Ode To Nightingale解析

合集下载

ode to a nightingale中英对照

ode to a nightingale中英对照"Ode to a Nightingale" is one of the most celebrated poems written by John Keats. Through this ode, Keats explores the themes of nature, mortality, and the transformative power of art. Below is a Chinese-English comparison of some key aspects and interpretations of the poem.1. Theme of Nature:In the poem, Keats is captivated by the nightingale's song and its connection to the natural world. He feels a deep appreciation for the beauty of nature and seeks to escape the troubles of life through an immersion in its sights and sounds.Chinese: 《莺啼赋》中，济慈被夜莺的歌声所吸引，并感受到它与自然界的联系。

他对自然的美感到无比赞叹，试图通过沉浸在自然景观的声色中来逃离生活中的烦恼。

2. Mortality and Transience:Keats reflects upon the transient nature of life, symbolized by the fleeting song of the nightingale. He longingly considers the bird's timeless existence and ponders the brevity of human life. This exploration of mortality serves as a reminder of the ephemeral nature of existence.Chinese: 济慈反思了生命的短暂性，以夜莺歌声瞬间即逝为象征。

致云雀英语原文注释

致云雀英语原文注释《致云雀》是一首著名的英语诗歌，也被称为《致雀鸟》或《鸟儿之歌》，由英国诗人约翰·基茨（John Keats）创作于1819年。

这首诗以优美的语言和丰富的意象表达了诗人对自由、美丽和逝去的渴望。

下面是《致云雀》的原文注释：Ode to a Nightingale.My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains.My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,。

Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains.One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,。

But being too happy in thine happiness,—。

That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees.In some melodious plot.Of beechen green, and shadows numberless,。

Singest of summer in full-throated ease.1. "Ode to a Nightingale"，这是诗歌的标题，直译为《致云雀》。

2. "My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains"，我的心痛，一种昏昏欲睡的麻木感折磨着我。

3. "My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk"，我的感觉，仿佛我喝了毒芹汁。

4. "Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains"，或者将某种乏味的麻醉剂排空到下水道。

约翰济慈明诗《夜莺颂》欣赏

约翰济慈明诗《夜莺颂》欣赏[摘要]约翰济慈(John Keats)是十九世纪英国浪漫主义时期的杰出诗人。

他的名作《夜莺颂》(ode tonightingale)是作者创造力最旺盛年代的作品，同时又由于作者身患绝症，自觉不久于人世而创作的，因此诗歌里渗透着对青春的渴望和对死亡的恐惧心理。

[关健词]浪漫主义济慈夜莺颂在诗歌的第一节里，诗人主要描写夜莺的歌声给诗人带到了飘飘欲仙的忘我境界，在艰难的现实生活里，诗人感到无情命运对其压迫产生的饿痛楚：My heart aches，and a drowsy numbness painMv sense，as though of hemlock I had drunk诗人的心里痛苦，困顿麻木，就象吃了鸦片一样，但是痛苦带来的麻木又使诗人感到一丝慰藉：Or emptied some dull opiate to the drainsOne minute past，and Lethe-wards had sunk；列撕忘川是哈帝斯冥城里的一条让人忘记过去的河流。

作者通过引用这日引吭高歌，并且这种欢快的声音在某种程度上引起诗人的嫉妒：This not through envy of the happy lot,But being too happy in thine happiness在第一节诗里’作者先用现实生活带来的饿痛苦感受来引出夜莺快乐的情感，这种矛盾修饰辞法(paradox)大大加强了诗歌的戏剧效果，让人更感受到夜莺歌声的魅力，从而自然引出了夜莺歌声而产生的快乐意境。

在第二节里，诗人通过运用了通感修辞手法(synesthesia)把夜莺的歌声比作温酿可口的清醇的葡萄酒葡萄酒产生于法国南部的普鲁旺斯省(Provencal)这一带地区气候温暖湿润，阳光明媚，是一处宜人可爱的地方一樽珍藏在地窖多年的美酒就更加清醇可口了，在这里，诗人联想力得到了极大的发挥：听着夜莺的歌声就象喝下了清醇的美酒。

英文诗歌鉴赏对比研究-夜莺颂（济慈）和我孤独地漫游-像一朵云（华兹华斯）

IntroductionThe names Wordsworth and Keats are to a certain extent tantamount to Romanticism, especially from the perspective of modern academics.John Keats's "Ode to a Nightingale" and William Wordsworth's "I wandered lonely as a cloud" seem to have been written with the intention of describing a moment in one's life, like that of the fleeting tune of a nightingale or the discovery of a field of daffodils by a lake. Within each of these moments a multitude of emotions are established, with each morphing from one to another very subtly. What are also more subtle about these two poems are their differences. While they do touch on very similar topics, the objects used to personify Keats' ideas on death and immortality differs from Wordsworth's ideas on an inherent unity between man and nature. Thus, the ideas represented by them do diverge at different points in the poems as well.Comparison of John Keats's "Ode to a Nightingale" and William Wordsworth's "I wandered lonely as a cloud"JohnKeats uses this beauty to create a central theme in one of his prominent poems, "Ode to a Nightingale". The beauty in "Ode to a Nightingale" is that of the Nightingale's song. The beautiful song of the nightingale is reminding the poet of his own mortality by singing to his senses. It is the beauty that he sees in the world which makes it apparent that society is destined to perish and die. Keats shows the deepest expression of human mortality in this poem as he discusses the relationship to mature age and how it compares to the fluid song of the Nightingale. The man in the poem longs to flee from the world he lives and join the bird in its world.Keats's symbolism of the Nightingale and the contrast between life and death reveals his changing view of life resulting in the belief of death being his means to overcome pain. Keats begins this revelation by describing the beauty of life, but his use of fantasy words foreshadows a change in his outlook. By using the symbolism of the nightingale, Keats becomes uncertain of his view of life and begins to ponder theconcept of death. In the conclusion, Keats feels deceived by the nightingale's representation of life, and desires death to overcome his pain instead of enduring it in life.As Keats continues his thoughts, he becomes more and more skeptical of life. Fascinated by the nightingale, Keats recognizes the bird's innocence: "What thou among the leaves hast never known, /The weariness, The fever, and the fret". One would fret when uneasy or uncertain towards a matter. Keats reveals that the nightingale is oblivious to the concept of death as it sings its melody. The nightingale is completely free for it does not know about death. Keats becomes tormented by the innocence and freedom of the bird, as all of Keats' uncertainties regarding life and death overwhelm him: "Where but to think is to be full of sorrow". Living his life brings a constant reminder of his pain, driving Keats to change his opinion of life and death.Similarly, as a great poet of nature, William Wordsworth wrote many famous poems to express his love for nature, one of which is "I wandered lonely as a cloud". In the narrative poem, the poet successfully compared his loneliness with the happy and vital daffodils. The daffodils, the symbol of the nature, bring great joy and relief to the speaker. So Wordsworth's conception of nature is that nature has a lot to do with man, it can not only refresh one's soul and fill one with happiness, but it can also be reduced into a beautiful memory which will comfort one's heart when in solitude.I chose the poem "I wandered lonely as a cloud" by William Wordsworth because I like the imagery in it of dancing daffodils. Upon closer examination, I realized that most of this imagery is created by the many metaphors and similes Wordsworth uses. In the first line, Wordsworth says "I wandered lonely as a cloud". This is a simile comparing the wondering of a man to a cloud drifting through the sky.I suppose the wandering cloud is lonely because there is nothing up there that high in the sky besides it. It can pass by unnoticed, touching nothing. Also, the image of a cloud brings to mind a light, carefree sort of wandering. The cloud is not bound by any obstacle, but can go wherever the whim of the wind takes it.This simple poem, one of the loveliest and most famous in the Wordsworthcanon, revisits the familiar subjects of nature and memory, this time with a particularly (simple) spare, musical eloquence. The plot is extremely simple, depicting the poet's wandering and his discovery of a field of daffodils by a lake, the memory of which pleases him and comforts him when he is lonely, bored, or restless. Romantic poet William Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" extols the virtue of nature and highlights the value of participating in its beauty.ConclusionIn "Ode to a Nightingale" and" I wandered lonely as a cloud ", both poems tells of an experience in which the human characters encounters nature in the poems, and the experiences are handled quite differently in the two poems. Natures have always held significance in human lives. They achieved heights unattainable to humans and sung while they did that. These two poets use nature as their muse and also symbolically for the human experience. The two poems, "Ode to a Nightingale" and "I wandered lonely as a cloud", clearly portray both of the poets' treatment on the idea of escape.Both poems construct vivid illusions but insist on their desolating failure. The poems do seem similar in several ways because in both, Keats and Wordsworth do portray symbols of realism while depicting the nature, as well as the spectrum of emotions from grief to joy. The central themes of the two poems are neither a nightingale nor a daffodil, but, the poets' eternal search for a center of refuge in a world of flux. It is through such a conception that Keats and Wordsworth sets to resolve the dichotomy between the world of the ideal and that of reality within the order of experience.Reference[1]Plumly, Stanley.: "The immortal evening: a legendary dinner with Keats, Wordsworth, and Lamb." New Y ork; London: Norton, 2014. pp. 368. (2014)[2]Lau, Beth.: review of Stillinger, Jack. "Romantic complexity: Keats, Coleridge, and Wordsworth." Studies in Romanticism (47:3) 2008, 420-5. (2008)[3]Horrell, William C.: review of Milnes, Tim. "The truth about Romanticism: pragmatism and idealism in Keats, Shelley,Wordsworth and Coleridge."Wordsworth Circle (42:4) 2011, 266-9. (2011)[4]Burkett, Andrew.: review of Roe, Nicholas. "John Keats: a new life." Studies in Romanticism (54:1) 2015, 138-42. (2015)[5]Michael, Timothy.: review of Milnes, Tim. "The truth about Romanticism: pragmatism and idealism in Keats, Shelley, Coleridge." Romanticism (19:1) 2013, 101-3. (2013)[6]Scott, Matthew.: "Wordsworth among the Romantics." In (pp. 749-66) Gravil, Richard; Robinson, Daniel (eds). The Oxford handbook of William Wordsworth. Oxford; New Y ork: [2015:458328]. (2015)[7] Wu, Duncan.: "Wordsworth and sensibility." In (pp. 467-81) Gravil, Richard; Robinson, Daniel (eds). The Oxford handbook of William Wordsworth. Oxford; New Y ork [2015:458328]. (2015)。

