学术英语(管理)_Unit 8
学术英语(社科)Unit1-8 Text A译文
学术英语课文翻译Unit1人们如何做出决策理性的人认为在保证金1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。
理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。
当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。
你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。
2.理性的人知道生活中的决策很少是黑白的，但通常是灰色的。
在吃饭的时候，你面对的不是空腹或是像猪一样进食，而是吃额外的一匙土豆泥。
当考试开始时，你的决定不是介于两者之间，而是让他们减少或学习一天24小时，而不是花更多的时间复习笔记而不是看电视。
经济学家用“边际变化”这个术语来描述对现有的行动计划的调整。
请记住，边际意味着“边缘如此边缘的变化是在你正在做的边缘周围的调整”。
理性的人往往通过比较边际收益和边际成本来做出决定。
3.例如，考虑一家航空公司决定向待机乘客收取多少费用。
假设撒德躺在横跨美国的200座飞机上，航空公司损失100,000英镑。
在这种情况下，每个座位的平均成本是1,000美元/ 200美元，这是500美元。
有人可能会得出这样的结论：航空公司不应该售出票价低于500美元的机票。
事实上，一家理性的航空公司通常可以通过考虑利润率来提高利润。
想象一下，一架飞机即将起飞，有10个空座位，候机旅客在门口等候，将支付300美元的座位。
航空公司应该把票卖掉吗？当然应该。
如果飞机有空座位，增加一个乘客的成本很小。
乘飞机的平均成本是S500，边际成本仅仅是额外的乘客将消耗的花生袋和苏打水的成本。
只要备用乘客支付超过边际成本，售票是有利可图的。
4.边际决策有助于解释一些令人费解的经济现象。
这里有一个经典的问题：为什么水这么便宜，而钻石这么贵？人类需要水来生存，而钻石是不必要的；但出于某种原因，人们愿意付出更多的钻石比一杯水。
原因是一个人愿意支付任何好处是基于一个额外单位的好处会产生边际效益。
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程1第八单元
第一节研究生学术英语写作概述1.1 研究生学术英语的重要性在当今信息爆炸的时代，学术英语已经成为研究生必备的一项能力，研究生需要用英语进行文献检索、写作发表学术论文、参加国际学术会议等活动，因此具备良好的学术英语能力是非常重要的。
1.2 研究生学术英语写作的特点研究生学术英语写作与普通英语写作有着明显的区别。
研究生论文要求严谨、规范、逻辑性强，需要运用大量的学术词汇和专业术语，因此研究生学术英语写作具有一定的专业性和技术性。
1.3 研究生学术英语写作的要求研究生学术英语写作要求文风严谨、思路清晰、逻辑严密、用词准确。
同时要求文章结构合理，论据充分，表达清晰流畅。
第二节研究生学术英语写作的基本步骤2.1 选题与立意研究生学术英语写作的第一步是选题与立意。
选题要有研究的价值和意义，符合自己的研究方向和兴趣爱好；立意要明确，不能偏离选题的研究范围，要确定写作的主题和内容。
2.2 文献检索与资料搜集研究生学术英语写作需要对相关的文献进行检索和阅读，积累资料和信息。
可以通过图书馆的文献资源、网络数据库、学术期刊等途径进行文献检索，获取论文所需的资料。
2.3 论文大纲的编写研究生学术英语写作需要先制定一份论文的大纲，包括概述、文献综述、研究方法、研究成果和结论等部分。
大纲的编写要突出主题，融合论文的整体思路和框架。
2.4 正式写作在完成以上准备工作后，就可以开始进行正式的写作了。
要遵循学术写作的规范，注重论据的支撑和数据的真实性，还要注意用词的准确性和表达的流畅性。
2.5 修改与润色写作完成后，还需要进行修改和润色。
修改要从论文的结构、内容、语言等方面入手，保障论文思路清晰，表达准确，逻辑严密，字里行间都能体现出严谨的学术态度。
第三节研究生学术英语写作的语言要求3.1 语法准确在学术英语写作中，语法错误是严重影响论文质量的因素之一。
研究生在写作时要注意句子结构的合理性、时态的使用准确性、句子成分的搭配等方面的问题，保证语法的准确性。
学术综合英语Unit8
construction on new plants by the end of
the decade. But is the country ready for
nuclear power? Has the technology
improved to the point where concerns
over issues such as safety and waste
Because nuclear power plants pose much less threat compared to global warming.
Part
Pre-listening
Listening
A Task 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for Details
Part
Pre-listening
Listening
A
Background Information New Words and Expressions
Part B
Part
Pre-listening
Listening
A
Background Information New Words and Expressions
disposal can be addressed? Will the phrase
“Not
Part A
Part
“Not in my backyard” strike fealiticians? Is there a political
will to build new plants? On the other
Part
Pre-listening
研究生学术英语写作教程Unit8Key
研究⽣学术英语写作教程Unit8KeyUnit 8 Writing Abstracts1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskWhat is the purpose of writing an abstract?It is the first thing people read when they want to have a quick overview of the whole paper. (for discussion)What are the basic elements for an academic abstract?Motivation, problem statement, approach, results, conclusions.(for discussion)What language problems may you have in abstract writing?(for discussion)(omitted)1.2Reading Passage1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 What does the abstract talk about1.3.2Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.2Language Focus2.1 Commonly used verbs in abstracts; tenses in abstracts2.22.2 Verb tenses in abstracts3Writing Practice3.1A review of groundwater remediation in use today shows that new techniques required solve the problems of pump and treat, containment and in-situ treatment.3.2The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail3.3The modeling involved an analysis of the effect of changing the lengths of the walls and gate, varying the permeability, and varying the number of gates.3.4An important factor in designing the walls is the residence time of the water in the gate or the contact time of the contaminant with the reactive media.3.5The results of the modeling and sensitivity analysis are presented such that they can be used as an aid to the design of permeable treatment walls.3.23.3Writing keywords4. Writing project4.1 Get prepared for writing an abstract 4.2 Outlining an abstract4.3Abstract:“Megacities” are defined as urban areas with more than ten million inhabitants. By 2015 it is estimated that Asia (where muchof the worldwide process of urbanization is taking place) may contain as many as 60 Megacities housing more than 600 million people in total. This number will dramatically increase over the next decades with more than 2 billion people living in Megacities by the end of this century. Low carbon performance is a fundamental aspect of the sustainable planning of a new urban development. Sustainable master planning has four components, namely operating energy use, embodied energy associated with buildings, energy supply infrastructures, other infrastructures such as transport, waste, water, sewage, etc. These aspects need to be understood to inform the concept design at its earliest stage, especially if designed to cater for the needs of global megacities where ramifications of poorly integrated planning could result in profound and long-lasting impacts on carbon and energy intensity. This paper describes how these aspects of low carbon planning and design can be assessed by using urban scale modeling, namely the Energy and Environmental Prediction model (EEP-Urban), at a whole city and building plot level. Keywords:Urban planning, High density, Urbanization, Energy modeling, Low carbon。
学术英语(管理)含课后答案Unit
The Importance of Academic English
学术英语对于学生的学术发展至关重要。在全球化的时代，许多学科领域的最新 研究成果和进展都以英语发表，因此学生需要掌握足够的英语学术能力才能跟上 学术前沿。
03
The Application of Academic English in
Management
The necessity of academic English in management
Globalization
As the world becomes more interconnected, the need for English as a common language for business communication has increased. Academic English provides the necessary vocabulary and language skills required for effective communication in management.
Managing across different cultures can be challenging, as cultural norms and business practices vary. Academic English should be used with caution and sensitivity to cultural differences, ensuring that communication is culturally appropriate.
学术综合英语Unit8分析
"Writing for Social Scientists: How to Start and Finish Your Thesis, Book, or Article" by Robert Boice: This book is geared towards students of the social sciences and offers practical advice on writing academic papers, including tips on researching, outlining, and revising.
03
理解这些词汇和短语的用法和语境，能够正确运用在写作和口语中。
04
通过例句加深对这些词汇和短语的记忆和理解。
02
03
04
01
Analysis of complex sentence patterns
复杂句型分析
学习Unit 8中出现的复杂句型，如并列句、复合句、省略句等。
掌握这些句型的语法结构和特点，能够识别和运用。
Theme 1
Writing Skills Development - Focus on essay writing and report writing, including structure, organization, and language usage.
Theme 2
Academic Speaking and Listening - Practical exercises in speaking and listening in academic contexts, such as seminars and group discussions.
最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit-8-Writing-Abstract
Unit 8 Writing AbstractObjectives- Learn the purpose of writing an academic abstract- Get to understand different types of abstracts and the abstract elements- Understand features of academic English in writing an abstract- Learn how to write an academic abstract- Learn how to write key wordsContents- Teacher’s introduction- Reading and discussion:What is an academic abstract?What are the elements of an abstract?- Language focus: commonly used verbs and tenses; sentence patterns- Rewriting practice: understand different styles of academic abstracts- Rewriting practice: understand the elements of an academic abstract- Writing practice: write an abstract and key words based on the given material1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskAbstract is an important part of academic assignments, most often, reports and research papers. The abstract is the last item that you write, but the first thing people read when they want to have a quick overview of the whole paper. We suggest that you leave abstract writing to the end, because you will have a clearer picture of all your findings and conclusions.Before you learn the detailed steps to write an abstract, please discuss the following questions:What is the purpose of writing an abstract?What are the basic elements for an academic abstract?What language problems may you have in abstract writing? (For example: the wording problem, the tense problem and the voice problem, etc.)1.2Reading PassageSample Abstract 1This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, the writer clarifies the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints when they try to do so. The time period studied includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. Two major research strategies were used: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi.(Kenneth Tait Andrews, “‘Freedom is a constant struggle’: The dynamics and consequences of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984″ Ph.D. State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1997 DAI-A 59/02, p. 620, Aug 1998)1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 What does the abstract talk about?1.3.2Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.2Language Focus2.1 Commonly used verbs and tenses in abstractsRead the following sample abstract and pay attention to the verbs used in it. Sample abstract 2Cybercrime –crime on the Internet –is of growing concern in the business community. Despite UK Government initiatives (such as BS7799) and growing sales in software solutions (e.g. anti-virus software), cyber attacks are on the increase. This dissertation focuses on ways to assess the effectiveness of current preventative measures to cybercrime and to understand why organizations continue to be vulnerable to cybercrime. This dissertation met these twin research aims through an extensive study of relevant literature and the implementation of practical research. The latter was carried out through a Case Study with Company XXX using semi-structured interviews with key I.T. security personnel. This research produced a number of key findings: recent surveys confirm a significant increase in the incidences of cybercrime and their impact on the business community but also the types of cybercrime (viruses, hacking, spam, identity theft, fraud, privacy issues, web vandalism, etc.); organizations lacked the security expertise to deal with cybercrime and so depended too much on readily available technical ways to combat cybercrime (and failing); organizations were not aware of Government recommendations on how to address Internet-based security issues; and Governments and law enforcement agencies tended to localize cybercrime, allocating scant resources to contributing to a global solution. The main conclusions drawn from this research were that current approaches to fighting cybercrime are deficient because they fail to embrace a holistic approach, instead opting for a narrow local software-based focus, and that a lack of communication between major stakeholders at local, national and international level has hindered security development. This research argues for a multi-pronged model to reduce incidences of cybercrime. It takes into account Risk-Assessment models, local management of company policies, implementation issues (including proper resourcing and review policies), the need for global support infrastructures, and a means of fostering communication networks.(/Dissertation_Abstract.htm)2.2 More verbs and sentences patterns2.2 Verb tenses in abstractsRead the abstract above again and check the tenses in the abstract.3Writing Practice3.1 Abstract writing practice3.1.1 Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem is not obviously "interesting", it might be better to put motivation first; but if your work is incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful. Read the following paragraph and write down the Motivation in the blank.A review of groundwater remediation in use today shows that new techniques are required to solve the problems of pump and treat, containment and in-situ treatment. One such technique is the method that involves the use of permeable treatment walls. These methods use a reactive medium such as iron to remediate contaminated groundwater.3.1.2 What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. In some cases it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important. Read the following paragraph and