00翻译学的基本概念

• 异化 foreignization/alienation/exoticization/ exogenization/source-oriented translation • 归化 domestication/naturalization/adaptation/ endogenization/target-accommodating translation • 词汇空缺lexical gap • 文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap • 直译literal translation/direct translation • 意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation
• 注释： • [1]此处包含有一个《圣经》成语” 把珍珠抛在猪面前”(to cast pearls before swine)，即”对牛弹琴”。这 里，教授把学生比作蠢猪，不会欣 赏他精彩的演讲。
翻译讲评
1、rhetorical climax
可译为“修辞学上的层进法”。
2、第一句较长，可采用分译法。原文切分 可根据意群（sense group），如分句之 间，短语之间，或句子与短语之间。
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表层结构surface structure 深层结构 deep structure 理解understanding/comprehension 表达expression 再现reproduction/representation 转换transformation 传译/转移transferal/transfer 误解misunderstanding 误译mis-translation
• 翻译原则translation principle • 翻译标准translation criterion (复数形式 为criteria) • 翻译过程translation process • 翻译程序/步骤translation procedures • 反应/读者反应response/reader’s response • 对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence • 等值/对等equivalence • 对等物(词语)equivalent
Lecture Two
Basic concepts in Translation Stuides
• 源语/译出语source language(SL), original language • 译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language • 原作者SL author, original author • 译者(笔译者)translator • 译者(口译者)interpreter • 读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience • 文本text
参考译文： • 一天，一位大学教授在他的历史课接近 尾声的时候，正津津乐道于修辞学上的 一种层进法。这时，下课铃响了。因此， 学生们开始劈哩叭啦地收拾座椅的活动 把手，并准备离开。 • 这位教授，对学生们打断他口若悬河的 演讲感到非常恼火，便举起手来，说道： • “诸位，请稍等片刻，我还有几颗珠子 要投呀[1]!”
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选词diction 补偿compensation 视点转换shift of perspective 套译/仿译/仿拟imitation 信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity 达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness 通顺smoothness 流畅fluency 自然naturalness /idiomaticity 雅/优美elegance/gracefulness
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东方语言Oriental languages 西方语言Occidental languages 佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra 梵语Sanskrit 鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva 泰特勒(Alexander Fraser )Tytler 奈达(Eugene A.) Nida 机器翻译machine translation(MT) 人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)
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直译派a literalist/a sourcerer 意译派a free-hander/a targeteer 重复法repetition 增译法/增词法/增译 amplification/addition 减译法/减词法/省略法/省译omission 词类转移法/词性转换conversion 反译法/正反译法/反正译法negation 移植法transplant(ing)/transplantation 音译法transliteration
Thus students immediately began to slam down the movable arms of their lecture chairs and to prepare to leave. The professor, annoyed at the interruption of his flow of eloquence, held up his hand: “Wait just one minute, gentlemen, I have a few more pearls to cast.”
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释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase 引申法extension 替代法substitution/replacement 借用borrowing 推演法deduction 缀合法combination 分译法division 逆序法/倒置法reversing 合译法combination 综合法mixture of methods
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歪译(意义扭曲)distortion 惯用法usage 搭配collocation 约定俗成convention 形合hypotaxis 意合parataxis
翻译实践
原文： A college professor was one day nearing the close of a history lecture and was indulging in one of those rhetorical climaxes in which he delighted when the hour struck.
• 原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work • 译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition • 译本/译著translated text/translational work • 源语读者source-language reader/SL reader • 源语文化 source-language culture/source culture
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具体化specification 概括化generalization 抽象化abstracting 明析化explicitation 译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation) 加注法annotation 夹注intratextual note 脚注footnote 尾注/文后注endnote 注释性翻译annotated/commented translation
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形式对等formal equivalence 功能对等functional equivalence 动态对等dynamic equivalence 等效equivalent effect 充分性adequacy 可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability） • 可读性readability(readable) • 可译性translatability(translatable) • 不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)
• 翻译translate, render, rephrase, reword, transmit, re-express, transmute, transmogrify, interpret, convert, transform, transpose, express, transfer, turn • 翻译学translatology/Translation Studies • 翻译体/翻译腔translationese • 死译/硬译mechanical translation • 逐字译word-for-word translation/wordto-word substitution/verbatim translation • 乱译/胡译excessively free translation
• 译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience • 译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture • 语境context • 笔译written translation • 口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting • 同声传译simultaneous interprBaidu Nhomakorabeating • 交替口译consecutive interpreting
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包孕embedding 切断/分切cutting 拆离splitting-off 插入inserting 重组recasting 回译back translation 还原法 finding the original 原汁原味essence of the original, original flavor • 词序调整inversion
• 宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rather to be faithful than smooth (“I’d rather be faithful than smooth”) • 神似(傅雷语) spiritual resemblance • 化境(钱钟书语)sublimation • 信、达、切(刘重德语)faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (to the original style) • 三美: 音美, 形美, 意美(许渊冲语)the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and beauty in meaning
注意：英译汉中长句化短即采用分译法的 依据是：英语多用长句，汉语多用中短 句。长句化短要根据翻译实际需要为转 移。
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简洁brevity 明析clarity 简明conciseness 内涵connotation 含义implication 言外之意allocution 本文意义(文本固有之意)inherent meaning (of the text) • 译者隐形translator’s invisibility • 透明(度)transparency