无机化学2017年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题
教育综合2017年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
南京航空航天大学
2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:333
满分:150 分
科目名称:教育综合
注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！
一、名词解释（共6题，每题5分，共30分）
1. 课程标准
2. 科举制度
3. 学习动机
4. 班级授课制
5. 最近发展区
6. 助产术（苏格拉底法）
二、简答题（共5题，可任选4题作答，每题10分，共40分）
1. 简述教育的基本要素
2. 简述教师劳动的特点
3. 简述学校德育的基本途径
4. 简述班集体的教育功能
5. 简述教学工作的基本环节
三、分析论述题（共5题，可任选4题作答，每题20分，共80分）
1. 论述建构主义学习理论的基本观点
2. 论述孔子因材施教思想及其教育影响
3. 结合经验，论述“理论联系实际”的教育教学原则
4. 结合经验论述教师的素养
5. 论述卢梭的自然教育思想
科目代码：010科目名称：教育综合第1页共1页。
2017年南京航空航天大学922研究生入学考试真题
7. （9 分）一家四口人，儿子喜欢吃苹果，由父亲负责购买, 女儿喜欢吃橘子，由母亲负
责购买。父亲和母亲购买水果后放到家中的抽屉里，儿子和女儿从抽屉里取出水果。假设
抽屉只能容纳 20 个水果，同时只能一人开关, 用纪录型信号量同步父母子女四个进程。
科目代码：922 科目名称：数据结构与操作系统(专业学位) 第 4 页 共 4 页
（3）．已经获得除( )以外的所有运行所需资源的进程处于就绪状态
A.存储器 B．打印机 C．CPU D．磁盘空间
（4）．采用时间片轮转法调度是为了( )。
A.多个终端都能得到系统的及时响应 B.先来先服务
C.优先级较高的进程得到及时调度
D.需 CPU 最短的进程先做
（5）．在一段时间内只允许一个进程访问的资源，称为( ) 。
A.初始化程序 B．原语 C．子程序 D.控制模块
科目代码：922 科目名称：数据结构与操作系统(专业学位) 第 2 页 共 4 页
（9）. 在分段管理中( )。
A．以段为单位分配，每段是一个连续存储区 B．段与段之间必定不连续
C．段与段之间必定连续
D．每段是等长的
（10）.通道是一种( )。
A.I／O 端口 B．数据通道 C．I／O 专用处理机 D．软件工具
5. （9 分）某分页系统，每个页面长为 1KB，某时刻该用户进程的页表如下：
页号
物理块号
是否在快表中
0
8
是
1
7
是
2
4
否
3
10
否
4
5
否
5
3
是
6
2
是
（1） 请写出分页系统的地址转换过程（3 分）
【2017南京航空航天大学考研真题】816专业课试卷
南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A 卷 ）科目代码: 816满分: 150分科目名称:材料力学注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！第1题（15分）如图所示结构， BAC 整体为刚性杆。
杆①直径d 1＝40mm ，杆②为圆形阶梯形直杆，D 2＝40mm ，d 2＝20mm ，尺寸如图所示。
杆①弹性模量Ｅ1＝210GPa ，杆②弹性模量Ｅ2＝180GPa 。
已知F ＝118kN ，l ＝500mm ，试求两杆的轴力及杆②的最大应力。
第1题 第2题（15分）图示齿轮传动系统。
马达的输入功率P 1 = 36kW ，经轴CD 输出。
已知：轴AB 的转速n 1 = 300r/min 。
B 处齿轮与C 处齿轮的齿数之比z 1: z 2=1:2。
实心圆轴AB 直径d 1=40mm ，空心圆轴CD 外径D 2=50mm ，内径d 2=40mm 。
两根轴采用相同的材料，其剪切弹性模量G =80GPa 。
试求：（1）所有轴中的最大切应力；（2）所有轴中的最大单位长度扭转角。
第2题马达ABC DAC①F2la aBl a②DllD 2d 2矩形截面梁的载荷和截面尺寸(单位：mm)如图所示。
材料的许用应力[σ]=160MPa ，［τ］= 50MPa 。
试：（1）求图示梁的剪力图和弯矩图；（2）校核其强度（考虑剪切强度）。
第3题第4题（20分）图示空心圆轴，外径R =20mm ，壁厚t =10mm ，长度l =0.8m ；AB 两端分别作用有集中力矩M e ，方向如图示。
已知：剪切模量G =77GPa ，泊松比μ = 0.3。
在表面某点C 放置一枚应变片，与表面纵线呈15o 角，加载后测得应变片的读数为 0.001。
求：所施加的力矩M e 。