write the problem (aim) in the blank.Several methods of implementing this remediation strategy have been described. These methods include injection and trenching. The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail using a groundwater modeling option of the FLAC program.3.1.3 How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work (did you look at one application program or a hundred programs in twenty different programming languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure? Read the following paragraph and write the approach in the blank.The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail using a groundwater modeling option of the FLAC program. The modeling involved an analysis of the effect of changing the lengths of the walls and gate, varying the permeability, and varying the number of gates.3.1.4 What is the answer? Specifically, most good computer architecture papers conclude that something is so many percent faster, cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the result there, in numbers. Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as "very", "small", or "significant." If you must be vague, you are only given license to do so when you can talk about orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is a tension here in that you should not provide numbers that can be easily misinterpreted, but on the other hand, you do not have room for all the caveats. Read the following paragraph and write the result in the blank.The results showed that increasing the wall length, gate length and permeability increases the size of the plume captured. An important factor in designing the walls is the residence time of the water in the gate or the contact time of the contaminant with the reactive media.3.1.5 What are the implications of your answer? Is it going to change the world (unlikely), be a significant "win", be a nice hack, or simply serve as a road sign indicating that this path is a waste of time (all of the previous results are useful). Are your results general, potentially generalizable, or specific to a particular case? Read the following and write the conclusion in the blank:A sensitivity analysis has been conducted that shows that increasing the size of the capture zone decreases the residence time which will limit the design. The results of the modeling and sensitivity analysis are presented so that they can be used as an aid to the design of permeable treatment walls.3.2 The following is a structured abstract from a report examining the network legitimacy in China telecommunication market (Low, Johnston, and Wang 97). Read it and transfer it into an informative abstract.Abstract structurePurpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the importance and approaches in securing an organization’s legitimacy from the network community of customers, suppliers and manufacturers, including private investors and state-owned institutions when marketing their products.Design/methodology/approach –The paper presents an inductive interpretative approach complemented by action-based research founded on inquiry and testing.Findings –The paper finds that the key to legitimacy success involves using legitimacy orientations to demonstrate commitment to the interests of constituents, acquiring legitimacy from them, but concurrently considering the central government’s influence on a firm’s legitimacy performance.Research limitations/implications –The multiple interactions proposed in this paper remain untested and might have to be modified pending further empirical testing and analysis.Practical implications –In China’s telecommunication market, a company’s legitimacy emanates first and foremost from the development and commercialization of innovative and creative technological solutions. This requires good, creative management of technological resource and activity links, connecting the company’s technology to network constituents which include local manufacturers, carriers, software developers, investors.Originality/value – This is the first published paper that examines the proposed interactions among legitimacy orientations, alignments, and performances from a “market-as-network” perspective in a dynamic, transitional Chinese telecommunication market.3.3Writing keywordsKeywords often stand alone after the Abstract. In choosing the key words, a wide choice of keywords increases the probability that a paper will be retrieved and read, thereby potentially improving citation counts and journal impacts. To ensure that your paper can be found and cited by as many readers as possible, as suggested by James Hartley, it might be worth considering selecting keywords from a series of categories such as Discipline (e.g. economic, chemistry, biomedical), Methods (e.g. experiment, case study, questionnaire, grounded theory), Data source (e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary students, senior citizens), Location (e.g. country, city, town, institution), Topic (e.g. air pollution, super-virus, earthquake). Such a selection of keywords allows the search engine, such as Google Advanced Scholar, to list your paper in the results no matter which of the above keywords the reader types in.The researchers sometimes have to trade-off between the keywords, particularly when they write for the journals that bound the number of keywords in the limit of 3~5. In this situation, choose the keywords from recent or often-cited titles close to your contribution. If you pick your keywords in this way, the searches that retrieve these articles will also retrieve yours. Consequently, the chances of your paper being read will increase. Read the above sample abstracts and write down the key words:4. Writing project4.1 Get prepared for writing an abstractBefore you write the Abstract section of your research paper, you need to make everything ready for your writing. The following steps may be helpful for your preparation.1) Identify the major objectives and conclusions.2) Identify phrases with keywords in the methods section.3) Identify the major results from the discussion or results section.4) Assemble the above information into a single paragraph.5) State your hypothesis or method used in the first sentence.6) Omit background information, literature review, and detailed description ofmethods.7) Remove extra words and phrases.8) Revise the paragraph so that the abstract conveys only the essential information.9) Check to see if it meets the guidelines of the targeted journal.10) Give the abstract