非谓语动词三步法
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非谓语动词
遇到有关非谓语动词的单选题,可以根据句中的搭配结构、非谓语的主被动形式和非谓语的“时态”三个角度,从语言的结构到语义由简单到复杂依次排选。
第一步:根据非谓语形式在句中可作的成分来分析空白处可填入的非谓语形式,看能否在不定式、分词和动名词几个形式之间先排除一个或几个。
2).现在分词完成式不作定语。
1.非谓语形式作主语或宾语时,除“the 分词”外一般只能用不定式或动名词。其中不定式作介词的宾语时要使用“特殊疑问词 不定式”结构。
例如:1).It’s very kind of you to help us.
2).Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
3).The driver failed to see other cars at the moment .
4).Please show us how to do that.
2.作状语时,不定式表示目的以及so/as to do和(only)to do中的结果状语,其它状语都用分词来表示。
例如:1).To sleep late the next morning,he turned off the alarm clock.
(“非谓语 主句”模式中,非谓语在句首而且由逗号与主句隔开,此句中的不定式只作目的状语;此时的分词表示时间、原因或条件状语,有时分词前可加when,while,if,before, after,as和though等连词,如:①Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. ②When asked,never be silent.)
2).He came here only to say good-bye to us.
(不定式在句中作目的状语时它前面不能用逗号)
3).He spoke a lot at the conference,only to show his ignorance on the topic.
(不定式在主句之后,又有逗号与主句隔开时常用(only)to do形式表示出乎主语意料的结果)
第二步:在第一步的基础上从非谓语的主被动形式这个角度进行筛选。
1.非谓语用作主语或状语时,一般根据它们的逻辑主语来判断主被动形式的选用;若无逻辑主语,则以主句主语为判断对象。
例如:1).Using the dictionary,I found it of great use.
(作状语的分词逻辑主语和主句主语相同时,逻辑主语常省去)
2).It’s so nice to hear your voice.
3).Seeing is believing.
(不带逻辑主语的不定式或动名词作主语时,通常看作第一人称的逻辑主语省略)
注意以下特殊情况中非谓语一律用主动式:
①主语 系动词 形容词 不定式
②need/want/require(需要) doing
③be worth doing
2.作宾语或表语时,要根据主句主语来分析主被动形式。
例如:1).The little girl would like to be brought to the State with her brother.
2).His story in the jungle is very exciting.
3.作定语时,应根据被修饰词来选用主被动形式。
例如:1).I have a room to paint,so I can’t go out for a picnic with them.
2).We have a room to be painted.Where can we find a worker?
(当句中出现了作定语的不定式动词的执行者时用主动式,否则用被动式)
4.作宾补的非谓语主被动形式要根据非谓语动词与宾语的关系来确定。
例如:1).Don’t have the water running like that.
2).She sat alone in the room,with her eyes fixed on the ceiling.
第三步:经过第一、二两步分析仍未能作出最后选择时,可能会剩下不定式和分词内部不同的式之间的选择,即非谓语的“时态”,这时可通过比较非谓语动词和谓语动词所发生的先后来判别。
1.不定式的一般式to do/to be done常用在
①表示非谓语动词发生在谓语之后;
例如:1).I hope to see you again soon.
2).Who do you think our teacher will have work on the wall-newspaper?
②表示与谓语动词同时发生的一个全过程动作或谓语当时所处的状态。
例如:4).Have you seen a little boy go into the house?
5).He seems to know that.
2.不定式的进行式to be doing 和现在分词的一般式doing/being done只用来表示非谓语动词和谓语动词同时发生。
例如:1).The secretary worked late into the night, preparaing the long speech for the president.
2).They pretended to be sleeping when Mother came in.
3.不定式完成式to have done/to have been done和现在分词完成式having done/having been done 均表示动作发生在谓语之前。
例如:1).He is said to have left.
2).Not having heard from him,I wrote to him again.
4.词常表示发生在谓语之前而及物动词的过去分词则可以指发生在谓语之前或与谓语同时的状态。
例如:1).fallen leaves/a burnt-out match
2).The thief was brought in,with his hands tied behind.
若非谓语形式正确而词义仍不同者则需从句义来考虑。
非谓语动词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生,非谓语动词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
1.动词不定式
例1:A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同时发生)
例2:All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非谓语动词动作发生在后)
例3:He is said to have studied English for three years. (非谓语动词动作发生在前)
注:动词不定式的完成式有时用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等过去式的动词后面,表示未实现的行为。例如:
1)I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. (我本想把这本书邮寄给你的。)
2)He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的,但是他病了。)
2.动名词
例1:I am thinking of getting a new dictionary. (非谓语动词动作发生在后)
例2:We enjoy watching colour TV. (与谓语动词动作同时)
例3:He forgot having promised to write things for us. (非谓语动词动作发生在前。)
3.分词
例1:Singing a song, he came into the room. (非谓语动词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生)
例2:Having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang. (非谓语动词动作发生在前)
非谓语动词的比较
1.动名词和动词不定式在用法上的比较
(1)一般说来动名词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的,时间概念不强,不是指某一次的动作;而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次行为。例如:
1)I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today.
2) They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.
3) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening?
(2)动词不定式的逻辑主语,常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词;而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主