15°M eCABltRM e第4题q =20kN/mABC3m1mz200yD1mF =100kN 10020kN ·m已知曲杆ABC 为圆截面杆。
物理化学2017年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题
南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:630满分:150 分科目名称:物理化学注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、填空题（本题60分。
每空格1分）1.在理想气体模型中，分子间的相互作用力F、相互作用势能E都是_________的函数。
2.临界温度T c是气体能够液化所允许的__________（最高或者最低）温度，临界温度T c 时的饱和蒸气压称为__________。
3.今有20℃的乙烷和丁烷混合气体，充入体积为400 cm3的真空容器中，直至压力为101.325 kPa，测得混合气体的质量为0.7794 g，则乙烷的摩尔分数为__________，丁烷的摩尔分数为____________。
4.通常处理真实气体的pVT关系可用有一定物理模型的半经验方程，其中最具有代表的是___________方程，该方程中修正项分别代表___________和___________。
5.物理化学中按照系统内部物质变化的类型，将过程分为单纯pVT变化、____________和____________。
6.理想气体膨胀时，在恒温可逆过程中，系统对环境做功的绝对值比不可逆过程的要___________（大或小）；气体被压缩时，在恒温可逆过程中，环境对系统做功比不可逆过程的要___________（大或小）。
7.节流膨胀是在____________条件下，气体的始末态压力分别保持恒定不变情况下的膨胀过程。
在室温和常压情况下，多数气体经过节流膨胀后产生____________（致冷效应或致热效应），而氢气等少数气体产生___________（致冷效应或致热效应）。
8.自发过程都是具有____________，都是热力学____________（可逆或不可逆）过程。
9.冬季利用热泵从室外273K的环境吸热，向室内291K的房间供热，若每分钟用100 kJ 的功开动热泵，则热泵每分钟向室内最多供热___________ kJ。
2015-2018年南京航空航天大学考研试题813无机化学
其原因是为了增大液体压力。 11. 在实验操作中，蒸发皿和启普发生器都可以用来加热液体。 12. 用 NaOH 标准溶液滴定 HCl 溶液至终点时，酚酞变红，放置一会后红色消失，原因是
溶液吸收了空气中的 CO2，碱性减弱。 13. 实验操作中，不慎把苯酚溅到手上，应立即用 70℃以上的热水冲洗。 14. 酸度计长期不用时，复合电极应如何保存 3mol/l KCl 溶液中。 15. 在符合朗伯一比尔定律的范围内，有色物质的浓度，最大吸收波长，吸光度三者的关系
H3PO4
的
K
θ a1
=
6.7 ×10−3
K
θ a2
=
6.2 ×10−8
K
θ a3
=
4.5 ×10−13
2. 某溶液中含 Cl-和 CrO42-，它们的浓度分别是 0.10 mol·L-1 和 0.0010 mol·L-1，通过计算证
明，逐滴加入 AgNO3 试剂，哪一种沉淀先析出。当第二种沉淀析出时，第一种离子是否被
南京航空航天大学
科目代码: 科目名称:
2015 年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题ď A 卷 Đ
813 无机化学
满分: 150 分
注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无
效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！
一、填空题（20 分）
1. 按 试 剂 所 含 杂 质 的 多 少 ， 我 国 通 用 试 剂 纯 度 的 等 级 标 准 分 为 四 级 ， 分 别 为 优 质
纯、
、
、实验试剂。
2017年南京航空航天大学637研究生入学考试真题
１、信息源 ２、知识地图 ３、ＣＩＯ ４、帕累托改进 ５、信息福利 二、填空题：（每空 ２ 分，共 ２６ 分。请将答案写在答题纸上。） １、按信息载体划分，可以将信息资源分为 、缩微型、声像型和 信息资源。
２、根据世界知识产权组织统计，世界上每年发明创造成果信息的 ９０％－９５％都能在 中 查到。
７、知识管理的主要流程包括知识生产、 、知识应用以及 。
８、 是指基于文学、艺术和科学作品依法产生的权利。
９、信息资源配置的基本原则包括：社会福利最大化原则、 原则、 原 则、市场手段和政府手段互补原则。
科目代码：637 科目名称：信息资源管理基础 第 1 页 共 2 页
