社会符号学意共法有关的各种组合关系；章中旬式的变化、段落的安排
和衔接、粘连等各个层次。简单点说，以理解为篇章通可过使用语言符号所表现出来的风格。在翻译三种意义时，由于各种语言符号之间的显著差异，言内意义是最难保留
社会符号学是“ 研究符号系统和社会与人类关系的科学 ” 产生于２纪８ …，０世０年代中期，在符号学的基础是
上发展而来的。瑞士著名的语言学家索绪尔提出语言是一种表达概
收稿日期：００—１２１０—１２
意义，言内意义和语用意义。指称意义是语言符号和它所描绘或叙述的主观世界或客观世界的实体之间的关系。言内意义是语言符号之间的关系。语用意义是语言符号与语言符号使用者之间的关系。语用意义在很大程度上受制于语言的社会文化环境。语言符号的三类意义作为
［］ＨＣＣ．ｐＭａｍ￣ＣＯＯａｂａＭ］１ＡＣＰｒａＭＴａＣｒ３［．ｒＫｍ
Ｍｏｒ：ＨａＫ，９４．ｃ￣ａｙａ１５
［］ＨＣＣ．ｙｃａａＭＴｘ［．ｃ：ａｘ，２ＡＣＰＰｃａｐ￣ａｎａＭ］ＭｏｈａＨｙａＫｒｔ
的。
义瑚。
二、会符号学翻译法社
美国著名翻译理论家尤金・奈达将社会符号学应用

从社会符号学视角看杨译《儒林外史》中言内意义的转换

言内意义。
［关键词】社会符号学；杨译《儒林外史》；言内意义；转换【中图分类号】Ｈ３１５．７【文献标识码】Ａ【文章编号］１６７３－００４６（２０１５）４－０１８７－０２
二、杨译《儒林外史》言内意义的转换
《儒林外史》是我国文学史上一部杰出的现实主义
的长篇讽￣ｌｔ４，说。白面世以来，该小说先后被译成了英、言内意义必须跟其他类型的意义区分开来，因为它法、德、俄、日等多种文字，深受国内外读者的欢迎，并引指的不是指称意义或情感意义之类的语言外部的意义，起了各界学者浓厚的研究兴趣。本文将运用社会符号学而是存在于语言内部的有意义的关系。在特定语境中，翻译理论，评析《儒林外史》英译本言内意义的转换。社会符号学的翻译理论简介１．世界是由各种符号系统组成的，任何事物都可以看作是一个符号。作为承载社会文化信息的符号系统，
ｏｗｔｈｅｓｐｒｉｎｇｂｒｅｅｚｅｐｌａｙｓｏｎｍｙｔｈａｔｃｈｅｄｈｕｔ．假想的声音，或者通过比喻象征等修辞来愉悦感官；（５）ｎ酬应功能，在于使交际者之间保持接触，也可反映交际中国古诗词的英译就好比数学中的 “ 哥德巴赫猜者间的社会关系；（６）元语言功能，指语言解释或命名自想” ，其难点在于其字面意义可以翻译传达，但原文诗歌身特点的功能。语言的前四种功能是主要的，往往不能寥寥几字营造的意境以及采用的修辞却难以再现于译截然分开；而后两种功能则仅用于局部。文中。在此例中，原文第二、第四句诗的最后一个字，即４．意义和功能是衡量译文质量不可缺少的两个方 “ 书” 、 “ 庐” 的韵母都是Ｕ，属于中国古诗修辞中常见的押面。完美的翻译应全部传达语言符号所具备的意义，对尾韵。而译者将 “ Ｉ ” 分别作为第一和第三句的主语，并置等再现原文的语言功能。但是，原语和译语符号各种意于句首，构成了押头韵的修辞；又将ｂｅａｔ、ｈｕｔ两个以清

习语英译过程中意义的传递：社会符号学视角

习语是一种长期相沿习用的固定的语言表达形式，因其言简意赅，象生动且富含哲理而被视为语言中的形精华，在语言表达中，常常起到画龙点睛的作用。汉语言历史悠久，漫长的发展过程中，生和积淀了大量在产的习语。何准确地传递蕴含在这些习语中的深厚意义如是翻译活动中经常遇到的一个难题。文拟从社会符号本学的角度浅要地谈一谈汉语习语在英译过程中的意义
传递。
一
（ｒｓｔｇｍａｓｔｎｌｉｇｍａｉｇ，一个好的译者在Ｔａｌｉｅｎｒｓｔｅｎｎ）ｎａｎａａｎ翻译活动中应尽可能地将话语的三种意义都传达出来，
实现语法、义、用三个层面的等值转换。然而在翻语语
摘要：习语中往往蕴含着丰富的意义，何；地将其传递到译语中去是翻译活动中的一个难题。如住确本文从社会符号学的三种意义入手，讨了汉语习语在英译过程中的意义传递问题，出语用意义是汉语习探指
译实践中，由于源语和译语语言系统、化背景方面存文在的巨大差异，三种意义的等值转换几乎很难同时获这得。因此，如何处理翻译过程中言内、指称和语用意义的传递问题对翻译工作者们构成了一个严峻的挑战，而这一点在语言特点显著、化意蕴丰富的汉语习语英译文

社会符号学视角下许渊冲《琵琶行》英译的解读

2023年8月第40卷第4期西南科技大学学报：哲学社会科学版Journal of Southwest University of Science and TechnologyAug. 2023Vol. 40 No. 4社会符号学视角下许渊冲《琵琶行》英译的解读廖志勤詹丽梅（西南科技大学外国语学院四川绵阳 621010）【摘要】社会符号学翻译理论作为一种跨学科翻译理论，为翻译研究提供了一个新的视角，将其融入诗歌分析中，可以更加深入分析其中的内涵。

许渊冲《琵琶行》英译具有重要地位和研究价值。

本文以莫里斯的社会符号学为理论基础，分析得出许渊冲并未采用固定的翻译策略，而是将直译、意译、增译、减译、改译、转换等多种翻译方法和技巧相结合，加上不同的修辞手法，成功地传达了言内意义、指称意义和语用意义，为翻译学习者提供了新的思路。

