英汉语言知识学习对比与翻译作业任务
(作业)英汉语言的特点比较及翻译
(作业)英汉语言的特点比较及翻译英汉语言的特点比较及翻译语言本身是一种文化现象，它既是文化发展和繁荣的重要载体，但在此同时，它也受到文化的影响和制约。
汉语和英语是世界上的两大语言，各代表着东西方的两种文化。
由于两者之间的文化背景、社会习俗、思维方式等的不同，使得两种语言的表达方式也不大相同。
在平时的英语学习当中，我们会发现许多人在做英汉互译的练习时，尤其是在做长句的翻译时，由于缺乏对英汉句子结构差异足够的了解，经常会死译、硬译，不符合英汉本身的逻辑特点。
因此无论是在英语学习当中还是在英汉翻译、跨文化交际当中，英汉句子结构的差异往往成为所有这些过程的“绊脚石”。
假如不了解和熟悉这两者的差异，翻译的时候就会违背目的与的表达习惯，从而留下浓重的源语痕迹。
本文将通过对英汉这两种语言在词汇上的选择对比分析以及不同的句法结构，来探索翻译的技巧。
（一）英汉语言在词汇上的差异（1）从构成形态上看，汉语每个词只由一语素构成，是由几个代表不同意思的字构成的词，而英语则是由单纯的字母构成一个词，每个词还可以通过词形的变化来表示意义或语法功能的变化。
比如:通过对动词形态的改变,动词就会产生人称、时态、语态、情态以及非谓语（不定式、分词）的词性变化;也会产生词类的变化。
英语通过词汇的形态变化表示句子丰富多彩的语言关系和逻辑关系。
和英语比较起来,汉字相对固定,不能随意改变自身的形态,更不像英语可以通过形态的变化引起词性的变化。
但是，汉语词汇的表意能力和互相组合能力要比英语强,所以汉语主要靠词汇、词序以及各个部分之间暗含的逻辑关系来表达句子的语言意义。
（2）从词义上看，英语的词义比汉语更具灵活性，并对文章具有依赖性。
比如uncle一词就可以指伯伯、叔叔、舅舅、表叔、姑父、姨夫。
这种一词多义的属性使得英语在翻译中就必须根据文章上下来进行选择。
Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for word.(词本无义，义随人生。
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习注意事项：１．英汉语言句法／句式差别；２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律；Sentences:1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in mostcases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar.2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。
3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marchingrapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed.4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointedto a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and thekind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born..7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated inthe United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds,pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned.9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load.10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down.11.Starvation was a remote threat.12.There is a crying need for a new remedy.13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on thephone.14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me.15.She was always a crier any way.16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he wasvery hungry because he had had no food for two days.18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office andno returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57)19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities iscompounded by the paucity of the information media.20.Petra had become the leader of the girls as soon as she snapped out of her original depressionat coming to Prague.21.Under these conditions there is a large store of energy available to maintain the pressure of theoil zone while production is taking place. This energy actually comes from the expansion of the aquifer water caused by the reduction in pressure resulting from the removal of oil from the