第六章法律题材翻译
各种法律类文书、公文翻译（中-英文版）
举证通知书(English V ersion)-法律英语翻译-法律文书翻译The People’s Republic of ChinaHefei Intermediate People’s Court of Anhui ProvinceNotice to Produce EvidenceNo. XXXTo: AAAAccording to the Civil Procedural Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Severa l Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Evidences for Civil Actions, you are responsible for producing evidences to prove the facts on which your claims are based or the facts on which the claims of the other party are rebutted.1. Y ou shall, as required by the Instructions for Producing Evidences of this Court submit evidence materials to this Court within thirty (30) days after the day of the receiving this notice.2. Evidences submitted by the parties to the people’s court shall be the origina ls, or copies or replicas checked and found in conformity with the originals by the people’s court. The submitted evidence materials shall be classified and numbered one by one. It is required to briefly describe the sources, facts to be proved and contents of the evidence materials. Copies shall be provided according to the number of the parties of the opposing side.3. Where it is really difficult for you to submit evidence materials within the evidence producing term, you may apply with this Court for extension before its expiration.4. Y our failure to submit evidence materials within the evidence producing term shall be deemed as waiver of the right to produce evidences. For the evidence materials not submitted on time, the people’s court won’t arra nge cross examination during trial, unless the other party agrees to cross examination.5. Where you intend to apply for authentication, increase or variation of the claims or file a counterclaim, you shall do the same prior to the expiration of the evidence producing term.6. Where you apply for appearance of a witness to testify, you shall file an application with this Court ten (10) days before expiration of the evidence producing term.7. Where an evidence provided by you has come into being outsi de the territory of the People’s Republic of China, such evidence shall be certified by a notarial authority of the country in which such evidence has come into being and certified by an embassy or consulate of the People’s Republic of China in that country, or it is required to perform the certifying procedures prescribed by related treaties between the People’s Republic of China and that country.Where an evidence provided by you has come into being in the region of Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan, related certifying procedures shall be performed.Hefei Intermediate People’s Court of Anhui Province (seal)Date:举证通知书(中文版)×××人民法院举证通知书（××××）×××字第××号×××：根据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》和最高人民法院《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》，现将有关举证事项通知如下：一、当事人应当对自己提出的诉讼请求所依据的事实或者反驳对方诉讼请求所依?据的事实承担举证责任。
翻译材料 第6章 法律翻译
第六章法律翻译法律文献在用词和句子结构方面都有自己的特点。
法律语言自成体系，它要求用词准确、正规、鲜明，并有相当的专业用语。
掌握原语及译入语的上述特点，是翻译法律文件的根本。
法律文件的翻译最重要的一点是要遵循翻译的基本原则，翻译的关键在于理解，要读懂原文，然后做好语言的转换。
由于法律行文简洁、明了，言简意赅，在翻译时更要强调“重神似不重形似”，理解句子的深层含义，才能做好法律翻译。
法律文件翻译是法律语言的转换，要做到译入语准确无误地表达原语的真正含义，在用词上及句子结构上都必须做到“信”、“忠实”，体现法律文件的权威性。
翻译的准则是：重原语理解，重译入语正确。
1.词的理解与翻译做好法律文件的英译汉，对英语法律用词的理解是关键，在法律英语的词汇中有大量的hereafter, hereof, hereto, therein, thereof, thereto, whereas, whereby等词语，在翻译时只有弄清这些词汇的含义，译文才能准确。
1)The Attachments to this Contract shall be deemed a part hereof and shall be effective asany other provisions hereof.2)The United Nations shall establish under its authority an international trusteeship systemfor the administration and supervision of such territories as may be placed thereunder bysubsequent individual agreements. These territories are hereinafter referred to as trustterritories.3)The protection and promotion of the health of the inhabitants of the state are matters ofpublic concern and provision therefor shall be made by the state and by such itssubdivisions.4)notwithstanding; heretofore; hereafter2.词组的理解与翻译法律英语中同基础英语一样，也使用大量的短语与词组，而且要求使用正式用语。
英汉翻译教程第六章PPT
广告英语的翻译
• 总之，衡量广告翻译的优劣，主要看译文在多大 程度上体现了原文的宣传效果和表情、说服等功 能，多大程度上保留了原文的语言特色及神韵。 为此，翻译时选词上要力避生涩艰拗，造句上要 尽量简洁明快，修辞上要多保留原文辞格。译文 要注重整体把握，不为一词一句所限，要充分发 挥译者的主观能动性。此外，广告翻译还应充分 考虑中英两种语言间的文化差异。只有这样，才 能使译文体现原文的各项功能，为产品畅销打下 良好的基础。
商贸函电的翻译
• 下面是一份电传的主要部分及其参考译文： TKS F UR OFA BUT RGRTS UR PRICES TOO HIGH F OUR MKT， AS GDS OF JAPANESE MAKE WITH SimILAR DES R ON SALE HR AT MCH LOWER PRICES. IF U RDU UR PRICE BY 5PCT， V WL ODA 1000 SETS. PLS TAKE THIS MATTR INTO CONSIDERATION N RPL ASAP. RGDS.
商贸函电指经济贸易活动中的各类信函、电报、电传等。 其文体特征主要有： 1） 措词简洁明了。为使表达明晰，商贸函电在措词上力求 简明扼要，不太讲究修饰。 2） 用语正式庄重。正式庄重的语言常常显得诚恳、自然、 有礼貌，因此常用于商贸函电中。 3） 专业术语较多。如FOB（离岸价）、CIF （到岸价）、 settlement（理赔）、L/C（信用证）、AC（承兑）等。 4） 具有相对固定的格式。商贸函电格式相对固定，大体上 由以下六个部分组成： a. 信头（the heading） b. 信内地址（the inside address） c. 称呼（the salutation） d. 信文（the body） e. 结束语 （the complimentary close） f. 签名（the signature）
英译汉-文体翻译(2)法律
第六单元文体翻译第二节法律文体⏹法律文体：法律文体包括宪法、法律、行政法规、条例、条约、合同、协议、契约、保证书等等，是最为严谨、精确和正式的文体。
因为法令、契约等文书需要严格规定义务、权利、行为准则的涵义和范围，所以必须词义准确，文意确凿，丝毫不允许语义的模棱两可。
例：The option period shall be the period of 10 days starting from the 30th day after the execution of this Agreement.译：选择期为本合同执行之日30天后的10天。
改译：？一、法律文体的特点1、用词方面⏹专门术语——明晰性，专业性例：shall action serve⏹外来词语——庄重性，权威性例：estoppel alibi affidavit⏹古词旧词例：hereof whereby aforesaid例：1. He was awarded $500 damages for the injury he suffered in the accident.awarded: 判给damages: 损害赔偿2. The testator died with issue.testator: 立遗嘱的人issue: 子女3. Parties must wait for process to issue from the court.process: 传票2、句式方面⏹句子冗长例：Every person who, himself, is exercising ordinary care, has a right to assume that every other person will perform his duty and obey the law; and in the absence of reasonable cause for thinking otherwise, it is not negligence for such a person to fail to anticipate an accident which can be occasioned only by a violation of law or duty by another person.⏹结构复杂例：in accordance withpursuant tosubject to⏹代词很少⏹并列名词例：rules and regulations 规章制度duties and responsibility 职责heirs and devisees 继承人和遗嘱继承人the custody, charge or care 抚养、管教或照看⏹插入状语例：If I shall during the hearing: (a) make default …; or (b) do suffer or omit any act …又如：The Publisher may, if they think fit, decline to publish the Work.⏹被动语态3、格式方面⏹指称间接性⏹专有名词⏹标点符号少4、风格方面⏹严谨缜密⏹正式保守⏹客观冷峻⏹练习：1. The master or the any other person signing this agreement on behalf of the property to be salved is not authorized to make or give and the contractor shall not demand or take, any payment, draft or order for or on account of the remuneration.译文：为待救财产签订本协议，船长或其他人无权签发或给予任何现金、汇票或提款单作为酬金，承包人不得要求或接受上述酬金。
法律题材翻译
不在犯罪现场 善意 单方 人身保护令 有关…事宜 在其他事项中 法院地法 人均 本身 初步的，表面的 法定人数 越权行为 诉，对
法语
地役权 不可抗力 疏忽延误 留置权 诉讼 侵权 侵犯、闯入私人领地
easement force majeure laches lien suit tort trespass
alleged cause of action damages day in court due process of law issue of fact issue of law legal fiction material evidence plea bargain reasonable doubt reasonable man subrogation without prejudice
adequate due process excessive improper reasonable speed related sufficient unreasonable
适当的 正当程序 额外的 不适当的 合理的速度 相关的 足够的 不合理的
情态动词
may 旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么） shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么） may not（或shall not）用于禁止性义务（不 得做什么）
前述的 前述的 特此 于此处 至此 尽管 根据 说（第三人称单数现在时） 其 即 为何，因此
拉丁语
Biblioteka alibi bona fide ex parte habeas corpus in re inter alia lex fori per capita per se prima facie quorum ultra vires versus
法律英语全文翻译
法律英语全文翻译（一）米兰达规则你有权保持沉默——米兰达规则在犯罪嫌疑人的权利方面，没有比米兰达诉亚利桑那州案更著名的了。
许多人视米兰达案为沃伦法庭正当程序判决中最为核心的一个案件。
这个案子牵涉到了在亚里桑那非尼克斯被捕的米兰达，他被控告绑架和强奸了一名年轻女子。
在警局总部被受害者指认他犯了罪。
经过两小时的讯问，米兰达承认被指控罪，并签了一份供诉状，法院据此给他定了罪。
在最终向美国最高法院的上诉中，法院作出一个对最近几十年的刑事审判都有极大深远影响的判决。
法院认定米兰达的罪名是不成立的，因为在警察局的整个审讯过程中并没有告知他权利以及提供法律顾问，用以征服审判者的个人判断。
法庭还说被提任何问题之前有权保持沉默，他所说的每一句话都可能在法庭上作为对他的不利证据，他有权请辩护律师出场，并且如果他请不起律师，如果他愿意，将在提问前为他指定一位律师。
在讯问过程中，必须告知他有机会去行使这些权利。
在警告做出和这些机会提供给他以后，他个人可以有意识地放弃这些权利并且同意回答问题或者做出供述。
但是除非这些告知和放弃的权利在审判中原告可以举证，否则任何讯问结果都不能用来对抗他。
为了确保当犯罪嫌疑人被捕时被及时告知了这些合理的建议，现在著名的米兰达权利应当在任何问题提出前宣读。
这些权利通常会出现在警察局的米兰达警告的卡片上。
18岁或18岁以上被拘留的人，在审问之前会被告知这些权利。
这些权利如下：1、你有权利保持沉默，你所说的一切都将可能成为法庭对你的不利证据。
2、你有权利和你的律师交谈，并且在被讯问时有权请你的律师在场。
3、如果你想在讯问前或讯问过程中请一位律师，但是你请不起一位律师，讯问前将会为你免费指派一位律师作为你的代理人。
4、如果你愿意在没有律师的情况下回答问题，你仍有权利随时停止回答提问。
（二）美国宪法序言我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。
Unit 6 ZERITSKY'S LAW课文翻译大学英语六