【关键词】翻译；社会符号学；许渊冲；《琵琶行》英译【中图分类号】H315.9 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1672-4860（2023）04-0051-06收稿日期：2022-11-20 修返日期：2023-01-24作者简介：廖志勤（1963-），女，汉族，四川达州人，教授，硕士。

研究方向：翻译理论与实践。

詹丽梅（1993-），女，汉族，四川自贡人，硕士在读。

研究方向：外国语言学及应用语言学。

基金项目：四川外国语言文学研究中心重点项目：鲁迅诗歌英译研究，项目编号：SCWY22-04。

·感谢匿名审稿人对本文的建议，作者文责自负。

唐诗是中华民族珍贵的文化遗产之一，是中华文化宝库中一颗璀璨的明珠。

《琵琶行》是唐诗中的经典，是唐代伟大诗人白居易创作的长篇叙事诗，此诗通过对琵琶女高超弹奏技艺和不幸经历的描述，表达了诗人对她的深切同情，也抒发了诗人对自己无辜被贬的愤懑之情，是一部思想性和艺术性完美结合的杰作。

许渊冲被誉为‚诗译英法唯一人‛，他在进行诗歌创作时把‚美化之艺术，创优之竞赛‛这10个字作为他的目标，因此他对《琵琶行》的英译也非常精妙。

《儒林外史》简介及其意义

《儒林外史》简介及其意义篇一：《儒林外史》的价值体系及其文化意义《儒林外史》的价值体系及其文化意义?摘要?《儒林外史》的讽刺是建立在明确而完整的价值体系之上的，那就是实学、道德、人性和济世实践。

这个价值体系的特点是反伪尚真，弃虚返实，它对于我们研究和反思传统文化具有很深刻的启发意义。

《儒林外史》是一部思想家的小说，它以丰富犀利的思想，在中国古代小说中独树一帜。

但是，人们关注较多的是它的批判性，而缺乏对作品的价值体系的深入剖析。

对此美国评论家亨利?韦尔斯说：……莎士比亚与吴敬梓颇为类似，两人皆较少以作者身分发言。

然而，莎氏之价值观不难判断，而吴敬梓内心是一难解之迷。

如一位西方作家对社会写实、社会风俗及道德问题的描绘，具有和吴敬梓相同的资赋，他必然会提出更为清晰的价值体系。

我们可以大胆在认为，在中国文学里，没有一本书象《儒林外史》，在诠释上提出这么多的①问题。

他在这里提出了两个方面的问题：一是“对社会现实、社会风俗及道德问题的描绘”要建立在“清晰的价值体系”之上，二是对《儒林外史》并没有给出这个“清晰的价值体系”感到困惑。

对于前者而言，他的看法是有道理的，因为对社会生活的描绘也好，讽刺也好，都必须基于作者所持的某种立场和角度。

如果一个作家能够对生活现象进行讽刺，那么他对社会现实一定具有居高临下洞察和理解。

所以，具有什么样的价值体系，是我们在进一步考量《儒林外史》的思想价值时需要解决的问题。

一、《儒林外史》具有明确完整的价值体系《儒林外史》明确而完整的价值体系，可以通过对王冕及“真儒”形象的分析，清晰地显现出来。

书中描写了上百个人物，这些人物“行列而来，事与其来俱起，亦与其事俱迄”，②基本上是单独的一个个人物小传，人物之间的顺序似乎安排得比较随意，但在开篇，却单用一个“楔子”，以十分推崇的笔调写了“辞却功名富贵”的名流王冕，这是具有深意的。

它不是简单的用来比照书中其他人物，而是提示了作品的价值体系结构。

从符号学意义观看翻译动态对等

存在意义与实用意义。符号的完整意义应该是这三方
面意义的总和。
段，源文的意义最大程度地移植到译文中。文以社使本
会符号学翻译法为切人点，以符号学的意义观为指导，
莫里斯将符号学意义观运用于语言研究，认为词
尔指出：语言是表达思想的符号系统，因此它可比作 “
收稿日期：０５Ｏ－５初稿）２０ — ５２修改稿）２０一１１（；０５０－０（
６２
词、、、之间的脉络关系，有句段篇还有文本与读（）之间的关系，以涵盖语言交际中的听者可
义观．仅重申了索绪尔的意义即关系这一论断．且不而将这种关系具体化为三维关系。它既包括文本与所指
言学教程）ＣｕｓｅｅａＬｎｕｓｃ）书中．（ｏｒｉＧｎｒｌｉｇｉｉ－ｅｎｔｓ索绪
的关系产生了符号学的三个方面意义，：式意义、即形
根据使人们了解各种不同话语水平的语言符号的本
性，且也没有充分剖析语言与文化之问的关系，使而这得以社会符号学为方向的翻译研究显得尤为重要。” …
义也可以分为三方面：１言内意义，符号相互之间（）即

社会符号学视角下《三体》英译的意义转移研究

中文摘要《三体》是中国当代科幻小说家刘慈欣的代表作，是中国科幻小说创作史上的一座里程碑。

该书出版以来就囊括了国内各大奖项，在美籍华裔作家刘宇昆将其翻译成英文出版后，更是获得了“第七十三届雨果奖最佳长篇小说奖”，该译本的成功也受到越来越多译者及学者的关注。

《三体》的翻译对于中国科幻小说的发展具有深远意义，值得细致深入的研究。

社会符号学是一门以社会学、符号学、语言学为基础的交叉学科，社会符号学视角下的翻译理论指出，翻译的本质是跨语言、跨社会、跨文化的符际转换，强调语言的符号特质，同时关注语境、文化、语域等影响翻译的非语言因素。

社会符号学认为翻译是符号在不同社会文化背景下的编码与解码过程，也是源语中语言作为符号所承载的意义以及所实现的功能在目的语中的重现。

其中意义分别是指称意义、言内意义和语用意义。

本文以刘宇昆的《三体》英译本为研究对象，采用社会符号学的翻译研究方法，以陈宏薇教授提出的社会符号学“意义相符”的翻译标准为依据，拟对该译本中的典型翻译实例进行汉英对比分析，以揭示翻译过程中语言符号的意义在译本中的再现与缺失，重点分析讨论了在“意义相符”翻译标准下译者在翻译过程中进行的意义转换以及相应采用的翻译策略和方法，探究社会符号学指导下的意义转换在《三体》译本的成功中所扮演的重要角色，以期为此类中国科幻文学作品的翻译提供借鉴和参考。

