第1章 绪论《生理学》(双语)
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生理学(physiology)是研究生物体及其各组成部分正 常功能活动规律的一门科学。 生物体(organism):简称为机体,是自然界中有 生命的物体的总称,包括一切动物、植物和微生物。
生理学的任务
(1)产生规律和特点; (2)发生机制; (3)内外环境变化对这些活 动的影响。
二、生理学与医学的关系
1、生理学知识是在医学实践、科学研究 和技术发展过程中不断积累起来的; 2、生理学可为后继医学课程的学习及科 研、教学和临床医疗工作打好必要的 理论基础。
三、生理学的研究方法
(Methods used in physiological study)
Rise of modern physiology De Motu Cordis
(二)人体实验
四、生理学研究的不同水平
(The different levels of physiological study)
(一)器官和系统水平 (二)细胞和分子水平 (三)整体水平
1. Organ and System Physiology
2. Cellular and molecular Physiology
Concentration of O2 and CO2 pH of the internal environment Concentration of nutrients and waste products Concentration of salt and other electrolytes Volume and pressure of extracellular fluid
特点:作用缓慢而持久,作用面较广泛,调节方式相对恒定,它对 人体生命活动的调节和自身稳态的维持起着重要作用。
Байду номын сангаас
Humoral regulation
Hormone
Traditional description of humoral regulation by hormone
Endocrine cells
Receptor
Hormone
Neuroendocrine
(Neurosecretion)
Vasopressin Oxytocin
Pheromone
Ant Alarm Pheromone
Pheromone for Men Original price: $99.95
(三)自身调节
(Autoregulation)
自身调节是指某些细胞或组织器官凭借本身内在特性,而不依赖 神经调节和体液调节,对内环境变化产生特定适应性反应的过程。 特点:调节强度较弱,影响范围小,且灵敏度较低,调节常局限于 某些器官或组织细胞内,但对于该器官或组织细胞生理活动的功 能调节仍然具有一定的意义。
Definition: Intrinsic (independent of any neural or humoral influences) ability of an organ to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure Mechanism: Stretch-activated constriction of vessels Significance: Maintenance of nearconstant cerebral, renal and coronary blood flow
第三节 机体生理功能的调节
(The regulation of body physiological functions)
一、生理功能的调节方式
Nervous Regulation Humoral Regulation Autoregulation
(一)神经调节
(Nervous regulation)
二、内环境的稳态
homeostasis(稳态)
是指内环境的理化性质,如温度、pH、渗透压 和各种液体成分等的相对恒定状态。
内环境(internal environment)
养料
’1870 By Claude Bernard (18131878) 内环境的各种理化因素保持相对 稳定,称之为内环境的稳态 (homeostasis) ’1920 By W. B. Cannon (18711945) 生理意义:内环境的稳态是细胞维 持正常生理功能和机体维持正常生 命活动的必要条件—动态平衡。
Stimulus Control Center Effectors Response
Closed-loop system Automatic control Negative feedback
Positive feedback
1、负反馈控制系统 负反馈(negative feedback)
第一章
Chapter 1
绪
论
Introduction
第一节 生理学的任务和研究方法
(The mission and methods of physiological study) 一、生理学及其任务 (The concept and mission of physiological study)
特点与分类
特点:反应迅速 起作用快 调节精确。 可分为 非条件反射(unconditioned reflex) 条件反射(conditioned reflex)
(二)体液调节
(Humoral regulation)
体液调节是指机体的某些组织细胞所分泌的特殊的化学物质,通过 体液途径到达并作用于靶器官,调节靶器官生理活动的一种调节方 式。
急性动物实验(acute animal experiment) 在体(in vivo)实验
如:去大脑僵直
离体(in vitro)实验
如:骨骼肌实验装置图
(一)动物实验(animal experiment)
慢性动物实验(chronic animal experiment)
如研究动物的胃液分泌,采用假饲的实验方法
生理学(Physiology)
(人卫第八版)
主讲:
Physiology: the study of the logic of life
生 理
学
Life Logic Study
Viral Physiology ……
Bacterial Physiology
Physiology
Human Physiology Animal Physiology Plant Physiology
80~180 mmHg
Summary: Many control systems work to maintain homeostasis. The regulation systems of human body can be divided into nerve regulation, humoral regulation and autoregulation, Many physiological activities are regulated by the nervous system. This is called nervous regulation. A reflex is the basic model of nervous regulation and the reflex arc is the pathway in a reflex. Chemical substances secreted by some tissues arrive at target organs through body fluids and regulate physiological activity of the target organ. This is called humoral regulation. In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental change, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called autoregulation.