reservoir.22.Two hundred pounds of muscle and sinew created by hard work and clean living had meltedto a hundred and sixty-odd; his senior clothing flagged about him.23.Because of the definite feeling in the country that the recession has bottomed out, only 31% ofthose surveyed now believe that the U.S. runs a risk of a major depression, down from 43% in February.24.The community of fowls to which Tess had been appointed as supervisor, purveyor, nurse,surgeon, and friend, made its headquarters in an old thatched cottage standing in an enclosure that had once been a garden, but was now a trampled and sanded square.( Tess of the D’urberville P60)25.By this time there had arisen a shout of laughter at the extraordinary appearance of Car’s back;which irritated the dark queen into getting rid of the disfigurement by the first sudden means available and independently of the help of the scoffers. She rushed excitedly into the field they were about to cross, and flinging herself flat on her back upon the grass began to wipe her gown as well as she could by spinning horizontally on the herbage and dragging herself over it upon her elbows. (Tess P70)26.The young girls formed, indeed, the majority of the band, and their heads of luxuriant hairreflected the sunshine every tone of gold, and black, and brown. Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. A difficulty of arranging their lips in this crude exposure to public scrutiny, an inability to balance their heads, and to dissociate self-consciousness from their features, was apparent in them, and showed that they were genuine country girls, unaccustomed to many eyes. (Tess of the D’urbervilles, Chapter II)27.林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴唇.她掼下书包,并不照例到镜台前梳头发搽粉,却倒在床上看着帐子出神.28.八一嫂正气得抱着孩子发抖，忽然见赵七爷满脸油汗，瞪着眼，准对伊冲过来，便十分害怕，不敢说完话，回身走了。
英汉语言系统对比与翻译
英汉语⾔系统对⽐与翻译英汉语⾔系统对⽐与翻译⼀、被动与主动（⼀）英语多⽤被动式原因1、施事的原因。
2、句法的要求。
（1）为了使句⼦承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接。
（2）为了使句⼦平衡。
（3）修辞的考虑。
（4）⽂体的需要。
（⼆）汉英多主动式原因1、汉语被动式的使⽤受到限制。
2、使⽤受事主语(Receptor subject)导致⼤量的“当然被动句”。
3、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可以采⽤⽆主句或主语省略句来保持句⼦的主动形式。
4、当施事者难以指明时，汉语还可以采⽤通称(generic person)或泛称作主语。
5、当不便使⽤被动式时，汉语可采⽤某些转换式来表达被动意义。
（1）处置式(即“把字式”或“将字式”)（2）“为……所”式。
（3）“是……的”式。
（4）“……的是”（5）“……加以／予以”式。
⼆、物称与⼈称（Impersonal vs Personal ）（⼀）、英语常⽤⾮⼈称，主语汉语常⽤⼈称主语1、⽤抽象名词或⽆⽣命的事物名称作主语。
2⽤⾮⼈称代词“it”作主语。
代词“it”除了⽤来代替除⼈以外的⽣物或事物之外还⼴泛⽤作填补词expletive。
（⼆）英语常⽤被动式，采⽤物称表达法：汉语常⽤主动式，采⽤⼈称、泛称或隐称表达法。
三、静态与动态（Static vs. Dynamic)1、名词化倾向是英语的特征之⼀2、名词作为施事者对动词的替代3、名词构成标题式短语对形容词的替代4、名词优势引起的介词优势5、动词的弱化6、形容词副词对动词的替代7、动词连⽤是汉语的常态8、动词可以充当汉语的任何句⼦成份9、汉语句⼦中的动词可重复重叠⼀、被动与主动(Passive vs．Active) 被动语态在英语⾥是⼀种常见的语法现象。
在某些⽂体中，使⽤被动句⼏乎成了⼀种表达习惯。
Baker 指出：“被动句促成了物称倾向，物称倾向也滋长了被动句”。
（⼀）英语多⽤被动式原因1、施事的原因。
⼈们表达思想的时候，通常使⽤主动句。
《英汉语言对比与翻译》课程教学大纲