总的来说，社会符号学翻译理论从语言的符号特质出发，着重原文语言符号的意义在译文中的重现，为翻译研究提供了一个相对全面的新视角。

本文运用社会符号学翻译理论分析刘宇昆对《三体》的英译，弥补了中国科幻小说在此领域研究的不足，为中国文学作品翻译及翻译研究提供一定的借鉴。

关键词：《三体》；翻译研究；社会符号学；意义转移AbstractThe Three-Body Problem is the masterpiece of the Chinese contemporary science fiction writer Liu Cixin, which also serves as a milestone in the history of Chinese science fiction creation. Ever since its publication, the novel has swept the board with various domestic awards. It’s not until the Chinese-American writer Ken Liu translated the novel into English that The Three-Body Problem attracted a world-wide attention and won the 73rd Hugo Award for Best Novel. The success of the translation has also attracted the attention of more and more translators and scholars. The translation of The Three-Body Problem s has far-reaching significance for the development of Chinese science fiction, and it deserves careful and in-depth research.Sociosemiotics is an interdiscipline based on sociology, semiotics and linguistics. Translation theory from the sociosemiotic perspective points out that the nature of translation is cross-linguistic, cross-social and cross-cultural intersemiotic transmission, emphasizing the nature of language as signs while paying attention to the non-linguistic factors that affect the process of translation, including context, culture, register and so on. From the sociosemiotic point of view, translation is the process of encoding and decoding signs in different social and cultural contexts, which is also the reproduction of the meanings of source language as signs in the target language. Here the meanings refer to referential meaning, linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning.This thesis takes Ken Liu’s English translation of The Three-Body Problem as the research object, and adopts the sociosemiotic approach to translation study. Based on the sociosemiotic translation criterion proposed by Professor Chen Hongwei-- “correspondence in meaning”, it is intended to make a comparative analysis of the typical examples in original Chinese novel and the English translation, in order to reveal the reproduction and loss of meanings of language signs in the process of translation under the translation criterion “correspondence in meaning”, focusing on analyzing and discussing the transfer of meanings as well as translator’s corresponding translation strategies and methods, probing into the important role meaning transfer plays in the success of the translation of The Three-Body Problem in the light of sociosemiotics, thus providing reference for the translation of such Chinese science fictions.In general, the sociosemiotic approach to translation points out the nature of language as signs, emphasizing the transfer of the meanings of the original language in the process of translation, which provides a relatively comprehensive new perspectivefor translation studies. This thesis adopts sociosemiotic approach to translation to analyze Ken Liu’s English translation of The Three-Body Problem, which makes up for the lack of research on Chinese science fictions in this field, providing reference for the translation and translation study of contemporary Chinese literary works.Key words: The Three-Body Problem; translation study; sociosemiotics; meaning transferContents中文摘要 (I)Abstract (II)Contents ....................................................................................................................... I V Chapter 1 Introduction (1)1.1 Research Background (1)1.2 Research Significance (2)1.3 Research Questions (3)1.4 Structure of the Thesis (3)Chapter 2 Literature Review (5)2.1 Brief Introduction to The Three-Body Problem (5)2.1.1 The Writer Liu Cixin and His Novel (5)2.1.2 The Translator Ken Liu and His Translation (6)2.2 Previous Studies on the Translation of The Three-Body Problem (7)2.2.1 Studies on Chinese Science Fiction Translation (8)2.2.2 Studies on the Translation of The Three-Body Problem (9)Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework (11)3.1 Origin and Development of Sociosemiotics (11)3.1.1 Semiotics (11)3.1.2 Sociosemiotics (13)3.1.3 Sociosemiotics and Translation Study (15)3.2 Sociosemiotic Approach to Translation (17)3.2.1 Translation Criterion: Correspondence in Meaning (17)3.2.2 Three Types of Meanings in the Light of Sociosemiotics (19)3.2.2.1 Referential Meaning (19)3.2.2.2 Linguistic Meaning (19)3.2.2.3 Pragmatic Meaning (20)Chapter 4 Sociosemiotic Analysis of the Meaning Transfer in the Translation of The Three-Body Problem (21)4.1 Transfer of Referential Meanings (21)4.1.1 Transfer of General Referential Meaning (21)4.1.2 Transfer of Referential Meaning in Culture-loaded Expressions (23)4.1.2.1 Idioms (24)4.1.2.2 Common Sayings (25)4.1.2.3 Chinese Culture-specific Expressions (27)4.2 Transfer of Linguistic Meanings (29)4.2.1 Transfer at the Phonological Level (29)4.2.2 Transfer at the Lexical Level (31)4.2.3 Transfer at the Syntactic Level (33)4.3 Transfer of Pragmatic Meanings (34)4.3.1 Transfer of Indexical Meaning (34)4.3.2 Transfer of Expressive Meaning (35)4.3.3 Transfer of Imperative Meaning (36)4.3.4 Transfer of Associative Meaning (37)4.3.5 Transfer of Social Meaning (38)4.4 Summary (39)Chapter 5 Conclusion (41)5.1 Major Findings and Enlightenment (41)5.2 Limitations and Suggestions (43)Acknowledgements (45)Bibliography (46)Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Research BackgroundAs a new academic discipline, sociosemiotics was formally proposed in the late the 1970s, on the background of the redefinition of human nature since the middle of the 19th century. Hence, the main thrust of this discipline must also lie in the reinterpretation of human nature. As a result, various problems related to human science can be explained and analyzed from this perspective. Therefore, sociosemiotics, ever since it was proposed, has been widely applied in discourse analysis, applied linguistics, pedagogy, children’s language study, advertising, architecture and many other fields. Translation, as a kind of social behavior and one of the most complex mental work of human beings, should also be analyzed from the perspective of sociosemiotics, which is the inevitable trend of the development of these two disciplines. We believe that the research on translation from the perspective of sociosemiotics should set a new record in the field of translation study, and the sociosemiotic approach to translation study should also be able to provide necessary theoretical guidance for translation practice as well.The Three-Body Problem is a science fiction novel by the famous sci-fi writer Liu Cixin, which tells the stories of the information exchange and communication between the Earth’s human civilization and the three-body civilization, the fight of life and death, and the rise and fall of two civilizations in the universe. The original Chinese version 《三体》(Santi) by Liu Cixin has become one of the most popular science fiction novels in China ever since its publication. And in 2006, it won the Galaxy Award，the most recognized and prestigious award for science fiction in China. However, not until the novel was translated into