三、简答题：（每题 ８ 分，共 ６４ 分。请将答案写在答题纸上。） １、请简述信息资源管理的主要手段。 ２、数据挖掘系统具有哪些功能？ ３、请简述信息系统的常见类型。 ４、信息资源标准的内容主要包括哪两方面？ ５、企业信息化的含义和基本任务是什么？ ６、请阐述知识管理的主要内容。 ７、请简述关于信息产品产权的制度安排的三种理论。 ８、请简述四种信息资源质量的半定量评估方法。 四、论述题：（每题 ２０ 分，共 ４０ 分。请将答案写在答题纸上。） １、请阐述信息采集的原则和策略并举例说明。 ２、试论述在新的环境下信息资源管理技术方法发展的新趋势。
３、搜索引擎的结构主要包括搜索器、分析器、 、检索器、用户接口。
４、自动标引可分为 和自动赋词标引。
５、常见的信息系统开发方法主要有结构化系统开发方法、原型法、面向 的开发方法 以及计算机辅助开发方法等。
６、企业信息资源管理的发展过程可划分为文书管理阶段、 阶段、信息资 源管理阶段、商业竞争分析和竞争情报阶段、 阶段。
南京航空航天大学-2018年-硕士研究生入学考试初试试题(A卷)-813无机化学
科目代码：813科目名称：无机化学 第1页 共3页 南京航空航天大学 2018年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（ A 卷 ） 科目代码:813 满分: 150分 科目名称: 无机化学 注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、填空题（30分）1. 镧系与锕系元素水合离子的颜色是由________引起的。
2. 根据酸碱质子理论，HNO 3的共轭酸是 ，NH 2-的共轭碱是 。
3. 硫的同素异形体中，室温稳定态是________，每个硫原子以________杂化轨道成键。
4. 按离子极化作用大小排列 FeCl 3，FeCl 2，KCl ，CaCl 2____________________________。
5. 既可以用来鉴定Fe 3+，也可以用来鉴定Co 2+的试剂是________，既可以用来鉴定Fe 3+，也可以用来鉴定Cu 2+的试剂是________。
6. 在配离子[Fe(CN)6]3-中，中心离子以d 2sp 3杂化与配体形成配位键，那么配离子的空间构型为 。
7. 溶液与沉淀分离的方法常用 、 、 。
8. 化学元素中，第一电离能最小的是 ，最大的是 。
9. 已知反应 2N 2O 5(g) 4NO 2(g)+ O 2(g)的m r H ∆﹤0，则增加总压反应速率_____，平衡移动方向________，升高温度反应速率_____。
（填增大或减小；正向或逆向）10. 在ⅢA--Ⅴ A 各族中，第四到第六周期元素最高氧化态氧化物的水合物，酸性最强的是________，碱性最强的是________。
11. 白色的NH 4VO 3加热后变成棕色，是因为生成了 。
12. 金在王水中溶解的反应方程式为 。
13. 第81号元素的离子在水中较稳定的氧化态是 ，原因是 。
14. 320o C 下，一级反应)()()(2222g Cl g SO g Cl SO +→的半衰期为s 4105.4⨯，则16.2 h 后，剩余的SO 2Cl 2的质量分数是 。
[化学]南航无机化学考研真题4
![[化学]南航无机化学考研真题4](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/bec21d3ea8114431b90dd8f6.png)
大，A-B间成键电子对偏向A，从而
增大成键电子间的斥力，使其键角增 大。如：SbH3；AsH3；PH3；NH3为 91.3º ；91.8º ；93.3º ；107.3º
例1：在下列多对分子中，哪个分子 键角大？说明原因：
（1）HgCl2和BCl3
（2）CF4和PF3
(3) SiF4和SF6
（4）SnCl2和SCl2
二、键长 分子中成键原子和核间的平均距离 称为键长（也称为核间距）。在两个 确定原子之间，键长越短，则键越强 越牢固。 三、键角 1、分子中相邻两键之间的夹角称为 键角。键角是决定分子空间构型的主 要因素。
2、影响键角因素 （1）中心原子杂化类型： sp；sp2；sp3 ；sp3d2 等之间：180º ；120º ；109.5º ； 90º （2）中心原子孤对电子数：孤对越多， 键角越小 如sp3杂化CH4；NH3； OH2 键角依次为 ：109.5º ;107.3º ; 104.5º （3）多重键 多重键所包含的电子越 多，斥力比单键大，使得分子内含多重键 的键角变大，单键间的键角变小，例如sp2 F 126 杂化的COF2： 108 C O
三、应用：
1. 增加化合物的稳定性
2. 例： O3 （ π34 ） ; CO2 （ 2 个 π34 ） ;
NO2（π33）; NO3-（π46）; CO32-（π46
）等.
1-6 等电子体原理
一、 概念：具有相同的通式AXm， 而且价电子总数相等的分子或离子具
有相同的结构特征（包括分子的立体
构型、化学键类型），这个原理称为 “等电子体原理”
C.H2S
3、比较NaCl、MgO、CuO、BaO， 哪一种离子晶体的熔点最高？