《英汉语言对比与翻译》课程教学大纲一、课程信息二、课程目标通过本课程的学习，学生应达到以下几方面的目标：1.通过本课程的学习，学生能够了解英汉对比研究发展的基本状况，对当前英汉语言对比研究的热点问题、重要任务和主攻方向有一定的了解和把握，能够明晰英汉对比的研究对象、研究意义和研究方法等；2.通过本课程的学习，学生能够理解相关的语言学基本理论，掌握英汉语言间的转化与应用原则和规律，积极探索并将研究成果应用于相关的翻译、写作、对外汉语教学等实践中；3.通过本课程的学习，学生能够掌握基本的英汉语言对比方法，并能够将其应用于英汉翻译实践与研究、对外汉语教学与研究、汉语研究等；4.通过本课程的学习，学生能够切实提高双语转换意识和转换能力，使其翻译和写作的表达更具地道性；5.通过本课程的学习，学生能够树立正确的语言观、世界观、价值观，在英汉语言对比的过程中更多立足于本族语，不崇洋媚外，不妄自菲薄。
课程目标对毕业要求的支撑关系表三、教学内容与预期学习成效34四、成绩评定及考核方式五、课程建议教材及主要参考资料1.建议教材杨丰宁主编．英汉语言对比与翻译．天津大学出版社，2009。
2.主要参考书1.李建军、盛卓立. 英汉语言对比与翻译. 武汉大学出版社出版，2014。
2.连淑能. 英汉对比研究（增订本）. 高等教育出版社，2010。
3.潘文国. 汉英语对比纲要. 北京语言大学出版社，1997。
4.邵志洪. 新编英汉语研究与对比. 华东理工大学出版社，2013。
5.王武兴. 英汉语言对比与翻译. 北京大学出版社，2004。
6.吴叔尉、胡晓. 英汉语言对比与翻译. 中国古籍出版社，2015。
中英文对比教案
中英文对比教案一、教学目标1. 知识目标：学生能够理解中英文的基本语法和表达方式的不同。
2. 能力目标：学生能够运用中英文进行有效的沟通和表达。
3. 情感、态度和价值观目标：培养学生对中英文文化的热爱和尊重，增强国际视野。
二、教学内容1. 中英文基本语法对比2. 中英文词汇和表达方式的对比3. 中英文文化背景和差异的探讨三、教学难点与重点1. 难点：中英文文化和表达方式的差异理解。
2. 重点：中英文基本语法和词汇的对比和运用。
四、教具和多媒体资源1. 黑板2. 投影仪3. 中英文词典和语法书4. 教学PPT五、教学方法1. 激活学生的前知：通过问答方式，了解学生对中英文基本知识的掌握情况。
2. 教学策略：讲解、示范、小组讨论、案例分析。
3. 学生活动：角色扮演、小组讨论、写作练习。
六、教学过程1. 导入：通过一个简单的中英文翻译游戏，引导学生进入中英文对比的学习情境。
2. 讲授新课：讲解中英文语法、词汇和表达方式的对比，展示一些典型的中英文对比实例。
3. 巩固练习：给学生提供一些中英文句子，让他们尝试进行翻译和对比，强调翻译的准确性和文化敏感性。
4. 归纳小结：总结本节课的重点和难点，引导学生思考中英文差异的原因和影响。
七、评价与反馈1. 设计评价策略：通过小组报告、口头反馈、观察学生的参与度等方式进行评价。
2. 为学生提供反馈：对学生的表现给予肯定和鼓励，同时指出不足之处，提供改进建议。
八、作业布置1. 收集一些中英文表达方式不同的句子，分析其中的差异。
2. 写一篇短文，描述自己学习本节课的感受和收获。
英汉语言对比与翻译教案
英汉语言对比与翻译教案一、教学目标1. 让学生了解英语和汉语在语音、语法、词汇、表达习惯等方面的差异。
2. 培养学生运用翻译技巧进行英汉互译的能力。
3. 提高学生对文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际能力。
二、教学内容1. 英汉语言对比：语音、语法、词汇、表达习惯等方面的差异。
2. 翻译技巧：直译、意译、借译、归化等。
3. 文化差异：英汉文化背景、习俗、价值观等方面的差异。
三、教学方法1. 对比分析法：通过对比分析英汉两种语言的差异，让学生深入了解并掌握其特点。
2. 案例教学法：提供典型英汉互译案例，引导学生运用翻译技巧进行实践。
3. 讨论法：组织学生就文化差异展开讨论，提高他们的跨文化交际能力。
四、教学安排1. 英汉语音对比：4课时2. 英汉语法对比：4课时3. 英汉词汇对比：4课时4. 英汉表达习惯对比：4课时5. 翻译技巧讲解与实践：8课时6. 文化差异讨论：4课时五、教学评价1. 课堂参与度：观察学生在课堂上的发言和讨论情况，评估他们的学习积极性。
2. 翻译练习：布置英汉互译练习，评估学生的翻译能力和对翻译技巧的掌握程度。
六、教学活动与实例1. 英汉语音对比：通过播放英汉两种语言的语音样本，让学生识别并对比其差异。
例如，英语中的元音和辅音发音规则与汉语的声调特点对比。
2. 英汉语法对比：分析英汉两种语言的句子结构、时态、语态等方面的差异。
例如，英语的被动语态和汉语的无主句对比。
3. 英汉词汇对比：对比英汉两种语言中词汇的构成、词义差异和词性转换。
例如，英语的派生词和汉语的成语对比。
4. 英汉表达习惯对比：通过对比英汉两种语言在日常交流中的习惯用法，让学生了解并掌握其差异。
例如，英语的直接引语和汉语的间接引语对比。
七、翻译技巧训练1. 直译：在忠实原文的基础上，将英汉两种语言的词汇、语法结构等进行直接对应翻译。
例如，将英语的被动语态直接翻译为汉语的被动语态。
2. 意译：在忠实原文的基础上，根据汉语的表达习惯对英汉两种语言的词汇、语法结构等进行调整。
英汉语言对比及翻译
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翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义
他也谈到了改变句法结构和保留句法 结构之间的辩证关系：“我不是说原 文的句法绝对可以不管，在最大限度 内我们是要保持原文句法的，但无论 如何，要叫人觉得尽管句法新奇而仍 不失为中文。这一点当然是不容易做 到的，……” 1
1. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach[M]. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 74
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翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义
思果说：“千万不能跟英文走。” 2
1.刘宓庆.翻译与语言哲学[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001: 78.)