English by Ken Liu, has it attracted the world-wide attention. The English translation by Ken Liu was published by Tor Books in 2014. In the same year, it was nominated for the 2014 Nebula Award for Best Novel. Later in 2015, this English translation by Ken Liu won the 2015 Hugo Award for Best Novel, which indicates that besides the success of the original Chinese version, the English translation of this novel might be worth learning. It’s necessary to study the translation through multiple perspectives.This thesis tries to apply sociosemiotic approach to the study of the successful translation of The Three-Body Problem by Ken Liu, thus providing enlightenment forthe translation of the Chinse literature works, aiming to better transmit Chinese culture.1.2 Research SignificanceNowadays, translation studies stand on the threshold of a very exciting new phase, which is changing at a great rate. Translation scholars both at home and abroad have come to know that translation studies are characterized by sociological turn, ecological turn, complement of theories and cross-disciplinary studies involving the fields such as sociology, ecology, education, philosophy and psychology, etc. Many researches show that among these theories the sociosemiotic approach to translation is the most holistic perspective, as it studies language as signs and translation as the process of encoding and decoding signs, revealing the intrinsic nature of sings and external relation among signs, which provides a relatively all-inclusive scope for translation study.Sociosemiotic approach has been proved as comparatively all-embracing and most scientific in translation practice, since it breaks with the traditional idea of equivalence and opens new perspectives to translation studies at home and abroad, thus it has attracted great attention in domestic translation circles and has been warmly accepted by most scholars in China. It has been applied to interpreting the translation practice in the fields of both literary translation and non-literary translation like idioms translation, trademark translation, advertising translation, etc. And among those studies on literary translation, most of the source texts used in the case studies are traditional Chinese literary works like Dream of the Red Chamber and Water Margin. Little concern has been given to the translation of contemporary Chinese literary works from the perspective of sociosemiotics. Especially for the Chinese science fiction translation, no research has been conducted yet. Therefore, it is of both theoretical and practical significance to conduct the tentative study of Ken Liu’s translation of The Three-Body Problem from this perspective.Based on the sociosemiotic approach to translation, this thesis will analyze the challenges and translation methods in translating The Three-Body Problem from the perspective of sociosemiotics to provide insights on the translation of Chinese science fictions under the guidelines for the “going-out” project of Chinse literature and culture, aiming to better transmit Chinese culture.1.3 Research QuestionsThis study is conducted with the aim of exploring the following questions:(1) Does the translator Ken Liu achieve “correspondence in meaning” in the English translation of The Three-Body Problem?(2) Is there any loss of meaning in the translated text? How does that happen?(3) How does Ken Liu endeavor to achieve “correspondence in meaning” in the process of translation from the perspective of sociosemiotics?(4) What is the significance of sociosemiotic approach to the translation of Chinese literature?Based on sociosemiotics, this thesis would try to make a tentative study of the transfer of the three types of meanings in the translation of The Three-Body Problem, which are referential meaning, linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning under the guidance of the translation criterion in light of sociosemiotics. Qualitative analysis is the major method adopted in this thesis. The specific theoretical framework and how it is applied to translation study will be introduced later in chapter three. In addition, comparative analysis between the original text and the translated text is conducted in chapter four to analyze the discuss and translation methods in translating The Three-Body Problem to achieve “correspondence in meaning”, which is a comprehensive translation criterion guided by sociosemiotics. Accordingly, three steps would be carried out as follows:First, the author will provide a literature review of The Three-Body Problem, as well as the previous studies which have been conducted on the translation by Ken Liu.Second, the author will introduce the theoretical framework of this research, which includes the origin and development of sociosemiotics and the necessity and advantages to apply the sociosemiotic approach to translation.Third, the author will pick out typical translation examples in The Three-Body Problem which carry the characters of the transfer of the three semiotic meanings.Finally, the author will apply the sociosemiotic approach to analyze the examples to figure out whether the translator Ken Liu has reproduced the referential meaning, pragmatic meaning and linguistic meaning, and which translation methods he has adopted to achieve correspondence in meaning respectively.1.4 Structure of the ThesisThis thesis consists of five chapters as follows.Chapter One provides a general introduction to this thesis, which includes the research background, research significance and objective, research questions and methodology and the layout of the whole thesis.Chapter Two is the literature review related to this translation study of The Three-Body Problem from a sociosemiotic perspective, which includes a brief introduction to the author Liu Cixin and his masterpiece Santi, the original Chinese version, a brief introduction to the translator Ken Liu and his translation of The Three-Body Problem, as well as a review on the previous studies of the translation of The Three-Body Problem.Chapter Three serves as the theoretical basis of this thesis, which elaborates the origin and development of sociosemiotics in detail and explores the sociosemiotic approach to translation with the translation criterion “correspondence in meaning”. A detailed introduction to the three types of meanings is also presented in this chapter, showing the advantages of sociosemiotic approach to translation study and providing reliable scientific theoretical foundation for this thesis.Chapter Four is the most essential part of this thesis, in which the author analyzes and discusses Ken Liu’s translation of The Three-Body Problem from the perspective of sociosemiotics. The most typical examples are collected from Ken Liu’s translation to compare with the original Chinese version by Liu Cixin, in order to investigate if the meanings, which are referential meaning, linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning, are perfectly reproduced in the translation under the guidance of the translation criterion from the perspective of sociosemiotics. And the author tries to find out what translation strategies and methods the translator Ken Liu has adopted respectively to achieve the correspondence in meaning.Chapter Five is the last part, which serves as a conclusion of this thesis. In this chapter, the author makes a summary of the major findings of this study, trying to provide some enlightenment for the future translation study. The author also points out the limitations of the research, propounding suggestions for further studies.