lexi02词汇学

abeeninforeEtc.

asleep bewitch enslave indefinite foreman
V to Adj N to V N to V Adj to Adj N to N
Class-maintaining prefixes:

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of
several words and use them as a new word Examples: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats SWOT Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus SCUBA
A Sample of New Words in the Oxford Dictionary of English, revised 2nd edition




boo • noun (US informal) a person's boyfriend or girlfriend. Hinglish • a variety of English used by speakers of Hindi, characterized by frequent use of Hindi vocabulary or constructions. Jilbab • a full-length outer garment, traditionally covering the head and hands, worn in public by some Muslim women. spit • verb (black English) perform rap music.
Internet Activity: Find out the history and the meaning of the following words
1. Antimacassar 2. Scrabble 3. Hamburger 4. Jumbo
English Word Formation
• bishop, church, priest.

Scandinavian Viking invasion (8th Cent)
• Egg, sky, window

French Norman Conquest (11th Cent)
• Warden, reward, mansion

Latin End of Renaissance (16th Cent)
The semantic change of the word: hot spot
1. A place of political danger. 2. A lively nightclub. 3. An area on the screen which can be clicked on to start an operation such as loading a file. 4. An area where you can get connected to the Internet through a wireless network.
7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect
morphological analysis. Examples: editor (1649) edit (1791) television (1907) televise (1927) Paramedical (1921) paramedic (1967)
5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by
deleting one or more syllables Examples: Gasoline Gas Hamburger Burger delicatessen deli microphone mike
(2) Semantic Change
Four kinds of semantic change: Extension or generalization: A lexeme widens its meaning, e.g. doctrine. Narrowing or specialization: A lexeme becomes more specialized in its meaning, e.g. engine Amelioration: A lexeme develops a positive sense of approval, e.g. revolutionary Pejoration or detorioration: A lexeme develops a negative sense of disapproval, e.g. villain

Foreign Borrowings:
• Over 350 languages are on record as sources of English present-day vocabulary
Foreign Borrowings

Latin after the arrival of Christianity

4. Conversion
Definition: Assigning an already existing word
to a new syntactic category. Types of Conversion

Verb to Noun: to hit a hit Adj to N: a final game a final N to V: a sign to sign Adj to V: an empty box to empty
(1) The Origin of English Words

Native Vocabulary (the Anglo-Saxon Lexemes):
• Grammatical words (in, on, be, that) • Lexical words (father, love, name) • Affixes (mis-, un-, -ness, -less)
4. Roll-neck
5. White-collar 6. Before-tax 7. Go-go
4. Verb + Noun
5. Adjective + Noun 6. Particle + Noun 7. Verb-verb
2. Prefixation
Class-changing prefixes:
ETYMOLOGY
Hongbo Kevin. Zheng, Zheng.hongbo@yahoo.com.cn
What is Etymology?
(1) the study of the origin of words, and (2) the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history.
Borrowings in 18th – 19th Centuries



Байду номын сангаас
Australia: boomerang, kangaroo New Zealand: kiwi, pakeha Javanese: batik, lahar Japanese: bonsai, geisha Spanish: Puma, quinine Inuit: kayak, igloo Etc.
Examples of Word Origin
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Guru Entrepreneur Buffet Rector Tycoon Propaganda Genius
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Hindi French French Latin Japanese Italian Latin
6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but
parts of the words are deleted. Examples: Motor + hotel Motel Breakfast + lunch Brunch Wireless + Fidelity Wi-fi Sheep + goat Shoat
5. In-crowd, overkill 6. Drop-out, put-on
4. Adjective + Noun
5. Particle + Noun 6. Verb + Particle
Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive 2. Fine-tune 3. Overbook 1. Noun + Verb 2. Adjective + Verb 3. Particle + Verb
1. Compounding
Definition: Two or more words joined together to
form a new word. Examples: Home + work homework Pick + pocket pickpocket The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. Types of compounds: Compound nouns Compound verbs Compound adjectives
Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback 2. Cut-throat, breakfast 3. Sunshine, birth control 1. Noun + Noun 2. Verb + Noun 3. Noun + Verb
4. Software, fast food
Hongbo Kevin. Zheng, Zheng.hongbo@yahoo.com.cnA.
Types of Word Formation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Compounding Prefixation Suffixation Conversion Clipping Blends Backformation Acronyms Onomatopoeia Eponyms Toponyms


3. Suffixation
Suffixes forming Nouns
N from N: -dom kingdom N from V: -ee employee N from Adj: -ce dependence Suffixes forming Verbs V from N: -ify beautify V from Adj: -en shorten Suffixes forming adjectives Adj from N: -al educational Adj from V: -able understandable Adj from Adj: -ish greenish Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.
4. Bad-mouth
4. Adjective + Noun
Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive 2. Deaf-mute 3. Coffee-table 1. Noun + Adjective 2. Adjective + Adjective 3. Noun + Noun