to a colleague (preferably one who is not familiar with yourwork) and ask him/her whether it makes sense.Work in groups and discuss what other preparations you can make for writing an abstract section of your research paper.4.2 Outline an abstractWhen we outline an abstract, there are usually five major aliments to follow. The following sample paper is finished without the abstract and key words. Read the paper, find the statements concerned and fill in the blank after it.Sample paperGLOBAL MEGACITIES AND LOW CARBON: FROM CONCEPT PLANNING TO INTEGRATED MODELLINGPhil Jones, Simon Lannon, Robbert van Nouhuys, Hendrik RosenthalMega citiesIn 1950, 30% of the world’s population lived in cities. In 2000, it was 47%. By 2010 more than half of the world’s population will be living in cities. The total may even reach 60% by 2030 and possibly 85% by the middle of this century. Such rapidly increasing urbanization, particularly in developing countries, creates many opportunities and challenges.We are living in a globalized and changing world whereby increasingly we require wise use of human and natural resources. At the same time, we need to reduce the risk urbanization poses and enhance the quality of life for all those who live in, or are impacted by Megacities. Megacities are more than just large cities with populations of 10 million inhabitants or more. They are critical to national economies. Their scalecreates new dynamics, new complexity and new simultaneity of events and processes –physical, social and economic. They host highly efficient economic activities utilizing intense and complex interactions between different demographic, social, political, economic and ecological processes.Nations undergoing economic progress often generate rapid urbanization linked with considerable opportunities, as well as strong pressures for change accompanied by environmental degradation. In current times in the developing world, Megacities grow faster than ever before and much faster than their infrastructure can support. Traditionally this results in uncontrolled urban sprawl, high traffic volumes and congested transport systems, high concentrations of industrial production, ecological overload, unregulated and disparate land and property markets, insufficient housing development, excessive waste generation, loss of productivity, general economic constipation, degradation and decline.Over the past decades traditional Megacities have been suffering from inadequate representative governance, inhibiting spatial planning, building control, delivery of services (such as water supply, sewage disposal and energy distribution), and the establishment of general order (including security and disaster prevention). Existing administrations and their organizational structures may have been outgrown by the rapidly expanding city and may simply be unable to cope with the huge scale of their new responsibilities. On the other hand, megacities contain a rich mix of coexisting people and support systems when properly planned and managed. Groups with their own distinctive ethnic, community, cultural roots, lifestyles and social surroundings have opportunity to thrive and develop. Differences in economic development, social polarization, quality of infrastructure and governance are recognized and taken into account. The scale and dynamism of Megacities, coupled with complex interacting processes and the sheer concentration of human capital make them incubators of huge growth and innovation. Megacities are the focal points of globalization as well as the driving forces for development; they harbor a wide spectrum of human skill and potential, creativity, social interaction and cultural diversity.For Hanoi to develop within a rapid urbanization scenario it must look far ahead –not 20 years, not 50 years but 100 years –into the 22nd Century. The use of conventional planning and economic development guidelines have proven to be outdated, resulting in the risk of harboring pronounced poverty, social inequality, and aggravating rapid environmental degradation. Population density, if not managed, increases vulnerability to natural and man-made hazards. Thus, Megacities are both victims and producers of risk, if unmanaged and exposed to the global environmental, socio-economic and political changes to which they contribute.Megacities will be essential and efficient drivers of a nation’s gross domestic product, processes and activities. Megacities will be ideal places to drive activities and innovation to solve social, environmental, medical, socio-economic and political issues. For these reasons, Megacities are necessary and have potential to substantially contribute towards global justice and peace – and thereby prosperity.Low Carbon and Energy ModelingAspects of sustainable master planning that impact carbon and energy implications need to be understood to help inform concepts at the earliest stage of the design process. For example, the full benefits of reducing operating energy demand of buildings can only be realized if the energy supply can respond to the reduced demand, which includes the additional benefits of reducing the energy supply infrastructure, which in turn reduces its embodied energy. Likewise, if a low (or zero) carbon energy supply is to be used, for example, renewable energy, this is easier to achieve if first the energy demand is reduced. Also, as the operating energy performance of buildings is improved the carbon dioxide emissions associated with the operation of the building, for heating, cooling, lighting, etc., becomes of the same order as the embodied energy used in construction and fit-out of the building and its infra-structure. So a balanced approach across energy demand and supply infrastructure, operating energy and embodied energy, is needed to achieve optimum performance.This paper describes how the aspects of low carbon planning and design (i.e. operating energy use, embodied energy associated with buildings, energy supply infrastructures, and other infrastructures such as transport, waste, water, sewage, etc.) can be assessed using urban scale modeling, namely EEP-Urban, at a whole city and building plot level. In particular, it explores how the reduction in energy supply infrastructure together with reduced energy demand can lead to reductions in carbon dioxide emissions associated with both operating and embodied energy. The concept of the Megacity in the context of Hanoi in 2110 is used to illustrate the model.The Concept of Metabolic