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Brief Introduction to The Three-Body ProblemAs a representative work by China’s multiple-award-winning science fiction writer Liu Cixin, the series of The Three-Body Problem has attracted great domestic and overseas attention. In the year of 2006, it won Chinese Science Fiction Galaxy Award, which is the sole one for this genre of literature in China. In 2014, The Three-Body Problem, the first volume of the series, was translated into English by a Chinese American science fiction writer Ken Liu and then nominated for the 2015 Nebula Award of Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Later in August of the same year, The Three-Body Problem won the 73rd Hugo Award for Best Novel, which means that Chinese science fiction has been lifted to world-class level through the creative writing by Liu Cixin and the successful translation of The Three-Body Problem by Ken Liu.2.1.1 The Writer Liu Cixin and His NovelLiu Cixin has been the leading figure in Chinese science fiction industry ever since the publication of his most famous work The Three-Body Problem in the year of 2007. He is a famous and outstanding Chinese science fiction writer, who has won the Galaxy Award for nine times in a row. He is also the winner of the 2015 Hugo Award (for The Three-Body Problem) and the 2017 Locus Award (for Death’s End) as well as nominee for the Nebula Award.Born in 1963, Liu Cixin was a student in North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, majoring in hydraulic engineering. And after graduating in 1988, he worked as a computer engineer at a power plant in Shanxi and started writing science fiction in his spare time as a hobby. The education background and work experience conduct a profound effect on his writing style. Liu’s work is considered as hard science fiction, a category of science fiction characterized by an emphasis on scientific accuracy, which might be largely attributed to his major in college and his work experience.In 1989, Liu Cixin was labeled with the first cyberpunk Chinese author after thepublication of his maiden science fiction China 2185 and he rapidly came to fame after his novel With Her Eyes won the Galaxy Award in 1999. As a productive science fiction writer, so far Liu Cixin has published over 18 short stories, 16 novellas, 9 work collections and 8 novels, with The Three-Body Problem, Ball Lightening and The Era of Supernova as the most famous ones, among which the series of The Three-Body Problem have enjoyed a great popularity in the western world since the publishing of their English version.The Three-Body Problem begins with the madness of Cultural Revolution in China. The leading role Ye Wenjie, who is a student majoring in astrophysics in Tsinghua University witnesses the tragic death of her father in the catastrophe. And she is sent off for hard labor to the Northeast China. Later by accident, Ye joins The Red Coast Base, a secret military project in Mao’s day responsible for the search of alien lives. After years of futile effort, one night when Ye is on night-shift, she finally receives messages from an extraterrestrial civilization, thus learning about the existence of the Trisolaris.Since Ye gets desperate at human nature, she pins her hope on the much more developed alien civilization to improve human beings. She secretly exposes the coordinates of the earth to the Trisolarans who are looking for opportunities of escaping from their planet with unbearable climate condition, and answers the messages without permission to help the immigrants from the Trisolaris to take control of the Earth. Before the arrival of the invaders, the development of the basic science on the earth suddenly stagnates. Through playing a mysterious virtual reality game called “Three Body”, nanotech scientist Wang Miao gradually discovers the secret. Doomsday is coming.In a word, The Three-Body Problem has been the most popular science fiction in China and also widely known among the foreign readers ever since its publication. Thus, the genre of science fiction in China earns unprecedented attention, which will certainly promote its development.2.1.2 The Translator Ken Liu and His TranslationKen Liu, the translator of The Three-Body Problem, is a Chinese American writer and translator of science fiction, as well as a lawyer and programmer. He was born in 1976 in Lanzhou of China. At the age of 11, Ken emigrated to America with his family,and has been a tax lawyer after getting his doctor’s degree. Apart from being a lawyer, Ken Liu is also an amateur but prolific science fiction writer. His works have been published in Asimov’s, Lightspeed, Clarkesworld, Analog, Fiction and Science Fiction and Strange Horizons. Ken’s first novel, The Grace of Kings, won the Locus Best First Novel Award and was a Nebula finalist. In 2012, his short story The Paper Menagerie won the Hugo and Nebula Award for the best short story, which makes Liu the first Chinese American to receive these two most prestigious awards for science fiction. One year later, The Man Who Ended History: A Documentary got Hugo Award nomination for vest novella and his Mono No Aware won the 2013 Hugo Award for the best short story.In addition to writing science fiction, Ken Liu contributes a lot to the translation of excellent Chinese science fictions, and the translation works have also been widely accepted. In 2011, Ken Liu translated The Fish of Lijiang by Chen Qiufan, the English version of which won the 2012 World Fantasy Award. From then on Liu has born the responsibility to introduce Chinese Science fiction to the western world.In 2012, Ken Liu started to translate The Three-Body Problem, the English version of which was then published in 2014. The writer Liu Cixin spoke highly of the translation. “Translation is an activity across two different cultures and spaces. As for The Three-Body Problem, Ken Liu works as the bridge linking the two cultures. Ken Liu’s translation is great, almost perfect. The Three-Body Problem was nominated for best novel by many world science fiction prizes, including the Hugo Award, the Nebula Award, the John W. Campbell Award, the Prometheus Award and the Locus Poll Winners. Then in August 2014, it received the Hugo Award for best novel. Moreover, Ken Liu translated Folding Beijing, a work by Chinse female science fiction writer Hao Jingfang, and the English edition won the 2016 Hugo Award for best novella.To draw a conclusion, due to great translating skills, special background and rich knowledge of Chinese and western cultures, Ken Liu has been an outstanding Chinese science fiction translator to promote Chinese culture to the world stage.2.2 Previous Studies on the Translation of The Three-Body ProblemThe Three-Body Problem is a successful Chinese science fiction novel by the famous sci-fi writer Liu Cixin, which has attracted a world-wide attention and sweptthe board with a bunch of nominations of many world science fiction prizes since the publication of its translated version by Ken Liu. It brings Chinese science fiction to the world stage, promoting the dissemination of Chinese literature and culture. A lot of researches have been conducted from different perspectives to probe into the success of Ken Liu’s translation of The Three-Body Problem. In this section, a detailed review of previous studies on Chinese fiction translation, on translation of The Three-Body Problem and on translation study from sociosemiotic perspective is provided.2.2.1 Studies on Chinese Science Fiction TranslationThe earliest translation activities in China can be dated back to the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 B.C.). Compared with this long period of history, science fiction translation is not undertaken by the Chinese until the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republican Era (1840-1919) when science fiction was introduced in China as a new literary genre. In the initial stage, science fictions were spread one-sidedly from western countries to China. However, from the 1980s on, Chinese science fiction starts to make its debut in the world. In the meanwhile, studies on Chinse science fiction translation emerge as more and more translation scholars begin to pay attention to this field.Wang Xueming and Liu Yi divide science fiction translation in China into four periods in their collaborated article Science Fiction Translation in China: Retrospect and Prospect (2015). The fourth period extending from the 1990s to 2015 is defined by them as a time when original Chinese science fictions are mushrooming up and even getting translated into foreign languages. The infertility of Chinese science fiction translation into foreign languages is largely due to the prejudice most prominent Chinese translators hold against science fiction and its translation.As a result, study on Chinese science fiction translation turns out to be an even less explored area in China. Most of the previous researches conducted on science fiction translation in China are targeted at science fictions translated into Chinese. For instance, Fu Yanyan concludes in her master’s thesis A Study on Guo Jianzhong’s Thoughts and Practice of Science Fiction Translation (2013) that both the translation practice and researches made by professor Guo Jianzhong, a famous science fiction translation theorist, focus on science fiction in Chinese. It is necessary and important to conduct translation studies on the C-E translation of Chinese science fiction to bridge the research gap.2.2.2 Studies on the Translation of The Three-Body ProblemAs The Three-Body Problem translated by Ken Liu wins the Hugo award, more and more researches have been carried out on this science fiction translated from Chinese into English. When inputting the key words “The Three-Body Problem” and “translation” in the online database CNKI which is a comprehensive integrated knowledge resources system, the author got 87 related papers on Ken Liu’s translated version of The Three-Body Problem, according to which it can be found that the studies are mainly conducted from three aspects.First, several researches are conducted to study Ken Liu’s translation from a certain perspective of linguistics. Chen Ziyue studies the translation of The Three-Body Problem in her paper On Science Fiction Translation from the Perspective of Chesterman’s Translation Norms—A Case Study of the English Version of Santi (2015). The author examines The Three-Body Problem form the categories of norm theory, namely the preliminary norms, the initial norms and the operational norms. And it is found out that Ken Liu’s translation is line with these translational norms. In the dissertation On Translator’s Responsibilities in The Three-Body Problem from the Perspective of Translation Ethics(2017), Li Yang explored the translator’s responsibilities of Ken Liu during the translation of The Three-Body Problem within the theoretical framework of translation ethics. And Liu Yang conducts a analysis of the translators of The Three-Body Problem form the feminist perspective in An Analysis of the Translation Strategies of The Three-Body Trilogy from the Gender Perspective (2019), aiming to find out whether the translators’ adoption of various translation strategies embody their fender consciousness and subjectivity.Second, some other studies are to investigate the translator Ken Liu’s personal characteristics. Song Gairong and Gong Yulong conduct a comparative study in linguistic level in their paper A Corpus-based Comparative Study of Ken Liu’s and Howard Goldblatt’s Translation Style (2016). The corpus of Ken Liu’s translation is made up of 13 novels he translates, including The Three-Body Problem. Through a close examination of the corpus in the light of Mona Baker’s monolingual comparable research mode, it is concluded that in the lexical level, Ken Liu’s translation enjoys a high degree of diversity with the utilization of long and complicated words. And Liang Yue in the year of 2019, based on the explanation of translator’s style made by Bakerand the corpus-based approach, Liang Yue takes three representative translations of Ken Liu, The Three-Body Problem included, as the research object and analyzes the translator’s style of Ken Liu both quantitatively and qualitatively in her thesis A Corpus-Based Study on Translator’s Style of Ken Liu (2019).Third, the acceptance abroad of Ken Liu’s translation of The Three-Body Problem is also studied. For instance, Liao Ziwei looks into the acceptance of The Three-Body Problem in the west in the article Overseas Promotion of Contemporary Literature from the Perspective of Translating and Introducing Effect (2016). Yang Jingyan illustrated how the translator Ken Liu and the original works affect the result of Hugo awards from the perspective of Bourdiwu’s concept of field, capital and habitus in her dissertation Hugo Awards and Sci-Fi Fiction Translation– A Study on the Translation of The Three-Body Problem and Folding Beijing From the Perspective of Bourdieu’s Cultural Sociology (2017).Though The Three-Body Problem has made a great hit in the western world, only a small scale of study has been conducted to promote the output of outstanding Chinese science fictions. The study on the C-E translation of The Three-Body Problem from the perspective of sociosemiotics is a new topic to which scholars have paid no attention before.Moreover, hardly any study of translations deals with the role that the concrete social institutions play in the quite complex phenomenon of communication-through-translation, while sociosemiotic approach is a relatively new but scientific and comprehensive approach to conduct such translation studies, so that in this thesis the author attempts to study Ken Liu’s translation from the perspective of sociosemiotics.。