ode to a nightingale

ode to a nightingale《夜莺颂》John Keats 约翰·济慈Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!No hungry generations tread thee down;The voice I hear this passing night was heardIn ancient days by emperor and clown:Perhaps the self-same song that found a path Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home, She stood in tears amid the alien corn;The same that oft-times hathCharmed magic casements, opening on the foam Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.在失掉了的仙域里引动窗扉饿的世代无法将你蹂躏永生的鸟,你不会死去今夜,我偶然听到的歌曲当使古代的帝王和村夫喜悦或许这同样的歌也曾激荡露丝忧郁的心,使她不禁落泪站在异邦的谷田里想著家就是这声音常常一个美女望著大海险恶的浪花1.Thou wast not born for death, immortal B ird! A2.No hungry generations tread thee d own; b3.The voice I hear this passing night was h eard a4.In ancient days by emperor and cl own: b5.Perhaps the self-same song that found a p ath c6.Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home, d7.She stood in tears amid the alien corn; e8.The same that oft-times h ath c9.Charmed magic casements, opening on the foam d10.Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn. eThou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!No hungry generations tread thee down;The voice I hear this passing night was heardIn ancient days by emperor and clown:Perhaps the self-same song that found a pathThrough the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,She stood in tears amid the alien corn;The same that oft-times hathCharmed magic casements, opening on the foamOf perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.7Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird! 永生的鸟,你不会死去wast：古代用法，be的第二人称单数过去式。

ode to a nightingale

• And the at end of the Ode, the poet have to leave the imaginary world, so we may feel that the pain is deeper than ever before.
• John Keats„ poem “Ode to a Nightingale” explores the paradoxes(矛盾） of immortality（永生） and death, beauty and truth, and imagination and reality. Its main concept is about temporary changes in life, such as those brought about by art forms that take one away from reality into a world of imagination and fantasy, only to return the individual to the world. The nightingale in the poem serves as a metaphor for immortality; nature is always dying but always alive, forever changing but always the same.
• In the sixth stanza, the poet show us the conflict between death and live. Keats were facing the serious disease which at that time was unable to be treated, and only left to death. He is frightened and do not wants to die. • So the conflict show that the poet consider death as a new life.

英国文学简史名词解释

1，什么叫文艺复兴The Renaissance (“rebirth” in French) was a cultural and intellectural movement that spanned roughly the 14th through the 17 century, beginning in Italy and later spreading to the rest of Europe 2，Renaissance is considered as the great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, and is also usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world.2，什么叫玄学派诗歌the Metaphysical school of poetryI. Definition: A school of highly intellectual（智力的）poetryTime: the early 17th centuryMajor features: mysticism in content and fantasticality in form; peculiar conceit（奇思妙想）, unique way of reasoning and comparisonMain themes: life, death, love, religion, universeRepresentatives: John Donne, Andrew Marvell and George HerbertSignificance: greatly influenced the modernists of the 20th centuryII. Metaphysical conceits悬想比喻，奇喻，别出心裁的比喻Conceit: an elaborate metaphor that offers a surprising or unexpected comparison between two seemingly highly dissimilar things. This can involve original images or familiar images used in an unfamiliar way.Literature in This Age: The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement throughout in Europe known as Enlightenment. It was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century and Russia in the 19th Century.In late 17th and early 18th century England, there was a change of taste, which was part of a general movement in Europe, seen perhaps most impressive in 17th century France. The dominant literary theory of this period was “Neoclassicism”.Literary Genre文学流派Generally speaking, literature of the 18th century was very complex. We may classify it under three general heads: the reign of classicism, the pre-romantic poetry, and the beginning of modern novel.3，什么是启蒙运动Enlightenment (1) a progressive intellectual movement(2) flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe(3) aims at enlightening the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas; celebrated reason (4) called for a reference to order, reason and rules4，什么是前浪漫主义Pre-RomanticismWhen did Pre-romanticism appear? in the latter half of the 18th centuryWhat are the major features of Pre-romanticism?1)Romantic Revival;2)Strong protest against the bondage ofClassicism; 3)Claims of passion and emotion;4)Renewed interests in medievalliterature.Who are the representatives? William Blake and Robert BurnsWhat’s the significance?marked the decline of classicismPaved the way for the coming of romanticism in England5，什么叫Byron hero: Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is to right all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and he would fight single-handedly against all the misdoings. These heroes rise against tyranny and injustice, but they are merely lone fighters striving for personal freedom and some individualistic ends.1. epic 史诗a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroic ideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.3. alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4. alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard – with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5. kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and association. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as ―helmet bearer‖ for ―warrior‖ and ―swan road‖ for ―sea‖.8. romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containing adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.11. heroic couplet 英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.12. ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ ―A Red, Red Rose‖ is a great love ballad.14. English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance. 15. Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学literature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603). William Shakespea re’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period.16. sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.20. rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are ―aabbcc‖ and so on.21. quatrain 四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaic forms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ ―A Red, Red Rose‖ has four quatrains.24. verse drama 诗剧drama written in the form of verse. It was most widely used in the Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous.25. blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespea re’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.27. essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexib le and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his ―Of Studies‖ isa model of good essay.28. English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelings and flourished in the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of ―Ode to the West Wind‖.Sonnet 18One of the best known of Shakespeare’s sonnets, Sonnet 18 is memorable for the skillful and varied presentatio n of subject matter, in which the poet’s feelings reach a level of rapture unseen in the previous sonnets. The poet here abandons his quest for the youth to have a child, and instead glories in the youth’s beauty.Initially, the poet poses a question—‖Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?‖—and then reflects on it, remarking that the youth’s beauty far surpasses summer’s delights. The imagery is the very essence of simplicity: ―wind‖ and ―buds.‖ In the fourth line, legal terminology—‖summer’s lease‖—is introduced in contrast to the commonplace images in the first three lines. Note also the poet’s use of extremes in the phrases ―more lovely,‖ ―all too short,‖ and ―too hot‖; these phrases emphasize the young man’s beauty.Although lines 9 through 12 are marked by a more expansive tone and deeper feeling, the poet returns to the simplicity of the opening images. As one expects in Shakespeare’s sonnets, the proposition that the poet sets up in the first eight lines—that all nature is subject to imperfection—is now contrasted in these next four lines beginning with ―But.‖ Although beauty naturally declines at some point—‖And every fair from fair sometime declines‖—the youth’s beauty will not; his unchanging appearance is atypical of nature’s steady progression. Even death is impotent against the youth’s beauty. Note the ambiguity in the phrase ―eternal lines‖: Are these ―lines‖ the poet’s ver ses or the youth’s hoped-for children? Or are they simply wrinkles meant to represent the process of aging? Whatever the answer, the poet is jubilant in this sonnet because nothing threatens the young man’s beautiful appearance.Then follows the concludi ng couplet: ―So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.‖ The poet is describing not what the youth is but what he will be ages hence, as captured in the poet’s eternal verse—or again, in a hoped-for child. Whatever one may feel about the sentiment expressed in the sonnet and especially in these last two lines, one cannot help but notice an abrupt change in the poet’s own estimate of his poetic writing. Following the poet’s disparaging reference to his ―pupil pen‖ and ―barren rhyme‖ in Sonnet 16, it comes as a surprise in Sonnet 18 to find him boasting that his poetry will be eternal.John Keats认为，夜莺的歌声是美妙绝伦的，是不朽的，是永恒的，将世世代代的唱下去。