2.思
果. 翻译研究[M]. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2001:23)
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汉语的线性序列 与英语的空间结构
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关于英汉语言的比喻
英语句子的结构: “葡萄藤型”结构 （grapevine structure），意为在短短的主 干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实；
英汉语言对比与翻译 (一)
1
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义
Jean Delisle, representative of French Interpretative Theory of Translation, says in his Translation: An Interpretive Approach, “In other words, each community has developed habits of expression that, over time, have been integrated into the language and lent it certain characteristics.”1
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习英汉语言对比与翻译练习注意事项：１．英汉语言句法／句式差别；２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律；Sentences:1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in mostcases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar.2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。
3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marchingrapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed.4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointedto a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and thekind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born..7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated inthe United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds,pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag fo r transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned.9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load.10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down.11.Starvation was a remote threat.12.There is a crying need for a new remedy.13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on thephone.14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me.15.She was always a crier any way.16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he wasvery hungry because he had had no food for two days.18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office andno returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57)19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities iscompounded by the paucity of the information media.20.Petra had become the leader of the girls as soon as she snapped out of her original depressionat coming to Prague.21.Under these conditions there is a large store of energy available to maintain the pressure of theoil zone while production is taking place. This energy actually comes from the expansion of the aquifer water caused by the reduction in pressure resulting from the removal of oil from the reservoir.22.Two hundred pounds of muscle and sinew created by hard work and clean living had meltedto a hundred and sixty-odd; his senior clothing flagged about him.23.Because of the definite feeling in the country that the recession has bottomed out, only 31% ofthose surveyed now believe that the U.S. runs a risk of a major depression, down from 43% in February.24.The community of fowls to which Tess had been appointed as supervisor, purveyor, nurse,surgeon, and friend, made its headquarters in an old thatched cottage standing in an enclosure that had once been agarden, but was now a trampled and sanded square.