《儒林外史》称呼语研究

《儒林外史》称呼语研究《儒林外史》是由陆小曼创作的一部经典小说，讲述了一群受过一流教育的儒家士大夫们的故事。

小说的精彩情节和深刻的道理在全国范围内深受欢迎，其中给读者留下最深刻的印象之一便是其中人物间的称呼语。

这里充斥着称呼语的语言特色，使《儒林外史》的故事情节更加生动有趣。

这些称呼语能够体现出各种彼此之间的关系，在互动中突出人物的地位、性格和心理活动。

因此，称呼语这一重要组成部分使《儒林外史》成为一部真正可贵的经典之作。

尽管《儒林外史》中称呼语的使用极为普遍，但它们却是多么多样，尤其是在表达关系上。

如果把这些称呼语归结为社会尊卑、功绩、关系等具体内容，就可以发现《儒林外史》中各种称呼语的社会文化背景。

从社会尊卑的角度来看，主要是把“尊”、“卑”这两个字和称呼语联系起来，用不同的称呼来体现上下等级之间的差距。

例如：“叔”、“舅”、“甥”、“伯”等，这些称呼语体现了社会伦理道德观念，表达对对方的尊敬和贴心。

另一方面，按照功绩而取称呼也是一种很常见的方式，例如一位罪犯受到刑罚时，他的称呼就有可能从“贵人”变成“恶人”。

再比如政治家被封赏时，他的称呼就有可能从“平民”变成“殿下”。

《儒林外史》中的称呼语离不开自然形成的功绩体系，这也反映出儒家“功令行”的思想。

此外，《儒林外史》中称呼语还体现出社会关系的复杂性和深度。

小说中称呼语凝练地表达了人物之间的亲疏情。

例如：黄门“丞相”，毕夏珍“御史爷”，福临“洪姑娘”等，这些都是表达人物关系的有力工具。

这些称呼语的使用不仅使《儒林外史》深入人心，也让我们更加深切地理解了古人的文化思想。

古人的文化思想体现在很多地方，但比起称呼语更能让读者深刻地明白其中的社会尊卑、功绩等关系，以及它们对故事情节的影响和作用。

因此，“儒林外史”称呼语研究不仅有助于深入理解《儒林外史》，而且也对我们对古代文化思想的认识有所帮助，丰富了我们的文化视野，促进了我们的文化传承。

总之，称呼语是《儒林外史》传统文化的重要组成部分，它不仅可以让读者更加深入地了解小说的情节，也可以帮助我们更好地理解古人的文化思想，从而促进我们对文化传承的认识。

儒林外史人物象征意义

儒林外史人物象征意义《儒林外史》是一部著名的中国古典小说，描写了清代儒林人物的生活、奋斗与沉浮。

在小说中，每个人物都具有鲜明的象征意义，通过他们的行为、性格以及命运，展现了作者对当时社会现实的思考和批判。

以下将对几位主要人物进行分析，探讨他们在小说中的象征意义。

首先是书中的主人公官学进。

他是一个读书人，一心向往功名利禄，为了通过科举考试而不择手段。

官学进象征着当时儒学士人对功名利禄的执着追求和盲目奔波。

他在小说中的遭遇和结局反映了当时文人在官场上所受到的挫折和束缚，揭示了功名利禄背后的虚伪和荒谬。

另一个重要人物是程诚。

他是一个清正廉洁的人，不愿为了一己私利而屈从于权势。

程诚象征着儒家思想中的道德操守和正直品质。

他坚守自己的原则，最终选择了清贫之路，表现出对个人修养和道德情操的追求，是小说中的一位积极向上的人物形象。

另外一个人物是赵东。

他是一个聪明机智的商人，善于交际和营销，最终通过自己的努力成为富甲一方的商业大亨。

赵东象征着商业社会中的成功人士，他的兴衰故事展现了商人在当时社会地位的变迁和商业活动中的机遇与风险。

在《儒林外史》中，还有诸如蔡知府、王官人等一系列精彩的人物形象，每个人物都具有丰富的内涵和深刻的象征意义。

通过这些人物的塑造，作者生动地展现了当时社会各界人士的生活面貌和处境，传达了对社会现实和人性的深刻思考。

总的来说，儒林外史中的人物形象不仅具有鲜明的时代特征，同时也凝聚了作者的思想和情感，是对当时社会众多面孔的真实描绘和深刻反思。

这些人物的象征意义不仅体现在小说情节中，更反映了作者对封建社会道德伦理和人性问题的深刻思考，具有深远的启示意义。

社会符号学视角下网络流行语英译中指称意义的再现

2018年18期总第406期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS社会符号学视角下网络流行语英译中指称意义的再现文/李丽丽【摘要】在当今的信息化时代，网络上不断涌现出一些流行语。

它们引起了很多翻译爱好者的关注，继而出现了各种各样五花八门的英译。

作为一种特殊的语言变体，这些流行语往往产生于特定的情境，具有丰富的意义。

译者只有充分考虑这些词产生的情境，才能正确且充分的译出其中的丰富涵义。

本文借助社会符号学翻译法，主要探讨汉语网络流行语英译中指称意义的再现。

【关键词】社会符号学翻译法；网络流行语；指称意义【作者简介】李丽丽(1994.1- )，女，山西运城人，陕西师范大学外国语学院16级硕士，研究方向：翻译理论与实践。

引言近年来，随着互联网的蓬勃发展，许多网络流行语应运而生。

作为一种特殊的语言形式，网络流行语的翻译问题也引起了学者的关注。

他们运用不同理论，试图探讨网络流行语的有效翻译策略和翻译方法。

如石于瀚(2015)从跨文化交际角度出发，论证了文化内涵翻译在网络流行语翻译中的重要性。

杨丽(2013)将奈达的读者反应论作为理论基础，同时考虑文化的因素，将二者结合起来探讨网络流行语的翻译方法。

刘亭亭(2013)运用生态翻译学，指出译者在翻译网络流行语时，应考虑语言、文化和交际三个因素。

邱永忠(2011)以翻译模因论为理论基础来探讨汉语网络流行语的翻译方法。

李娇(2015)从认知模因角度试图揭示网络流行语的本质特征。

陈娟(2013)将功能对等理论引入汉语网络流行语的英文翻译当中。

傅恒(2011)以关联翻译理论为指导，探究网络流行语直接翻译、间接翻译和创词翻译等翻译策略。

席绢(2015)总结了顺应理论对网络流行语的翻译的指导作用。

另有学者从认知语言学中汲取营养，探讨翻译问题。

如谢之君、杨月华(2015)提出了基于认知价值的翻译研究视角，对网络流行语的生成、理解机制进行论证和探讨。

邹幸居(2015)认为网络流行语的翻译实质上也是概念整合的认知过程，基于此，他提出了四种翻译模式：简单模型、对等模型、单向模型和双向模型。

《儒林外史》主要考点内容梳理解读

《儒林外史》主要考点内容梳理解读《儒林外史》是清代吴敬梓创作的长篇小说，成书于乾隆十四年（1749年）或稍前，先以抄本传世，初刻于嘉庆八年（1803年）。

全书五十六回，以写实主义描绘各类人士对于“功名富贵”的不同表现，一方面真实的揭示人性被腐蚀的过程和原因，从而对当时吏治的腐败、科举的弊端礼教的虚伪等进行了深刻的批判和嘲讽；一方面热情地歌颂了少数人物以坚持自我的方式所作的对于人性的守护，从而寄寓了作者的理想。