Unit 6 ZERITSKY'S LAWSomebody someday will make a study of the influence of animals on history. Among them, Mrs. Graham's cat should certainly be included in any such study. It has now been definitely established that the experiences of this cat led to the idea of quick-frozen people, which, in turn, led to the passage of Zeritsky's Law.We must go back to the files of the Los Angeles newspapers for 1950 to find the story. In brief, a Mrs. Fred C. Graham missed her pet cat on the same day that she put a good deal of food down in her home deep-freeze unit. She suspected no connection between the two events. The cat was not to be found until six days later, when its owner went to fetch something from the deepfreeze. Much as she loved her pet, we may imagine that she was more horror-than grief-stricken at her discovery. She lifted the little ice-encased body out of the deep--freeze and set it on the floor. Then she managed to run as far as the next door neighbor's house before fainting.Mrs. Graham became hysterical after she was revived, and it was several hours before she could be quieted enough to persuade anybody that she hadn't made up the whole thing. She prevailed upon her neighbor to go back to the house with her. In front of the deep-freeze they found a small pool of water, and a wet cat, busily licking itself. The neighbor subsequently told reporters that the cat was concentrating its licking on one of its hind legs, where some ice still remained, so that she, for one, believed the story.A follow-up dispatch, published a week later, reported that the cat was unharmed by the adventure. Further, Mrs. Graham was quoted as saying that the cat had had a large meal just before its disappearance; that as soon after its rescue as it had dried itself off, it took a long nap, precisely as it always did after a meal; and that it was not hungry again until evening. It was clear from the accounts that the life processes had been stopped dead in their tracks, and bad, after defrosting, resumed at exactly the point where they left off.Perhaps it is unfair to pull all the responsibility on one luckless cat. Had such a thing happened anywhere else in the country, it would have been talked about, believed by a few, disbelieved by most, and forgotten. But it happened in Los Angeles. There, and probably only there, the event was anything but forgotten; the principles it revealed became the basis of a hugely successful business.How shall we regard the Zeritsky Brothers? As archvillains or pioneers? In support of the latter view, it must be admitted that the spirit of inquiry and the willingness to risk the unknown were indisputably theirs. However, their pioneering -- if we agree to call it that -- was, equally indisputably, bound up with the quest for a fast buck.Some of their first clients paid as high as $15,000 for the initial freezing, and the exorbitant rate of $1,000 per year as a storage charge. The Zeritsky Brothers owned and managed one of the largest quick-freezing plants in the world, and it was their claim that converting the freezing equipment and storage facilities to accommodate humans was extremely expensive, hence the high rates.When the early clients who paid these rates were defrosted years later, and found other clients receiving the same services for as little as $3,000, they threatened a row and the Zeritskys made substantial refunds. By that time they could easily afford it, and since any publicity about their enterprise was unwelcome to them, all refunds were made without a whimper. $3,000 became the standard rate, with $100 per year the storage charge, and no charge for defrosting.The Zeritskys were businessmen, first and last. Anyone who had the fee could put himself away for whatever period of time he wished, and no questions asked, The ironclad rule was that full payment had to be made in advance.Criminals were the first to apply for quick-freezing, and formed the mainstay of the Zeritskys' business through the years. What more easy than to rob, hide the loot (except for that all-important advance payment), present yourself to the Zeritskys and remain in their admirable chambers for five or ten years, emerge to find the hue and cry long since died down and the crime forgotten, recover your haul and live out your life in luxury?Due to the shady character of most of their patrons, the Zeritskys kept all records by a system of numbers. Name never appeared on the books, and anonymity was guaranteed.Law enforcement agents, looking for fugitives from justice, found no way to break down this system, nor any law which they could interpret as making it illegal to quick-freeze. Perhaps the truth is that they did not search too diligently for a law that could be made to apply. As long as the Zeritskys kept things quiet and did not advertise or attract public attention, they could safely continue their bizarre business.City officials of Los Angeles, and particularly members of the police force, enjoyed a period of unparalleled prosperity. Lawyers and other experts who thought they were on the track of legal means by which to liquidate the Zeritsky empire found themselves suddenly able to buy a ranch or a yacht or both, and retire forever from the arduous task of earning a living.Even with a goodly part of the population of Los Angeles as permanent pensioners, the Zeritsky fortune grew to incredible proportions. By the time the Zeritsky Brothers died and left the business to their sons, it was a gold mine, and an inexhaustible one at that.Next to criminals, the majority of people who applied for quick-freezing seem to have been husbands or wives caught in insupportable marital situations. Their experiences were subsequently written up in the confession magazines. It was usually the husband who fled to Los Angeles and incarcerated himself for an appropriate number of years, at the end of which time his unamiable spouse would have died or made other arrangements. If we can believe the magazines, this scheme worked out very well in most cases.The sins of the fathers may be visited on the sons, but how often we see repeated the old familiar pattern of the sons destroying the lifework of the fathers! The Zeritsky Brothers were fanatically meticulous. They supervised every detail of their operations, and kept their records with an elaborate system of checks and doublechecks. They were shrewd enough to realize that complete dependability was essential to their business. A satisfied Zeritsky client was a silent client. One dissatisfied client would be enough to blow the business apart.The sons, in their greed, over-expanded to the point where they could not, even among the four of them, personally supervise each and every detail. A fatal mistake was bound to occur sooner or later. When it did, the victim broadcast his grievance to the world.The story appeared in a national magazine, every copy of which was sold an hour after it appeared on the stands. Under the title They Put the Freeze on Me! John A. Monahan told his tragic tale. At the age of 37, he had fallen desperately in love with a girl of 16. She was immature and frivolous and wanted to "play around" a little more before she settled down."She told me," he wrote, "to come back in five years, and that stared me thinking. In five year I'd be 42, and what would a girl of 21 want with a man twice as old as her?"John Monahan moved in circles where the work of the Zeritskys was well known. Not only did he see an opportunity of being still only 37 when his darling reached 21, but he foresaw a painless way of passing the years which he must endure without her. Accordingly, he presented himself for the deep-freeze, paid his $3000 and the $500 storage charge in advance, and left, he claimed, "written instructions to let me out in five years, so there'd he no mistakes."Nobody knows how the slip happened, but somehow John A. Monahan, or rather the number assigned to him, was entered on the books for 25 years instead of five years. Upon being defrosted, and discovering that a quarter of a century had elapsed, his rage was awesome. Along with everything else, his love for his sweetheart had been perfectlypreserved, but she had given up waiting for him and was a happy mother of two boys and six girls.Monahan's accusation that the Zeritskys had "ruined his life" may be taken with a grain of salt. He was still a young man, and the rumor that he got a hundred thousand for the magazine rights to his story was true.As most readers are aware, what has come to be known as "Zeritsky's law" was passed by Congress and signed by the President three days after Monahan's story broke.Seventy-five years after Mrs. Graham's cat feel into the freezer, it became the law of the land that the mandatory penalty for anyone applying quick-freezing methods to any living thing, human or animal, was death. Also, all quick-frozen people were to be defrosted immediately.Los Angeles papers reported that beginning on the day Monahan's story appeared, men by the thousands poured into the city. They continued to come, choking every available means of transport, for the next two days -- until, that is, Zerisky's Law went through.When we consider the date, and remember that due to the gravity of the international situation, a bill had just been passed drafting all men from 16 to 60, we realize why Congress had to act.The Zeritskys, of course, were among the first to be taken. Because of their experience, they were put in charge of a military warehouse for dehydrated foods, and warned not to get any ideas for a new business.齐里茨基法总有一天会有人去研究动物对历史的影响。
美国宪法-英文原版带中文翻译
The Federal Convention convened in the State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on May 14, 1787, to revise the Articles of Confederation. Because the delegations from only two states were at first present, the members adjourned from day to day until a quorum of seven states was obtained on May 25. Through discussion and debate it became clear by mid-June that, rather than amend the existing
还规定了对于修正案的唯一限制：在未经各州同意之前，任何修正案 都不能剥夺各州在参议院的平等代表席位。
与许多国家的宪法不同，美国宪法的修正案并不对宪法本文进行修 改，而是在宪法后进行附加。即使宪法的原文显得过时或者应该被废 止，但仍然不能被直接删除或者修改。
[编辑] 联邦权力
主条目：美国宪法第六章
宪法第六章规定了宪法本身和联邦政府制定的法律以及签订的条约 在全国范围内具有最高权威。同时，宪法也确认了根据邦联条例而发 行的国债，还要求所有立法、行政、司法机关要宣誓维护宪法的地位。
[编辑] 各州权力和限制
主条目：美国宪法第四章
宪法第四章规定了各州与联邦政府之间以及各州之间的关系。例如，
宪法规定，各州政府要完全尊重和充分信赖其他州的法令、记录和司
法程序。国会有权调整各州承认上述文件效力的程序。“特权和免责
第六章语篇翻译123(1)
and as I walked along the street, my mind was flooded by waves of nostalgia.