诗人约翰济慈(英文版)

这样子每个翌日的清晨我们编织绚丽的彩带把自己跟尘世系牢不管失望沮丧也不管无情的人缺少高贵的天性不管愁苦的岁月不管我们在求索过程中那满是危险晦暗的道路
“Beauty is truth, truth beauty” 美即是真，真即是美
——
Introduction Life Story
Works His Position in English Literature
1.Ode to a Nightingale “夜莺颂“
2.On a Grecian Urn“希腊古瓮颂”
3. On Melancholy “忧郁颂”
4.
Short Poems
When I have Fear“当我害怕的时候”
TO Autumn “秋颂” On the Grasshopper and the Cricket“蛐蛐与蟋蟀” Bright Star “闪亮的星星”
5. 6.
7.
8. O Solitude “哦，孤独”
1.Endymion《恩底弥翁》 2.Isabella 《伊莎贝拉》
Five long poems
3.The Eve of St. Agnes 《圣亚尼节前夜》
mia 《莱米亚》
5.Hyperion 《赫坡里昂》
1.Ode to a Nightingale “夜莺颂”
Introduction
John Keats (1795-1821) >One of the 2nd generation of romantic poets >Famous as Byron and Shelley >Outstanding representative of European Romantic Movement

英国浪漫主义诗歌中夜莺意象

摘要每首诗歌都有它独特的形式和元素，这些元素包括：韵律、语调、意象和主题。

就本质上说，“意象”一词是属于诗歌的，意象就是诗歌的灵魂，因此，意象在读者理解诗歌的过程中扮演着重要角色。

英国浪漫主义诗歌中的意象表现极其丰富，其中最常见的是“夜莺”意象。

本文首先介绍意象的概念、分类及它在诗歌中的重要作用，其次根据几位英国浪漫主义诗人的代表诗作对诗歌中所含有的夜莺意象进行大致归类，再次结合几位代表诗人各自的生活背景及成长经历比较分析英诗中的夜莺意象的异同点，最后总结夜莺意象在英国浪漫主义时期下的成因及意义。

关键词：英国浪漫主义诗歌；夜莺；意象ABSTRACTPoetry has its unique form and elements. These elements include rhyme, tone, image and theme. And in essence, image is the soul of poetry, so it plays an important role in understanding the poetry. The images in English Romantic poetry perform a very rich forms, the most common image is the ―Nightingale‖ image.This paper first introduces the definition and classification and the importance of image in poetry. Second comes up with three types of nightingale images after analyzes some major Romantic poets‘poems. Third combines the background and their life experience of poets with their nightingale images, comes to summarize the similarities and differences of nightingale images in poems. Last, points out the causes and significance of nightingale image under that historical background.Key words：English Romantic poetry; Nightingale; imageContents1．Introduction (51)2. The image in poetry (52)2.1 The definition and classification of Image (52)2.2 The function of poetic Image (53)3. Three types of Nightingale image (55)3.1 Nightingale of myth-based (56)3.2 Description on nightingale‘s life habits (57)3.3 Expression of inner feelings (58)4. The Nightingale and Romantic poets (60)4.1 William Wordsworth‘s To a Skylark--the sad and disparaging nightingale (60)4.2 John Keats‘ Ode to a Nightingale--the happy and sad nightingale (61)5．The historical reasons of Nightingale image (65)6．Conclusion (66)Acknowledgements (67)References (68)1．IntroductionPoetic image is the factor and soul of poetry [1]1. English romantic poets tend to be the creator of the poetic images. They use their symbolic imagery to express, while the image is a typical product of the Romantic imagination and creativity. Actually, the process of creating a poem is a kind of process in which the poet will select suitable concrete objects to be the poetic images, and construct the poetic image to express his subjective feelings. Lots of critics have made fruitful research on the images of the English romantic poetry: the moon, the lark, and the nightingale. Rich images have been represented in English Romantic poetry, in which the most seen are birds, especially skylark and nightingale, which are vividly and profoundly depicted [2]55. However, there are still some problems or insufficiencies in the research. The scholars used to display all the poems of English poets, rather than only confined to the English Romanticism period. Some others only represented two books which written about nightingale of two poets and compared them to each other. Also, most scholars tended to explain how many kinds of images that English romantic poets had used in their poems, and nearly just focused on researching the nightingale image. This thesis comes up with three types of nightingale images after analyzing several famous Romantic poems, and summarizes the similarities and differences of nightingale images in different poet‘s poem. At last, points out the causes and significance of nightingale image under that historical background.2. The image in poetryIn the world of poetry theory, people widely accepted the significance and constructive ability of image. The concrete image that can be felt produces the meaning and whole aesthetic effect of poetry. This special ability of image comes from the image‘s unique nature and function. The funct ion of image completes the expression of the whole meaning of poetry. The image has the function of description, expression, symbolic signification [3]116. In the system of image, every image not only influences other images but also be influenced.2.1 The definition and classification of Image2.1.1 The definition of ImageThe image first appeared in classical Chinese bible Yi Jing more than two thousand years ago. ―Books cannot represent thoroughly what we want to say and words cannot express completely what we want to say,‖ and ―The saint created image to imply what he wants to say and to express to the world.‖ [4]1. And the word ―image‖ derives from old French image or Latin word imaginem. It appears in Middle English and then rises up as a popular jargon of advertising and public relations.However, until now, there isn‘t an exact definition of image. There only some basic definitions in dictionaries.(1)A physical likeness or representation of a person, an animal, or an object photographed, painted, sculptured, or otherwise made visible.(2)An optical counterpart or appearance of an object, as is produced by reflection from a mirror, refraction by a lens, or the passage of luminous rays through a small aperture and their reception on a surface.(3)A mental representation; idea; conception.(4)Psychology. A mental representation of something previously perceived, in the absence of the original stimulus.(5)A description of something in speech or writing.(6)Rhetoric. A figure of speech, esp. a metaphor or a simile.And according to these definitions, philosophers and poets draw the conclusions that image has deep relation to our sight first, then has deep relation to our mind and psyche, and the last to writing and rhetoric.Ezra Pound definite image as ―An image is that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant time.‖ [5]85So we can find that images consist of two parts: one is the emotion of the writers, and the other one is an object or a scene. Readers can understand the poet‘s emotion throug h the image that poet has produced.2.1.2 The classification of ImageThe poetic images have been divided into farewell image, homesickness image, sadness image, emotion image, love image, war image and leisure image in the past. Or on the other hand, they maybe classified into single image, compound image, and overlapping image. But these ways of classification are not effective enough to help readers to understand poems through the poetic images.A poetic image can be seen as a cognitive structure, and so it can be inferred that it relates to the mind first, and that human beings perceive the world with the aid of their senses, which are sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing, and action [4]17. And the six senses respond to imaginative are visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, and kinesthetic.So image in poetry can be divided into six categories. They are visual image, gustatory image, tactile image, auditory image, kinesthetic image, and olfactory image. Some poets use one sole image in their poems. For example, John Keats‘ To Autumn, the line ―Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn‖ [6]89 is an auditory image. However, most poets turn like to use more than two images in the same poem.2.2 The function of poetic ImageAs image is the soul of poetry, the combined function of image completes the expression of the whole meaning of poetry. The poetic image is of object-describing function, emotion-describing function and aesthetic function [1]. They can be explained as following:(1) Example. An image can be used to show what an idea might look like. It may be used to illustrate a concept that is being described of which the poet wants to tell others. This is object describing function.(2) Expression. An image can be used to add new information or express the poet‘s feeling and attitude. Poet may display his ideas or feelings or even make an ironic or emotional comment on something. This refers to emotion describing function.(3) Effects. An image can be used just to describe a beautiful or special scene in pets‘mind, no matter what the image is, it works out an aesthetic function.3. Three types of Nightingale imageIn the world, among all the animals perhaps the nightingale is the most familiar to English poets. In the western literary history, the poems about Nightingale are abundant, especially in English Romanticism poetry. Whether it is The Poetry Treasury or Norton Anthology of English Literature[7]61, there is a collection of a large number of the nightingale images in the poetry.The nightingale is a kind of European warbler of which songs are trilling, sweetly, and magnificent. The nightingale often gives people a sense of painful, because of its plaintive songs. And this is the image characterization of ―nightingale‖. The formation of this characterization is the Greek and Roman mythology.Nightingale image as the source of the ancient Greek and Roman mythology provides rich imagination for the British and American writers. In ancient poetry, the nightingale is used to be personified as a woman singer, and the identification of the nightingale with the female gender has been stable throughout literary history. From Homer and Aeschylus through Sappho and Virgil, all the way to Milton and Keats [8]34, the nightingale has been personified as a beautiful, sad, and full of attraction female presence. After hearing the pathetically chirping sound of the nightingale, writers reconstructed the ancient legends and legendary characters, and expressed their ideal life, and seek the true love.W illiam Blake‘s Songs of Innocence,John Keats‘s Ode to a Nightingale, and William Wordsworth‘s To a Skylark and so forth, English romantic poets have created different nightingale images in their poems. In these poems, nightingales contain different meanings and express the different feelings of poets.In terms of content, the poems can be divided into the following situations: First, some poets wrote nightingale based on its old myth; second, a part of poems focused on the description of nightingale‘s life habits; third, the nightingale image contained the poets own feelings, maybe happy or unhappy.3.1 Nightingale of myth-basedOne of Nightingale‘s beautiful and sad myths and legends comes from Ovid‘s book The Metamorphoses,Book 4 [7]61.In the ancient Greek, there was a King Pandion, he had two beautiful daughters named Procne and Philomela. Once the country was attacked by another country, at that time, the King of Thrace Tereus led his troops and came to help them. In order to thank Tereus, Athens determined to give his older daughter Procne to him. A few months later, Procne gave birth to a son, called Itylus. As Procne missed her sister very much, she asked Tereus to take her sister to Thrace. In his way home, Tereus found Philomela was quite delicate and beautiful, and therefore commit a rape on her. Then he cut off her tongue, and put her imprisoned in a poor small room in a forest. When he went back to Thrace, he lied to his wife that Philomela was dead. However Philomela spent in the prisoner for one year, she had never lost the determination of revenge. She wove her suffering into a blanket, trying to tell it to her sister. After Procne came to the forest, she realized everything and rescued her sister. Two sisters, then plan the revenge, and killed the little prince Itylus and made its meat dishes to the king. After the king knowing the truth, he wanted to kill the two sisters. At that moment, the forest gods appeared, and made them turn into three birds: Philomela turned into a nightingale, Procne turned into a swallow, and Tereus became a kind of bird called the hoopoe. From then on, every night in the ancient forests there will have the miserable ―Teru-Teru-‖ sounds, the ancient Greek poet thought it was Philomela that calling Tereus‘s name, telling her sad story. The song of the nightingale has been regarded as an expression of Philomela‘s sad plight.The sad legend deeply rooted in the cultural of the West. Now, the nightingale is associated with Philomela, and the burden of her song is her loss of voice, and her cruel betrayal by a man. A nd the word ―Philomela‖ itself now has a new meaning, means ―sad love song s‖. It often appears in Romantic poetry is more than a literary motif, and it is a migratory old world bird of the thrush family, renowned for its remarkable singing. It is the sad legend ofnightingale and the plaintive sound that inspired the poets and made it the most often seen image in their works.Geoffrey Hartman, in Evening Star and Evening Land, one of the best essays ever written on the nightingale, described the ―philomel moment‖ in English poetry as ―the post-prophetic moment, when the theme of loss merges with that of voice –when, in fact, a ‗lost voice‘ becomes the subject or moving force of poetic song‖ [9]35. What‘s missing in Hartman‘s argument is the positive range of emotion the nightingale calls forth. Throughout literary history, the nightingale always means loss and recompense. Sappho, in one of his poetic fragment, evokes the nightingale‘s joyful aspect, calling it ―the massager of spring, the sweet voiced nightingale.‖[10]Especially in Romantic poetry, the nightingale implies not only heartache and the grief, but also renewed vitality; not only autumnal melancholy, but also springtime rejoicing.In the 19th century, English poet Algernon Charles Swinburne described nightingale in his poems Itylus as the incarnation of Philomela. In the all ten stanzas, the first seven stanzas are all opened with ―O swallow, sister‖ or ―Sister, my sister‖, and at the beginning of the eighth stanza it turns into ―O sweet stray sister, O shifting swallow‖, these words showed Philomela‘s dissatisfaction towards her swallow sister. This poem is just writing upon nightingale‘s myths and legends.3.2 Description on n ightingale’s life habi tsNightingales appear so often in English and European poems that their associations of sweetness and romance have sunk to the level of banality. Because of this, attempts are rarely made to see any further relevance in the use of the bird.According to Encyclopedia Curley, nightingale is an old kind of bird, with reddish-brown coloring on the upper body, and grayish-brown below. It lives in Europe, and migrates to Africa for the winter. It is known for its pleasant voice. It is usually hidden in dense bush in order to catch insects for its food. However, nightingale is timid by nature, so it often appears in the night and people can only heard its singing in the daytime. These habits of nightingale have been turned into immortal verse in the British Roman tic poet Clare‘s poem TheNightingale’s Nest.And watched her while she sung; and her renownHath made me marvel that so famed a birdShould have no better dress than russet brown.Her wings would tremble in her ecstasy,And feathers stand on end, as ‘twe re with joy,And mouth wide open to release her heartOf its out-sobbing songs. (LL19-25). . .But if I touch a bush, or scarcely stirred,All in a moment stopt. I watched in vain;The timid bird had left the hazel bush,And at a distance hid to sing again. (LL28-31)[11]In this poem, the life habits and behavior of nightingale is quite obvious. In the first three lines, poet describes nightingale‘s feather and the brown color. Then Clare writes about the nightingale‘s w ings, mouth and its songs. In the last four lines, Clare tells us the timid nature of nightingale.His poems undergo a major reevaluation in the late 20th century and he is now often considered to be the most important poet among all the 19th-century poet s. Also, Jonathan Bate states that Clare was ―the greatest laboring-class poet that England has ever produced, no one has ever written more powerfully of nature‖ [12].3.3 Expression of inner feelingsMost poets compared nightingale to their real life and misfortune in order to use nightingale images in their poems, such as R. Barnefield‘s The Nightingale, W. Cowper‘s To the Nightingale, and Keats‘s Ode to a Nightingale; or some poets expressed their own opinions and views about the world and art through the mouth of the Nightingale, like Samuel Taylor Coleridge‘s The Nightingale.Samuel Taylor Coleridge goes on to articulate a new and distinctivelyRomantic approach to the representation of nature in poetry. According to Coleridge, nature and the real world are almost the same. It is not enough for the poet to be a detached observer of picturesque scenery [8]. In his poem The Nightingale, Coleridge tries to address the correlation between human consciousness and the natural world or between the material and spiritual world. When Milton addressed the nightingale like the most musical and melancholy bird, Coleridge said:A melancholy bird? Oh! Idle thought!In Nature there is nothing melancholy. (L14-15) [13]Coleridge rescued from nightingale mythic associations of mindless melancholy, and presented a flock of real birds that inhabit a real English grove in early springtime.But never elsewhere in one place I knewSo many nightingales; and far and near,In wood and thicket, over the wide grove,They answer and provoke each other‘s song,With skirmish and capricious passagings,And murmurs musical and swift jug jug,And one low piping sound more sweet than allStirring the air with such a harmony,That should you close your eyes, you might almostForget it was not day! (L55-64) [13]He stresses the division between his own mind and the beauty of the natural world. To Coleridge, the nightingale is a singer or fellow-poet whose voice embodied the powerful, transformative emotions of joy and love. The mind, to Coleridge, cannot take its feeling from nature and cannot falsely imbue nature with its own feeling; rather, the mind must be so suffused with its own joy that it opens up to the real, independent, ―immortal‖ joy of nature.4. The Nightingale and Romantic poetsEnglish romantic poets were the creators of the poetic images. They use their symbolic imagery to express, while the image is a typical product of the Romantic imagination and creativity. Nightingale was the most seen image in poems, the reason was the Romantic poets‘ interests in it. In English Romantic poetry, the image of nightingale is multifaceted, a symbol of happiness as well as sorrow, can be disparaging or respecting, while the image of skylark is always one and the same, a symbol of freedom and exhilaration.4.1 William Wordsworth’s To a Skylark--the sad and disparaging nightingaleWilliam Wordsworth was one of the romantic Lake Poets. He grew up in a rustic society, and spent a great deal of his time playing outdoors, in what he would later remember as a pure communion with nature.For Wordsworth, poetry is a natural expression of one‘s inner feelings, the emotional heart filled only to achievement good poetry; the other hand, ideology is also an important factor in poetry, W ordsworth instinctively reject ―frivolous but shallow thinking and language‖[14]6. Wordsworth‘s best poetry gives expression to objective truth about nature and about the ordinary men and women who live in close touch with nature. In his nature poetry, poet chased the innocent joy of childhood, thinking about social life, to express themselves on the pursuit of ideals. His poems of nature with nature itself, to the realm of things I blend. His natural carol To a Skylark reflects the characteristics of these poetic creations.In his poems, Wordsworth often compared skylark to nightingale, which was served as a foil.Ethereal minstrel! Pilgrim of the sky!Dost thou despise the earth where cares abound? (LL1-2). . .Leave to the nightingale her shady wood;A privacy of glorious light is thine. (LL13-14) [15]279From this poem, William Wordsworth reveals the joy and the heroic feeling of the poet when he gets up early in the morning. In the second section at the beginning of To a skylark, the Nightingale became a simple comparison with lark to highlight a more brilliant image of the lark and the feeling judgments of the poet. Here, nightingale image acts as a foil obviously. Wordsworth compares nightingale to lark only in order to laud the free and happy skylark. In this poem, Wordsworth plays down nightingale and puts a higher value of skylark.4.2 John Keats’Ode to a Nightingale--the happy and sad nightingaleJohn Keats, major English poet, despite his early death from tuberculosis at the age of 25. Although his literary career was short, John Keats is regarded as the summit of the English Romantic poets.One day when Keats was enjoying the tranquil, he heard the nightingale‘s song, and then he wrote the Ode to the Nightingale. In the poem, the poet seems to write the nightingale, but in fact he used the nightingale to express his colorful imagination and his inner feelings.At the beginning first stanza, the poet used the pain and happiness as conflict, through the happy nightingale, poet compared with his pain in heart, readers can feel the sad feeling of the poet and his wish that he would be as free and joyous as the nightingale.My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness painsMy sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,Or emptied some dull opiate to the drainsOne minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,But being too happy in thine happiness, (LL1-6) [15]At that time the poet‘s heart was insensitive by the disease and he was in a society of that kind when he heard the brisk song, he was shocked and was waken up. These we re shown in the words as ―aches and a drowsy numbness pains‖ and ―light-winged Dryad, full throated ease‖. S o the poet wanted some drink and tried to drown his sorrows in drink.O, for a draught of vintage! That hath beenCool‘d a long age in the deep-delved earth,Tasting of Flora and the country green,Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!. . .That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,And with thee fade away into the forest dim. (LL11-20) [15]The poet wanted a draught of vintage that would bring him to a new world, a world without sorrow and pain and full of sunshine and freedom. In Keats‘opinion, the real world flooded with painful things: sadness, sorrows, and oppression. So the poet wanted to be a nightingale and leave away from the mortal life.Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forgetWhat thou among the leaves hast never known,. . .Where but to think is to be full of sorrowAnd leaden-eyed despairs,Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow. (LL21-30)In this stanza, the poet seemed he was in the ideal world after hearing the nightingale‘s voice. In the beautiful night, driving in a comfortable cart, enjoyed the perfect life of himself. The poet was absorbed in his dream world which was beyond reality. At that time, the poet was very happy and even hoped to die inthis fancy world in order to get rid of the pain in the real world.However, the poet realized that although he was going to die, the voice of the nightingale was everlasting.Forlorn! the very word is like a bellTo toil me back from thee to my sole self!. . .Past the near meadows, over the still stream,Up the hill-side; and now ‘tis buried deepIn the next valley-glades:Was it a vision, or a waking dream?Fled is that music:—Do I wake or sleep? (LL71-80)And at the end of the Ode, the first two lines showed the poet had to leave the imaginary world, and he realized that it is negative to try to get away from the real world via the imaginary world. Then from the sixth line, nightingale was flying away, the poet came back to the reality. When poet came back to the real world, he found his pain came deeper ever than before.The nightingale in this poem contains two different aspects. In the first stanza, it is happy, while in the following it becomes sad.The poet uses comparison and contrast in this poem. He compares his own life to nightingale, so the beautiful song of nightingale becomes the sad expression. This because of the poet‘s life experience: Throughout his life, John Keats was constantly surrounded by death. His father died when he was only 8 years old. And Keats‘s mother died of tuberculosis, the illness that had also stolen his brother, just sis years after. His career went quite unsmooth. Also, because of poverty, his girlfriend didn‘t want to marry him. Even himself, knew that he had tuberculosis when he was only 24. All these, made young Keats felt painful with his life and this world. He couldn‘t escape from his fate, there was no immortal in the world, and no one would have a life full of happiness, what one have was only beauty and laugh that lasted for a moment long.This poem describes a kind of desire of the poet when he heard the beautiful song of nightingale, and the beautiful melodies inspired the poet‘s inner desire for freedom and hope for get rid of the earthly pain and sadness.Keats‘s nightingale embodies a host of contradictions: it is immortal, yet it is also associated with ―easeful Death‖[16]. Apparently, the image of the nightingale was used as a joy, but in fact this fun image contained of the pain and the sorrow of the poet himself. Nightingale image is a kind of sadness.5．The historical reasons of Nightingale imageTo sum up the above statements, the reason why English Romantic poets like to use nightingale and why nightingale image is the most often seem image in the English Romantic Poetry can be concluded into three aspects.Firstly, nightingale has its own culture connotations. Nightingale comes from an old sad story, and this story makes nightingale a special image in expressing the inner feelings of the writers who have similar life experience of the nightingale in the story. In the old myth, the word ―Philomela‖ also contains a new meaning: ―sad love songs‖.Secondly, the nature of nightingale makes one side. As the nightingale has a timid nature and likes to stay at quiet places and sing alone by itself, despite its beautiful sound, poets turn to write nightingale in their poems to show it free from the earthly world and ignorance of the outer world.The last and the most important, the historical background of English Romanticism has made a deep influence on the poets. During the Romantic period, literature, art music and philosophy beginning as a reaction and protest against the bondage of rules and customs of neoclassicism. It was characterized by reliance on the imagination and subjectivity of approach, freedom of thought and expression, and an idealization of nature. It returned to nature and plain humanity for material and brought about a renewed interest in medieval literature. Under this history, the poems become pithy, easy-to-read, optimistic, and free style. However, the sound of nightingale is too exceedingly sentimental and extremely sad, so most poets reject and discriminate against nightingale in their poems, except John Keats.All in all, nightingale image is familiar to English Romantic poets and it is one of the most common themes in that period.To understand the nightingale image in English Romantic poetry should combine the nightingale image with poets‘ own life environment and historical background.6．ConclusionThe recurrent, stubbornly archetypal image of the nightingale enables readers of Romantic poetry to discern how the idea of nature, and indeed the very meaning of the word ―nature‖. The British Romantic writers formulated an innovative understanding the natural world.The above discussion of the nightingale image in the English Romanticism poetry is by no means comprehensive but we can summarize that the nightingale image in English poetry plays an important role and the nightingale image in English Romantic poetry is diverse. It may be expressed sadness or happiness, it may be praised and it can also be depreciated. However, the ultimate meaning of their symbolic case, it is unified, that is the traditional symbol of mourning. However, whichever poem nightingale image in, it is actually expressed the poet‘s own mind.。

夜莺颂赏析

Enjoy Ode to a NightingaleOde to a Nightingale is a poem written by John Keats in May 1819. John Keats was one of the well-known English Romantic poets in the 18th century. During his life, he wrote many famous poets, such as On a Greeian Urn、To Psyche and so on, having great influence on the later poets after his death.This poetry has eight stanzas, and when it came to vowel forms, Keats incorporated a pattern of alternating historically "short" and "long" vowel sounds in his ode. In particular, in " And purple-stained mouth" has the historical pattern of "short" followed by "long" followed by "short" and followed by "long". This alteration is continued in longer lines, including this sentence ("Away! away! for I will fly to thee") which contains five pairs of alternations. However, other lines, such as the sentence ("Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains") rely on a pattern of five "short" vowels followed by "long" vowel and "short" vowel pairings until it ends with a "long" vowel. These are not the only combination patterns present, and there are patterns of two "short" vowels followed by a "long" vowel in other lines, which are repeated twice and then followed up with two sets of "short" vowel and then "long" vowel pairs. Ode to a Nightingale describes a series of conflicts between reality and the Romantic ideal of uniting with nature, including the antitheses of pleasure and pain, of imagination and reality, of fullness and privation, of permanence and change, of nature and the human, of art and life, freedom and bondage, waking and dream. In the Ode, the nightingale's song is the dominant image and dominant "voice". Also the nightingale is the object of empathy and praisewithin the poem.However, the nightingale and the description of the nightingale are not simply about the bird or the song, but implies the author’s feelings and sprits. The poem ends with an acceptance that pleasure cannot last and that death is an inevitable part of life. In the poem, Keats imagines the loss of the physical world and sees himself dead—as a "sod" over which the nightingale sings. The contrast between the immortal nightingale and mortal man, sitting in his garden, is made all the more acute by an effort of the imagination.。

Ode toa Nightingale详细赏析

Intertwine of the two images
The poet falls into a reverie while listening to an actual nightingale sing. He feels joy and pain, an ambivalent response.
song of the nightingale."
Dominant thoughts in Keats’ Odes
1, nature is beautiful 2, the realms of art and poetry are wonderful 3, the human society contains inescapable misery
tree, where he sat for two or three hours. When he came into the house, I perceived he had some scraps of paper in his hand, and these
he was quietly thrusting behind the books. On inquiry, I found those scraps, four or five in number, contained his poetic feelings on the
summer, country pleasure and romantic provence.
Stanza III
Fade far away, dissolve21, and quite forget What thou amongst the leaves hast never known,

夜莺颂-济慈(英文)

John Keats - Ode to a NightingaleMy heart aches, and a drowsy numbness painsMy sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,Or emptied some dull opiate to the drainsOne minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,But being too happy in thine happiness, --That thou, light-winged Dryad of the treesIn some melodious plotOf beechen green, and shadows numberless, Singest of summer in full-throated ease.O, for a draught of vintage! that hath beenCool'd a long age in the deep-delved earth, Tasting of Flora and the country green,Dance, and Proven?al song, and sunburnt mirth!O for a beaker full of the warm South,Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,And purple-stained mouth;That I might drink, and leave the world unseen, And with thee fade away into the forest dim:Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forgetWhat thou among the leaves hast never known, The weariness, the fever, and the fretHere, where men sit and hear each other groan; Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs, Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies;Where but to think is to be full of sorrowAnd leaden-eyed despairs,Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow.Away! away! for I will fly to thee,Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,But on the viewless wings of Poesy,Though the dull brain perplexes and retards: Already with thee! tender is the night,And haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne, Cluster'd around by all her starry Fays;But here there is no light,Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways.I cannot see what flowers are at my feet,Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs,But, in embalmed darkness, guess each sweet Wherewith the seasonable month endowsThe grass, the thicket, and the fruit-tree wild;White hawthorn, and the pastoral eglantine;Fast fading violets cover'd up in leaves;And mid-May's eldest child,The coming musk-rose, full of dewy wine,The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves.Darkling I listen; and, for many a timeI have been half in love with easeful Death,Call'd him soft names in many a mused rhyme,To take into the air my quiet breath;Now more than ever seems it rich to die,To cease upon the midnight with no pain,While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroadIn such an ecstasy!Still wouldst thou sing, and I have ears in vain -- To thy high requiem become a sod.Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!No hungry generations tread thee down;The voice I hear this passing night was heardIn ancient days by emperor and clown:Perhaps the self-same song that found a path Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home, She stood in tears amid the alien corn;The same that oft-times hathCharm'd magic casements, opening on the foamOf perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.Forlorn! the very word is like a bellTo toll me back from thee to my sole self!Adieu! the fancy cannot cheat so wellAs she is fam'd to do, deceiving elf.Adieu! adieu! thy plaintive anthem fadesPast the near meadows, over the still stream,Up the hill-side; and now 'tis buried deepIn the next valley-glades:Was it a vision, or a waking dream?Fled is that music: -- Do I wake or sleep?。

中考英语诗歌创作技巧单选题40题

中考英语诗歌创作技巧单选题40题1. In the poem "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star", the rhyme scheme is which of the following?A. ABABB. AABBC. ABBAD. ABCB答案：A。

解析：在“Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star”这首诗中，第一行和第三行末尾单词“star”与“are”押韵，第二行和第四行末尾单词“high”与“sky”押韵，这种押韵方式是ABAB，即隔行押韵。

A选项符合这首诗的韵律特点。

B选项AABB是指相邻两行押韵，不符合该诗韵律。

C选项ABBA是一种特殊的押韵顺序，也不符合此诗。

D选项ABCB是指第一行与第三行不押韵，第二行与第四行押韵，不符合诗的实际情况。

2. The rhythm in a poem is often created by which of the following?A. The length of the stanzasB. The repetition of certain wordsC. The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllablesD. The use of capital letters答案：C。

解析：诗歌中的节奏通常是由重读音节和非重读音节的模式创建的。

A选项诗节的长度与节奏创建无关。

B选项某些单词的重复更多的是一种修辞手法，与节奏创建关系不大。

D选项大写字母的使用主要是语法和书写规范相关，和节奏创建没有关系。

C选项符合节奏创建的概念。

3. Which of the following best describes the end rhyme in the poem "The Raven"?A. Masculine rhymeB. Feminine rhymeC. Slant rhymeD. Eye rhyme答案：A。

Ode-to-a-Nightingale详细赏析ppt课件

'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot, But being too happy in thine happiness -That thou, light winged Dryad6 of the trees,
In some melodious plot7 Of beechen8 green, and shadows numberless9,
His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness and the perfection of form. Keats has always been known as a sensuous poet. His ability to appeal to the senses through language is virtually unrivaled.
song of the nightingale."
4
Dominant thoughts in Keats’ Odes
1, nature is beautiful 2, the realms of art and poetry are wonderful 3, the human society contains inescapable misery
Ode to a NightingaleJohn Keats
1
Questions
♬ Does this poem express only the speaker's rapture when he listens to the wonderful songs of the nighingale?
Where nut to think is to be full of sorrow And leaden-eyed24 despairs;

Ode to a Nightingale

“Ode to a Nightingale” 夜莺颂 by John Keats
许梦冰刘颖朱婧何春花李超
创作背景
1818年，济慈23岁。那年，诗人患上了肺痨，同时诗人还处于和范妮· 布恩小姐的热恋中。正如诗人自己说的，他常常想的两件事就是爱情的甜蜜和自己死去的时间。在这样的情况下，诗人情绪激昂，心中充满着悲愤和对生命的渴望。在一个深沉的夜晚，在浓密的树枝下，在鸟儿嘹亮的歌声中，诗人一口气写下了这首8节80多行的《夜莺颂》。
And at the end of the ode the poet said:” Do I wake or sleep?” This is another conflict, it shows that the poet is carried away by the immortal song of nightingale, he does not want to leave his ideal world and face the reality, he would like be a man just like a free bird, and this shows that the poet’s looking forward to free and happy life and his immortal eagerness for value of the life. But the deeper he wishes the more painful feeling he would get.

作者简介
济慈（1795—1821）19世纪英国著名浪漫主义诗人。生于伦敦一个马夫家庭。由于家境贫困，诗人丌满16岁就离校学医，当学徒。1816年，他弃医从文，开始诗歌创作。 1817年诗人出版第一本诗集。1818年，他根据古希腊美丽神话写成的《安狄米恩》问世。此后诗人进入诗歌创作的鼎盛时期，先后完成了《伊莎贝拉》、《圣亚尼节前夜》、《许佩里恩》等著名长诗，还有最脍炙人口的《夜莺颂》、《希腊古瓮颂》、《秋赋》等诗歌。也是在1818 年，诗人爱上了范妮· 布恩小姐，同时诗人的身体状况也开始恶化。在痛苦、贫困和甜蜜交织的状况下，诗人写下了大量的著名诗篇。1821年，诗人前往意大利休养，丌久病情加重，年仅25岁就离开了人世。

nightingale

湖南科技大学外国语学院课程学期论文课程名称：英语修辞与文体论文题目：A Stylistic Analysis of John Keats’ Poem “Ode to a Nightingale”姓名：申雪萍班级：英语教育二班学号：1112010213学年学期：2014-2015-1A Stylistic Analysis of John Keats’ Poem“Ode to a Nightingale”(By Shen Xueping of Grade 2011)Abstract:The poet, Mr. John Keats, depicted a nightingale, a symbol of beauty, to express poet’s pursuit of love, truth and beauty and his view on death. This article attempts to explore the attitude of death from the poem, Ode to a Nightingale. The whole article consists of four parts to analysis the death awareness of Keats. The first part is a brief lifetime introduction of John Keats, The second part explains the factors that influence the attitude to death of Keats and the culture of nightingale. The third part explained the attitude of poet how towards death. And the last part is a summarize.This paper analysis the poem two aspects: phonological , semantic ,. Through the essay, we can have a better understanding of the Ode to a Nightingale.Key words: nightingale； death； romanticIntroduction:Ode to a Nightingale" is a poem by John Keats written in May 1819 in the garden of the Spaniards Inn, Hampstead, London. The nightingale described within the poem experiences a type of death but it does not actually die. Instead, the songbird is capable of living through its song, which is a fate that humans cannot expect. The poem ends with an acceptance that pleasure cannot last and that death is an inevitable part of life. In the poem, Keats imagines the loss of the physical world and sees himself dead—as a "sod" over which the nightingale sings. The contrast between the immortal nightingale and mortal man, sitting in his garden, is made all the more acute by an effort of the imagination. The presence of weather is noticeable in the poem, as spring came early in 1819, which brought nightingales all over the heath. Many critics favor "Ode to a Nightingale" for its themes but some believe that it is structurally flawed because the poem sometimes strayed from its main idea. "Ode to a Nightingale" describes a series of conflicts between reality and the Romantic ideal of uniting with nature. In the words of Richard Fogle, "The principal stress of the poem is a struggle between ideal and actual: inclusive terms which, however, contain moreparticular antitheses of pleasure and pain, of imagination and commonsense reason, of fullness and privation, of permanence and change, of nature and the human, of art and life, freedom and bondage, waking and dream."Of course, the nightingale's song is the dominant image and dominant "voice" within the ode. The nightingale is also the object of empathy and praise within the poem. However, the nightingale and the discussion of the nightingale is not simply about the bird or the song, but about human experience in general. This is not to say that the song is a simple metaphor, but it is a complex image that is formed through the interaction of the conflict voices of praise and questioning.1.At the Phonological LevelMeterIn this poem, John Keats adopted iambic pentameter except for the eighth line of each stanza which is iambic trimester . i.e. , five stresses in the first to ten except for the eighth which is three stresses:V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-V-Ode is poem in praise of something divine or express some noble idea. And this poem depicted a nightingale, a symbol of beauty, to express poet’s pursuit of love, truth and beauty and his view on death, in the meter of the two kinds of iambic.RhymeJohn Keats’ choice of rhyme went along with his formal use of meter. The rhyme is beautiful and neat mixed with alliteration, high-frequency and low-frequency words, as well as portamento and so on to hold a harmonious musical atmosphere. For example, in the first stanza, compared the borer vowel(“heart”、”drowsy”、”numbness”…) to the stricter words(“aches”、”pains”…), this strong contrast showed a vividly scene that the poet’s sorrowful and numb soul was awaked by the wonderful songs of nightingale. While in the second stanza , John Keats adopted a series of consonant such as /d/、/t/、/b/、/p/、/k/ portrayed a magic world full of excellent wine and delicious food, laughters and songs, beautiful sceneries:O, for a draught of vintage! that hath beenCooled a long age in the deep-delved earth,Tasting of Flora and the country green,Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!O for a beaker full of the warm South,Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,And purple-stained mouth,That I may drink, and leave the world unseen,And with thee fade away into the forest dim2.At the Semantic LevelImageryKeats makes three references to the bird's singing in the past; the first reference to emperor and clown is general and presumably in a historical past; the other two are specific, one from the Old Testament, the other from fairy tales. The past becomes more remote, ending with a non-human past and place ("fairy lands"), in which no human being is present. He’s not only expresses his raptures upon hearing the beautiful songs of the nightingale and his desire to go to the ethereal world of beautytogether with the bird, but also he shows his deep sympathy for and his keen understanding of human miseries.SymbolismNightingale throughout the whole poem , it has ceased to be a symbol and is the actual bird the poet heard in stanza I. The poet, like the nightingale, has returned to the real world. The bird flies away to another spot to sing. The bird's song becomes a "plaintive anthem" and fainter.According to legend, nightingale would die in a full moon night. When in midnight, the nightingale would soar to the highest branch of the rose, and deeply penetrate her chest through the rose thorn. Meanwhile, the bird would be singing in a stentorian voice until she bleeds out. And the roses of branch reddened by her blood. In this poem, there are few words to describe the nightingale directly. Keats takes the wonderful Nightingale as a symbol to show his deep-heart emotions. The nightingale described within the poem experiences a type of death but does not actually die. Instead, the songbird is capable of living through its song, which is a fate that humans cannot expect. The poem ends with an acceptance that pleasure cannot last and that death is an inescapable part of life. In the poem, Keats imagines the loss of the physical world and sees himself dead—as a "sod" over which the nightingale sings. The contrast between the ageless nightingale and mortal man, sitting in his garden, is made all the more acute by an effort of the imagination.ComparisonThe poet falls into a reverie while listening to an actual nightingale sing. He feels joy and pain, an ambivalent response.Pleasure can be so intense that, paradoxically, it either numbs him or causes pain.Wanting to escape from the pain of a joy-pain reality, the poet begins to move into a world of imagination or fantasy. He calls for wine.The description of drinking and of the world associated with wine is idealized,with the images associating the wine with summer, country pleasure, and romantic Provence. In the stanza Ⅳ，The poet suddenly cries out "Away! away! for I will fly to thee." He turns to fantasy again; he rejects wine in line 2, and in line 3 he announces he is going to use "the viewless wings of Poesy" to join a fantasy bird.He contrasts this mode of experience (poetry) to the "dull brain" that "perplexes and retards" (line 4)In line 5, he succeeds or seems to succeed in joining the bird. The imagined world described in the rest of the stanza is dark.3.ConclusionThe artistic aim in his poetry was always to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid reality of hiss day. He sought to express beauty in all of his poems. In the Ode to a Nightingale, Keats took the song of the nightingale as main line, showed a fertile imagination, created a wonderful world and try to free himself from the misery reality world. However, due to the pain inside himself were too ingrained to indulged in idle fancy, he had to face death eventually. Keats expressed his emotion that mingled with agony and joy, sadness and happiness, desire and disappointment, serenity and reality. For Keats, the nightingale symbolized some stable beauty which lured him temporarily away from his misery into an exquisite desire. Even though unfortunates weigh so much upon him that he poured his aches in his poets, Keats's view on death was quite optimistic———Death is an inevitable event in life and an access to new life. Being immortal is impossible, his continuous worry come from inadequate use of his talent, which inspired him devote himself to literature compose.References:[1]王佐良．英国浪漫主义诗歌史[M]．北京：人民文学出版社，1991．[2]蓝棣之．闻一多诗全编[M]．杭州：浙江文艺出版社，1995．[3]Allott，Miriam．“JohnKeats”[M] America, 1981．[4]济慈．济慈诗选[M]．查良铮，译．北京：人民文学出版社，1958．Ode to a NightingaleMY heart aches, and a drowsy numbness painsMy sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,Or emptied some dull opiate to the drainsOne minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:’Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,But being too happy in thine happiness,-That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees,In some melodious plotOf beechen green, and shadows numberless, Singest of summer in full-throated ease.O, for a draught of vintage! that hath beenCool’d a long age in t he deep-delved earth, Tasting of Flora and the country green,Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!O for a beaker full of the warm South,Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,And purple-stained mouth;That I might drink, and leave the world unseen, And with thee fade away into the forest dim:Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forgetWhat thou among the leaves hast never known, The weariness, the fever, and the fretHere, where men sit and hear each other groan; Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs, Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies; Where but to think is to be full of sorrowAnd leaden-eyed despairs,Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow.Away! away! for I will fly to thee,Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,But on the viewless wings of Poesy,Though the dull brain perplexes and retards: Already with thee! tender is the night,And haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne, Cluster’d around by all her starry Fays;But here there is no light,Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways.I cannot see what flowers are at my feet,Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs, But, in embalmed darkness, guess each sweet Wherewith the seasonable month endowsThe grass, the thicket, and the fruit-tree wild; White hawthorn, and the pastoral eglantine;Fast fading violets cover’d up in leaves;And mid-May’s eldest child,The coming musk-rose, full of dewy wine,The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves.Darkling I listen; and, for many a timeI have been half in love with easeful Death,Call’d him soft names in many a mused r hyme,To take into the air my quiet breath;Now more than ever seems it rich to die,To cease upon the midnight with no pain,While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroadIn such an ecstasy!Still wouldst thou sing, and I have ears in vain -To thy high requiem become a sod.Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!No hungry generations tread thee down;The voice I hear this passing night was heardIn ancient days by emperor and clown:Perhaps the self-same song that found a path Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home, She stood in tears amid the alien corn;The same that oft-times hathCharm’d magic casements, opening on the foamOf perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.Forlorn! the very word is like a bellTo toil me back from thee to my sole self!Adieu! the fancy cannot cheat so wellAs she is fam’d to do, deceiving elf.Adieu! adieu! thy plaintive anthem fadesPast the near meadows, over the still stream,Up the hill-side; and now ’tis buried deepIn the next valley-glades:Was it a vision, or a waking dream?Fled is that music: - Do I wake or sleep?。