反射(reflex) : 反射的结构基础:反射弧(reflex arc)
Knee jerk reflex
Reflex Arc
•Receptor •Afferent (sensory) nerve •Reflex center (brain or spinal cord) •Efferent (motor) nerve •Effector
三种调节方式的特点:
神经调节—迅速、局限、精确 体液调节—缓慢、弥散、持久 自身调节—范围小,不太灵敏
二、体内的控制系统 (Adaptive control system in human body)
(一)反馈控制系统—“闭环”系统
(Feedback control system)
Feedback Control System
代谢 产物
细胞
外环境 细胞外液—内环境
机体
How is homeostasis achieved?
----Regulation
Body's systems operate together to maintain homeostasis:
Skin system Skeletal and muscular system
“On The Motion Of The Heart And Blood In Animals” (1628)
(http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/ 1628harvey-blood.html) W. Harvey (1578-1657) (English)
(一)动物实验(animal experiment)
(1813-1878)
体液 (60% 体重) * 细胞内液Intracellular fluid (40%) * 细胞外液Extracellular fluid (20%) 血浆 Plasma (5%) 组织液 Interstitial fluid (15%) 淋巴 Lymph (<1%) 脑脊液 Cerebrospinal fluid (<1%) 眼内液Aqueous humor (<1%) etc.
Circulatory system Respiratory system
Digestive system Urinary system
Nervous system
Lymphatic system
Endocrine system
Reproductive system
Components of Homeostasis:
Cell length (m)
120
1.3 340/380
90
5s
0.6
Measurement of cell shortening
Measurement of [Ca2+]i
5s
3. Integrative Physiology
第二节
机体的内环境和稳态
(Internal environment and homeostasis of body)
(The relationship between physiology and medicine)
人体生理学(human physiology)是研究人体机能活动及其规律的科学。
二、生理学与医学的关系 (The relationship between physiology and medicine)
一、机体的内环境(Internal environment)
外环境(external environment) :机体生存的外界环境,包括自然环境和 社会环境。 内环境(internal environment):围绕在多细胞动物体内细胞周围的液体, 即细胞外液,称为机体的内环境。
A French physiologist known for his idea of the internal environment
生理学的任务
(1)产生规律和特点; (2)发生机制; (3)内外环境变化对这些活 动的影响。
二、生理学与医学的关系
1、生理学知识是在医学实践、科学研究 和技术发展过程中不断积累起来的; 2、生理学可为后继医学课程的学习及科 研、教学和临床医疗工作打好必要的 理论基础。
三、生理学的研究方法
(Methods used in physiological study)
Rise of modern physiology De Motu Cordis
(二)人体实验
四、生理学研究的不同水平
(The different levels of physiological study)
(一)器官和系统水平 (二)细胞和分子水平 (三)整体水平
1. Organ and System Physiology
2. Cellular and molecular Physiology
Concentration of O2 and CO2 pH of the internal environment Concentration of nutrients and waste products Concentration of salt and other electrolytes Volume and pressure of extracellular fluid
特点:作用缓慢而持久,作用面较广泛,调节方式相对恒定,它对 人体生命活动的调节和自身稳态的维持起着重要作用。
Байду номын сангаас
Humoral regulation
Hormone
Traditional description of humoral regulation by hormone
Endocrine cells
Receptor
Hormone
Neuroendocrine
(Neurosecretion)
Vasopressin Oxytocin
Pheromone
Ant Alarm Pheromone
Pheromone for Men Original price: $99.95
(三)自身调节
(Autoregulation)
自身调节是指某些细胞或组织器官凭借本身内在特性,而不依赖 神经调节和体液调节,对内环境变化产生特定适应性反应的过程。 特点:调节强度较弱,影响范围小,且灵敏度较低,调节常局限于 某些器官或组织细胞内,但对于该器官或组织细胞生理活动的功 能调节仍然具有一定的意义。
Definition: Intrinsic (independent of any neural or humoral influences) ability of an organ to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure Mechanism: Stretch-activated constriction of vessels Significance: Maintenance of nearconstant cerebral, renal and coronary blood flow
第三节 机体生理功能的调节
(The regulation of body physiological functions)
一、生理功能的调节方式
Nervous Regulation Humoral Regulation Autoregulation
(一)神经调节
(Nervous regulation)
二、内环境的稳态
homeostasis(稳态)
是指内环境的理化性质,如温度、pH、渗透压 和各种液体成分等的相对恒定状态。
内环境(internal environment)
养料