几年前，我回到华盛顿重游故居。我曾在纳什街住了二十多年，当我再次沿着这熟悉的
街道散步时，脑海里满是波涛汹涌的怀念之情。
nostalgia
[nɔ'stæ ldʒiə, nə-]
§This is how I remembered the old neighborhood; however, as I said, this is not how it was when I saw it. Unlike before, the apartment building was now rundown and in disrepair. What was once more than a place to live looked hardly worth living in. The court was dirty and broken up, and the windows in the building were all broken out.
§
As I remember my old apartment building, it was bright and alive. When I was a
child, the apartment building was more than just a place to live in.我记忆中的公寓楼 明亮而充满生机。儿时的记忆里，这座公寓楼不仅仅是一个住所It was a medieval castle, a pirate’s den, a space station, or whatever my young mind could imagine. I would (3)steal away with my friends and play in the basement. 。This was always exciting because it was so cool and dark, and there were so many things there to hide among.在我儿时丰富的想象力中，它是中世纪的古老城堡，是海贼的巢穴， 是空间站是任何我年轻脑瓜里所能搜寻到的形象。 我会和伙伴偷偷溜去地下室 玩,每次玩得都很兴奋，因为地下室凉爽又漆黑一片，而且有许多地方可以让我 们捉迷藏。(1)medieval([,medi'i:vəl, ,mi:-]
法律适用通则法译文(2篇)
第1篇第一章总则第一条为了规范法律适用，保障法律的正确实施，维护国家法律尊严，保障公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益，根据宪法，制定本法。
第二条本法所称法律适用，是指国家机关、社会团体、企业事业单位和其他组织及其工作人员，在执行职务、处理事务过程中，依据法律规定，对法律规范的具体适用。
第三条法律适用应当遵循以下原则：（一）依法原则；（二）公正原则；（三）公开原则；（四）便民原则；（五）效率原则。
第四条法律适用应当尊重和保障人权，维护社会公平正义。
第五条国家机关、社会团体、企业事业单位和其他组织及其工作人员，在法律适用过程中，应当严格遵守法律，不得滥用职权，不得侵犯公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益。
第六条本法适用于中华人民共和国境内的法律适用活动。
第二章法律规范的适用第七条法律规范的适用，应当遵循以下程序：（一）明确法律规范；（二）确定适用范围；（三）分析法律规范内容；（四）解释法律规范含义；（五）选择适用法律规范。
第八条法律规范的适用，应当以法律、行政法规、地方性法规、规章等规范性文件为依据。
第九条法律规范的具体适用，应当结合案件事实、法律原则、法律精神、立法目的等因素，进行综合分析。
第十条在法律适用过程中，如果存在两个以上法律规范，应当根据以下原则选择适用：（一）上位法优于下位法；（二）新法优于旧法；（三）特别法优于一般法。
第十一条在法律适用过程中，如果法律规范之间存在矛盾或者不明确，应当采取以下措施：（一）按照立法原意解释；（二）参照相关法律法规；（三）参照国际惯例。
第三章法律解释第十二条法律解释是指对法律规范含义的阐明。
第十三条法律解释的机关和人员：（一）全国人民代表大会常务委员会；（二）最高人民法院、最高人民检察院；（三）国务院及其部门；（四）省、自治区、直辖市人民代表大会及其常务委员会；（五）省、自治区、直辖市高级人民法院、人民检察院。
第十四条法律解释应当遵循以下原则：（一）尊重法律原意；（二）符合立法目的；（三）维护法律尊严；（四）保持法律稳定。
法律英语教程第6单元text b翻译
公害法律“公害”是法律里面很难归类的一个概念，它无法被简洁地定义而且经常被误解和误用。
在一段时期内，就如William Lloyd Prosser所说，它可以指对所有人的所有事。
困惑的主要来源有以下两个方面：对这个概念任意的使用的趋势，以及没能区分和聚焦于这样一个事实——它在本质上仅仅只是对于何时以及怎样去赔偿有特殊规则的一些会造成特殊损害的行为的一种形式。
它是原告被侵犯的权利，而不是决定行为是否存在公害的一种被告的表现。
拥有这样一种有保护的权利的干扰责任有可能是基于被告的以下这些意图：干涉，过失，对非比寻常的危险行为的严格责任或者偶然地违反法令。
但是被告的行为的特征是和将滋扰和其他侵权行为区分开来无关的；它是众人都应该看到的一种对原告自然的伤害。
的确，严格来说，滋扰可能都不算是一种侵权行为，而是一些确定的种类的伤害。
而不幸的是，很多案件里面都不当而且不必要地使用“滋扰”这一概念，在这些案件里面原告实际上被许可（或者应该这样）符合其他一些侵权行为的理论。
为了彻底地理解滋扰行为，在脑海里面承认公共滋扰和私人滋扰的区别是非常重要的。
私人滋扰私人滋扰，被恰当地理解了，就是大体的而且不合理的干扰了持有人使用和享受他的领域以及其中权利的一种行为这种干扰有可能以无数种方式发生。
比如，在土地本身上会有物理上的效果，比如通过振动的，把东西投掷到它的上面，毁坏庄稼，洪水或者对水源和土壤的污染。
或者通过异味、烟、尘、昆虫、有害气体、过多的噪音、过多的光线或者高温，甚至反复的拨电话来打扰居住者的舒适方便的生活或者健康。
在一些适合的情况下这些影响还会延伸至毗邻区域的条件上，通过恐惧或者他们存在的攻击性的本性，例如妓院、传染病医院、存储炸药或者是恶毒的动物，来损害原告的生理的宁静。
必须牢记的是这种干扰必须是针对原告享用在土地上的权益的。
其他一些只是损害了原告个人权利而对他对他的土地的使用没有影响的类似的干扰不能算是私人滋扰，这些干扰有可能是一些其他的侵权行为。
(法律法规课件)法律词汇汉英互译
法律词汇汉英互译案件 case案件受理费 litigation fee案由 nature of case颁布 issue颁布 promulgate办案 handle a case办理 deal with包庇罪 crime of concealing the murder保税区 bonded area保险法 insurance law保险凭证 insurance certificate保证 warranty保证 guarantee保证金 bail保证金 margins保证金帐户 margin account保证人，担保人 guarantor保证书 indemnity保证书 covenant of warranty保证条款 warranty保值利率 inflation-proof interest rate被裁定为 be adjudged to be从重处罚 heavier punishment从重处罚 severe punishment存款机构 deposit-taking institution挫折 frustration措词 worded错漏 error|mistake答复 Reply批复 Reply打官司 initiate legal proceeding打击 struggle against打假 crack down on counterfeit goods打假办 Office of Cracking down on Fake Products大厂回族自治县 Dachang Hui Nationality Autonomous Region 大股 substantial shareholder大股东控权人 majority shareholder controller大化瑶族自治县 Dahua Yao Nationality Autonomous County 大连市 Daliang Municipality大律师 barrister大律师的收费 counsel's fees大律师登记册 roll of baristers大律师公会 Hong Kong Bar Association大律师见习职位 pupillage被陈述人 representee被告人辨解 statement of the defendant驳回 dismiss驳回 reject驳回上诉 reject an appeal补偿报酬 compensatory payment不具有法律效力 null不具有法律效力 void不履行合同 breach of contract不履行合约 repudiation of the contract不名誉的行为及手法 dishonourable conduct and practices不能成立 unable to establish不时frequently不予支持 unassisted不作为 omission财产分割 properties division财产所有权 property right裁定 ruling裁定 order产权制度 property order产权关系 property relations撤消并发回给 reversed and remanded to the original court陈述 state承担 assume承担责任 to be responsible for承典人 pledgee承典人 pawnee承认 confess城市住宅局 City House Bureau出典人 pledgor出典人 pawnor出口退税制度 the system of refunding taxes on exported goods 出口押汇 bill purchased出资比例 ratio of investments处罚 penalty触犯 violate传销 pyramid selling串通 collaborate从宽处理 lenient punishment, liberal punishment从轻处罚 lesser punishment从轻处罚 lighter punishment从轻处罚 impose a lenient sentence从轻原则 the principle of lighter punishment从事 commit大律师名册 panels of counsels大律师事务所 barristers' chambers, chambers of counsel大律师书记 barrister's clerk律师行业 the practice of law大批 bulk代理检察员 acting prosecutor代理人 agent代理审判员 acting judge代通知金 payment in lieu of notice代销 sales by proxy丹东市 Dandong Municipality丹阳市 Danyang Municipality单位 entity unit单务合同 unilateral contract担保 guarantee担保人 guarantor担保书 certificate of guarantee但书 proviso当事人 litigant当事人起诉要求 the litigants sue for党政分工 division of labour between the Party and the government 档案工作人员 file clerk盗窃枪支 crime of stealing firearms and ammunition盗窃武器装备 theft of military equipment道真仡佬族苗族自治县 Daozheng Mulao Nationality Autonomous County 得到证实 to be believed得利者 beneficiary抵触 contravene抵押 mortgage抵押品 pledge抵押物 mortgage地方人民检察院 Local People's Procuratorate地役权 easement第二审判庭 second tribunal第三者 the third party第一审判庭 first tribunal典当物 pledge调查 investigation调查报告 investigation调查取证 investigate and collect evidence调解 mediate调解和强制措施 mediation and enforcement measure调解书 mediation agreement调解书字号 Written Mediation No.订货合同卡片 a card of contract订立 formation定案结论 verdict定案理由 reason for decision定金 deposit定期减免所得税 regular reduction of income tax定性 determination on the nature丢弃 waive东北人民政府 Northeast People's Government东乡族自治县 Dongxiang Nationality Autonomous County董事会 board of directors动机 intention, motive冻干健康人血浆 frozen dry healthy human blood冻干血浆 frozen dry blood plasma冻结 freeze, suspend都安瑶族自治县 Duan Yao Nationality Autonomous County毒品罪 narcotic drug crime渎职罪 crime of dereliction of duty独立的不法行为 independent wrong独立个案 individual cases独立核算工业企业 independent accounting unit独立请求书 independent claim独立审判 independent adjudication断绝 cease提出具体意见 submit detailed opinions on对等原则 principle of reciprocity对等原则并参照国际惯例 the principle of reciprocity and in reference to the international practice对合同词句应当按照事情是有效的而不是无效的来理解verba ita sunt intelligenda ut res magis valeat guam pareat对金钱借贷的规定 regulations of money lending对滥用职权的法律补救 legal remedy for abuses of power对立的一方 opposite party对令状的发出作确认 acknowledge the issue of the writ对上诉抗辩 oppose an appeal对书面文件的词句应当按照对提出词句的当事人尤为不利的原则来解释 verba chartarum fortius accipiuntur contra proferentem对外经济法律顾问处 Foreign Economic Legal Consultancy Office对外经济律师事务所 foreign trade law firm对外经济贸易仲裁委员会Foreign Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission对外贸易经济合作部 Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic对物诉讼令状 writ in rem对帐 reconcile, reconciliation多边公约 multilateral convention多边国际公约 multi-latreal international conventions多分 a larger share多头 long