Super ClustersHanoi in 2110 will feature super tall skyscrapers, elevated connectors and railways, nodal communication networks, as well as electrical and energy corridors. Vertical neighborhoods, where people live, shop, relax and work, are built on and above this surface. Built structures are not just individual towers standing independent from another but instead are interlinked and inter-dependent to form an urban spatial organization that allows for vertical connectivity.The urban model proposes 1 million people on a 1 square kilometer floor plate, hence called a Super Cluster. Under current suburban density standards a similar population would require in the order of 100 square kilometers. Thus, this vision for Hanoi in 2110 saves 99% of land for other uses, most notably conservation of ecological functions and provides food, leisure, material and energy support systems for the city thereby localizing the ecological footprint of the city.Another distinct aspect of Hanoi in 2110 is that it does not have static building functions. Instead, land use layers, building envelopes and orientations change over time – hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly – to optimize performance efficiencies, therefore becoming a Metabolic Super Cluster. It is envisaged that Hanoi by the end of this century will consist of 30 metabolic super clusters in addition to its traditional urban city centre.Concentrated compact development will enhance the quality of life for urban dwellers because all infrastructures, environmentally damaging and other undesirablesurface activities are located underground or integrated into the vertical structure, thereby significantly improving the quality of living space at the ground, open-air level. Underground space may also provide a safer environment for some public and commercial activities as well as providing shelter from inclement weather conditions. This may prove to be essential for infrastructure in particular, given the predicted impacts associated with climate change. Elevated multi-level connectors between building clusters are converted into common corridors with public amenities, farms and open space.Quality of life depends on individual perceptions, attitudes, aspirations and value systems. These differ with age, ethnicity, culture and religion, as well as lifestyles, education and cultural background. An individual’s priorities and attitudes to life depend heavily upon socio-economic background and cultural environment. Historic places, cultural sites or public spaces may give Megacities a certain unique identity, heritage, and authenticity. As a result, such spatial capital contributes to social cohesion and makes people feel at home.Nevertheless, the general opinion may be that the quality of life for many residents in Megacities would be low – for rich and poor alike. Air, water and soil pollution, water and energy supply shortages, traffic congestion, environmental health problems, limited green spaces, poverty and malnutrition, social security and public safety problems place many burdens and restrictions on people.The Megacity of the future has adapted to greater diversity in socio-cultural circumstances by including and enhancing the often widespread and dynamic informal activities that enrich such communities. Further development of new visions and innovative management tools are now urgently needed in order to enhance quality of life and create cohesive communities.Urban governance and management is one of the key success factors of any global Megacity. As society and aspirations evolve over time, the city has to be designed to adapt to change. Utopian cities built around fixed ideologies have never worked. Megacities need to be versatile in order to adapt.The main challenges for a Megacity in terms of urban governance are: dealing with the speed of change with intelligent urban infrastructure systems; eradicating social exclusion; and introducing proper forms of urban governance.Way ForwardWhether or not 1 million people are appropriate for a 1 km2 super cluster remains to be seen. The optimum density for sustainability, land use and quality of life may be less and will vary with global location. The above approach is essential to inform the design of high rise high density Megacities if they are to realize their full potential for providing sustainable healthy zero carbon cities of the future that can co-exist in a sustainable way with their neighboring rural areas.4.3 According to the above table, draft an abstract and keywords for the sample paper. Abstract:Key words:5.Final Checklistbackground, purpose, findings, conclusions, recommendations and follow strictly the chronology of the report/papers.∙Avoid excessive use of jargon, and exaggerative language∙Keep within the specified word limit. Most institutions will have their own "house rules" as to the length of the abstract. The abstract should stand alone and be able to be understood without reference to citations,∙Ensure the abstract contains all your key words (for the searchable databases). ∙Add no new information but simply summarize the report/papers. Be intelligible to a wide audience。
学术综合英语英语填空题翻译Unit-8
Section ATask2 A(P268)1、The automobile designer has incorporate all the latest safety features into this new type of cars.汽车设计师将目前所有最先进的安全装置融入到了这款新型汽车中。
2、Even though the accident occurred a year ago, the police department deferred the investigation into the cause of it for six months.虽然这个事故在一年前就发生了，但是警察局对这项事故原因的调查推迟了六个月。
3、Although not essential, some prior knowledge of statistics is desirable in doing marketing research.尽管不是必要的，但是在做市场调查的时候一些先前的数据知识还是可取的。
4、During the past six months, oil prices fluctuated between $40 and $80 a barrel due to general expectation of low US oil stock.由于人们认为美国石油库存低而导致过去六个月每桶石油的价格在40美元到80美元之间波动。
5、Some people believe that spending the holidays in Australia isn’t an exciting prospect, but I find it particularly appealing.一些人相信，在澳大利亚度假看不到令人兴奋的景色，但是我发现澳大利亚挺吸引人的。
6、Oil prices in the past twelve months have hit a record high of $80 a barrel, which some economists believe is a serious impediment to economic recovery.石油价格在过去的十二个月创下了每桶80美元的新高，一些经济学家相信这是对经济复苏的严重阻碍。
学术英语(社科)8单元A翻译
UNIT8 Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power硬实力，软实力，巧实力People often associate power of a nation with military might or economic strenght. Is these s omething more to the concept of power? The answer is in the affirmative,at least to some who study political science. This unit explores the complex nature of power and how it impacts international relations.人们常把权力一个国家军事实力和经济实力。