’1870 By Claude Bernard (18131878) 内环境的各种理化因素保持相对 稳定,称之为内环境的稳态 (homeostasis) ’1920 By W. B. Cannon (18711945) 生理意义:内环境的稳态是细胞维 持正常生理功能和机体维持正常生 命活动的必要条件—动态平衡。
Stimulus Control Center Effectors Response
Closed-loop system Automatic control Negative feedback
Positive feedback
1、负反馈控制系统 负反馈(negative feedback)
第一章
Chapter 1
绪
论
Introduction
第一节 生理学的任务和研究方法
(The mission and methods of physiological study) 一、生理学及其任务 (The concept and mission of physiological study)
特点与分类
特点:反应迅速 起作用快 调节精确。 可分为 非条件反射(unconditioned reflex) 条件反射(conditioned reflex)
(二)体液调节
(Humoral regulation)
体液调节是指机体的某些组织细胞所分泌的特殊的化学物质,通过 体液途径到达并作用于靶器官,调节靶器官生理活动的一种调节方 式。
急性动物实验(acute animal experiment) 在体(in vivo)实验
如:去大脑僵直
离体(in vitro)实验
如:骨骼肌实验装置图
(一)动物实验(animal experiment)
慢性动物实验(chronic animal experiment)
如研究动物的胃液分泌,采用假饲的实验方法
生理学(Physiology)
(人卫第八版)
主讲:
Physiology: the study of the logic of life
生 理
学
Life Logic Study
Viral Physiology ……
Bacterial Physiology
Physiology
Human Physiology Animal Physiology Plant Physiology
80~180 mmHg
Summary: Many control systems work to maintain homeostasis. The regulation systems of human body can be divided into nerve regulation, humoral regulation and autoregulation, Many physiological activities are regulated by the nervous system. This is called nervous regulation. A reflex is the basic model of nervous regulation and the reflex arc is the pathway in a reflex. Chemical substances secreted by some tissues arrive at target organs through body fluids and regulate physiological activity of the target organ. This is called humoral regulation. In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental change, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called autoregulation.
反射(reflex) : 反射的结构基础:反射弧(reflex arc)
Knee jerk reflex
Reflex Arc
•Receptor •Afferent (sensory) nerve •Reflex center (brain or spinal cord) •Efferent (motor) nerve •Effector
三种调节方式的特点:
神经调节—迅速、局限、精确 体液调节—缓慢、弥散、持久 自身调节—范围小,不太灵敏
二、体内的控制系统 (Adaptive control system in human body)
(一)反馈控制系统—“闭环”系统
(Feedback control system)
Feedback Control System
代谢 产物
细胞
外环境 细胞外液—内环境
机体
How is homeostasis achieved?
----Regulation
Body's systems operate together to maintain homeostasis:
Skin system Skeletal and muscular system
“On The Motion Of The Heart And Blood In Animals” (1628)
(http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/ 1628harvey-blood.html) W. Harvey (1578-1657) (English)
(一)动物实验(animal experiment)
(1813-1878)
体液 (60% 体重) * 细胞内液Intracellular fluid (40%) * 细胞外液Extracellular fluid (20%) 血浆 Plasma (5%) 组织液 Interstitial fluid (15%) 淋巴 Lymph (<1%) 脑脊液 Cerebrospinal fluid (<1%) 眼内液Aqueous humor (<1%) etc.
Circulatory system Respiratory system
Digestive system Urinary system
Nervous system
Lymphatic system
Endocrine system
Reproductive system
Components of Homeostasis:
Cell length (m)
120
1.3 340/380
90
5s
0.6
Measurement of cell shortening
Measurement of [Ca2+]i
5s
3. Integrative Physiology
第二节
机体的内环境和稳态
(Internal environment and homeostasis of body)
(The relationship between physiology and medicine)
人体生理学(human physiology)是研究人体机能活动及其规律的科学。
二、生理学与医学的关系 (The relationship between physiology and medicine)
一、机体的内环境(Internal environment)
外环境(external environment) :机体生存的外界环境,包括自然环境和 社会环境。 内环境(internal environment):围绕在多细胞动物体内细胞周围的液体, 即细胞外液,称为机体的内环境。
A French physiologist known for his idea of the internal environment