position, bull position多头仲裁 multiple arbitration多于一名人士 2 or more persons多元立法体制 plural legislative structure多元主义 pluralism峨边彝族自治县 Ebian Yi Nationality Autonomous County恩施土家族苗族自治县Enshi Tujia Nationality Miao Nationality Autonomous County恩恤付款 ex gratia payment二审 second instance二审裁定书 order of second instance二审法院 Court of Second Instance二审判决书 written order of Second Instance二者只能择其一 the inclusion of one is the exclusion of the other发回重审 remand a lawsuit for a new trial发货人 consignor, shipper发生法律效力 be legally effective发现 discovery发行审核委员会 the Issuance Examination Commission发展规划 development plan罚款 Fine法案 bill法定部门 statutory machinery法定代表律师 Official Solicitor法定代表人 legal representative法定代理人 legal agent法定继承 legal inheritance法定继承人 legal heir法定监护人 legal guardian法定期限 time limit provided by law法定义务 legal duty法定语言 legal language法定主管当局 statuory authority法官法 judges law法官考评委员会 committee for the examination and appraisal of judges 法规 laws and regulations法纪 Law and Discipline法纪监督 supervision over legal discipline法理背景 jurisprudential background法理背景 jurisprudential base法理学 jurisprudence法令 decree法律程序文件 written process法律冲突 conflict of laws法律服务所 Legal Service Office法律概念 legal concept法律顾问处 Legal Consultant Office法律后果 legal effect法律解释权 power of law interpretation法律面前人人平等 equality before the law合法的 legitimate法律上的财产处分 legal disposition of property法律上的能力 legal capacity法律效果 legal effect法律行律 juristic act法律行为 act under the law法律性 legality法律性文献 legal document法律虚无主义 legal nihilism法律依据 legal basis法律制裁 legal sanctions法律制度 structure of the law法人 legal person法人代表 legal representative法人单位 legal entity法人委托书 power of attorney法庭程序文件 process of court法团公司 incorporated company法系地区 relevant law area法学派别 School of Legal Scholare法学研究所 Institute of Law法医 medicolegal法院 court法院组织法 organic law of the courts法制委员会 Commission on Legislation Affairs翻新 revision反驳 disprove反对通知书 notice of objection反革命宣传煽动罪crime of counter revolutionary propaganda and incitement反革命罪 crime of counter-revolution反悔 repudiate, resile反诉 counter-claim反要约 counter offer反走私 anti-smuggling返还 restitution返还性损害赔偿金 restitutionary damages犯 commit犯人 convict犯罪分子 offender犯罪客观方面 objective aspect of crime犯罪客体 object of crime犯罪事实 particulars of offense犯罪心意 mens rea犯罪行为 actus reus犯罪中止 discontinuation of a crime犯罪主观 subject of crime犯罪主观方面 subjective aspect of crime贩卖毒品 crime of drug trafficking贩卖假药罪 crime of selling bogus medicines贩卖淫秽物品罪 crime of selling pornographic articles贩运伪造的国家货币罪crime of trafficking in counterfeit national currency方便与公平的原则 principles of convenience and fairness防城各族自治县 Fangcheng Ge Nationality Autonomous County防止性禁制令 prohibitory injunction妨碍 pervert妨碍司法公正 interfere with the course of justice妨碍司法公正 obstruction of justice妨害公务罪 crime of interference with public administration妨害公务罪 crime of interference with state functions妨害社会管理秩序罪crime of disrupting the order of social administration妨害他人婚姻家庭罪 crime of disrupting marriage and the family房款凭证 evidence of purchasing money for real estate房屋的产权 property right in real estate房屋估价单 home appraisal report房屋继承successor in title, transferee in real estate, transferee mottoes放火罪 crime of arson放弃 relinquish放弃 waive放行条 release pass非专业人士 lay persons非法 unlawful非法 illegal非法查封 unlawful foreclosure非法查封财产 unlawfully seal up property非法逮捕, 拘禁或搜身 unlawful arrest, detention, and search非法的告发 wrongful prosecution非法的检举 wrongful prosecution非法购买 illegally purchasing非法拘禁罪 crime of unlawful detention非法同居关系 cohabiting unlawfully非法制造枪支及弹药罪 crime of illegally manufacturing firearms and ammunition非法转让 unlawful assign men非婚生子女 illegitimate child诽谤 defame废除 repeal分割 partition分居 live separate and apart分离 severance分期付款 installment payment分期付款 by instalment分期支付 by instalment分权共有人 co-owner分权学说 doctrine of separation of powers分摊 apportion分租 sub-lease纷争的解决 settlement to disputes丰宁满族自治县 Fengning Manchu Autonomous Region风险投资 venture capital封宗法主意思想 feudal legal thought佛山市 Foshan Municipality否定 repudiate否决权 veto power否认 deny否认立约 non est factum夫妻 spouse夫妻感情 goodwill as between spouses夫妻共同所有财产 joint property of the spouses夫妻关系 spousal relationship夫妻关系中的子女 a child of a union of concubinage夫妻间有互相扶养的义务mutual obligation between spouses for maintenance of one another夫妻名义 pugitive spouses夫妻身份 spousal relationship夫妻在婚姻关系存续期间 while a spousal relationship subsists扶养的义务 mutual maintenance support obligation扶养费 maintenance符号 sign福利社会 welfare society福州市 Fuzhou Municipality抚顺市 Fushun Municipality抚养 foster抚养费 cost of maintenance抚养关系的继父子 foster father and son relationship 父母权 parental right付购 re-purchase付清余款 paid the residual balance负责 be responsible附带民事诉讼 supplementary civil action附录 Appendix附件 Appendix附属公司 subsidiary附属于 collateral to阜新蒙古族自治县 Fuxin Mongolia Autonomous Country 复合氨基酸 compound amino acid复核审法院 Court of Review复息 compound interest复议 review复员费 decommission pay复员军人 demobilized serviceman副检察长 Deputy Chief Procuratoy富川瑶族自治县 Fuchuan Yao Nationality Autonomous 改过自新 remorse and reform盖章 seal干部 cadre干扰 disturb干扰证人 interfere with a witness干预 intervention甘肃省 Gansu Province肝炎 hepatitis感化 influence感情破裂 loss of affection赣州市 Ganzhou Municipality港币发行权 authority to issue Hong Kong currency 革委会 revolutionary committee格式合同 standard form of contract个人财产 personal property个体户 individual household个体劳动者所有权 individual worker's ownership各级 at different levels各级地方政府 local government at several levels各尽所能 from each according to his ability各省 of all provinces给予 assign给予适当的经济帮助 render suitable financial assistance给予援助令状 Writ of Assistance根本法律 fundamental law根据成文法推定的默示条款 terms implied by legislation根据法院判决推定的默示条款 terms implied by courts根据惯例推定的默示条款 terms implied by usage根据婚姻法的规定 according to Marriage Law provisions更改 alter更换 replacement工矿产品合同试行条例 The Trial Implementing Regulations on Contracts of Industrial and Mineral Product工矿区 industrial and mining district工农联盟 Alliance of Workers and Peasants工商统一税 unified industrial-commercial tax工作场所 work place公检法机关 organs of the public security, the procuracy and the court 公安 Public Security Officers公安部 Ministry of Public Security公安部法规局 The Bureau of Policies and Regulations of the Ministry of Public Security公安处 Public Security Office公安机关 Public Security Organs公安机关行政处罚决定 Public Security Penalty Decision公安局 Public Security Bureau公安派出所 local police station公安人员 Public Security Officers公共开支 public expenditure公共性 public character公共帐目的审计制度 system for auditing public accounts公共政策 public policy公共政策的原则 principle of public policy公共秩序 public order公共主管当局 competent authority公积金 public accumulation funds公检法 public security organs, procuratorial organs and people's courts 公开 disclose公开聆讯方式 public hearing公开审理 public hearing公民 citizen公民劳动义务 civic duty to work公平 fair公社 commune公司 enterprise公司存在期限 duration of company公司章程 Articles of Association公诉 public prosecution公诉机关 public prosecution organ公诉人 public prosecutor公诉书 bill of indictment公务人员 public official公有制 public ownership system公约国 Convention country公约证明书 Convention certificates公证承付 notarial act of honour公证会计师办事处 Notarial Accountants' Office公证机关 notary public公证人 public notary公证证明 notarial certification公职 public office公众假期 public holiday公众假日 public holiday公众利益 public advantage供认 confession供述 confession供销合作社 supply and marketing co-operative共负盈亏 