夜莺颂赏析

课程作业论文题目：The Essay I Like Best学生：任课教师：国清二级学院：专业班级：学号：一、《夜莺颂》原文Ode to a nightingaleMy heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,But being too happy in thine happiness,--That thou, light-winged Dryad of the treesIn some melodious plotOf beechen green, and shadows numberless,Singest of summer in full-throated ease.O, for a draught of vintage! that hath beenCool'd a long age in the deep-delved earth,Tasting of Flora and the country green, Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!O for a beaker full of the warm South,Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,And purple-stained mouthThat I might drink, and leave the world unseen, And with thee fade away into the forest dimFade far away, dissolve, and quite forget What thou among the leaves hast never known, The weariness, the fever, and the fret Here, where men sit and hear each other groan;Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs, Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies;Where but to think is to be full of sorrowAnd leaden-eyed despairs,Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow.Away! away! for I will fly to thee,Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,But on the viewless wings of Poesy,Though the dull brain perplexes and retards Already with thee! tender is the night, And haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne, Cluster'd around by all her starry Fays;But here there is no light,Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways.I cannot see what flowers are at my feet, Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs, But, in embalmed darkness, guess each sweet Wherewith the seasonable month endows The grass, the thicket, and the fruit-tree wild; White hawthorn, and the pastoral eglantine;Fast fading violets cover'd up in leaves;And mid-May's eldest child,The coming musk-rose, full of dewy wine, The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves.Darkling I listen; and, for many a timeI have been half in love with easeful Death, Call'd him soft names in many a mused rhyme, To take into the air my quiet breath;Now more than ever seems it rich to die,To cease upon the midnight with no pain, While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroadIn such an ecstasy!Still wouldst thou sing, and I have ears in vain-- To thy high requiem become a sod.Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!No hungry generations tread thee down;The voice I hear this passing night was heardIn ancient days by emperor and clown:Perhaps the self-same song that found a path Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,She stood in tears amid the alien corn;The same that oft-times hathCharm'd magic casements, opening on the foamOf perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.Forlorn! the very word is like a bellTo toll me back from thee to my sole self!Adieu! the fancy cannot cheat so wellAs she is fam'd to do, deceiving elf.Adieu! adieu! thy plaintive anthem fadesPast the near meadows, over the still stream,Up the hill-side; and now 'tis buried deepIn the next valley-glades:Was it a vision, or a waking dream?Fled is that music:--Do I wake or sleep?二、《夜莺颂》中文翻译我的心在痛,困顿和麻木刺进了感官有如饮过毒鸩又像是刚把鸦片吞服於是向列斯忘川下沉并不是我忌妒你的好运而是你的快乐使我太欢欣因为在林间嘹亮的天地里你呵,轻翅的仙灵你躲进山毛榉的葱绿和荫影放开了歌喉,歌唱著夏季唉,要是有一口酒,那冷藏在地下多年的清醇饮料一尝就令人想起绿色之邦想起花神,恋歌,和舞蹈要是有一杯南国的温暖充满了鲜红的灵感之泉杯缘明灭著珍珠的泡沫给嘴唇染上紫斑我要一饮而尽而悄然离开尘寰和你同去幽暗的林中隐没远远地,远远隐没,让我忘掉你在树叶间从不知道的一切忘记这疲劳,热病,和焦躁这使人对坐而悲叹的世界在这里,青春,苍白,削瘦,死亡而瘫痪有几根白发在摇摆在这里,稍一思索就充满了忧伤和灰暗的绝望而美保持不住明眸的光彩新生的爱情活不到明天就枯凋去吧!去吧!我要朝你飞去不用和酒神坐文豹的车驾我要展开诗歌底无形的羽翼尽管这头脑已经困顿,疲乏去了,我已经和你同往夜这般温柔,月后正登上宝座周围是侍卫她的一群星星但这儿不甚明亮除了有一线天光,被微风带过葱绿的幽暗和藓苔的曲径我看不出是哪种花在脚旁什麼清香的花挂在树枝上在温馨的幽暗理,我只能猜想这时令该把哪种芬芳赋予这果树,林莽和草丛这白枳花,和田野的玫瑰这绿叶堆中易凋的紫罗兰还有五月中旬的娇宠这缀满了露酒的麝香蔷薇它成了夏夜蚊蚋嗡营的港湾我在黑暗中里倾听,多少次我几乎爱上了静谧的死亡我在诗思里用尽了我言辞求他把我的一息散入空茫而现在,死更是多麼的富丽在午夜里溘然魂离人间当你正倾泻你的心怀发出这般的狂喜你仍将歌唱,但我却不再听你的莽歌只能唱给泥草一块永生的鸟啊,你不会死去饿的世代无法将你蹂躏今夜,我偶然听到的歌曲当使古代的帝王和村夫喜悦或许这同样的歌也曾激荡露丝忧郁的心,使她不禁落泪站在异邦的谷田里想著家就是这声音常常在失掉了的仙域里引动窗扉一个美女望著大海险恶的浪花失掉了,这句话好比一声钟使我猛省到我站脚的地方别了!幻想,这骗人的妖童不能老耍弄它盛传的伎俩别了!别了!你怨诉的歌声流过草坪,越过幽静的溪水溜上山坡,而此时它正深深埋在附近的溪谷中这是个幻觉,还是梦寐那歌声去了——我是睡?是醒?三、《夜莺颂》赏析·背景介绍1818年，济慈23岁。

夜莺颂ode to a nightingale

The lifetime of John Keats
The poet
John Keats (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) was an English Romantic poet. He was one of the main figures of the second generation of Romantic poets along with Lord Byron 拜伦 and Percy Bysshe Shelley波比雪莱 , despite his work only having been in publication for four years before his death. Although his poems were not generally well received by critics • （ during his life, his reputation grew after his death, so that by the end of the 19th century he had become one of the most beloved of all English poets. He had a significant influence on a diverse range of poets and writers. Jorge Luis Borges stated that his first encounter with Keats was the most significant literary experience of his life.
两个意象的交叉
诗人的“心莺的“欢欣”
Structure[edit]

《夜莺颂》选赏(原创)

Ode to A Nightingale<夜莺颂>选赏1.My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness painsMy sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk我的心在痛,困顿和麻木刺进了感官有如饮过毒鸩生词：drowsy[adj.]昏昏欲睡的，寂静的nunbness[n.]愚蠢hemlock[n.]毒胡萝卜赏：23岁的诗人济慈不幸换上了肺痨，同时也处在热恋之中，恋情的甜蜜牵引着他心中的悲愤和对生命的渴求，困顿和麻木使他陷入了深渊不能自拔。

2.'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,But being too happy in thine happiness –并不是我忌妒你的好运而是你的快乐使我太欢欣—That thou, light winged Dryad of the trees,因为在林间嘹亮的天地里In some melodious plot你呵,轻翅的仙灵Of beechen green, and shadows numberless,你躲进山毛榉的葱绿和荫影Singest of summer in full-throated ease.放开了歌喉,歌唱着夏季O, for a draught of vintage! that hath been唉,要是有一口酒,那冷藏Cooled a long age in the deep-delved earth,在地下多年的清醇饮料Tasting of Flora and the country green,一尝就令人想起绿色之邦Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!想起花神,恋歌,阳光和舞蹈O for a beaker full of the warm South,要是有一杯南国的温暖Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,充满了鲜红的灵感之泉With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,杯缘明灭着珍珠的泡沫And purple-stained mouth,给嘴唇染上紫斑And purple-stained mouth生词：thine[pron.]你的东西；你的赏：夜莺清脆的歌声仿佛飞入黑暗的一缕阳光，在那样一个动人的夜晚点亮了诗人的心灵。

Ode To Nightingale解析

ode to a nightingale中英对照

致云雀英语原文注释

约翰济慈明诗《夜莺颂》欣赏

英文诗歌鉴赏对比研究-夜莺颂（济慈）和我孤独地漫游-像一朵云（华兹华斯）

ode to a nightingale

ode to a nightingale

英国文学简史名词解释

诗人 约翰济慈(英文版)

英国浪漫主义诗歌中夜莺意象

夜莺颂 赏析

Ode toa Nightingale详细赏析

夜莺颂-济慈(英文)

中考英语诗歌创作技巧单选题40题

Ode-to-a-Nightingale详细赏析ppt课件

Ode to a Nightingale

nightingale

夜莺颂赏析

夜莺颂ode to a nightingale

《夜莺颂》选赏(原创)

诗人约翰济慈(英文版)

夜莺颂赏析