( T ess of the D’urberville P60)25.By this time there had arisen a shout of laughter at the extraord inary appearance of Car’s back;which irritated the dark queen into getting rid of the disfigurement by the first sudden means available and independently of the help of the scoffers. She rushed excitedly into the field they were about to cross, and flinging herself flat on her back upon the grass began to wipe her gown as well as she could by spinning horizontally on the herbage and dragging herself over it upon her elbows. (Tess P70)26.The young girls formed, indeed, the majority of the band, and their heads of luxuriant hairreflected the sunshine every tone of gold, and black, and brown. Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. A difficulty of arranging their lips in this crude exposure to public scrutiny, an inability to balance their heads, and to dissociate self-consciousness from their features, was apparent in them, and showed that they were genuine country girls, unaccustomed to many eyes. (Tess of the D’urbervilles, Chapter II)27.林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴唇.她掼下书包,并不照例到镜台前梳头发搽粉,却倒在床上看着帐子出神.28.八一嫂正气得抱着孩子发抖，忽然见赵七爷满脸油汗，瞪着眼，准对伊冲过来，便十分害怕，不敢说完话，回身走了。
《英汉语言比较与翻译》课程教学大纲
作业
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5.2
5.2新闻的翻译
新闻的翻译
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第六章
6文化及翻译
翻译中的文化因素
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6.1
6.1翻译中的文化因素
翻译中的文化因素
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6.2
6.2文化翻译的策略
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上机
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实践
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适用专业
本研一体化班（石油工程类）
授课语言
中文
先修课程
课程简介
（限选）
本课程为校管选修课，主要定位为非英语专业研究生。本课程注重英汉对比分析对英语学习的指导作用，着眼于提高学生实际翻译能力。
该课程旨在通过对英汉两种语言异同的比较，使学生对两种语言各自的特点有一个初步的认识，从而在英汉互译时能够充分注意到两种语言在表达方式、思维模式及文化习俗方面的差异。同时通过不同题材和体裁的篇章翻译训练，提高学生的翻译能力。
英汉语中重要信息位置及语序调整
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4.2
4.2主语与主题
英语主谓式，汉语话题说明式
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第五章
5时事翻译
新闻的翻译及英汉对比
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作业
英汉对比与翻译作业答案
The Assignment of a Contrastive Approach to TranslationBetween English and Chinese ( III ) 翻译下列句子或语段：1.Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it.想起母亲，他才鼓足勇气继续做了下去。
2.It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal.要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。
3.China' s support is constant source of encouragement to us in the pursuit of social andeconomic development and the maintenance of national independence. 中国的支持始终鼓励我们去追求社会和经济发展，维护国家独立。
4.Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space.机器人已用于探索外层空间。
5.He's a big eater.他这人非常能吃。
6.Of the girl 's sensations they remained a little in doubt. 译文一：姑娘的心思他们一时还无法断定。
译文二：他们一时还无法断定姑娘的心思。
7.He is inexperienced in driving.译文一：开车他没有经验。
译文二：他开车方面没有经验。
8.And am I not indebted to you for the bread I eat?译文一：我眼下有口饭吃，还不是多亏了你吗？译文二：还不是多亏了你，我眼下才有口饭吃。
英汉对比与翻译期末论文
英汉对比与翻译期末论文《英汉对比与翻译》期末论文摘要翻译作为一种跨文化的语言交流方式，在当今全球化的背景下越来越重要。
英汉两种语言有着很大的差异，如语法、词汇、文化等方面，这使得英汉翻译成为一项具有挑战性的任务。
