定语从句语法说明

Grammar The Attributive Clause一. Function （功能）在复合句中起形容词作用，做定语二. Terms（术语）先行词---被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词关联词---用来引导定语从句的词叫做关联词，在意义上等同于先行词三. 关联词四.关联词的基本用法A. pronoun (关系代词的用法) （按照关系代词在从句中的句子成分复习）1.subject (关系代词在从句中做主语) ***关系代词不可省略The number of people _____lost homes in the earthquake reached as many as 250,000.The sound sounded like a train ______was going under my house.Those _____want to go must meet at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morningI was the only person ____was sent abroad to study.2. object (关系代词在从句中做宾语) ***关系代词可省略Where is the man ______I saw this morning?The purpose of the meeting is to work out the problems _____we met in the work.The man _______I spoke to just now is our new teacher.I will do everything ___I can to help you.The finger ___I put into my mouth wasn‟t the one __I had dipped into the cup.3. predicative(关系代词在从句中做表语)指人指物都用thatHe has changed. He is not the man ______he was before.I am not the young man _____I used to be.China today isn‟t the country _____she was 20 years ago.4 attribute(关系代词在从句中做定语) ***关系代词不可省略Wang Hua is the student _____handwriting is the best in the class.Do you know the boy______father is a doctor? He lived in the room _____windows were broken.I bought a book _____writer is a peasant. We had a meeting ____purpose was completely unclear.This is the old man in ____house I lived when the war broke out.Exercises:1. Anyone _______breaks the rules must be punished.2. My sister doesn‟t like the man ____she work with3. She told me all ____had happened to her.4. Millions of men died and were buried under the wall ______ they built.5. The family, ____lived upstairs, like music very much.6. The desk ____leg is broken is mine.7. Do you know the man ____we shook hands with at the school gate?8. The policemen are looking for a stolen car, ____ colour is black.9. She is a nurse, _____work is to take care of the patient.10. Do you know the man ____ shook hands with us at the school gate?B. adverb( 关系副词的用法)1. when 在从句中做状语，表示时间，修饰表示时间的先行词=介词+whichHe often thinks of his childhood ____he worked for the landlord. That was the year _____ he joined the army.The days ____we used “foreign oil” are gone. I still remember the day ______he was killed.I still remember the days ______we lived in the mountains./I stayed in hospital.Notes: 如果先行词在定语从句中不做时间状语，即使先行词表示时间，定语从句也不用when 来引导1) I still remember the years _____we worked together._____we spent together.2) The day ______we played together isn‟t easily forgotten._____we are looking forward to has come at last.3) I‟ll never forget the year ______the war broke out._____ followed.4) The day _____we went on holiday is National Day._____we still remember5) We must remember the time _______we met each other._____we wasted in the past.6) I‟ll never forget the days ______we spent together._____ we spent our holidays together.2.where 在从句中做状语，表示地点，修饰表示地点的先行词=介词+whichI know the farm _____he lives. This is the factory _____my father works.Is there shop around _____I can get any fruit ? This is the bridge ____he died at his post.Note: 如果先行词在定语从句中不做地点状语，即使先行词表示地点，定语从句也不用where来引导This is the school _____I studied 20 years ago._____we built 20 years ago._______trains teachers.He went to the shop ______he could buy some gifts._______wasn‟t far.________he could choose some fruit from._________sold some fruit._________he likes best.That is the factory ______we visited last week.______we visited some modern equipment last week.______makes TV sets._____TV parts are made.3. why 在从句中做状语，表示原因，修饰先行词reason, cause, explanation. why =介词for +whichThe reason _____he came late was that he didn‟t catch the bus.I‟d like to know the reason ____you changed your plan.This is the explanation _____he put off the journey.That is the reason _____she failed.Note: 如果先行词在定语从句中不做原因状语，即使先行词是reason, cause, explanation，定语从句也不用why This is the reason _____he didn‟t come._______that explained his absence._______he gave me.五．关联词的使用区别1. that & who1）主句是who 引导的疑问句，定语从句用that 引导不用who 避免重复Who is the person ____is standing at the gate?2）先行词是those (指人) the one, anyone , anybody, few定语从句用who 引导Those ____ want to go to the Great Wall must be here by 8 tomorrow morning.Anyone ____wants to go to the Great Wall must be here by 8 tomorrow morning.3）在非限制性定语从句中，指人定语从句用who 引导My brother, ____now lives in Shanghai , is a teacher.4）先行词指集体名词中的成员，定语从句用who 引导The family, ______lived on the second floor, are football fans.The family, ______was a large one, was broken up by the war.5）关系代词在定语从句做表语，指人（指物）定语从句用that 引导He isn‟t the boy _____he was before.2. that & which1)下列词做先行词，all, anything, nothing, everything, little, few, much, none (something 除外)定语从句用that 引导The book contains little ____ is useful. There is nothing ____is too difficult for me .2)下列词做先行词的定语，any，the only, all ,every ,no, much, few, little, the very, 以及序数词和最高级，定语从句用that 引导The boy gave his parents the little money ___he had earned.The last place ___we visited in Beijing was the Summer Palace.They went to the library to look up any information ___he needed.3)先行词分别指人又指物时，定语从句用that 引导I …d like to visit the scientist and his laboratary ______are well-known to us .They talked about the persons and the things ____they remembered at school.4)主句是which 引导的疑问句，定语从句用that引导不用which ,避免重复Which is the book ______you need?5)在非限制性定语从句中，指物时定语从句用which引导There is no difficulty ____I can not overcome, ____doubles my spirits.6) 关系代词在从句中做介词宾语并且介词提前，定语从句用which引导The film about ____they talked so much was directed by Zhang Yimou.3 whose & of whom , of which( 1). 如果定语从句和先行词表示所属关系，在限制性定语从句中用whose 句型为先行词+whose+名词+定语从句I like the book whose cover is blue. He lives in the house whose window faces to the south.We went to see the old lady whose husband died in the Liberation War.在非限制性定语从句中用whose 或of whom ，of which 均可句型为1) 先行词, +whose+名词+定语从句2) 先行词，+of whom / of which+the+名词=先行词，+the名词+of whom/ of whichShe is a nurse, whose work is to look after the patients., of whom the work is to look after the patients., the work of whom is to look after the patients.The police are looking for a stolen car, whose colour is black., the color of which is black.,of which the color is black.(2.) 如果定语从句和先行词表示整体和部分关系，只能用of whom /of which 句型为先行词，+of whom/of which+the+名词/ 代词/数词=先行词，+ the名词/代词/数词+of whom/of whichHe has three sons, two of whom / all of whom are students.Yesterday he bought some books, one of which is In English.China has thousands of islands, of which the largest is Taiwan.There are 60 students in our class, of whom 34 are boys.Note: 要注意标点符号的变化和连词的存在They made a lot of machines, _______were sent abroad.They made a lot of machines, and _______were sent abroad.They made a lot of machines; _______were sent abroad.They made a lot of machines, _______ sent abroad.A. most of whomB. most of whichC. most of themChina has a large population, ______are peasants.China has a large population and ______are peasants.China has a large population; ______are peasants.China has a large population, ______ peasants.A. 80 % of itB. 80%of whichC. 80% of itD. 80 % of themThe company need a lot of skilled and experienced workers, ______women.A. all of themB. all of whomC. all of whichD. all of it4. the same…as , the same …that & the same…wherethe same …as 指和先行词同类事物中任意一个（同类）the same…that 指先行词那一个事物（同一个）the same …where . where在从句中做状语，the same起强调作用1).This is the same book ______you lent me yesterday . Now I will give it back to you.2). I am sorry to have lost the same book _____you lent me yesterday. Now I have the same book___it is. Canyou accept it?3). He went back to the same bridge_______he lost his wallet.I think he has got to the same point____he needs some changes.He lived in the same room ____he was born for 20 years.5. such …as & such…thatsuch …as 是定语从句，as 在从句中要充当成分（主语，宾语，表语）属于固定结构such…that 是结果状语从句，that在从句中不充当成分，属于固定结构Don‟t read such books _______you can‟t understand.I don‟t like such a person _____often drinks too much.He …ll repeat such points ____are talked about just now.Let‟s talk such topics ____concern every one of us.He isn‟t such a fool _______he looks.He left in such a hurry_____he forgot to lock the door.The teacher set us such a problem ____nobody could work out.The teacher set us such a problem ____nobody could work it out.He is such a man ______nobody likes to work with him.He is such a man ______nobody likes to work with .6. one of the boys & the one of the boysone of the boys的先行词是the boys，定语从句的谓语动词要用复数the one of the boys 的先行词是the one ，定语从句的谓语动词要用单数He is one of the boys who _______the answer.He is the one of the boys who _______the answer.7. as & which两者都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句We should pay more attention to education, which is a mirror of a country.They won, which meant they would be able to take on the project.She is very careful, as her work shows.Taiwan is a part of China, as we all know.=As we all know, Taiwan is a part of China.He married her, which surprised us all.Mary came late again, which made the teacher angry.They told us that blacks and whites are equal now, which nobody believes.1）关系词指代内容：as 指代整个主句（所表示的意义），which 的先行词可以是整个主句（所表示的意义），还可以是主句中的名词或短语2）关系词位置：as引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前，句中，也可以放在主句之后；which 只能放在主句之后3）主从句动作发生的时间：as引导的定语从句和主句不强调（或表示）时间的先后；which 引导的定语从句表示主句动作在先，从句动作在后4）翻译上: as放在句首译成“正如”，放在句后译成“这一点”which只能放在句后，译成“这一点”They made a lot of machines, _______were sent abroad.____ is known to all, Taiwan belongs to China.He was very rude to the Customs officer, _____ of course made things even worse.To shut your eyes to the fact, ______many do , is foolish .He won the 100-meter race, ____we expected.8.介词+whichHe built a telescope ________he could study the skies.The fox ______the chick was killed was shot in the end by a hunter.He works in a factory, ___________there is a small woods.They made a plan at the meeting, ______I fell asleep.The bike, _______he came to school this morning, was stolen.He was generous with his time, ____ which I was grateful.There was no one on the street, ______ whom he could turn to for help.It was in 1952 and Mandela was a black lawyer ,_____whom I went for advice.六特殊的定语从句I. the way/manner 做先行词定语从句用in which, that 引导, 或者关联词省略The way _____/_____/______you answered the questions was right.Charles left France because he hated the way _____/_____/____the French nobles treated the peasants.II.介词+which+名词+定语从句He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him.He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home.We‟ll move into our new house next week, by which time it will be ready.They believe the spirit will stay with the body for 3 days, during which time they will ask an elder to look after the body.。