这些东西更是对权力的概念吗？答案是肯定的，至少对一些学习政治科学的人来说是肯定的。
本单位探讨了权力的复杂性及其对国际关系的影响。
The complex nature of power权力的复杂性1.“Until human nature change, power and force will remain at the heart of international relatio ns,” according to a top U.S. official. Not everyone will agree with such a gloomy realpolitik assessment, but it underlines the crucial role that power plays in diplomacy. When the goals and interest of states conflict, which side will prevail is often decided by who has the most p ower.一位美国高级官员表示：“直到人类的本质变化，力量和力量将留在国际关系的核心。
学术英语管理Unit课文翻译
业务营销化1 问街上一般的人什么是营销时,他们会告诉你那大概就是“卖东西的”;这从根本上说是正确的,但营销不是简单的销售行为,而是怎样做成的销售;我们都被全天候不间断营销所围绕,而我们每一个人都已经以我们自己的方式成了一名营销人;2 专家是怎么定义营销的呢根据美国市场营销协会,市场营销是一种组织职能,是为组织自身及利益相关者stakeholders n. 利益相关者；股东而创造、传播、传递客户价值,管理客户关系的一系列过程;3 根据世界市场营销协会对营销的定义,“核心的经营理念是指导通过交换来识别和满足个人和组织需要的过程,从而为各方创造出众的价值;”4 最后,英国特许营销学会说,“营销是有利地识别,预测,和满足顾客需求的管理过程”;5 如果我们只是看这三个定义的共性,我们可以看出,营销本质上in essence是：a 发现和给顾客他们所想要的和需要的东西, b通过做这些来获利;4Ps或5Ps营销策略6 密歇根州立大学Michigan State University的杰罗姆·麦卡锡Jerome McCarthy 教授在20世纪50年代写了一本书并且定义了4Ps营销策略,包括产品、渠道、价格和促销;这本书为这个星球上最古老的专业提供了一个清晰的结构,而这个结构成为市场营销的定义;7 为了更好地理解营销,你应该有你自己对术语的定义;例如,我认为营销是对产品的价格、分配、促销以及人员进行控制,满足顾客以获得利益;控制是个充满感情的词语,尤其在我们谈及控制人的时候;无论怎样,控制是很重要的,因为作为一名营销人员,我要控制市场营销的每一个工具并且操纵它们来使市场的影响力达到最大化;8 作为一名营销经理,我控制一个产品的形象、味道和触感;我控制我的产品应该要价多少;我在促销工具中操纵工具,希望吸引enticing消费者购买我的产品;下面便是被麦卡锡强调的4Ps营销策略;此外,我们加入了第五个P：人;人9 营销人员已经为“人”是否应该被包含以成为营销策略里的第五个P而争辩了很多年;但没有了人,营销便是无意义的,这是我为什么要把“人”加进去的原因;10 做得好的话,营销是以人们的希望、需求和欲望为中心;有时候,这些需要是物质的,例如有营养的食物和干净的水;有时候,这些需要是心理上的,例如留下深刻印象的需要;有时候,这些需要是社会性的,例如融入文化的需要或者被注意的需要;人们有无限多的理由以解释人们的行动,需求和行为;因此,有效的营销应该一开始就对顾客有一个深刻的insightful,adj. 有深刻见解的,富有洞察力的了解;11 然而,很少有营销员真的从顾客开始;为什么呢因为大多数的营销都开始于一些新产品的开发,但这些产品是可能或者不能面市的;“我们开发了一个更好的新产品,现在我们去找人来购买它吧”,这是通常的事件顺序;很简单,这就是为什么在美国80%的新产品都在它们的第一年就失败了;12 无论我们卖什么,那里都会有一些人会比另外的人更有可能想要购买;例如,作为一个不吸烟的人,那将是浪费时间和金钱来说服我购买你那个品牌的香烟;然而,如果我本来就是吸烟者,我可能对尝试一个我从来没有尝试过的新品牌很感兴趣;发现你理想的目标市场和了解所有你能够了解的为什么他们做他们所做的事情,这将帮助你决定一个最好的方式去以最大化的利润呈现你的产品;产品13 您的产品是可供出售或另一个人使用的任何东西;这包括产品的质量,材料选择,颜色/大小/气味scent/味道,以及产品的每个物质方面;这也包括产品的包装例如,包装是要保护产品的还是要让人们可看到,产品的设计和制造,还有为了寻找更好方式去制造产品而进行的任何调查和发展;产品P涵盖了每一件能够用于发展的难以确定的或者不难确定的项目的东西;价格14 价格不仅仅是支付你的产品和效益的费用,它代表更多;价格传达了不少关于产品的东西和确定了质量的期望值;它也把观众分割segment为哪一些是有能力购买这个产品的和哪一些只是希望他们能拥有的;最后,价格甚至传达了你应该怎样消费这个产品; 15 即使一个知名品牌established brand可以要价的也会是很多或好少;例如,大众辉腾是一个失败,因为大众辉腾已经花了十年来传递给我们一个信息“人们的车不应该那么贵”;类似的例子,保时捷914以“穷人的保时捷”着称部分原因是由于其最低阶层的价格,这个品牌注定要be doomed to失败;渠道16 渠道指的是在哪里和怎样销售你的产品,也可以表示为分配;要把这个P做好,你必须决定你是要在一个专有的精品店还是在一个大型的超市去销售你的产品你会让它广泛推广还是在少数几家商店销售呢那里有很重要的战略决定,这些决定会影响你的产品怎样被认知以及顾客所愿意支付的产品价格;17 例如,如果你在一家折扣商店买了一件博柏利大衣那会是多么的特殊呀一些产品开始是独家经销的,建立了他们品牌的声望,然后他们就会扩大分销;苹果的iPod 就是这样做的,它开始时是在苹果的实体店和网店独家销售的,而现在它已经可以大范围分销了;想一下你的质量期望值会怎样改变当你遇到廉价航空公司airlines时,例如瑞安航空公司和英国航空公司比较;渠道可以确定质量期望值;促销18 你选择的任何方式来推销你的产品在营销上称之为促销;这包括了任何形式的营销传播marketing communication,如广告、公共关系、促销、事件营销,也包括你做的任何的一对一销售;19 还有一个其他的P被定期地争论着,那就是“利润”;所有的商业公司都是为了盈利而经营的;利润是好的;有了利润,公司就能够支付它们员工更多的薪酬,就能够扩张他们的生意和雇佣更多的员工,就能够建立新的公司;获利是资本主义的capitalism生命线;20 有成千上万种方式可以增加获利;你可以销售更多产品,要价更高,拓宽分配渠道,收缩分配渠道,减少货物的材料成本而保持相同的价格,减少你所销售产品的数量而提高价格,又或者通过在世界更便宜的工厂生产产品来减少制造成本;。
学术英语(社科)Unit8八单元原文及翻译
UNIT8 Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power硬实力，软实力，巧实力People often associate power of a nation with military might or economic strenght. Is these something more to the concept of power?The answer ia in the affirmative ,at least to some who study political science. This unit explores the complex nature of power and how it impacts international relations.人们常常把国家权力与军事或经济实力。
这些东西更多权力的概念？在肯定的答案是，至少对那些政治学研究。
本单位探讨复杂的权力的性质和它如何影响国际关系。
The complex nature of power复杂的权力的性质1.“Until human nature change, power and force will remain at the heart of international relations,” according to a top U.S. official. Not everyone will agree with suvh a gloomy realpolitik assessment, but it underlines the crucial role that power plays in diplomacy. When the goals and interest of states conflict, which side will prevail is often decided by who has the most power.1。
外研社版学术英语综合Unit8译文
外研社版学术英语综合U n i t8译文-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1第八单元全球化Text A从柏柏尔人到巴赫的全球化之路马友友作为职业大提琴手已有三十余年，其间有整整二十个年头都一直奔波在巡演的路上，与此同时，我也致力于了解各种音乐的传统与文化。
正是这些旅途让我认识到文化传统在全球化的世界中所扮演的角色——为个体身份、社会安定与友好交流建立至关重要的框架。
当今世界变化日新月异，这必然会导致文化上的不稳定，人们也不禁对自身的定位产生疑问。
在全球化背景下，我们不得不屈从于他人的规则，因此常常会威胁到个体的特性。
这种处境令我们不安，因为屈从他人规则就意味着不得不改变我们坚守数千年并引以为傲的风俗习惯。
因此，当前全球化背景下的领导者们所面临的一个关键问题就是：如何才能在不牺牲个体特性与文化自豪感的同时，让各种文化和习俗逐渐发展到能够适应一个更大的平台呢这些年的音乐之旅告诉我，全球化进程中的交流互动并不只会破坏文化，相反，它不仅能创造新的文化，而且还会为那些存在了几世纪的古老传统注入新的活力，使其被世界上更多的人熟知。
这一点与生态学上的群落“边缘效应”类似，后者本身是用来描述两个不同的生态系统交汇时的景象。
例如，在森林与大草原这两种生态系统的交界之处，存在着密度最小但种类最多的生命形态，而每一种形态都汲取了两种生态系统的精髓。
由此可见，有时候最有趣的事情往往发生在边缘地带，而交叉地带往往能够揭示出意想不到的联系。
文化，就像是聚集了世界各地瑰宝的拼图。
探索世界的途径之一正是深入地挖掘文化传统的核心。
举一个音乐领域的例子，每一位大提琴手的核心曲目都是巴赫的《无伴奏大提琴组曲》。
而每一个组曲的核心都是一种叫做萨拉班德舞（sarabande）的舞曲。
这种缓慢而感性的舞曲最早来自于北非柏柏尔人的音乐，随后流传到西班牙，但因当时人们认为曲子猥亵而遭到禁止。
后来西班牙人将这种舞曲又带到美洲，继而流传到了法国，在那里演化为一种庄严的宫廷舞蹈。
学术英语(管理)Unit8分析
03
The Core Concepts of Academic English (Management) Unit 8
Organizational Behavior
Organizational Behavior is the study of how individuals, groups, and organizations think, feel, and behave within the context of the workplace.
Identifying and analyzing changes in the external environment: Management needs to identify and analyze changes in the external environment, such as market trends, technological advancements, and regulatory requirements, to determine how they will impact the organization.
Navigating political and economic uncertainty
05
Case Analysis of Academic English (Management) Unit 8
The company's transformation from a PC software vendor to a cloud services provider is a prime example of successful management. By making strategic decisions and investments in cloud technologies, Microsoft has been able to maintain its market leadership and stay ahead of the competition.
学术英语(管理)_Unit8解析
Critical reading and thinking
Text analysis
Divide into two parts:
Part I : Paras. 1-6
Unit 8 Accounting
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Part I
Why does the accounting profession remain hale and hearty?
external audits by public accountants for public companies
Unit 8 Accounting
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Part I
Arthur Andersen
once one of the "Big Five" accounting firms among PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Ernst & Young and KPMG. It was based in Chicago, providing auditing, tax and consulting services to large corporations. After being found guilty of criminal charges relating to its handling of the auditing of Enron, the firm surrendered its licenses in 2002.