小说白话的运用已趋纯熟自如，人物性格的刻画也颇为深入细腻，尤其是采用高超的讽刺手法，使该书成为中国古典讽刺文学的佳作。

《儒林外史》代表着中国古代讽刺小说的高峰，它开创了以小说直接评价现实生活的范例。

儒林外史》脱稿后即有手抄本传世，后人评价甚高，鲁迅认为该书思想内容“秉持公心，指摘时弊”，胡适认为其艺术特色堪称“精工提炼”。

在国际汉学界，该书更是影响颇大，早有英、法、德、俄、日、西班牙等多种文字传世，并获汉学界盛赞，有认为《儒林外史》足堪跻身于世界文学杰作之林，可与薄伽丘、塞万提斯、巴尔扎克或狄更斯等人的作品相提并论，是对世界文学的卓越贡献。

作者介绍：吴敬梓（1701—1754年），清小说家，字敏轩，号粒民，晚号“文木老人”、秦淮寓客，安徽全椒人。

雍正诸生。

早年生活豪纵，后家业衰落，移居江宁。

乾隆初荐举博学鸿词，托病不赴，穷困以终。

工诗词散文，尤以长篇小说《儒林外史》成就最高。

又有《文木山房集》《文木山房诗说》等。

主要内容：小说从元末明初写起（“楔子”），一直写到明万历四十四年（“幽榜”），前后历时约二百四十八年。

正文从第二回开始，故事发生在明代成化末年，上距“楔子”约一百二十年；结束于第五十五回“四客”故事，此事发生在万历二十三年，下距“幽榜”二十一年。

前后历经一个朝代的兴衰。

元朝末年浙江诸暨农家子弟王冕自学成才后，因不愿相与知县时仁和乡绅危素，避走山东济南卖画为生。

半年后，黄河决堤，百姓流离，王冕乃回到故乡。

儒林外史这个书名的理解

儒林外史这个书名的理解
儒林外史这个书名的理解
1.引言
《儒林外史》作为中国文学史上的一个经典之作，其书名备受关注。

本文将从书名起源、涵义以及影响等方面对《儒林外史》这个书名进
行多维解读。

2.书名起源
《儒林外史》这个书名是由清代文学家吴敬梓所创。

吴敬梓在创作之时，其初衷是要为当时社会树立榜样，借此来倡导道德风尚。

而“儒林”这个词汇，则指的是儒家学派，也代表了当时文化界的权威和精英。

此外，“外史”三个字则表达了对江湖生活的关注。

3.书名涵义
（1）指出社会阶级的生活现象
《儒林外史》这个书名的意含是指出了社会阶级生活的现象。

这本书
的创作背景是清代中期的乡村，主人公就是生活在这个时期的普通士子，他们不仅有着儒家思想传统的约束，同时也不断地面临着现实生
活中种种的挑战和考验。

（2）揭示社会现象的深层原因
《儒林外史》这个书名的另一层意涵则是揭示了社会现象的深层原因。

吴敬梓通过生动的笔触和渲染，向人们展示了儒家学说在清代社会中
的作用，以及人类生活中的欺诈、嫉妒、贪婪等负面情绪在社会中所
造成的危害。

4.书名的影响
作为中国文学史上具有重要地位的一部著作，《儒林外史》的书名也
间接地影响了中国的文化界。

它不仅凸显出儒家文化的地位和影响力，同时还呈现了中国传统文化在改革中的动态过程，向人们展示了中国
文化面临的巨大挑战和机遇。

总之，作为中国文学史上的一个经典之作，《儒林外史》是对中国社
会生活的真实写照。

其书名所蕴含的涵义，从表面上看象征着儒家文
化精华，深入挖掘下，又凝聚着作者对传统文化的认识和思考。

《儒林外史》的讽刺

《儒林外史》的讽刺盛世的悲歌——《儒林外史》的讽刺|张国风《儒林外史》的贡献是多方面的，其中最大的贡献是它的讽刺艺术。

而讽刺是分层次的，《儒林外史》为我们提供了一种高层次的讽刺。

讽刺的第一个关键是讽刺的武器。

讽刺针对的是负面的人物或现象，是否成为负面的判断，涉及判断者的价值观。

价值判断是讽刺的题中应有之义。

吴敬梓的价值观，基本上属于儒家。

《儒林外史》褒贬人物的标准，依然是儒家的标准。

或者说，吴敬梓讽刺的武器是儒家的思想。

从积极的方面来说，吴敬梓发挥了儒家固有的关心现实、关心社会、批评现实的精神；从消极的方面来说，吴敬梓依然没有冲破儒家思想的樊篱。

当然，这么说未免过于简单。

吴敬梓从明清之际的进步思潮中汲取了批判的精神，这种思想的深度并非“儒家思想”四个字可以概括。

但是，究其根源，究其核心，依然不脱儒家思想的樊篱，重点仍在伦理性的批判。

必须说明的是：这个标准受到了政治态度的牵制。

吴敬梓从儒家的伦理规范中悄悄地将“忠”字剔除，独取孝义诚信，并处处强调孝义诚信与功名富贵之水火不相容。

吴敬梓把王冕树为儒林的榜样，而王冕视功名富贵如瘟疫，王冕的母亲说：“做官怕不是荣宗耀祖的事，我看见这些做官的都不得有甚好收场。

”吴敬梓的政治态度由此可见一斑。

吴敬梓生在一个文字狱最为猖獗的时代，他的政治态度没有非常直接的表白，但比曹雪芹要明显得多，至少还写到了一桩文字狱。

曹家与政治的关系太直接，问题太敏感，涉及到了清王室骨肉相残的斗争，曹雪芹不能不竭力地回避政治的描写。

《儒林外史》特种邮票一套6枚，通过勾线填色、逐层晕染等艺术手法，生动展现了《儒林外史》中《范进中举》《王冕画荷》《杜少卿夫妇游山》等6个故事。

讽刺的第二个关键是选择讽刺的对象。

这一问题与前一个问题密切相关。

《儒林外史》讽刺的对象，集中于势利与虚伪这两种社会现象。

儒家讲仁，又讲尊卑名分，本质上就是一种虚伪；但吴敬梓身为17世纪的一个知识分子，还认识不到儒家思想本质上的虚伪。