4、填空：阳离子的极化能力与 有关， 电荷越高，极化作用越 ，半径越大，极 化作用越 。半径越大，阳离子的变形性 越 ，阳离子电子构型以 和 变形性最 大， 次之，最差的为 。阴离子极化和 变形性对简单离子来说和阳离子类似，复 杂阴离子的变形性在电荷相等时，半径越 大则变形性越 ，相对复杂的阴离子变 形性较 ，中心原子氧化数越高，则整 个阴离子变形性越 。
南京航空航天大学813无机化学2012-2018年考研专业课真题试卷
17. 对于电极反应 Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 7e = 2Cr3+ + 7H2O，其他条件不变，随着氢离子浓度的降低，Cr2O72-
的氧化性将
（填增强，减弱，不变）。
18. 用 H2O2 溶液漂白已变黑的古画，其原理是（化学方程式）
。
科目代码：813 科目名称：无机化学 第 1 页 共 3 页
5. 已知 E (HCN / H2 ) 0.545V ，试计算 ka (HCN) 。
6. 已知反应：
N2
g
2H
2
g
N2
H4
l
r
H
m,1
298.15K
50.63kJ
mol
1
H2
g
1 2
O2
g
H2O l
r
Hm ,2
298.15K
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南京航空航天大学2018年考研专业课真题试卷（原版）
3. 试求 300 mL 0.50 mol·L-1 H3PO4 和 500 mL 0. 50 mol·L-1 NaOH 的混合溶液的 pH 值。已知 H3PO4 的 pKθa1=2.12；pKθa2=7.21；pKθa3=12.67。
4. 25℃时，晴纶纤维生产的某种溶液中，c(SO42-)为 6. 0×10-4 mol·L-1。若在 40.0 L 该溶液中，加入 0.010 mol·L-1BaCl2 溶液 10.0 L，问是否能生成 BaSO4 沉淀？如果有沉淀生成，问能生成 BaSO4 多少克？最 后溶液中 c(SO42-)是多少？已知 ksp (BaSO4 ) 1.11010
材料科学基础2017年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题
南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:818满分:150 分科目名称:材料科学基础注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、晶体结构分析计算。
（总共30分）（1）纯铁在912℃由bcc 结构转变为fcc 结构，体积减小1.06%，根据fcc结构的原子半径计算bcc 结构的原子半径，它们的相对变化是多少？（10分）（2）测得Au的摩尔分数为40%的Cu-Au固溶体点阵常数为,密度为，计算说明它是什么类型的固溶体。
已知Cu的相对原子质量为63.55，Au的相对原子质量为169.97，阿伏加得罗常数为。
（10分）（3）已知K离子半径为，Cl离子半径为，试确定KCl晶体的结构并画图示意。
（10分）二、计算分析纯铜的结晶。
（总共15分）（1）计算均匀形核的临界晶核半径和晶核原子数。
已知纯铜的熔点为，熔化潜热，液固界面能，过冷度，晶格常数。
（10分）（2）欲提高凝固后组织的晶粒度级别，可采取那些工艺措施？（5分）三、相图计算分析题。
（总共30分）（1）根据Fe-C相图计算以及的铁碳合金在室温时平衡状态下相的相对量，计算共析体（珠光体）的相对量。
计算的铁碳合金在室温平衡状态下相的相对量，计算刚凝固完毕时初生相（奥氏体）和共晶体的相对量。
（20分）（2）图1给出V-Cr-C三元系的液相面投影图，列出所有的四相反应的反应式。
图中各相线上的箭头是指示降温方向。
（10分）图1 V-Cr-C三元系的液相面投影图四、计算简答题（共15分）(1) 扩散第一定律是否适用于置换固溶体扩散问题？为什么？（4分）(2) Fe-N相图如图2所示，如果一块纯铁试样在650℃下进行表面渗N，并测定渗N后表层N含量为20at%(原子百分比)，问会得到什么样的表层组织？画出试样表面至心部的组织示意图和浓度分布曲线。
【2017南京航空航天大学考研真题】826专业课试卷
南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:826满分:150 分科目名称:工程经济学注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、名词解释（3分/题，共15分）1．工业产品的寿命周期成本2．差额净现值3．物化劳动4．固定资产净值5．名义利率二、单项选择题（1.5分/题，共15分）1.现金流量是指投资项目在寿命周期内现金活动的（）。
A、实际收入B、实际支出C、收支净额D、实际收入，实际支出，收支净额2.确定外贸货物影子价格的基础是实际可能发生的（）。
A、市场价格B、口岸价格C、计划价格D、出厂价格3.某项目现金流量如表1所示，基准投资回收期为9年，该项目的静态投资回收期为（）。
表1 某项目现金流量表年份0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8～n项目净现金流量-6000 0 0 800 1200 1600 2000 2000 2000累计净现金流量-6000 -6000 -6000 -5200 -4000 -2400 -400 1600A、4.2年B、5.2年C、6.2年D、7.2年4.一般情况下，当一个方案的净现值大于零时，其内部收益率( )。
A、小于基准收益率B、大于基准收益率C、等于基准收益率D、无法确定5.下列叙述中，( )是不正确的。
A、资产负债率是反映项目各年所面临的财务风险程度的指标B、流动比率是反映项目各年偿付流动负债能力的指标C、速动比率是反映项目各年快速偿付流动负债能力的指标D、速动比率是反映项目资金周转速度的指标6. 某项目的NPV（15%）=5万元，NPV（20%）= -20万元，则内部收益率IRR为（）。
A、16%B、17%C、18%D、19%7.项目经济评价中满足需要上的可比原则不应包括（）。
A、产量可比B、质量可比C、品种可比D、价格可比8. 某设备原始价值为18000元，不考虑残值，每年低劣化增加值为1000元，则设备的最佳使用年限为（）。
2017年南京航空航天大学601研究生入学考试真题
南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A 卷 ） 科目代码: 601 满分: 150 分 科目名称: 数学分析 注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！1.（13分）计算下列极限（1）1lim 1xx x x →∞+⎛⎫ ⎪-⎝⎭； （2）1326lim ()12x x x x x e x →+∞⎡-+--⎢⎣ 2.（12分）写出点0x 是函数()f x 的第一类间断点的定义，并证明：区间(,)a b 上的单调函数的间断点必是第一类的.3.（13分） 设函数()f x 在(,)a +∞可微，lim ()lim ().x a x f x f x L →+→+∞== 证明：存在(,)a ξ∈+∞，使得'()0.f ξ=4.（12分）已知arcsin ,y x = 求()(0).n y5.（12分）设函数()f x 在[0,1]上二阶可导，且''()0,[0,1]f x x ≤∈，证明：1201()().3f x dx f ≤⎰6.（13分）（1）写出反常积分22ln , (0)a x I dx a a x +∞=>+⎰在变换2a x t =下的形式； （2）计算反常积分220ln (0)x I dx a a x +∞=>+⎰. 7.（13分）若()e k nx n f x xn -=在[0,)+∞上一致收敛，求k 的取值范围.8.（12分）设二元函数(,)(,)f x y x y g x y =-，其中(,)g x y 连续且(0,0)0g =.（1）求'(0,0)x f 和'(0,0)y f ；（2）判断(,)f x y 在(0,0)点的可微性.9.（13分）设二元函数(,)f x y 在点(0,1)的邻域内存在一阶连续偏导数，且(0,1)0,'(0,1)0y f f =≠，令()0(,),sin d y g x y f x t t =⎰.（1）根据隐函数定理验证方程(,)0g x y =在点(0,)2π的邻域内能确定一单值函数()y x ϕ=； （2）求'(0)ϕ.10.（12分）计算三重积分22d xx y V Ω+⎰⎰⎰，其中Ω为曲面22z x y =+22z x y =+围成的有界区域.11.（12分）设函数(,)f x y 在xoy 平面上二阶连续可微，t L 是从点(0,0)到点(1,)t 的光滑曲线.（1）证明曲线积分(,)(,)()d d t L f x y f x y I t x y x y∂∂=+∂∂⎰与路径无关； （2）若(,)f x y 满足(,)(1)e ,ax y f x y ax x-∂=+∂且(0,)e f y y =，求()I t 的最小值. 12.（13分）设第二型曲面积分22e d zI x y x y ∑=+，其中∑为由曲面22z x y =+与平面1,2z z ==所围成立体表面的外侧. （1）分析该曲面积分能否用Gauss 公式计算；（2）求I 的值.。
2017年南京航空航天大学626研究生入学考试真题
B (1)氯化 (2)磺化 (3)硝化 D (1)氯化 (2)硝化 (3)磺化
12、 与 1,3-丁二烯进行 Diels-Alder 反应，反应活性最高的是：
(2’)
CH3
CN
CH2Cl
CH3
A
B
C
D
CH3
13、 下列化合物中加亚硝酸有黄色油状物生成的是：
(2’) A. 甲胺
B. 二甲胺 C. 三甲胺 D. 苯胺
CH3
C2H5
1、
2、
3、
4、
5、
6、
8、 7、
9、
10、
二、写出下列化合物的结构式（10 分，每小题 2 分） 1、四氢萘； 2、脯氨酸； 3、二噁烷； 4、 阿司匹林； 5、THF
三、完成下列反应式，写出主要产物，不反应打“×”（20 分，每小空 1 分）
1、
2、
科目代码：626 科目名称：有机化学 第 1 页 共 6 页
科目代码：626 科目名称：有机化学 第 6 页 共 6 页
14 淀粉经水解后的最终产物是 (2’) A. 葡萄糖 B. 果糖 C. 蔗糖 D. 麦芽糖
15 下列碳自由基中最稳定的是： (2’)
16 羰基还原为-CH2-可应用的试剂是：
(2’) A. H2/Ni B. NH2NH2/NaOH/(HOCH2CH2)2O 高温加热 C. LiAlH4
D. NaBH4
六、合成题（25 分，每小题 5 分）
1、以邻硝基甲苯为唯一有机原料合成：
科目代码：626 科目名称：有机化学 第 5 页 共 6 页
2、以苯为主要原料合成，其它试剂任选：
3、以丙二酸二乙酯及不超过两个碳的简单原料合成： 4、由苯及不超过四个碳的简单原料合成： 5、由苯及不超过四个碳的简单原料合成：
2017年南京航空航天大学819研究生入学考试真题
N
的传输参数矩阵
T
2 0.1S
12
1.1
，非线性电阻伏
安特性如图 3.1（b）所示。求：（1）电压 u；（2）20V 电压源发出的平均功率。
6 +6I
i/A
+ 20V
I
N
u+
12 6
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
i
0.5
0.25
0 5 10
u/V
3.1(a)
3.1(b)
2．图 3.2 所示电路，已知 uS 10 2 cos100t V ，互感系数 M = 20mH。（1）写出二端口网络
1．图 1.1 所示电路，则输出电压 uo =
。
2．图 1.2 所示电路，US=
时，1电阻消耗的功率为零。
+10mV 20mV +50mV 100mV
25kΩ 20kΩ 10kΩ 50kΩ
+∞
+
uo
50kΩ
2A 3A
+18V 4Ω 6Ω
+
10V 5Ω
+ US
1Ω
图 1.1
图 1.2
3．图 1.3 所示电路，在直流稳态条件下，电容储能与电感储能恰好相等，则 R 值应取 。
发出的有功功率 P =
，无功功率 Q =
。
6．图 1.6 所示电路中直流电压源 US= 10V，电流源 iS= 9et (t) A ，则电流 i(t) =
。
0.6k
1F
+
uS
2H k
1F
图 1.5
2H
i(t)
iS
0.2H
+
2
无机化学2016年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题
南京航空航天大学2016年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码: 813满分: 150 分科目名称:无机化学注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、填空题（20分）1.第81号元素是, 其核外价层电子排布为,它位于第周期第族,该元素的离子在水中较稳定的氧化态是，原因是。
2.随着溶液的pH值增加，下列电对MnO4-/MnO42-、Cl2/Cl-、Cr2O72-/Cr3+的E值将分别________、________、________。
（填写增大、减小或不变）。
3.下列配合物的d 电子排布分别为, μ/B.M 分别为, 。
Δo/cm-1P/ cm-1[Co(NH3) 6]3+ 22900 21000[Co(NH3) 6]2+ 11000 225004.根据能带理论，Mg可以导电是因为__________。
当禁带宽度大于eV时为绝缘体，本征半导体中掺杂P和B后分别为和半导体。
5.硅酸钠的水溶液呈性，与盐酸或氯化铵反应可制得，产物经加热脱水后得到，该物质具有作用，可用作。
6.金在王水中溶解的反应方程式为。
7.向K2CrO4溶液中加入稀H2SO4，溶液由_______色变为_______色，这是因为在Cr(Ⅳ)的溶液中存在平衡。
8.分别中和pH值相同的NaOH和NH3·H2O，所需HCl的量________。
（填写“相同”或“不同”）9.在配离子[Fe(CN)6]3-中，中心离子以d2sp3杂化与配体形成配位键，那么配离子的空间构型为，磁性（有或无），为配离子（内轨型或外轨型）10.离子晶体中，当r+/r-在0.414到0.732间时，其配位数为构型为。
11.导致氢氟酸酸性与其他氢卤酸明显不同的因素主要是能大，而能特别大。
12.在ⅢA--ⅤA各族中，第四到第六周期元素最高氧化态氧化物的水合物，酸性最强的是________，碱性最强的是________。
2017年南京航空航天大学620研究生入学考试真题