学术英语(第二版)医学教师用书Unit 8
UNIT 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsTeaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 8, Ss are expected to accomplish the following objectives:To know the boundaries between medical research and practice To have a clear understanding of the moral principles and behavioral guidelines for the biomedical research and medical practice To understand the boundaries drawn between medical research and practice To know three basic ethical principles of research involving human subjects To learn the requirements when basic principles are properly applied in research To be more prepared for a life-or-death decision in medical practice To get more insights into the ethical justification of dilemmas in medical practice To know some building blocks in medical terminologyTo be familiar with expressions used to define key termsTo further develop awareness of formal and informal language To get familiar with the Cornell note-taking system To know the two approaches to medical decisions: traditional paternalistic mode and more recent collaborative modeTo learn how to develop a strong conclusion To know the format requirements of the reference listTo be able to make a reference list according to style requirements To be aware of the balance between medical authority and patients ’ autonomyProfessionalknowledgeReadingAcademic vocabulary anddiscourseViewingSpeakingWritingResearchingTeaching Activities and ResourcesPart 1 ReadingText ALead-inSuggested teaching plan1. To draw Ss’ attention and to raise their awareness of the importance ofbiomedical ethics, T is advised to relate the discussion of this unit to the real-world happenings.Before starting the class,search the media for the latest news reports,either at home or abroad,about controversial events in medicine community or healthcare settings.2. Start the class by doing Task / Lead-in and relate the content of the video clip toyour findings in the pre-class searching.Key to the task2) Death4) Patient rightsScriptWell,advancements in medical science have afforded us the opportunity to live decades longer than in previous generations.For every new possibility offered, we now face an equal number of challenges and we find ourselves confronting decisions that are unprecedented in human history.When does life begin?When should life end? How do we define death when we have the ability to keep people technically alive,or we should say,technologically alive long after their discrete body parts no longer function? Welcome to “Matter and Beyond . ” I’m your host MaryLynn Schiavi.In this program we’re going to explore issues around medical science that are forcing us to define life, death, quality of life, patient rights, and confront the moral and ethical questions that arise when facing critical healthcare decisions.3. Introduce the topic of Text A as a natural continuum of Lead-in .Text Comprehension1. Make good use of Lead-in video clip as it serves as a perfect introduction to thetopic of this unit. Elaborate on the connection of its content with the latest events in the real world. Naturally, ask Ss how medicine differs from other branches of natural science, especially when human subjects are involved in the research. Here are some hints:2. Analyze the text and lead Ss to discuss, integrating Task 2 / Critical reading andthinking / Text A into analysis and discussion. The presentation topics should be assigned to individual Ss for preparation at least one week in advance. Ask other Ss to preview the text with the guidance of presentation topics.3. Integrate Task 2 / Language building-up / Text A when a careful definition ofkey terms is covered.4. When analyzing the text, ask Ss to pay special attention to the sentences listed inLanguage focus below.5. If time allows, ask Ss to do Task 1 / Critical reading and thinking / Text A inabout five minutes. Check out the task by asking one or two Ss to read their answers. This is done to get an overview about the text.Language focus 1. … described in a formal protocol that sets forth an objective … (P185, Para.2)set forth 是动词词组，表示用清晰、具体的方式解释或描述，多用于正式的 书面语中。
学术英语(管理)Unit
Text A
Overview
Different kinds of consumer behavior Some ___________________________ Others __________________________ Others __________________________ Still others _______________________
Text A
Unit 6 Consumer Behavior
Overview
Critical reading and thinking
What is consumer behavior? Consumer behavior is the study of why people do what they do.
status symbol
comparing products
packaging and advertising
Good marketing
Unit 6 Consumer Behavior
Text A Language building-up
Formal English
Text A Language building-up
task
rules
symbol
observed
Formal English
Text A Language building-up
Text A
Overview
Important factors influencing consumer behavior Environment and consumer behavior Culture and consumer behavior
学术英语管理unit8
学术英语管理unit8摘要：一、学术英语管理简介1.学术英语的定义2.学术英语的重要性3.学术英语管理的目的和任务二、学术英语管理的实施1.学术英语课程的设置和教学2.学术英语考试的评价体系3.学术英语学习的资源支持三、学术英语管理的挑战与应对1.教师队伍的建设2.学生学术英语能力的提升3.国际合作与交流四、我国学术英语管理的现状与发展1.我国学术英语管理的政策支持2.我国学术英语管理取得的成果3.我国学术英语管理的发展趋势正文：一、学术英语管理简介学术英语是指在学术环境中使用的英语，包括学术论文、学术报告、学术交流等。
学术英语不仅是一种工具，更是学术交流和合作的重要载体。
在我国，随着国际交流与合作的日益频繁，提高学术英语能力成为了广大师生的迫切需求。
为了更好地培养具备国际竞争力的学术人才，我国开始重视学术英语管理，并将其纳入高校教育管理体系。
二、学术英语管理的实施1.学术英语课程的设置和教学为了提高学生的学术英语能力，高校需要设置学术英语课程，并配备专业的教师团队。
课程内容应涵盖学术英语的基本语法、词汇、写作技巧等方面，同时注重培养学生的学术思维和表达能力。
在教学方法上，应采用任务型教学法、情景教学法等，让学生在实际应用中提高学术英语能力。
2.学术英语考试的评价体系学术英语考试是检验学生学术英语水平的重要手段。
评价体系应涵盖听、说、读、写四个方面，注重学生的实际运用能力。
此外，评价标准也应具有一定的区分度，以便选拔出具备优秀学术英语能力的学生。
3.学术英语学习的资源支持学术英语学习需要丰富的资源支持，包括教材、课外阅读材料、在线学习资源等。
高校应充分利用现有资源，为学生提供丰富的学术英语学习环境。
同时，学校还可以与国际学术机构合作，引进国外优质学术英语资源，为学生提供更广阔的学习平台。
三、学术英语管理的挑战与应对1.教师队伍的建设学术英语教师不仅需要具备扎实的英语功底，还需要具备丰富的学术背景和教学经验。
学术英语管理unit8
学术英语管理unit8（实用版）目录1.学术英语管理 unit8 概述2.单元主题3.内容涵盖4.各部分内容详述5.学习目标与建议正文一、学术英语管理 unit8 概述学术英语管理 unit8 是学术英语课程中的一个重要单元，旨在帮助学生提高在学术环境中使用英语进行沟通和管理的能力。
本单元将通过各种学习活动，让学生了解和掌握在学术场景中进行有效管理所需的英语知识和技能。
二、单元主题本单元的主题为“学术环境中的管理”，涉及在学术机构、团队项目及国际合作中需要应对的管理问题。
通过学习本单元，学生将能够在实际学术环境中运用相关英语知识进行有效的沟通和管理。
三、内容涵盖本单元的内容包括以下几个方面：1.学术团队中的角色与职责：学生将学习如何在学术团队中明确各自的职责，以及如何有效地分配任务。
2.学术项目管理：学生将学习如何制定项目计划、设定目标、控制进度和评估成果等方面的知识。
3.国际学术合作：学生将学习如何在跨文化背景下进行学术合作，以及如何解决可能遇到的问题。
4.学术报告与演讲：学生将学习如何撰写学术报告和进行演讲，以提高在学术环境中的沟通能力。
四、各部分内容详述1.学术团队中的角色与职责：本部分将通过案例分析、角色扮演等活动，让学生了解学术团队中常见的角色和职责，学会明确任务分工，提高团队协作效率。
2.学术项目管理：本部分将教授学生如何制定项目计划、设定目标、分配资源、控制进度等关键环节，使学生具备有效管理学术项目的能力。
3.国际学术合作：本部分将通过跨文化沟通的实例分析，让学生了解文化差异对学术合作的影响，学会调整沟通策略，提高合作效果。