本论文主要探讨英汉语言中的差异，并提出翻译过程中应该注意的问题。
第一部分：英汉语言的比较英汉语言存在很大的差异，这主要体现在如下方面：1. 语法差异：英汉语言在语法上有许多差异。
例如，在英语中，主语和谓语之间不用加助动词，而在汉语中，主语和谓语之间必须用助动词。
此外，英语的时态、语气和语态等也比汉语复杂。
2. 词汇差异：英汉两种语言的词汇也存在很大的差异。
中英文单词的形式和含义往往不同。
例如，英语中的“goodbye”在汉语中是“再见”。
同时，英汉的词汇量也不同，英文的词汇量比汉语多很多。
因此，在翻译过程中，我们需要根据实际情况选择合适的词汇来完成翻译工作。
3. 文化差异：中西文化有着很大的差异，这也就影响了英汉语言的差异。
例如，在中西文化中，礼仪、习俗、信仰等方面都有很大的不同。
这也就导致了英汉语言在表达语言文化方面的差异。
第二部分：英汉翻译的挑战由于英汉语言存在很大的差异，因此在翻译过程中会遇到各种各样的挑战。
如下所述：1. 语言差异：英汉两种语言的语法、词汇等方面存在很大的差异，因此在进行翻译时，需要选择合适的语句结构和表达方式来达到最佳效果。
2. 文化差异：中西文化的不同在英汉翻译中也是一个非常重要的因素。
翻译人员需要了解并理解原文中的文化背景和含义，然后才能将其转化为另外一种语言，并使翻译出来的内容符合当地文化习俗和价值观念。
3. 表达效果：在翻译过程中，如果无法精确表达原文的意思，或者翻译语句有歧义，那么就很难传达准确的信息和情感。
第三部分：英汉翻译中的技巧针对英汉语言的差异和翻译的挑战，我们可以采取以下技巧：1. 理解原文:在进行翻译前，必须首先读懂原文的意思。
在这个过程中，需要仔细研究语句的结构和语言中的细节。
英汉对比与翻译作业(二)
The Assignment of a Contrastive Approach to TranslationBetween English and Chinese ( II )翻译下列句子或语段：1.In the afternoon rush of the Grand Central Station his eyes had been refreshed by the sight of Miss LilyBart.2.What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy.3.At all costs time must be gained.4.You are requested to look into the matter and give us an early reply.5.In the far distance was seen the glittering surface of a lake surrounded by pine woods.6.As might have been expected, it was not long before John tried to break all his promises.7.Power can be transmitted to wherever it is needed.8.For generations coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy sources used to transport men fromplace to place.9.Another silence fell on the group.10.Investigation led us to the foregoing conclusion.11.Her good work and obedience have pleased her teachers.12.Rumors had reached her ears of what that father’s character was.13.A potentially dangerous blunder by police and security authorities yesterday saw the First Lady mobbedby yelling demonstrators during a shopping mall walkabout.14.过去的日子如轻烟，被微风吹散了；如薄雾，初阳蒸融了。
浅谈英汉语言对比学习在翻译教学中的重要性
浅谈英汉语言对比学习在翻译教学中的重要性引言：英汉语言的对比研究，乃是语言，文学以及翻译研究者们最为热衷的话题之一。
本文将就英汉语言对比研究在翻译教学中的重要性这一话题展开深入的探讨。
第一段：翻译与英汉语言对比研究存在着紧密的联系，学习英汉语言对比研究有助于培养翻译者对英汉两种语言的比较与理解，从而掌握在翻译过程中发挥重要作用的术语、结构和文化背景等元素。
英汉语言的对比，有助于帮助翻译者更好地把握翻译任务，合理控制源语言与目的语言之间的关系，从而达到翻译的准确性、完整性与可操作性。
第二段：英汉语言对比研究带来的重要性不仅体现在帮助翻译者更好地理解语言搭配、把握句法结构上，同时也体现在掌握英汉文化差异上。
英汉语言文化差异，体现在英语中的文化习俗、礼仪、传统习惯等方面，都是学习英汉语言互译的基础，它也是翻译中不可被忽视的重要部分。
因此，翻译者在完成翻译任务时，应该充分考虑文化差异，以便在翻译过程中消除可能出现的误解。
第三段：由此可见，英汉语言对比研究在翻译教学中有巨大的重要性，在译者培养过程中，应该让学生们充分掌握英汉两种语言的对比和比较，尤其是在文化差异的把握上，以便在翻译过程中更好地运用语言能力，努力达到翻译的准确、流畅、完整和可操作性。
结论：通过本文的介绍，我们可以发现，英汉语言对比研究在翻译教学中的重要性是不容忽视的，学习英汉语言比较分析能够帮助译
者在完成翻译任务时更好地运用语言能力，并理解翻译中存在的文化差异，从而更好地实现翻译的准确性、完整性与可操作性。
英汉语言对比及互译对策
–could have done 表示过去有可能发生的 动作没有发生，用“差点”正好符合英 文要表达的意思
[例3]I could have laughed to hear him talk like that.
[译文]听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。
2．语势差异：把英语的静态语势译为 汉语的动态语势
老年人的辉煌已经留在他们身后，或许这 就是问题之所在。
[例2]汉语词组有名次词组和动词词组。以名 词为中心的词组，一般是名词及其定语， 在剧中作用相当于一个名词的，叫名词词 组。以动词为中心的词组，一般是动词及 其状语，在剧中作用相当于一个动词的， 叫动词词组。此外，在用法注释中有时提 到词或词组，其中词组则和前面说到的词 往往起同一作用。
熟悉英语的人都知道，英语表达相同的意思 时往往变换表达方式。第一次说"我认为"可以用 "I think"，第二次再用"I think"显然就很乏味，应 该换成"I believe"或"I imagine"之类的表达。相 比之下，汉语对变换表达方式的要求没有英语那 么高，很多英语中的变化表达译成重复表达就行 了。
② Reading exercises one’s eyes; Speaking, one’ s tongue; while writing, one’s mind.
阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写 作训练人的思维。
④ One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
英汉语言对比
一. 英、汉语言的共相 1.词类划分 1)都分为实词、虚词两大类 2)实词中的名、数、动、形、副、代词 的语法功能基本相似 3)虚词中的介词、连词、语气词的语法 功能也有不少相同点
英汉语言知识学习对比与翻译作业任务
英汉语言知识学习对比与翻译作业任务英汉语言对比与翻译作业1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.翻译：认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。
这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。
2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。
3．While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译：(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。
《英汉语言对比与翻译》教案3
《英汉语言对比与翻译》教案3第1讲导论主要内容：从语言对比角度探讨翻译概念阐释、翻译标准厘定、翻译过程梳理、翻译方法运用等与翻译相关的方方面面的问题。
教学要求：了解翻译中的语言比较与对比概念，理解翻译概念、翻译标准、翻译过程等，掌握上述相关概念基本内容及其与语言对比相关的问题。
重点、难点：语言比较与对比概念差异及其之于翻译能力培养的终极意义。
一种事物的特点，要跟别的事物比较才显出来。
——吕叔湘对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。
——吕叔湘You could know your own language only if you compared it with other languages.——EngelsExplain some of the points:1.Why ―contrast‖ but not ―compare‖?2.What is ―language‖?3.What’s the aim of c ontrastive study of two languages?4.Content of study.5. A general contrastive study of Chinese and English6.Contrastive study of phonetics.Explanation:1. Compare: similarity of two thingsContrast: differences of two things语言对比是指不同语言间的对比分析，通常是通过compare 和contrast两种途径。
比较语言学（Comparative linguistics）的主要任务是寻找不同语言间的共性。
对比语言学(contrastive linguistics)是对两种或两种以上的语言进行共时的对比研究，描述它们之间的异同特别是不同之处。
2. 起步阶段：二十世纪初——二十世纪四十年代末严复、赵元任、吕叔湘、王力停滞阶段：1949——1976复苏和发展阶段：1977年5月后，特别是进入九十年代后3. What is “language”?语言: 语言是一种表达观念的符号系统。
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英汉语言对比与翻译作业1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.翻译：认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。
这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。
2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。
3．While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译：(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。
六月的一天早上，天气晴朗。
契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。
拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子，赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。
（萨克雷）4.It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver.翻译：长期以来，大家都知道心脏与肝脏的关系最为密切。
5.An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post.翻译：《华盛顿邮报》的一篇社论提供了一个例子。
6.The challenge from the Third World has always been foreseen by our shipping companies.翻译：我们的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。
7. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 翻译：这位曾使全世界发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。
8. A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie in.翻译：伴随着一团雪茄烟雾，欧吉维进屋了。
”9. “Hi! Hi!”said the cab driver, whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler.翻译：“嗨！嗨！”出租车司机一瞅见有客人就叫道，同时碰地一声打开车门。
10．I am afraid of your misunderstanding me.翻译：我害怕你误解我。
11. A woman with fair opportunities, and without anabsolute hump may marry whom she likes.翻译：一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害，机会好的话，想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。
12. A chemical change is one in which the structure ofparticles is changed and a new substance is formed.翻译：化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。
13. You should help him since you have promised to do so.翻译：你既然已经答应帮忙就应该帮助他。
14. Factories known to produce components for missilesand submarines are being camouflaged, as are missilelaunching and test sites throughout the USSR .翻译：人们所知道的生产导弹部件和潜艇部件的工厂，都进行了伪装。
苏联全国各地的导弹发射和试验场地，也都进行了伪装。
15. Thales thought water was the beginning of everything;Anaximenes, air; Heraclitus, fire.翻译：泰利斯认为水是万物的之源，阿那克西美尼认为气是万物的之源；赫拉克利特认为火是万物的之源。
16. 非洲人民正在为争取非洲的彻底解放进行着艰巨的斗争。
翻译：The Africans are fighting hard for the Africa 's absolute liberation英汉语言对比与翻译作业1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.翻译：认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。
这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。
2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。
3．While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses inblazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译：(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。
六月的一天早上，天气晴朗。
契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。
拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子，赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。
（萨克雷）4.It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver.翻译：长期以来，大家都知道心脏与肝脏的关系最为密切。
5.An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post.翻译：《华盛顿邮报》的一篇社论提供了一个例子。
6.The challenge from the Third World has always been foreseen by our shipping companies.翻译：我们的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。
7. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 翻译：这位曾使全世界发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。
8. A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie in.翻译：伴随着一团雪茄烟雾，欧吉维进屋了。
”9. “Hi! Hi!”said the cab driver, whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler.翻译：“嗨！嗨！”出租车司机一瞅见有客人就叫道，同时碰地一声打开车门。
10．I am afraid of your misunderstanding me.翻译：我害怕你误解我。
11. A woman with fair opportunities, and without anabsolute hump may marry whom she likes.翻译：一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害，机会好的话，想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。
12. A chemical change is one in which the structure ofparticles is changed and a new substance is formed.翻译：化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。
13. You should help him since you have promised to do so.翻译：你既然已经答应帮忙就应该帮助他。
14. Factories known to produce components for missilesand submarines are being camouflaged, as are missilelaunching and test sites throughout the USSR .翻译：人们所知道的生产导弹部件和潜艇部件的工厂，都进行了伪装。