第三讲：词义关系

Hyponymy
literature prose novel fiction drama poetry
novelette
short story
Hyponymy
sports
swimming weight-lifting ball games wrestling running long-distance race sprinting athletics running race gymnastics boxing
Stylistic Features of Homonyms
As homomyms are considered in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to created puns for desired effect of, say, humour, sarcasm or ridicule.
Examples:
"'Mine is a long and sad tale!' said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing. "'It is a long tail, certainly,' said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse's tail; 'but why do you call it sad?'" -- Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Review: Identify the type of word formation:
1. information, commercials Informercials 2. Babysitter babysit 3. Demi + god Demigod 4. Do + able doable 5. A catalogue to catalogue 6. Drama + comedy dramedy 7. Game + pad gamepad 8. mike microphone 9. super+structure superstructure 10. p.c. postcard = Blending = Back-formation = Prefixation = Suffixation = Conversion = Blending = Compound = Clipping = affixation = initialism
Polesemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. The bulk of English words are polysemantic; The entry with the largest number of meanings in the OED is verb “get”, with more than 150 meanings. one-meaning words are rare, like proper names, scientific terms.
treacle
A: concerning wild beasts
A + B: remedy for a wild beast’s bite B + C: antidote or remedy for poison C + D: remedy in the form of syrup D + E: syrup
Hyponymy P195
Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. The general lexical item is called the superordinate(上义词).The specific words are known as hyponyms(下义词).
For example: candidate
A→A+B→B+C A: a person in white A + B: a white-robed seeker for office B + C: an applicant for office or a person taking an exam.
10 10 9
11
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8 8 7 6
1
2 3 4 5
neck
(1) that part of man or animal joining the head to the body; (2) that part of the garment; (3) the neck of an animal used as food; (4) a narrow part between the head and body or base of any object; (5) the narrowest part of anything: bottle, land, strait of channel;
Process to Polysemy:
Radiation 辅射型 the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while derivative /secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.
Practice: study the passages and explain the
rhetoric use of homonyms. 1) The following conversation takes place between a butcher and customer. “How come your sausages taste like meat at one end, but like bread at the other?” the woman asked. The man replied: “Madam, in times like these no butcher can make both ends meat.” 2) One swallow doesn’t make a summer, but it surely warms you on a cold, hungry day.
Practise: study the passages and explain the
rhetoric use of homonyms. 3) “Why is Sunday the strongest day?” “Because all the others are week days.” 4) “What are the colours of the sun and the wind?” “The sun rose and wind blue”.
Types of Homonyms
Perfect Homonyms(同音同形异义词 同音同形异义词) 同音同形异义词 Bank: n. the edge of the river, lake, etc. Bank: n. an establishment for money business Bear: n. a large heavy animal Bear: v. to put up with Date: n. a kind of fruit Date: n. a boy or girl friend
Sound
SOUND: healthy, in good condition SOUND: that which is or can be heard SOUND: make sth. produce sound SOUND: test the depth of (the sea, etc) by letting down a weighted line SOUND: narrow passage of water joining two larger areas of water, strait
hurdle race relay
Practice: Arrange the things in BEDROOM into
a tree diagram. Bed, carpet, dressing table, wardrobe, mattress, dressing gown, slippers, mirror, comb, clothes, pyjamas, pillows, rug, hairbrush, sheets, blankets,beside table, lamp, alarm clock
Homonymy: Brainstorm
What month do soldiers hate? Why is an empty purse always the same? How do we know the ocean is friendly?
Homo来自百度文库ymy P 138
Words are called homonyms because they are different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. Most of the homonyms are monosyllabic.
Types of Homonyms
homophone（同音异形异义词）
flower flour
meet mete meat
right write wright rite
Homograph（同形异音异义词） TEAR: n. drop of salty water coming from the eye TEAR: v. pull sharply apart or to pieces MINUTE: the sixtieth part of an hour MINUTE: very small
Riddles
What trees come in two’s? Key : Pear/Pair trees. Why is the bell the most obedient thing in the world? Key : Because it never speaks till it is told/tolled. Why is a book as noble as a lord? Key: It has a title and many pages, too.
Lecture 3 Semantics: Sense Relations
Polysemy Homonymy Synonymy Antonymy Hyponymy Semantic Field 一词多义关系 同形同音异义关系 同义关系 反义关系 上下义关系 语义场
By Psyche
Polysemy P135
Process to Polysemy:
Concatenation 连锁型 the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its original sense as a result of successive semantic changes till, in many cases, there is not a trace of connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary sense.