英汉文体翻译第一章

the Definition of Translationቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language. (TL). (Catford, British translation theorist ) 将一种语言的话语材料替换成等值的另一种 语言的话语材料。
(4) After the May Fourth New Literary Movement to Now
There appeared a lot of famous translators in China today, such as: 傅雷：以翻译法国文学作品享誉译坛，代表作《高 傅雷 老头》 杨宪益：《红楼梦》英译本 （David Hawks） 杨宪益 朱生豪：译文以传神典雅见长，主要代表作是《莎 朱生豪 士比亚的戏剧》 许渊冲：诗歌翻译，《唐诗三百首》 许渊冲 王佐良：培根《论读书》 王佐良
翻译绪论
教师：张红娟
Lecture 1
the Translation History in China
Introduction
Translation in China has a long history of about two thousand years. During the centuries, quite a number of world-famous translators in China appeared one after another and they made great contributions to China as well as to the world in the development of translation. This can be seen from the following facts.
严 复（Yan Fu）
He advocated for the first time the three words as translation criteria, namely, “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.” Faithfulness: the full and complete conveying or transmission of the original content or thought. Expressiveness: the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense. Elegance: the use of classical Chinese before Han Dynasty
the Classification of Translation
由于翻译活动的范围很广，种类很多，所以其分类 也是多样化的。 按其涉及到的语言来分：本族语译成外语，外语译 成本族语 按其工作方式来分：口译，笔译，机器翻译 按其翻译材料来分： 文学作品的翻译（诗歌、散文、戏剧和小说） 非文学作品的翻译（政论、科技、新闻、经贸及实 用文翻译） 按其处理方式来分：全译，摘译和编译
其它翻译标准
林语堂：忠实标准、通顺标准、美的标准 傅雷：重神似而不重形似 （spiritual similarity） 钱钟书：化境的标准（reach the acme of perfection） 刘重德：信达切（closeness）
Conclusion
The common criteria applied in translation now can be summarized in the following two words: faithfulness and smoothness. Faithfulness (忠实): It refers to the content of the original work. Faithfulness also includes the keeping of the original style. Smoothness (通顺): It requires that the version must be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read without signs of the mechanical word-for-word translation, of obscure and crabbed language, of grammatical mistakes, confused structure and turbid logic.
the Definition of Translation
Eugene Nida, famous American translation theorist, defined translation as: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. （翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近 的自然等值体—首先是就意义而言，其次是 就其风格而言。）
(1) From the Eastern Han to the Northern and Southern Dynasties (25-581 A.D.)
安世高(An Shi Gao)：真正意义上的第一位佛经翻 译家。 竺法护(Dharmaraksa ) ：翻译了175部佛经，对佛 法的流传贡献很大。 道安(释道安)( Dao An )：设置了译场 译场，使翻译事业 译场 成为了有组织的活动，主张严格的直译。 鸠摩罗什( Kumarajiva )：主张意译，他所翻译的 《法华经》为我国的文学翻译奠定了基础。 真谛(Paramartha) ：他所翻译的《摄大乘论》对中 国佛教思想有较大影响。
拓展阅读材料
陈福康：《中国译学理论史稿》上海外语教 育出版社 2005 方梦之：《译学辞典》上海外语教育出版社 2005
Lecture 2 The Principles of Translation
1The Definition of Translation 2The Criteria of Translation 3The Process of Translation 4Prerequisites for Translators
the Criteria of Translation
Yan Fu’s Criteria:
Faithfulness Expressiveness Elegance
Tytler’s Three Criteria:
(1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 应把原作的意思全部转移到译文上来。 (2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 译文须具备原作的风格和文体。 (3) The translation should have the ease of the original composition. 译文应和原作同样的流利自如。
(3) In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 A.D.) and the Qing Dynasty (1644－1911 A.D.) －
During this period, translation began to focus on science, literature and philosophy instead of religion. 徐光启:明朝著名科学家，科技翻译家 与意大利人利马窦（Matteo Ricci） 合译 《几何原 本》(欧几里得) 梁启超把此书的翻译称为：字字精金美玉，为千古 不朽之作。 《测量法义》、《勾股义》
林 纾（Lin Shu）
He was another well-known translator in Qing Dynasty. He translated the following works: La Dame aux Camelias 《巴黎茶花女遗事》《茶 花女》 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 《黑奴吁天录》《汤姆叔叔的 小屋》 David Copperfield 《块肉余生述》《大卫科波菲尔》 Hamlet 《王子复仇记》《哈姆雷特》
the Definition of Translation
范仲英教授：翻译是把一种语言（即原语） 的信息用另一种语言（即译语）表达出来， 使译文读者能得到原文作者所表达的思想， 得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。 曹明伦教授：翻译是把一套语言符号或非语 言符号所负载的信息用另一套语言符号或非 语言符号表达出来的创造性文化活动，它包 括语际翻译、语内翻译和符际翻译。
(2) From the Sui Dynasty (581-618A. D.) to the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A. D)
玄奘(Xuan Zang) 玄奘 Xuan Zang was sent to India to make a study of the Buddhist Scriptures. He stayed there for 17 years. After he returned home from India, he translated 75 volumes of Buddhist scriptures in the following 19 years. He also translated some works of Laozi into Sanscrit (梵文), he was the first person to introduce Chinese classics to foreigners. His translation standard “To be both true and coherent” (“既须求真，又须喻俗”)is still acceptable. He made great 既须求真， 既须求真 又须喻俗” contributions to the theory and practice of translation. 玄奘与上述提到的鸠摩罗什、真谛一起号称我国佛教三大翻 译家（three giants in translating Buddhist Scripture）