4.学术报告与演讲：本部分将教授学生如何撰写学术报告、准备演讲材料、运用恰当的表达方式等技能，以提高在学术环境中的沟通能力。
五、学习目标与建议通过学习本单元，学生应达到以下学习目标：1.在实际学术环境中，运用相关英语知识进行有效的沟通和管理。
2.提高在学术团队中的协作能力，学会明确角色与职责，有效地分配任务。
学术英语写作Unit-8-reports
Typical Components
1. Title Page 2. Abstract
Note: Verb Tenses 3. Introduction 4. Methods and Materials (or
Equipment) 5. Experimental Procedure
Unit 15 reports
1. Lab Report 2. Progress Report
1. Lab Report
What is a lab report The goal of a lab report Suggestions on writing a lab report Format suggestion Preparation for a lab report Format of a lab report
Format of a Lab Report
The report needs to be written in sufficient detail so that a person on the same level as you can read the report and perform the same experiment. It should be written in good English and must not be in note form. Normally the report is divided into sections. Below is a guide that will aid you in your preparation of a report.
管理学专业英语第四版下Unit 8 Total Knowledge Management
Close off alternative interpretation of
risk
Bounded rationality
Limited use
The problems of tacit knowledge
❖ A risk is 'the odds' that a hazard will have some impact---it is a virtual entity, and one that is dynamic and transient.
❖ Creating a common perception is not at all desirable, since this would significantly reduce the group's capacity to effectively assess hazards through bringing together diverse opinions
text(2): Barriers to Effective Risk Manangement in Knowledge Management
❖Culture and trust ❖Expert versus non-expert perceptions
of risk ❖The language of risk ❖The management of information ❖Risk is in the eye of its beholders:
diving through manuals and web sites, newspapers and books, and diving through the experience and knowledge of those around us.
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Unit 8 Accounting
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Part I
The Enron scandal A financial scandal Enron Corporation, an American energy company, was involved in. The scandal eventually led the company to bankruptcy and the dissolution of Arthur Andersen, which was one of the five largest audit and accountancy partnerships in the world. This was the largest bankruptcy in American history by 2001 and Enron was also accredited as the biggest audit failure.
• Specialized vocabulary • Signpost language • Formal English
Unit 8 Accounting
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Text analysis
Divide into two parts:
Part I : Paras. 1-6
Unit 8 Accounting
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Part II
What is accounting?
"Accounting is a system by which economic information is identified, recorded, summarized and reported for the use of decision makers." (Para.7)
Unit 8 Accounting
• Text A
What is Accounting
─ Critical thinking and reading
• Text analysis • Main ideas • Main financial statements
─ Language building-up
• What is accounting? • Roles of accounting
Unit 8 Accounting
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Part I
Traditional views on accounting • Boring, horrible debilitating disease, appallingly dull, unimaginative, timid, lacking initiative, spineless, easily dominated, no sense of humor, irrepressibly drab • As a result of the Enron debacle, accounting has entered the public consciousness like never before.
Unit 8 Accounting
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Part II
Roles of accounting Accounting is important for big business • Accounting is the language of business • Accurate recording of financial information (Para. 5)
• Understanding of laws, regulations, business environment (Para. 5)
• Help managers understand business performance and make decisions for the future (Para. 9)
• Lead-in
Listening: the four roles of accountants
Unit 8 Accounting
Lead-in
Listening
In this clip, we’re going to talk about the importance of accountants and accounting. Your accountants report the financial information that controls the markets and our ____________________ good, economy. Without accounting, we don’t have ___________ __________ reliable information about the status of the businesses that make up our market and economy.
are about the changing public perception of accounting.
define accounting and roles of accounting.
Part II : Paras. 7-11
Unit 8 Accounting
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Unit 8 Accounting
Lead-in
Listening
Also, accountants _______________. provide advice They provide advice on _________, on the status of a business, and they really taxes see an insight into how your business is doing. help you _______________ And that's why accountants and accounting is important.
Unit 8 Accounting
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Part I
Effect of Enron debacle on accounting
change the perception of accountants in the eyes of the public change the field of accounting as we know it
Unit 8 Accounting
Lead-in
Listening
Accountants understand our business, and accounting helps us to understand our business. There’s so many metrics you can put around financial information -growing metrics or _________________. declining metrics ________________ Just so many things that will help you understand what is happening in that business Accounting gives us ________________________________. that opportunity.
Main ideas
Part I : • Traditional view on accounting • Enron scandal; Arthur Andersen • Why did accounting attract the public attention in 2002?
Part II :
tax professionals interpreting the tax laws
accountants ensuring the accuracy of financial records roles of accountants are changing because of rising complexity of corporate activities, the growth of international business and the increased use of technology
Unit 8 Accounting
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Part I
Measures taken to redeem the reputation of accounting profession after the Enron debacle:
consider issues ranging from auditor conflict of interest to the regulation of the derivatives market
Unit 8 Accounting
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Part I
Arthur Andersen once one of the "Big Five" accounting firms among PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Ernst & Young and KPMG. It was based in Chicago, providing auditing, tax and consulting services to large corporations. After being found guilty of criminal charges relating to its handling of the auditing of Enron, the firm surrendered its licenses in 2002.