share profits and losses共谋 collude共青团中央 The Central Committee of the Communist Young League 共识政府 Government by consensus共同被告人 co-defendant共同财产 common property共同犯罪 joint offence共同纲领 common programme共同权利 a joint right共同实施违法行为 jointly committed the offence共同误解 common mistake共同原告 co-plaintiff共同债务joint debts共享软件 shareware勾结 collude构成要件 constitutive requirements估计 assess股东大会 stock-holder meeting股份有限公司 stock limited company固定资产 fixed capital故意 intention故意的动机 intentional motive故意破坏公私财物罪 crime of intentionally sabotaging public or private property故意杀人罪 crime of intentional homicide故意伤害 intentional injury故意伤害致人死亡 intentional infliction of bodily injury resulting in a person's death故意伤害致死罪 crime of intentionally injuring another which resulted in death故意伤害罪 crime of intentional injury故意投毒 spreading poison with intent雇佣合同 employment contract寡妇 widow挂靠 be subordinate to挂牌公司 company-in-name拐卖人口罪 crime of abducting and trafficking human beings关键 pivotal issue关税壁垒 customs barrier关系恶化 worsening of relations关系过远 remote关押 custody关员级人员 customs officer官僚主义 bureaucracy官职 public office管卡压 interference, obstruction and oppression管理办法 Administrative Measures行政措施 Administrative Measures管辖范围 scope of jurisdiction管辖权 jurisdiction管有令状 writ of possession管制 control管制 public surveillance管制 regulate贯彻执行 executed in fact广东省 Guangdong Province广西壮族自治区 Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region归还 restitution规范 regulate规则 rule规章 directive桂林市 Guilin Municipality锅炉压力容器检验所Inspection Institution for Boiler Pressing Containers国防部 Ministry of National Defense国防科学技术工业委员会National Defense Scientific Technological Industry国际供应合同 international supply contract国际惯例 international common practice国际惯例 international practice国际海事卫星组织公约 Convention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization国际私法 private international law国际运输 international transport国家安全局 The State Administration of National Security国家版权局 State Copyright Bureau国家保密局 State Bureau of Protection of Confidential Documents国家编制委员会 State Organization Commission国家标准局 State Standard Bureau国家测绘局 State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping国家城市建设总局 State City Construction General Bureau国家出版局 State Publication Bureau国家出入境检验检疫局 The State Administration for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine国家档案局 State Archives Bureau国家地震局 State Seismology Bureau国家电力公司 State Electric Power Corporation国家发展计划委员会 State Development & Planning Commission国家防汛总指挥郭办公室 State Flood Prevention General Command Office 国家房管局 State Housing Management Bureau国家纺织工业局 State Administration on Textile Industry国家纺织工业局 State Textile Industry Bureau国家工商行政管理局 State Administration for Industry and Commerce国家公诉人 State Prosecutor国家广播电影电视总局The State Broadcasting Film and Television Administration国家国防动员委员会 National Defense Mobilization Commission国家国内贸易局 State Administration for Domestic Trade国家国有资产管理局 State State-owned Assets Administration Bureau国家海洋局 State Oceanic Administration国家核安全局 State Nuclear Safety Bureau国家环境保护总局 State Environment Protection Administration国家黄金管理局 State Gold Administration Bureau国家机关人民防空办公室 State Organ People Air Defence Office国家机械工业局 State Administration of Machinery Industry国家基本建设委员会 State Infrastructure Commission国家计划生育委员会 State Family Planning Commission国家计划委员会 State Planning Commission国家计量局 State Metrological Bureau机部机械设备成套总局 General Office of Complete Set of Machinery of the First Machinery Industry Ministry of the State Construction Commission国家建筑材料工业局 State Construction Materials Industry Administration国家教育委员会 State Education Commission国家结构 state structure国家进出口管理委员会 State Import & Export Regulatory Commission国家进出口银行 State Import & Export Bank国家禁毒委员会 National Ban Drugs Commission国家经济贸易委员会 State Economy & Trade Commission国家经济体制改革委员会 State Commission for Restructuring Economy国家经济委员会 State Economy Commission国家开发银行 State Development Bank国家开发银行办公厅 General Office of State Development Bank国家科委自然科学奖励委员会 State Science Commission国家科学发明评选委员会State Science Commission Invent Selection Commission国家科学技术委员会 State Scientific and Technological Commission国家劳动总局 State Labour Bureau国家粮食储备局 State Grain Reserves Bureau国家林业局 State Bureau of Forestry国家旅游局 State Bureau of Tourism国家煤炭工业局 State Coal Industry Administration国家密码管理委员会办公室 State Secret code Regulatory Commission Office国家民族事务委员会 State National Affairs Commission国家南极考察委员会 National South Pole Investigation Commission国家能源投资公司 State Energy Resources Investment Corporation国家能源委员会 State Energy Resources Commission国家农业委员会 State Agriculture Commission国家农业综合开发办公室 State Agriculture Comprehensive Development Office国家破产储量管理局 State Minerals Reserves Administration Bureau国家器具 state apparatus国家轻工业局 State Light Industry Administration国家轻工业局 State Light Industry Bureau国家人防委员会 State People's Air Defense Commission国家人事局 State Personnel Bureau国家商标局 State Trademark Bureau国家商检局 State Commodity Inspection Bureau国家石油和化学工业局 State Petroleum and Chemical Industry国家水产总局 State Aquatic Product General Bureau国家税务局 National Taxation Head Office国家税务总局 State Administration on Taxation国家所有权 state ownership国家体育运动委员会 State Physical Culture and Sports Commission国家体育总局 State Administration of Sports国家统计局 State Statistics Bureau国家土地 State owned land国家土地管理局 China Land Administration Bureau国家外国专家局 State Foreign Expert Bureau国家外汇管理局 State Foreign Exchange Administration Bureau国家文物局 State Cultural Relic Bureau国家无线电管理委员会 State Radio Regulatory Commission国家物价局 State Price Control Bureau国家物资局 State Commodities Bureau国家新闻出版署 National News Publication Bureau (National Copyright Bureau)国家行政区域划分 demarcation of national administrative zones国家行政学院 Chinese Academy of Engineering Sciences国家烟草专卖局 State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家药品监督管理局 State Drug Administration国家冶金工业局 State Metallurgical Industry Bureau国家邮政局 State Post Office Bureau国家有色金属工业局 State Non-Ferrous Metal Industry Bureau国家语言文字工作委员会 State Language Affairs Commission国家知识产权局 State Intellectual Property Bureau国家制度 state system国家质量技术监督局 State Bureau of Quality Technical Supervision国家中医药管理局 State Chinese Medicine Administration Bureau国家主席 President of the State国家自然科学基金委员会 State Natural Science Funds Commission国家宗教事务局 State Bureau of Religious Affairs国库券 treasury bills国民政府 National Government国体 polity国土资源部 Ministry of Natural Resources国务院 State Council国务院 Safety manufacture Commission of the State Council国务院办公厅 General Office of the State Council国务院参事室 Counsellor Office of the State Council国务院出版事业管理局 Publication Cause Administration Bureau of the Council国务院电子振兴领导小组办公室 Electronic Rejuvenation Leading Group Office of the State Council国务院发展研究中心 The State Development Research Center国务院法制办Legal Affairs Office of the State Council国务院法制局 Bureau of the Legislative Affairs under the State Council 国务院扶贫开发办 Aid-the-Poor Development Office of the State Council 国务院港澳办 Hong Kong and Macao Office of the State Council国务院工资制度改革小组 Salary Reform Group of the State Council国务院关税税则委员会 Customs tariff Commission of the State Council国务院环境保护领导小组 Environment Protection Leading Group of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局Bureau of Institutional Affairs of the State Council国务院计划生育领导小组 Family Planning