语言学2

Classification of Morphemes
• Free vs. bound morphemes • Free morpheme can stand alone as a word • Bound morpheme must be attached to a base morpheme • bound morpheme: affix, bound root
• Rule productivity • Irregular /suppletive forms • Lexical/accidental gaps and systematic gaps needlessity vs. linguisticism
Exercise
• • • • • • disappearance activations irreplaceability governmental unhappiness ungrammaticality
• Internal structure of compound
• Endocentric vs. exocentric compounds Endocentric compound is the one which denotes a subtypes of the concept denoted by its head. steamboat, airplane, fire drill redhead, blackboard, redneck, turncoat, highbrow, egghead
Inflectional morphemes in English follow the derivational morphemes in a word.
The ways of inflection
• base+affix • Internal change: ablaut and umlaut in English Sing~sang~sung; foot~feet • Suppetion • Reduplication • Tone placement
• Input: un#system#atic • MRS: • Output:
re#final#lize#s
• Hierarchical structure is an essential property of human language. Words (and sentences) have component parts, which relate to each other in specific rulegoverned ways. • Hierarchical vs. linear unlockable
Affix
• • • • Prefix Suffix Infix Circumfix
• Morphologically complex words consist of a morpheme root and one or more affixes. • The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major components of its meaning. • The roots belong to grammatical category (N.V.A.P)
Classification of words
• Content words, open class words • Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs • To denote concepts such as objects, actions, attributes and ideas
• Word– the smallest free form found in language boy boys -s • A morpheme—the minimal linguistic unit— is thus an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning (or grammatical function) that cannot be further analyzed. (linguistic sign)
• Linguists sometimes use the word base to mean any root or stem to which an affix is attached. • Base can be a root or stem • Bound roots do not occur in isolation and they acquire meaning only in combination with other morphemes receive, conceive, perceive, and deceive remit, permit, commit, submit, transmit, and admit
• A root may or may not free morpheme (stand alone as a word) • Root in Semitic languages
• When a root morpheme is combined with an affix, it forms a stem • Other affixes can be added to a stem to form a more complex stem
compound
• Two or more words may be joined to form new, compound words • Head: the morpheme that determines the category of entire word • In English, the rightmost word in a compound is the head of the compound
Morphology: the words of language
Words in Mental lexicon
• • • • • 1. phonological representation, 2. meaning, 3. (for the literate) orthography, 4. grammatical category mental lexicon VS. dictionary composed by lexicographer : descriptive and prescriptive
• Simple words vs. complex words • discreteness of language: In all languages, sound units combine to form morphemes, morphemes combine to form words, and words combine to form larger units—phrases and sentences.
Inflectional morphology
• Inflectional morpheme: bound morphemes have a strictly grammatical function. They mark properties such as tense, number, person and so forth • inflections never change the grammatical category of the stems to which the inflectional morphemes are attached
Two classes of derivation in English
• First class: -ic, -cal, -ity,-an • Second class: -er, -ful, -ish, -less, -ly,
• main differences
• Whether there are sound changes specific/specificity, deduce/deductive, critic/criticize , sane/sanity, Elizabeth/Elizabethan • first class cannot be attached to a base containing an affix from the second class:; but affixes from the second class may attach to bases with either kind of affix: *need + less + ity, *moral + ize + ive moral + iz(e) + er, need + less + ness. • Different sources: Romance vs. Germanic
The Hierarchical Structure of Words
• A word is not a simple sequence of morphemes It has an internal structure. • Hierarchical structure is the result of a set of ordered morphological rules : Noun +atic→ Adjective un + Adjective →Adjective Adjective + al →Adjective Adjective + ly →Adverb
The evidences of word classification
• Syndromes of aphasia and SLI • Slip of tongue • First language acquisition
in百度文库er-structure of word
• The linguistic term for the most elemental unit of grammatical form is morpheme • the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed= morphology. • Morphology is part of our grammatical knowledge of a language. It is generally unconscious knowledge
Rules of Word Formation
• Derivation • Inflection • compound
Derivational morphology
• When certain bound morphemes are added to a base, a new word with a new meaning is derived. • The form that results from the addition of a derivational morpheme is called a derived word. • The derived word may also be of a different grammatical class than the original word
• Function words, closed class words • do not have clear lexical meanings or obvious concepts associated with them, • Conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns