English History1(英国历史 5000BC-1066)解析

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Chapter 2 英国的起源

第三部分：The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)
1.选择题/简答题：课后三：Who were Anglo-Saxon and how did the Heptarchy come into being?
In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. 5世纪中叶，朱特人，撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠，这是三支日耳曼部落。The Jutes came to Britain first and the Jutish chief Hengist became the king of Kent in 449.Then the Saxons established their kingdoms in
Father of Great Britain: Egbert
3.识记要点：
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. The names of Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from Teutonic gods.分别是战神，天神，风暴之神与和平之神。
The seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy. 这七个主要王国: 肯特,埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯,威塞克斯,东盎格利亚,麦西亚,和诺森伯利亚被和称为七王国.

翻译硕士英语百科知识名词解释

主要英国国家概况英国诺曼征服（Norman Conquest）以法国北部诺曼底公爵威廉为首的法国封建主对英国的征服。

1066年初，英王忏悔者爱德华（1042～1066在位）死后无嗣，威塞克斯伯爵哈罗德二世被推选为国王。

威廉以爱德华曾面许继位为理由，要求获得王位。

率兵入侵英国。

英王哈罗德迎战。

英军战败，哈罗德阵亡，伦敦城不战而降。

12月25日，威廉在伦敦威斯敏斯特教堂加冕为英国国王，即威廉一世(征服者)。

诺曼王朝（1066～1154）开始对英国的统治。

残存的英国贵族顽强抵抗，均遭残酷镇压。

1071年，威廉一世巩固了他的统治，获得征服者的称号。

诺曼征服加速英国封建化的进程。

威廉一世建立起强大的王权统治，没收反抗的盎格鲁萨克逊贵族土地，分封给随他而来的法国封建主。

通过这种土地分封建立起封建土地的等级所有制。

威廉一世还极力摆脱教皇对英国教会的干涉，把英国教会控制在自己手中。

在统治机构、法律上仍沿用英王旧制。

诺曼征服后，在英国出现了封建庄园，封建领主是庄园最高统治者，大部分农民丧失人身自由，沦为农奴。

引进法国文化，语言，建筑。

《大宪章》（Great Charter），1215年6月15日（一说1213）英王约翰被迫签署的宪法性的文件。

其宗旨为保障封建贵族的政治独立与经济权益。

又称《自由大宪章》或《1215大宪章》。

这张书写在羊皮纸卷上的文件在历史上第一次限制了封建君主的权力，日后成为了英国君主立宪制的法律基石。

百年战争(Hundred Years' War)是指英国和法国，以及后来加入的勃艮第，于1337年 - 1453年间的战争，是世界最长的战争，断断续续进行了长达116年。

战争胜利使法国完成民族统一，为日后在欧洲大陆扩张打下基础；英格兰几乎丧失所有的法国领地，但也使英格兰的民族主义兴起。

原因：12～13世纪，法国国王逐渐夺回部分被英王占领的土地。

14世纪初，英国仍占据法国南部阿基坦地区，成为法国政治统一的最大障碍，法国人试图把英国人由法国西南部赶走，从而统一法国。

英国概况之历史1

•the first king of a united England.
9
King Alfred and the Witan
( the Royal Council)
The Norman Conquest (1066)
• Background King is also said to have promised the English throne to William, Duke of Normandy. But, when Edward was on his deathbed, four men were claimed to have the English throne. Finally, the Witan chose Harold as king.
Significance
• He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. • the feudal system was completely established in England. • Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. • Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were introduced.
Dividing line in English history
Old English →the time before 1066; Medieval English →the time between 1066 and 1649; Modern English →the time from 1649 till now.

英国的起源公元前5000年—1066年

英语国家概况Chapter 1 第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain an d Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Irela nd, and hundreds of sm all ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

英国史介绍

确立了君主立宪制的基本原则
-
18
1707年
英格兰王国与苏格兰王国合并，大不列颠联合王国成立
形成了现代英国的基础
-
19
1765年
珍妮纺纱机的发明和应用
工业革命的开始，标志着现代工业社会的兴起
哈格里夫斯
20
1785年
瓦特改进的蒸汽机投入使用
蒸汽机的广泛应用，推动了工业革命的发展
瓦特
21
1837年
英国进入维多利亚女王时期115年自由大宪章建立确立了王权在法律下的原则，为英国宪政史奠定基础
-
8
1337-1453年
百年战争爆发
英法两国之间的长期战争，对两国政治、经济和文化产生深远影响
-
9
1455-1487年
玫瑰战争
英格兰贵族之间的内战，决定了约克王朝和兰开斯特王朝的兴衰
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10
1461年
约克家族的爱德华四世击败兰开斯特家族，约克王朝建立
英格兰国王与议会之间的战争，导致国王查理一世的被处决
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15
1649年
英国议会推翻并处死国王查理一世，由奥利弗·克伦威尔领导的英格兰共和国成立
英格兰君主制的终结，共和国的开始
奥利弗·克伦威尔
16
1688-1689年
光荣革命
确立了议会主权的原则，为英国现代宪政制度奠定基础
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17
1689年
议会通过《权利法案》
约克王朝开始统治英格兰
爱德华四世
11
1534年
英格兰从罗马教廷分离，英格兰国教会初步成立
英格兰宗教改革，与罗马天主教廷决裂
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12
1588年
英格兰击败西班牙无敌舰队

英美国家概况之英国历史1

43 – 47AD 47 – 50AD 75 – 77AD
312AD
410AD
Conquest of the South London(Londinium)Founded
Roman Conquest of Britain completed
Christianity the official religion of the Empire
Third and final invasion
In 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britain
Their homes in Italy were being attacked by ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱierce tribes and every soldier was needed
PREHISTORY
4000 BC – 43AD
4000 – 2000 BC Neolithic (New Stone) Age 2000 – 750 BC Bronze Age 750 BC – 43AD Iron Age
Neolithic (New Stone) Age
Farming people （Iberians） arrive from Europe Land is cleared, wheat and barley planted , and herds of domesticated sheep, cattle, and pigs raised
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland
HISTORY
Objectives

英语国家概况第二章知识点

Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation∙第01讲Early Settlers & Roman Britain & The Anglo-SaxonsI. Early Settlers （5000 BC—55 BC）Britain was originally a part of the European continent. When the last Ice Age ended 7,000 years ago, melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creatingthe English Channel and the North Sea, and turning Britain into an island.【译文】早期居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）不列颠原是欧洲大陆的一部分。

7000年前的冰川时代结束时，融冰淹没了低地，形成了英吉利海峡和北海，不列颠变成了岛屿。

∙1） Iberians （伊比利亚人）（the first known settlers）① At about 3000 BC, these short, dark and long-headed people came to Britain,probably from the Iberian Peninsula, now Spain.② They were farming folk who kept animals and grew crops.【译文】1）伊比利亚人（所知道的最早的英国居民）①大约在公元前3000年的新石器时代，这些身材矮小、黑皮肤、长脸庞的人来到英国，他们很可能来自伊比利亚半岛，即现在的西班牙。

②作为农民他们饲养动物、种植庄稼。

∙2） The Beaker Folk （宽口陶器人）① At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now knownas Holland and the Rhineland.② These people took their name from their distinctive bell-shaped drinkingvessels with which they were buried in crouching positions in individual graves.③ They brought with them the art of pottery making, the ability to fashionbronze tools and the custom of individual burial.【译文】2）宽口陶器人①大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来到这里。

九年级上册历史英国知识点

九年级上册历史英国知识点英国历史知识点英国是一个拥有悠久历史的国家，其历史可以追溯到史前时代。

九年级上册历史教材涵盖了英国的各个重要时期，包括盎格鲁-撒克逊时期、维京时期、诺曼底征服、中世纪、亨利八世时期和伊丽莎白一世时期等。

让我们一起来探索这些令人着迷的历史知识点。

盎格鲁-撒克逊时期盎格鲁-撒克逊时期是指公元5世纪到11世纪英国的历史时期。

在此期间，英国岛上的部落逐渐形成了一个国家。

盎格鲁-撒克逊人是从德国和丹麦移民来到英国的日耳曼民族。

他们带来了新的语言、文化和宗教信仰，对英国的发展产生了深远影响。

维京时期维京时期是指公元8世纪到11世纪北欧海盗维京人入侵英国的历史时期。

维京人是来自斯堪的纳维亚地区的海盗和探险家。

他们以其武勇和航海技术而闻名，征服了英国的一些地区。

维京人的入侵对英国的社会、文化和政治产生了重大影响。

诺曼底征服诺曼底征服发生在公元1066年，是英国历史上最重要的事件之一。

诺曼底公爵威廉入侵英格兰，并击败了英格兰国王哈罗德二世，取得了胜利。

这场战役标志着英国的统治者从盎格鲁-撒克逊王室转变为诺曼底王朝，这对英国的政治、文化和社会产生了深远的影响。

中世纪中世纪是指从1066年到1485年的英国历史时期。

在这个时期，英格兰经历了许多变革。

王室的权力逐渐加强，法律和秩序得到了改善。

基督教对社会和文化产生了重要影响，许多著名的教堂和建筑物在这个时期建造。

亨利八世时期亨利八世是英国历史上最有争议的君主之一。

他统治英国长达38年，期间对英国进行了重大改革。

亨利八世因为想要离婚而与罗马教廷发生冲突，导致英国从天主教改革为英国国教。

他还解散了修道院，将其财产收归王室所有。

亨利八世的统治对英国历史和宗教产生了广泛影响。

伊丽莎白一世时期伊丽莎白一世是英国历史上最知名的女王之一。

她统治英国长达45年，被称为“伊丽莎白时代”。

伊丽莎白一世在位期间，英国经历了文化繁荣和特别海洋冒险的时期。

著名的作家莎士比亚在这个时候创作了许多不朽的作品。

英国历史的英语介绍带翻译

English history is rich and ancient, playing a significant role in understanding the culture and traditions of this country. Starting from the ancient Roman period, England has experienced numerous important historical events and cultural transformations. In this article, we will delve into the significant periods of English history, important events, and factors that have influenced English culture.
通过对英国历史的英语介绍，我们可以理解这个国家的文化和传统的形成过程。对于学习英国文化和了解世界历史的人来说，深入了解英国历史是非常有价值的。无论是古罗马时期、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期、诺曼底征服时期，还是宪法发展和工业革命，这些重要的时期和事件塑造了英国的现代社会和文化面貌。
二、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期 Anglo-Saxon Period
5世纪至11世纪是盎格鲁-撒克逊时期。在这一时期，来自日耳曼地区的盎格鲁-撒克逊人占领了不列颠，并建立了七主要王国。这段时期见证了英国基督教的传入，以及英语作为主要语言的形成。盎格鲁-撒克逊文化对英国文化产生了深远的影响，英国的传统节日和习俗中仍可以看到其痕迹。
五、工业革命 Industrial Revolution
18世纪的英国经历了工业革命，这次革命对英国和世界产生了深远的影响。领导着全球工业变革的英国通过发明和创新推动了工业化进程，从而带动了经济繁荣。工业革命改变了英国社会结构，也引发了许多社会问题。然而，这段时期同时也催生了现代科学、技术和制度的重大进步。

英语作文关于英国历史

英语作文关于英国历史The history of England is a long and complex one, spanning thousands of years and involving countless events, figures, and changes. From the Roman invasion in 43 AD to the modern era, England has seen the rise and fall of kingdoms, the spread of Christianity, the development of a strong centralized government, and the growth of a global empire. In this essay, we will explore some key moments and themes in English history.The earliest known inhabitants of what is now England were Celtic tribes, who lived in the area from around 500 BC. These tribes were eventually conquered by the Romans in 43 AD, who brought with them advanced technology, infrastructure, and culture. Roman rule lasted for nearly 400 years, during which time England was part of the Roman Empire and became a hub of trade and commerce.In the 5th century, the Romans withdrew from England, leaving the country vulnerable to invasion from theAnglo-Saxons. These Germanic tribes migrated to England and established their own kingdoms, such as Wessex, Mercia, and Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon period saw the spread of Christianity and the development of the English language, which is derived from Old English.In the 9th century, England was invaded by the Vikings, who established their own kingdom in the north of the country. The Viking raids and invasions continued for several centuries, until the Anglo-Saxon king Alfred the Great defeated the Viking forces and united England under his rule in the late 9th century. Alfred's descendants continued to rule England, leading to a period of relative stability and prosperity.The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 marked a major turning point in English history. The Norman king William the Conqueror defeated the Anglo-Saxon king Harold II at the Battle of Hastings, establishing Norman rule over England. The Normans brought with them a strong feudal system, a centralized government, and a new style of architecture that can still be seen in England's castles and cathedrals.The Middle Ages in England were characterized by feudalism, the growth of towns and cities, and the rise of the English monarchy. The Plantagenet dynasty ruled England for several centuries, overseeing the Hundred Years' War with France, the Black Death, and the War of the Roses. The Tudor dynasty, which came to power in the late 15th century, brought about the English Reformation, the Age of Exploration, and the defeat of the Spanish Armada.The English Civil War in the 17th century pitted the Royalists against the Parliamentarians, resulting in the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of a republican government under Oliver Cromwell. The monarchy was restored in 1660, leading to a period of stability and prosperity under the reigns of the Stuarts and the Hanoverians.The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries transformed England into a global economic powerhouse. The rise of industry, trade, and commerce led to the growth of cities such as Manchester, Birmingham, and London, as well as the expansion of the British Empire to all corners of the globe. The Victorian era saw the height of British power and influence, with Queen Victoria ruling over the largest empire in history.The 20th century brought about major changes in England, including two world wars, the end of the British Empire, and the rise of the welfare state. The devastation of World War I and World War II led to profound social and economic changes, as well as the decline of British power on the world stage. The 21st century has seen England continue to grapple with issues of identity, immigration, and globalization, as well as the ongoing debates over Brexit and the future of the United Kingdom.In conclusion, the history of England is a rich and complex tapestry of events, figures, and changes that have shaped the country into what it is today. From the Roman invasion to the Industrial Revolution to the modern era, England has witnessed triumphs and tragedies, revolutions and reforms, wars and peace. The legacy of English history continues to influence the country's culture, politics, and society, making it a fascinating subject for study and exploration.。

英国历史简介【优质PPT】

the significace:
It dealt a telling blow to villeinage and a new class of yeomen farmers emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.它沉重打击了封建农奴制度，产生了全新的自耕农阶级，为资本主义发展铺设了道路
Empire(1688--1990) • 5.Twentieth century of the English Nation
2021/10/10
2
一.the Origins of the English Nation
• 1.the Iberians.(伊比利亚
人)
————5000BC-55BC
The first known setters of Britain .In this period, more dramatic monuments were the henges, the
• 2.The roman built two great walls to keep the Pi cts（皮特人）.They were
the Hadrian’s wall 哈德良长城(AD122)
running from carlisle to
Newcastle(从卡莱尔到纽卡斯尔），
and the Antonine wall 安东尼长城
kingdoms(王国时代）.
2021/10/10
8
seven kingdoms(七王国）
• These seven principal
kingdoms of Kent, Es
sex, Sussex, Essex, E

英国历史英文介绍简短

英国历史英文介绍简短The history of the United Kingdom is long and complex, stretching back thousands of years. It is a story of invasions, conquests, and migrations, of kings and queens, of wars and revolutions, and of the development of a unique and diverse culture.The earliest inhabitants of the British Isles were the Celts, who arrived around 500 BC. They were followed by the Romans, who invaded in 43 AD and ruled for nearly 400 years. In the 5th century, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes arrived from northern Europe and established the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Wales.In 1066, the Normans invaded England and brought with them a new language, culture, and government. This period saw the development of the English language and the establishment of the monarchy. In the 16th century, England began to expand its empire, colonizing North America, India, and other parts of the world.The 18th century saw the Industrial Revolution, which transformed the country and made it one of the most powerful nations in the world. In the 19th century, the British Empire reached its peak, ruling over a quarter of the world’s population.The 20th century saw two world wars, the decline of the British Empire, and the emergence of the United Kingdom as amodern, democratic nation. Today, the UK is a member of the European Union and a major player in world affairs. Its history is a fascinating and complex one, and its culture is unique and diverse.。

总结英国历史知识点九年级

总结英国历史知识点九年级英国历史是世界历史中极其重要的一部分，涵盖了众多的事件和人物。

在九年级的历史学习中，我们对英国历史进行了全面的总结，下面将对其中的知识点进行深入探讨。

1. 古代不列颠古代不列颠是英国历史的起源，最早的不列颠人生活在这片土地上，他们是一群原始部落。

他们信奉神秘的德鲁伊宗教，并留下了著名的巨石阵。

罗马帝国于公元43年征服不列颠，这标志着罗马文化的传播和英国与欧洲大陆的联系开始建立。

2. 中世纪的英国中世纪是英国历史上非常重要的时期。

在此期间，英国经历了众多王朝的更替和重要事件的发生。

最著名的英国王朝当属诺曼底王朝，这是威廉征服者在1066年入侵英国后建立的剑桥公爵朝代。

3. 韦斯特敏斯特宫作为英国政治和文化的象征，韦斯特敏斯特宫是英国历史上最重要的建筑之一。

自1042年以来，它一直是英国君主的居所和议会的会址。

它见证了英国历史上许多重大事件，如英国宗教改革、亨利八世与凯瑟琳·阿拉贡离婚以及英国议会的成立等。

4. 英国宗教改革英国宗教改革是英国历史上的重要事件之一。

亨利八世因为无法得到教宗对其离婚的同意，于是在1534年成立了英国国教，废除了罗马教廷的权威。

随着时间的推移，英国逐渐形成了独立和发展的国教体系，并由此引发了一系列的宗教冲突。

5. 英国殖民扩张英国是世界上最强大的殖民主义国家之一，殖民扩张是英国历史的重要组成部分。

在16世纪至20世纪，英国在全球范围内建立了庞大的殖民帝国。

通过控制殖民地的资源和人口，英国成为了世界上最大的海洋霸主之一。

6. 工业革命工业革命是英国历史上的重大转折点。

18世纪末到19世纪初，英国发生了一系列的工业革命，标志着从传统的手工制造业向机械化和工厂制造的转变。

这一变革对英国社会和全球经济产生了深远影响，使英国成为了工业和贸易强国。

7. 第一次世界大战第一次世界大战对英国带来了巨大的冲击。

英国和其它盟国在1914年至1918年期间与德国和其它中央同盟国进行了激烈的战斗。

高三历史英国史知识点

高三历史英国史知识点高三历史——英国史知识点英国历史作为世界历史的一个重要组成部分，承载着丰富的文化与历史遗产。

以下是关于英国史的一些重要知识点。

1. 古代不列颠古代不列颠是英国历史的起源，该地区的原始居民经历了几个重要的时期，包括石器时代、青铜时代和铁器时代。

罗马人在公元43年征服不列颠，直到公元410年离开。

罗马统治结束后，安格鲁-撒克逊人和维京人相继进入该地区，对不列颠地区产生了深远的影响。

2. 中世纪英格兰中世纪英格兰是一个封建社会，由盎格鲁-撒克逊统治者和诺曼征服者组成。

威廉一世于1066年成功征服英格兰，建立起诺曼底王朝。

英国基督教改革运动在16世纪时期兴起，亨利八世脱离罗马教廷，建立起英国国教。

3. 英国帝国的崛起英国帝国的崛起是英国历史上的一个重要时期，该时期英国成为世界上最大的殖民帝国之一。

16世纪末开始，英国开始在全球范围内建立殖民地，如北美洲、加勒比海地区、澳大利亚和印度等地。

4. 英国的工业革命英国的工业革命是现代工业化的开端，从18世纪末到19世纪初期发生。

英国在农业、纺织、挖煤和交通运输等方面引入了许多创新技术，如蒸汽机、纺纱机和铁路等。

这一时期英国经济得到极大发展，成为世界上第一个工业化国家。

5. 英国的政治发展英国的政治制度经历了漫长而复杂的发展。

1066年的诺曼征服后，英国王室开始集权统治，但随着时间的推移，国会的权力逐渐增加。

传统上，英国的政府是个立宪君主制，国王和议会共同执政。

英国成为欧洲第一个实行议会民主制度的国家。

6. 英国的文化贡献英国在文化上有着重要的贡献，其文学、音乐、戏剧和科学等领域具有世界影响力。

英国文学巨匠如莎士比亚和狄更斯闻名世界，音乐家如贝多芬和莫扎特也受到英国文化的影响。

7. 英国的两次世界大战20世纪初，英国在两次世界大战中发挥了重要的角色。

第一次世界大战期间，英国与其盟友抗击德国；第二次世界大战期间，英国与盟国共同对抗法西斯轴心国。

Chapter 2The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)

Chapter 2The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)教学课时：4H目的和要求：了解最早的不列颠居民（公元前5000年—公元55年），罗马人的入侵（公元前55年—公元410年），盎格鲁-撒克逊人的入侵（公元446年-公元871年），丹麦人的入侵以及1066年诺曼征服。

教学方法：通过提问引出所讲内容；先由学生根据课前预习回答问题，然后由教师进行补充、修正和总结；同时，通过图片展示，使学生对英国的一些历史古迹等有直观了解教学手段：课件演示教学重点和难点：1、the early settlers (the Iberians, the Beaker Folk, the Celts, the Stonehenge)2、Roman Invasion (the Roman contribution)3、the Hadrian‟s Wall4、the Anglo-Saxons (its contribution)5、the Heptarchy6、the Witan and the Privy Council7、the V iking and Danish invasions (“Alfred the Great”)8、the Norman Conquest (the Battle of Hastings, consequences of the Norman Conquest)课堂讨论：结合中国历史讨论the Hadrian‟s Wall, the Heptarchy, the Witan, Alfred the Great考核目标：1、the earliest settlers in Britain2、the Stonehenge3、Roman influence on Britain and its limitations4、basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons5、Heptarchy; Offa‟s Dyke; the Witan; the Privy Council6、King Alfred and his contributions7、the Norman Conquest and its consequences教学过程及内容：I. Early Settlers (5000 BC—55BC)1. The Iberians伊比利亚人（1）Who were the first known settlers (inhabitants) of Britain?The Iberians（2）When did they come to Britain?At 3000 BC during the New Stone Age（3）How do you know that the Iberians were the first known settlers to Britain?A. The proof is the long barrows (古墓冢) found, which were their communal burialmounds (公墓)B. the Stonehenge (圆形巨石群、阵):a.It is a circular group of large standing stones constructed before 2000 BC.b.It is regarded as one of the most important monuments of its kind in Europe.c.Exactly why it was built is unknown but it must have had religious and politicalsignificance.(There are many different ideas about the purpose of Stonehenge: it may have beena center of sun worship, and was perhaps an observatory)d.Some think the Stonehenge is associated with the Celts.2. The Beaker Folk宽口陶器人（以其铃、钟形宽口陶器而闻名）(1) When and where were they from?At about 2000 BC (at the early Bronze Age) the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland.(2)Why were they so called? (How did they take their name?)from their distinctive bell-shaped drinking vessels (or beakers)(3)How about their civilization? (What did they bring with them?)a)The art of pottery makingb)The ability to fashion (ornament with patterns) bronze toolsc)The custom of individual buriald)The hill forts (堡垒) and small fortified towns (筑堡城镇). The Maiden Castle is oneof the finest examples.3. The Celts(1) Who were the ancestors of the Scots, Welsh and Irish?The Celts were the ancestors of the Scots, Welsh and Irish(2) When and where were they from?They began to arrive about 700 BC, and may have come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium and Germany(3) What were these people?A.They were Practised farmers. They drained much of the marshlands and built houses ofwood and wickerwork with a weatherproof coating of mud.（带有抗风化的泥层）B.They were ironworkers.(4) What was their religion?Druidism（德鲁伊德教），the Druids—the wise men, astrologers, soothsayers（占卜者）II. Roman Britain (55BC—410AD)1. What do you know about the Roman invasion of Britain?(1)British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.(2)In 55 BC, the great Roman general Julius Caesar invaded Britain for the first time(partly to gather information about the island and partly to punish the Belgae who helped in fighting against the conquering Roman)the invasion was unsuccessful because of resistance, the successful invasion did not take place until nearly a century(3)In AD 43, Emperor Claudius invaded successfully(4)For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation, but it was never a totaloccupation.First, as a result of resistance; Secondly, Roman troops were often withdrawn fromBritain to fight in other parts of the Roman Empire.2. the Hadrian’s W all哈德良长城（公元2世纪，罗马皇帝哈德良下令修建的城墙，用于防御英格兰北部边境，抵抗克尔特部落的进攻）It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had occupied and conquered.(1)After the Roman occupation, the Romans met with fierce resistance and attacks from thetribes of Scotland. These people were called Picts（皮克特人）because of their “paintedfaces”. )(2)The Romans realized that they could not conquer them. So they withdrew from the north,and built two great walls, the Hadrian‟s Wall and the Antonine Wall, to resist the attacks) 3. the Roman contribution(1) they built a network of towns on their military camps with the capital of London(the suffix –caster or –chester in English place names—Lancaster, Winchester—derives from castra, the Latin word for camp.)(2) the Romans constructed a network of major and secondary roads. From London, roadsradiated all over the country.(3) The Romans made good use of Britain‟s natural resources. They built baths, temples,amphitheatres and beautiful villas.(4)The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.4. Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited?Although Britain became part of the Roman Empire, the Roman impact upon the Britons was surprisingly limited as a result of(1)the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.(2)The Romans and the Britons never intermarried during the 4 centuries.(3)The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) 盎格鲁-萨克逊人1. Who were the Anglo-Saxons?The Anglo-Saxons referred to the three Teutonic tribes（日而漫部落）who invaded Britain in the mid-5th century. They were Jutes, Saxons and Angles.--The Jutes 朱特人, from today‟s Denmark, came to Britain first for assistance to drive out the Picts and Scots.--Then the Saxons from northern German--The Angles who also came from northern German and were to give their name to the English people.2. How did the Heptarchy (七王国) come into being?During the Anglo-Saxon invasion, the three tribes named the Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles settled in different parts of Britain which was divided into many kingdoms. Among them, there were 7 principle kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. So they have been given the name of Heptarchy.3. Offa’s Dyke欧发大堤（古代英格兰的巨大土方工程。

exploring ancient english history -回复

exploring ancient english history -回复题目：探索古老的英格兰历史导语：古老的英格兰历史是一个引人入胜的话题。

回溯到古代，英格兰的历史就拥有丰富的遗产和独特的故事。

这篇文章将带领读者一步一步地回答关于古代英格兰历史的问题，从早期的居民到国王的统一，再到诺曼底入侵和中世纪的发展。

第一部分：早期英格兰早期英格兰的历史可以追溯到公元前5世纪。

那时候，岛上居住着一群被称为凯尔特人的部落。

他们主要以农耕、畜牧和狩猎为生，居住在小村庄中。

古罗马时期，罗马人征服了这片土地，并将其纳入了罗马帝国。

这个时期，英国开始有了城市和道路的建设，并且文化上也受到了罗马传统的影响。

第二部分：盎格鲁-撒克逊入侵公元5世纪末，罗马人撤退后，北欧的盎格鲁-撒克逊人开始向英格兰移民。

这些新来的人民带来了他们自己的语言、宗教和社会结构。

他们逐渐占据了岛上的大部分地区，并建立了自己的王国。

一系列的盎格鲁-撒克逊王国相互对立，直到公元9世纪晚期，一位名叫阿尔弗雷德大帝的国王将这些王国统一起来。

第三部分：诺曼底入侵公元1066年，威廉征服者率领诺曼军队入侵英格兰。

在哈斯丁斯战役中，威廉击败了英格兰国王哈罗德二世，并成功占领了英格兰。

这次入侵带来了重大的政治、社会和文化变革。

诺曼底人引入了许多法律和公共制度，并且修建了许多耸立的城堡和大教堂。

第四部分：中世纪发展中世纪是英格兰历史上一个重要的时期。

从11世纪到15世纪，英格兰经历了各种变革和挑战。

十字军东征、宗教改革和百年战争等事件塑造了英格兰的格局。

中世纪还见证了许多权力斗争，包括国王与贵族之间的冲突以及王权与教权之间的斗争。

结语：古老的英格兰历史承载着许多故事和事件，这些都对塑造英国的现代社会和文化有着巨大的影响。

从早期的居民到国王的统一，再到诺曼底入侵和中世纪的发展，英格兰经历了波澜壮阔的历史变迁。

通过对英格兰古代历史的探索，我们可以更好地了解这个国家的根源和发展轨迹，并从中汲取智慧和启示。

英美概况（英国篇2：英国的起源（公元前5000年-1066年））3

V．The Norman Conquest (1066)诺曼征服（公元1066年）1．Reasons for William's invasion of England after Edward's death.威廉在爱德华死后⼊侵英国的原因。

It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.据说，爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤⼈会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。

公元1066年10⽉，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗德军队，同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。

2．The Norman Conquest and its consequences诺曼征服及其产⽣的影响。

The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历的最事件。

英语国家概况精讲系列（三）

Chapter 2第⼆章The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)英国的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）早期的居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）1．The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.⼈们所知的英国最早居民是伊⽐利来⼈。

2． At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽⼝陶器⼈。

3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前700年，克尔特⼈来到不列颠岛。

4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.克尔特⼈来到不列颠有三次⾼潮。

The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第⼀次⾼潮是约公元前600年盖尔⼈的来临。

The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第⼆次⾼潮是约公元前400年布⽴吞（不列颠）⼈的抵达。

The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年⽐利其⼈的到达。

II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)罗马⼈统治时期的英国（公元前55年—410年）1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, aRoman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britainsuccessfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never atotal occupation.有记录的英国历史开始于罗马⼈的⼊侵。

【阅】英国历史-中世纪早期（一）1066-1100

【阅】英国历史-中世纪早期（一）1066-1100诺曼公爵在Hastings战役中取胜后，成为了英格兰的国王：William I （威廉一世）。

这时他的领土包括英格兰以及本来属于他的法国领土诺曼底。

但是从1067至1070年，英格兰却战火连连——不断有人起义反抗这个从法国来的君王。

战事平息后，威廉一世对全英格兰进行了大改革，罢免了众多英格兰籍的主教，也在晚期对全国土地及其价值进行了一次统计，结果记录于Doomsday Book（末日审判书）。

原本属于英格兰贵族的土地被分给了他的法国贵族们。

为什么要这么做？这跟中世纪的权利结构有关。

如果我们划一个大圆表示一个国家的领土，那么在这个大圆里实际由国王直接管辖的范围其实只是一个很小的圆圈，而大圆内其他地方都是由magnates（巨头、大亨，如各种侯爵）统治，而magnates的土地又一层一层往下分，到骑士这个拥有土地的低级别贵族。

社会末端是无土地阶级农奴。

这些magnates向国王尽忠，国王也为他们提供政治保护，以及给予一定的恩惠。

所谓向国王尽忠，主要是指在受国外侵略或国内反抗时，magnates给国王提供军事援助。

这样看来，跟这些magnates维持好稳定平和的关系至关重要，因为这直接会影响国家局势的安危。

威廉一世驾崩（1087年）后，他的领土分给了两个儿子：Robert 和Willian.前者得到了诺曼底领地，而William得到了英格兰地区，成为William II（威廉二世）。

作为长子的Robert非常不满，认为自己理应得到父亲的全部领土，同时，一些magnates也响应了Robert的号召，想把William从英格兰王位赶下去。

原因很简单：作为臣子侍奉二主可是件很麻烦的事。

夹在两王中间，人人自危。

面对这一切不利条件，William当然不愿那么轻易认输，他还想把诺曼底给收到自己的统治之下。

眼看着一场战争不可避免。

这时却发生了一件意想不到的事。

由于圣城耶路撒冷被穆斯林人占领，时任教皇Pope Urban II到各国巡回演讲，鼓舞基督教成员国联合起来夺回圣城。