Leading Group of the State Council国务院减轻企业负担部际联席会议Lighten the Burden on the CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY国务院经法规研究中心 Research Centre for Economic Legislation Under the State Council国务院经济法规研究中心 Economic Law Research Center of the State Council 国务院经济贸易办公室 Economic and Trade Office of the State Council国务院纠正行业不正之风办公室Correcting Industrial Illegitimate Practice Office of the State Council国务院军队转业干部安置工作小组 Demobilized Army Cadre Emplacement Leading Group of the State Council国务院科技干部局 Science and Technology Cadre Bureau of the State Council国务院科技教育领导小组办公室 Science and Technology Education Leading Group Office of the State Council国务院口岸领导小组 Port Leading Group of the State Council国务院农村发展研究中心 Rural Development Research Center of the State Council国务院贫困地区经济开发领导小组 Impoverished Area Economic Development Leading Group of the State Council国务院企业管理委员会 Enterprise Regulatory Commission of the State Council国务院侨务办公室 Oversea Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council国务院清产核资领导小组 Liquidition and Assets Check Group of the State Council国务院清产核资领导小组办公室 Liquidation Assets Check Leading Group Office of the State Council国务院清理三角债导小组 Clearing "Chain Debts" Leading Group of the State Council国务院清理固定资产投资项目领导小组 Liquidition Fixed Asset Investment Projects Leading Group of the State Council国务院三峡工程建设委员会 Three Gorges Project Construction Commission of the State Council国务院三线建设调整改造规划办公室 San Xian Construction Adjustment Reorganization Planning Office of the State Council国务院生产办公室 Manufacture Office of the State Council国务院水土保持委员会 Water Soil Conservation Commission of the State Council国务院税收财务物价大检查办公室) Taxation Accounting Commodity Price Examination Office of the State Council国务院台湾事务办公室 Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council国务院特区办公室 Special Zone Office of the State Council国务院体制改革办公室 System Reform Office of the State Council国务院统一着装管理委员会 Uniform Regulatory Commission of the State Council国务院退伍军人和军队离退休干部安置领导小组 Demobilized Soldier and Army Retired Cadre Emplacement Leading Group of the State Council国务院外事办 Foreign Affairs Bureau of the State Council国务院稀土领导小组 Rare-Earth Leading Group of the State Council国务院新闻办公室 News Office of the State Council国务院信息化工作领导小组 Information Work Leading Group of the State Council国务院学位委员会 Academic Degree Commission of the State Council国务院证券委员会 Securities Commission of the State Council国务院知青办 Intellectual Young People Office of the State Council国务院知识产权办公会议办公室 Intellectual Property Working Meeting Office of the State Council国务院住房制度改革领导小组 Housing System Reform Leading Group of the State Council国有股 state-owned shares国有股减持 reduce state's stake in listed companies国债投资 treasury bond investment国债专项资金 special fund for treasury bond哈尔滨市 Harbin Municipality海关法 customs law海关税 customs duties海关总署 General Customs Administration海军司令部 Commander Department of the Navy海事法院 admiralty court海洋公约 the Hague Convention含糊 ambiguity邯郸市 Handan Municipality汉族 Han people合并 merger合法 lawful合法的房屋所有权 legitimate land ownership right 合法继承人 lawful successor合法权益lawful benefit合法权益 lawful right合法收入 legitimate income合法受让人 lawful assignee合法性 legality合肥市 Hefei Municipality合伙生意 partnership合计惩处 aggregate punishment合理的 reasonable合理的考虑 reasonable contemplation合理的预见 reasonable foresee ability合理期限 reasonable time合理时限 reasonable time合理性方面的要求 requirement of reasonableness 合理性要求 requirement of reasonableness合谋 conspire合谋诈骗 conspiratorial swindling合适的处分 appropriate penalty合适的处分 just penalty合适人选 fit person合同变更 modification of contract合同当事人 contracting parties合同当事人相互关系 privity of contract合同法 law of contract合同前仲裁 pre-contract arbitration合同条款的分类 classification of terms合同转让 assignment of contract合议纪要 summary of discussion合议庭 Collegiate Bench合议制 collegiate system合营期限 duration of joint ventures合约 contract合约一方 party合约责任 contractual obligation合作经营企业 co-operative venture和解 accord河北省高级人民法院 High People's Court of Hebei Province核实 verify核实证据 verified evidence黑龙江省 Heilongjiang Province横向关系 horizontal relationship衡平法 equity衡平法赋予的自由裁量权 equitable discretion衡平法上的补救措施 equitable remedy衡阳市 Hengyang Municipality哄抢财产 roaring seizure后法优于前法 lex posterior derogat lex priori后果的严重程度 severity of consequence后续条件 condition subsequent呼和浩特市 Huhehaote Municipality互免签证协议 visa exemption agreement互相帮助 assist each other互相抵押 mutual security互相供养的责任感 a sense of mutual obligation to support one another 互相印证 corroborate互选 elect from among themselves互争权利诉讼 interpleader proceedings户口尚未解决 residence account in the city not yet properly arranged 华侨事务委员会 Oversea Chinese Affairs Commission淮南市 Huainan Municipality缓期执行 suspension of execution缓刑 suspended sentence患精神病 mentally ill, psychologically ill恢复 resume恢复行使主权 resume the exercise of sovereignty挥霍浪费 spendthrift挥霍浪费 waste徽章 honour回报 return回报 payoff回报率 rate of return回避 withdrawal回购协议 repurchase agreement回扣 commit悔改 remorse悔改 repent悔罪 repentance汇票 draft贿赂 bribery惠州市 Huizhou Municipality婚外性关系 sexual relations outside marriage婚姻登记所 Marriage Registration Office婚姻法 marriage law婚姻基础 basis for marriage婚姻授产协议 marriage settlement混合饲料 mixed provender货证 bill of lading获得 procurement机械工业委员会 Machinery Industry Commission基本法 Basic Law基本法律 basic statute基本权利和义务 fundamental rights and duties基本人权 fundamental human rights基本性国家法律 overriding national law基本政策 fundamental policies基层公安机关 grassroots public security agencies基层人民法院 Basic People's Court基层人民法院副院长 Basic People's Court vice-president基层人民法院院长 Basic People's Court president缉私 anti-smuggling及时 promptness即此函达尚希见复为荷 respectfully submitted for clearance 极刑 capital punishment集会结社 assembly and association集体企业 collectively owned enterprise集体所有 collective ownership集体所有制单位 unit under collective ownership集体土地 collective-owned land计划经济 planned economy计划生育 family planning技术产权交易所 technology equity market济南市 Jinan Municipality济宁市 Jining Municipality继承 in succession继承纠纷 succession dispute继承权 right in succession继承人 successor继承人多 many successors and beneficiaries and not suitable for division 继承遗产 take as a beneficiary under an estate继父母 step parent继续进行 to proceed继子女 step-child寄递 consignment寄养子女 foster child寄运 consignment加权平均值 weighted average加重刑罚 Aggravate Punishment佳木斯市 Kiamusze Municipality家庭财产分割协议 marriage settlement家庭成员 family members家庭法 family law家庭副业 family sideline production假冒商标 passing of trademark假冒商标罪 crime of passing off trademarks假释 parole假证据 false evidence奸淫幼女罪 crime of having sexual intercourse with a minor坚决要求 firmly demanded间接法 indirect rule兼容性 compatibility监察部 Ministry of Supervision监察局 Supervisory Bureau监督 supervise监护人 guardian监内执行 execution of punishment inside the prison监视 surveillance监视居住 residential surveillance监狱 Prison and Detention houses减轻处罚 reduced punishment减轻损失 mitigation检查鉴定结论 conclusion after examination。
法律英语课文翻译
法律英语课文翻译第五课审前取证美国的民事诉讼程序允许律师在民事诉讼过程中从对方当事人和证人那里搜集信息。
为达到此目的而采用的方法统称为审前取证。
取证的主要方法（devise）是录取当事人和证人的证词。
在这项庭外程序中，取证对象（be questioned）经宣誓（under oath）后接受双方律师的直接质证和交叉质证；其证词被记录下来并整理成文（transcribed），这种方法有助于发现与案情有关的线索，包括挖掘有关其他证人和证据的线索（unearth leads）；它也可以为驳斥（impeach）在审判过程中企图改口的证人打下基础（lay a basis for）。
几乎可以肯定，双方当事人都想录取对方的证词，因为这些证词可以被看做是该当事人承认的事实，取证方可以在审判时作为证据。
还有一个方法是书面提问（written interrogatories）。
它特别使用摸清对方的立场和理由。
书面问题通常只能向案件的当事人提出。
这些问题要由当事人经宣誓后在律师的帮助下回答（with the counsel’s acid），回答不会像录取证词那样自然。
但从另一个方面看，由于书面问题要求对方提供的不是他随即能回答的，因此这些问题可能对弄清对方究竟想证明什么更有价值。
回答问题的人无需回答他认为不适合的问题（deemed improper），但发问者可以申请法院命令迫使他回答（seek a court order to compel）。
其他取证方法包括要求（order for）法院命令一方交出文件（production of documents），在伤害案件中由另一方选的的医生进行强制体检（compulsory physical examination），由一方当事人提出让另一方当事人宣誓承认事实等。
让对方承认事实的要求将从案件中剔除（remove）那些没有争议的事项（uncontested issues）。
第六章 实用文本翻译(1)：时政文翻译
第六章实用文本翻译(1)：时政文翻译时政翻译是我国对外宣传和政治文化交往中的一个重要组成部分，这一类文本大致可分为两类，一是关乎国家大政方针的政策文件，二是国家党政领导人的重要讲话，基本属于纽马克划分的“表达型文本”类型。
由于“表达型”文本的功能“核心”（core）是“作者”（writer）的思想表达，因而作者的“个性成分构成了‘表达型文本’的‘表达’要素”（The personal components constitute the ‘expressive’ element of an ex pressive text——Newmark，1988：40.），形成了表现作者个人语言风格的“个人习语”（idiolect），所谓“文如其人”。
例如有人讲话热情洋溢，非常地“eloquent”，有人讲话简短干脆，有人讲话则有点含混隐晦等等，多少都带有些鲜明的个人印记；而另一方面，作为政府的文件和文告，这类文本虽没有多少作者的个人印记，但它代表的是国家和政府，涉及到国家的大政方针、基本政策，涉及到政治影响和国家形象，因而具有极大的权威性，其内容是不容译者任意篡改和随意发挥、强加入译者的个人行为特点的。
因此，翻译中译者应尽可能地忠实于原文，“在语义、句法结构上尽其可能地用译文允许的形式将原文语境意义准确表达出来”（Newmark，1981：39），以彰显此类文本的“个性”（personal components）。
6．1 时政翻译的特点6．1．1 紧扣原文我国著名翻译家时政翻译的前辈程镇球先生就一直认为，对于这一类文本，翻译时“首先，要紧扣原文，不得任意增删”，“紧扣原文，有时原文的词序也要很好注意，不要轻易颠倒，避免犯政治性错误”（程镇球：2003）。
强调“紧扣原文”就是要突出“语义翻译”，即“尽可能地使用贴近原语的语义、句法结构将原文语境意义准确表达出来”。
他在文中列举了一些因打乱原文词序而以词害意，导致读者强烈反应的例子。
法律(英译汉)
法律（英译汉）abuse of rights 权利的滥用accept service of the writ 接受令状的送达accessory after the fact 事后从犯accident involving civil liability 民事责任事故according to Marriage Law provisions 根据婚姻法的规定acknowledge the issue of the writ 确认令状的发出acting prosecutor 代理检察员action for infringement of patent 专利侵权诉讼aggravated assault 重伤害aggravating circumstances 从重处罚情节a joint right 共同权利alternation of private right 民事权利变更appellate court 上诉法院as a result of fair dealing and good conscience 根据公允及善意的原则a sense of mutual obligation to support one another 互相供养的责任感be brought to justice 法律追究benefit of cession 财产让与权by a subsequent act 事后的；溯及既往的by virtue of holding an office 依职权而自然获得career criminal 职业罪犯cash held outside the banking system 现金滞留certificate of correction 更正证明书certificate of guarantee 担保书change of circumstances 情势变迁原则civic duty to work 公民劳动义务civil administration 民政civil defendant 民事被告civil jurisdiction 民事管辖civil lawsuit 民事诉讼civil mediation 民事调解civil negligence 民事过失civil penalty 民事罚款civil plaintiff 民事原告civil possession 民事上的占有civil remedy 民事补偿civil right and liability 民事权利与责任claim of patent application 专利申请权collegiate tribunal 合议审判庭communal tenure 共有权compulsory execution 强制执行condemned goods 有问题的货物confidential application 机密申请continuation-in-part application 部分继续申请creditcard fraud 信用卡欺诈crime of passion 激情犯罪criminal investigation 刑事侦查criminal judicial system刑事司法系统customs clearance 结关customs liquidation 清关default fine 违约金deprived of private rights 民事权利剥夺dereliction of duty 渎职discriminatory practice 歧视性条款disposition of merchandise 货物处置dispute concerning private rights 民事权利争议domestic violence 家庭暴力done as a matter of favor 出于善意的embezzle public funds 挪用公款enforcement measure 强制措施enlarge the right of self-management 扩大自主权enterprise law 企业法escape clause 免责条款extension of the term of patent 延长专利期限extradition and repatriation of criminal suspect 引渡和遣返犯罪嫌疑人fault liability 过错赔偿责任field sobriety test 现场清醒度测试/现场酒精测试first-degree murder 一级谋杀案first tribunal 第一审判庭forced confession 刑讯逼供functions and powers 职权hear a case 审理案件hit-and-run 肇事逃逸holder of patent 专利持有人home surveillance 监视居住illegal purchase of foreign exchange 非法套汇impulse crime 冲动犯罪interdependent patents 相互依存的专利issue a summons 传票joint and several liability 连带责任judicial arbitration 司法仲裁judicial power 司法权judicial practice 司法惯例juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪knock and notice 敲门告知law and order 法律和秩序law enforcement authority 执法部门legal adviser 法律顾问legal guardian 法定监护人legal proceedings 司法程序legal sanctity 法律尊严lie detector tests 测谎试验liquidated damages 违约赔偿金mail fraud 邮政诈骗mass murderer 谋杀多人的凶手medical parole 保外就医mitigating circumstances 从轻处罚的情节pat-down search 拍身搜查police undercover informant 警方卧底线人prohibitory injunction 禁止令property violation 财产侵犯prosecution witness 公诉方证人real or personal property 动产或不动产resident (citizen) jurisdiction 居民（公民）管辖权restriction of personal liberty 限制人身自由revocation of a patent 撤销专利right of access 知情权right of personality 人格权right of reply 答辩权right to inherit private property 私有财产的继承权right to interpret 解释权ringleader 首要分子search warrant 搜查令sentence disparity 量刑不当shelter and investigation 收容调查sole right of use 专用权solitary confinement 禁闭stop and frisk 拦截搜身subject matter 标的（物）substantive law 实体法supplementary agreement 补充协议suspects held pending trial 在押候审term of imprisonment 刑期testimony of witness 证人证言unit crime 单位犯罪withdrawal 回避The quality and prices of the commodities to be exchanged between the importers and exporters in the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides and the prices shall be fixed in accordance with world market prices.两国买卖双方所交换的商品的质量和价格应是双方都能接受的，并且价格应按照国际市场的价格确定。
第六章综合练习及参考译文
第六章词义与修辞Translation of Figures of Speech课堂互动1 ：考考你，看谁能译出歧义和双关（参考译文）1．He went to see the artist himself.【译文一】他亲自去看画家。
（himself是he的同位语。
）【译文二】他去看画家本人。
（himself是the artist的同位语。
）2. He is capable of doing anything.【译文一】他什么事情都会干。
（指“能干”）【译文二】他是什么事情都能干出来的。
（指“亡命之徒”）|3．Flying planes is dangerous.（动名词）【译文一】驾驶飞机是危险的。
Flying planes are dangerous.（分词）【译文二】正在飞行的飞机是危险的。
4．Bruce was writing a poem on an ancient tomb stone.【译文一】布鲁斯正在一块古代的墓碑上写诗。
【译文二】布鲁斯正在写一首关于古代墓碑的诗。
（on作“关于”讲）5．I decided on the boat.【译文一】我选定了这只船。
【译文二】我在船上做出了决定。
…6．She didn’t do that to please her mother.【译文一】为使她母亲高兴，她没有做那事。
(=She didn’t do that in order to please her mother.) 【译文二】她做那事并不是为了使她母亲高兴。
(=She did that not to please her mother.)7．I didn’t go because I was afraid.【译文一】我没去，因为我怕。
（没去）【译文二】我不是因为怕才去的。
（去了）8．I didn’t write the letter because of what you told me.；【译文一】由于你跟我讲了，所以我没有写那封信。
unit 6 section A 译文
1 在某些方面，欧洲统一销售法中确定的制度范围反映了对合同标的物的一些限制，这些限制是有效的，这些可以在欧洲统一销售法中规范合同当事人在某些特定类型合同下的争议中的义务和救济的条款中看到。
然而欧洲统一销售法被限定在一定的范围还有更深层次的意义，因为尽管它包含了很多普遍使用的合同法的条款，这些条款处理一个合同履行过程中的很多问题，但是它并没有处理所有的问题。
2、首先，尽管欧洲统一销售法包含了规范合同形式的规则（包括有关先合同义务的规则的信息以及有关要约与承诺的内容），但是它并不包括任何规范未缔结合同或尚未完成缔约的双方当事人的关系的规则，在谈判中违反诚实信用和公平交易的共同参考框架草案管理责任的规则（包括谈判中断）并未在欧洲统一销售法中被发现，即使它们在欧洲统一销售法制定的初期可行性研究中可以发现。
但是这并不意味着，欧洲统一销售法中的条款不包含任何可能在正常情况下被分类为非合同义务——一种非因不履行合同而产生的义务。
特别地，在欧洲统一销售法中还规定了很多由合同一方当事人对另一方当事人拥有的先合同义务的内容，然后还假设如果一方当事人不能履行提供先合同的相关内容。
需要对任何因此对另一方因此而遭到的损失负责。
特别地，欧洲统一销售法对一些先合同信息即由缔约一方应承担未能为对方提供售前合同信息而造成其任何损失产生的责任。
由此看来，提案（区别于cesl）明确地表明如果合同确实缔结了，欧洲统一销售法应该规范当事人履行先合同义务，以及救济那些因对方不履行先合同义务而受损者——这种缔约过失责任规定在罗马公约2中。
欧洲统一销售法中也包含因任何一方逃避或终止合同而引起的赔偿责任条款。
无论是在大陆法系上还是在普通法系上，都将其归类为非合同义务而不是合同义务，同样也属于罗马II的部分。
CESL还包含规制赔偿后合同无效或终止合同任何一方的规则：“返还原物的义务无论是民事律师和普通律师都将其归类为非合同义务而不是合同义务，同样也属于罗马II的部分。
第6章-英汉翻译中的词类转换法
Nominalization in English and Verbalization in Chinese
Chinese In Chinese, verbs are unmarked and less
confined so that clusters of verbs are used to express an event in one sentence. A frequent use of verbs is predominant in Chinese sentences.
汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。 因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、介词、 形容词和副词）在汉译时往往可以转译成动 词。
6.1.1 名词转译成动词
1）由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中 出现比较多。
The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli’s right to exist.
I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea.
我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。
6.1.3 形容词转译成动词
英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词， 在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转译成动词。如： confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。
法律英语汉译英
法律英语汉译英（专业词汇部分）Unit One第一课美国联邦下的法律1.成文法statutory law★2.普通法common law3.判例法case law4.立法机构legislature5.法院court6.宪法Constitution7.立法权law-making power8.私法private law9.合同法contract law10.侵权法tort law11.商法business law12.公司法corporate governance law13.专利和版权patent and copyright14.合同/契约争议contractual disputes15.刑事案件criminal case16.民事案件civil case17.民事侵权诉讼civil tort actions18.家庭法family law19.法律选择choice of law20.多个司法管辖区multi-jurisdiction21.诉讼litigation/lawsui t/suit/action★22.实体权substantive right23.准据法/适用法applicable/governing/proper law★24.签订conclude25.证券欺诈案件 a case include claims of securities fraud26.履行perform27.履行地performance28.受理/处理案件to hear the case★29.原告plaintiff★30.被告defendant★31.与合同最密切联系most involved with the contract32.选择法庭choice of forum第二课双重法院体系1.司法的judicial2.初审法庭trial court3.终审法院court of last resort★4.上诉法院court of appeals5.上诉，申诉appeal…to6.证人witness7.证据evidence8.陪审团jury9.查明事实的人，事实发现者fact-finder10.上诉的，有权受理上诉的appellate11.遗嘱probate12.小额诉讼法院small claims court13.律师attorney14.程序procedure15.提出（申请）file★16.申请小额索赔file claims for small sums of money17.定罪conviction★18.仲裁人，公断人，裁决人arbiter19.最高法院the Supreme Court20.先例procedureUnit Two第一课抗辩制1.上诉人appellant2.被上诉人appellee3.诉由,案由cause of action★4.向某人提起诉讼，到法院告某人to bring an action/lawsuit against sb.5.第三那人被告third-party defendant6.庭审程序trial procedure★7.英美法系国家的司法程序Anglo-American judicial procedure8.认定事实find the fact9.证据submission10.抗辩制adversary system11.提起诉讼begin suit12.界定争议shape the issues13.出示证据produce evidence14.争议当事人parties to the controversy15.纠问的inquisitorial16.庭前调查pre-trial investigation17.大陆法传统civil law tradition18.庭辩风格style of presentation and argument19.有利害关系的当事人interested parties第二课开启一个诉讼1.起诉sue2.诉讼当事人litigant3.司法救济，救济；减轻，缓解relief4.提供法律救助to furnish a relief5.纠正，补偿redress6.诉诸法院bring to court★7.和解settlement★8.仲裁arbitration9.自力救济self-help10.搁置纠纷let matters rest11.损害赔偿damages★12.实际履行specific performance13.对事管辖权jurisdiction over the subject matter14.对人管辖权jurisdiction over the parties15.管辖权jurisdiction16.违约之诉damages for breach of contract17.法庭forum18.最低限度联系minimum contacts19.实体公正substantial justice20.审判地venue21.规定（援引法条）provide/read第三课诉状和对抗诉状的动议1.诉状pleading2.起诉状complaint3.向法院提交诉讼状或答辩状/办理立案to file a pleading/lawsuit with the court4.陈述，阐明to set forth5.书记员clerk6.传票summons7.出具传票to issue a summons8.向某人送达传票、起诉书、法律文书to serve a summons, complaint, legal document on sb.9.通知notify10.同意出庭an entry of appearance11.指控，声称allegation12.成为争议问题put in issue13.积极抗辩affirmative defense14.反诉counterclaim15.(用辩解)减轻extenuate16.未到庭，未履行义务to be in default17.驳回dismiss18.传票送达service of process/service of summons19.法律上的充分性legal sufficiency20. 提出异议，反对challenge第四课调查取证1.庭前取证，调查pre-trial discovery2.录取证词，宣誓证明depose3.证词笔录,书证deposition4.宣誓under oath5.书面质询written interrogatories6.人身伤害案件personal injury case7.保持中立take no part8.意外因素surprise element9.争议controversy10.律师counsel11.庭前会议pretrial conference12.即决判决，简易判决summary judgment13.书证，书面陈述affidavit14.提出请求即决判决的动议make a motion for summary judgment15.（证据）允许提出的，可采纳的admissible16.扰乱对方harassment of an opponent17.要求对争议进行庭审的申请notice of trial/issue第五课庭审1.主张…..权利assert the right to2.将……列入陪审员名单impanel3.组成陪审团to impanel the jury4.绝对异议权peremptory challenge★5.候选陪审员prospective juror6.以明确的理由对陪审员候选人提出异议to challenge a prospective juror for cause7.发誓swear8.开案陈词make opening statements9.询问证人examine the witness10.出示文书produce the document11.证据，物证exhibit12.直接质证direct examination13.交叉质证cross examination14.不允许出示的证据inadmissible evidence15.举证完毕rest16.指令裁定（法官指令陪审团作出的裁定）directed verdict17.否决，驳回overrule18.（法官）对陪审团的指导jury instruction/jury charge/charge to the jury19.结案辩论final argument20.判决某人胜诉to enter a judgment for sb.21.判决某人败诉to enter a judgment against sb.22.举证责任burden of proof23.有分量的证据，占优势的证据preponderance of the evidence24.退庭retire25.（陪审团）未能达到足够多数人赞同的，未能做出决定的hung26.法官推翻陪审团才定的判决judgment notwithstanding the verdict(judgment n.o.v)27.达成裁定reach verdict第六课上诉和执行1.执行enforcement2.复审review3.中级法院intermediate court4.初审法院trial court5.下级法院lower court6.斟酌，自由裁量discretion7.由……斟酌决定，由…..自由裁量at the discretion of8.推翻原判，逆转reverse9.维持原判，确认，确信affirm10.认定事实determination in question11.上诉担保书appeal bond12.抄本，复本，文字记录transcript13.命令decree14.(不服下级法官判决)进行上诉to appeal from (a decision of a lower court)15.口头辩论oral argument16.判决（意见）书opinion17.败诉方losing party18.债权人creditor19.重新审理rehear20.执行令writ of execution21.行政司法长官，县治安官sheriff22.发回重审remand23.动产personal property24.判决债务人judgment debtor25.收益proceeds26.不动产real estate/real property27.未清偿判决债务由司法行政官主持的拍卖judicial sale28.留置权，扣留权lien29.对…..有司法留置权to have a judicial lien on30.留置，扣押（动词）garnish31.留置，扣押（名词）garnishment32.扣押（动词）attach33.扣押（名词）attachment。
英汉实用翻译法律题材
英汉实用翻译法律题材翻译小测验一、短语翻译：请写出下列法律专业短语的中文(20%)1)arbitration clause2)to award a contract3)material evidence4)competent court5)conflict of interests6)guarantee deposit7)liability in contract8)plea bargain9)force majeure10)specific performance二、语句翻译(40%)1．请写出下列法律文本的中文(25%)1）Where the Contract provides for payment in whole or in part to be made to the Contractor in foreign currency or currencies such payment shall not be subject to variations in the rate or rates of exchange between such specified foreign currency or currencies and the currency of the country in which the Works are to be executed．2）If the amount involved is huge, or if there are other serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than ten years and shall also be fined not less than 5 percent but not more than 30 percent of the amount of foreign exchange fraudulently purchased.3）Unless otherwise provided for herein, Buyer shall place order for, and shipments shall be made in, approximately equal monthly quantities, or if any material is insufficient in quantity to permit monthly shipment, then in quantities approximately evenly spaced throughout each contract year.4）Employer hereby employs Employee and Employee hereby accepts to be employed by Employer to serve and perform the duties required of him/her in the job category provided below.5）The Seller shall be responsible for any infringement with regard to patent, utility model, trademark, design or copyright of the merchandise, whether in the Buyer's country or any other country or place.2. 请写出下列法律文本的英文(15%)1. 不鼓励法院对未满18岁的罪犯作出徒刑判决。
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完整句
In the Contract（as hereinafter defined）the following words and expressions shall have the meanings hereby assigned to them, except where the context otherwise requires: 1.1 "Employer" means the person named as such in this contract and the legal successors in title to such person, but not （except with the consent of the Contractor） any assignee of such person. 1.2 "Contractor" means the person whose tender has been accepted by the Employer and the legal successors in title to such person but not （except with the consent of the Employer） any assignee of such person. 1.3 "Subcontractor" means any person named in the Contract as a Subcontractor for a part of the Works or any person to whom a part of the Works has been subcontracted with the consent of the Engineer and the legal successors in title to such person, but not any assignee of any such person. …
不在犯罪现场 善意 单方 人身保护令 有关…事宜 在其他事项中 法院地法 人均 本身 初步的，表面的 法定人数 越权行为 诉，对
法语
地役权 不可抗力 疏忽延误 留置权 诉讼 侵权 侵犯、闯入私人领地
easement force majeure laches lien suit tort trespass
前述的 前述的 特此 于此处 至此 尽管 根据 说（第三人称单数现在时） 其 即 为何，因此
拉丁语
alibi bona fide ex parte habeas corpus in re inter alia lex fori per capita per se prima facie quorum ultra vires versus
长句
The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise in addition to the text， including its preamble and annexes； （a） any agreement relating to the treaty which was made between all the parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty； （b） any instrument which was made by one or more parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty and accepted by the other parties as an instrument related to the treaty.
法律英语的篇章特征
程式化 规范化
法律英语文本的翻译
信、达、雅 vs.忠实 直译法 vs.诠释法
词的翻译
准确性 同一性
英翻中：把握准确性
专业用语的翻译 复合副词的翻译 配对词和三连词的翻译 模糊用语的翻译
专业用语的翻译
例1：The Directors may exercise all the powers of the Company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital，or any part thereof， and subject to Section 80 of the Company Act, to issue and create mortgages, charges, memoranda of deposits, debentures, debenture stock and other securities whether outright or as security for any debts, liability or obligation of the Company or any third party． uncalled capital是“未收资本”，mortgage是“按揭”，charge 是“抵押”，memorandum of deposit是“存放单”， debenture是“债券”，debenture stock是“公司债券”， securities是“证券”。
adequate due process excessive improper reasonable speed related sufficient unreasonable
适当的 正当程序 额外的 不适当的 合理的速度 相关的 足够的 不合理的
情态动词
may 旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么） shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么） may not（或shall not）用于禁止性义务（不 得做什么）
alleged cause of action damages day in court due process of law issue of fact issue of law legal fiction material evidence plea bargain reasonable doubt reasonable man subrogation without prejudice
have, hold and possess last will and testament mentioned or referred to modified and changed obey, observe and comply with right, title and interest save and except true and correct void and of no effect within and under the terms of
第六章 法律题材翻译
法律题材文本特点
法律英语的词汇特征 一、古英语和中世纪英语 二、拉丁语和法语 三、法律术语和行话 四、具有法律意义的常用词 五、同义词或近义词的并列 六、准确性词语和模糊性词语 七、情态动词
古英语词语
aforementioned foregoing hereby herein hereto notwithstanding pursuant to saith thereof to wit wherefore
被动句
The validity of an arbitration clause or an arbitration agreement shall not be affected by the modification， rescission，termination，invalidity，revocation or non-existence of the contract. Adequate food and refreshment will be supplied free. You are not entitled to receive from outside anything except the basic necessities of clothing. However you may, if you request, be permitted at your own expense to have food from outside to be brought to you subject to inspection.
常见的法律术语
clause decree draft law enforcement legislation offender specific performance will
条款 法令
法案，草案 法律的实施
立法 罪犯 实际履行 遗嘱
常见的法律行话
具有法律意义的常用词 一般意义
行动 简短的，简洁的 建设 发现 运动 练习，实践 安全 服务
法律意义 诉讼 案情说明书 （法律）解释 判决，裁定 动议 诉讼程序，诉讼实务 抵押品，担保品 送达（传票）
同义词或近义词的并列
acknowledge and confess authorize, direct and empower business, enterprise and undertaking by and with cancel, annul and set aside cease and come to an end cease and terminate final and conclusive for and on behalf of give and grant