南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:620满分:150 分科目名称:基础英语注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I. Vocabulary (20 points)A.Choose the word or phrase marked A, B, C, and D to best correspond to the word above. Be sure to writedown your choice on the answer sheet. (10 points)1. reminiscea) indulge in enjoyable recollection b) remind someone of past eventsc) talk about something again d) feel repentant over something2. tackya) very pretty b) lacking in tastec) carefully prepared d) costing a lot of money3. verbositya) nonsense b) obscurityc) gibberish d) wordiness4. acmea) height b) significancec) development d) result5. exhilaratea) cause (someone) to feel surprised and upset b) make (someone) feel very happy and animatedc) make (someone) feel bitter or resentful d) give support or confidence to (someone)6. restivea) extremely graceful b) having a restc) resisting control d) peaceful and quiet7. discrepancya) unlikeliness b) congruityc) incredibility d) difference8. unequivocala) unambiguous b) unbelievablec) indignant d) indiscreet9. preposterousa) macabre b) unfortunatec) dangerous d) outrageous10. sojourna) a pleasant trip b) a nostalgic recollectionc) a temporary stay d) a sad experienceB. Directions: Explain the italicized words in the following sentences with simple, everyday words or expressions in English. Be sure to write down your explanation on the answer sheet. (10 points)1.What all this tells us is of a deep class rift in the culture of England after the Norman Conquest.2.To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, we renew our pledge of support: to preventit from becoming merely a forum for invective.3.Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, andtrauma.4.These young men had outgrown town and families and had developed a sudden bewilderingworld-weariness.5.To win in New York is to be uneasy; to lose is to live in jostling proximity to the frustrated majority.6.The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his penwould prove mightier than his pickax.7.Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity.8.Scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the Arctic Circle, the springsnowmelt now comes earlier every year.9.These coasts remind me of people; either they are forbidding and unapproachable, or else they present nomystery and show all they have to give at a glance.10.His invasion of Russia is no more than a prelude to an attempted invasion of the British Isles.II. Cloze (20 points)A.Fill in each of the following blanks with a suitable word in its proper form and write down the requiredword on the answer sheet. (10 points)NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson is on the 1 of becoming the oldest woman to travel in space.Whitson will be 56 2 she rockets off the planet Thursday. She’ll celebrate her 57th 3 in February on the International Space Station.That’s a 4 cry from John Glenn’s space shuttle flight at 5 77, and it’s a 6 years shy of the male runners-up over the years. But it’s enough to 7 Barbara Morgan’s record as the world’s oldest spacewoman. Morgan was selected for NASA’s teacher-in-space program in 1985 8 didn’t get a chance to fly until 2007, when she was 55.This will be the third space station mission for Whitson, a biochemist, and her second stint 9 commander. She’ll launch from Kazakhstan, in Central Asia, 10 two younger men, one Russian and the 11 French.“I love wo rking at NASA, but the part that has been the 12 satisfying on a day-to-day 13 hasbeen working onboard the space station,” Whitson 14 reporters over the summer.“It doesn’t 15 if I’m cleaning the filters. I feel like I’m helping personally push 16 exploration . . . that’s 17 I want to go again.”Whitson already has 18 377 days in space and has performed multiple spacewalks. Her upcoming six-month mission should push her 19 534 days in space, the U.S. record 20 in September by 58-year-old astronaut Jeffrey WilliamsB. Fill in each blank with a proper word from the following box. Change its form if necessary and write down the required word on the answer sheet. (10 points)without open initial four-wheel offer access hot evacuee devastate feel although chance seaside slow spokesman loadput helicopter emergency toA road has been cleared to the 1 town of Kaikoura on New Zealand’s east coast four days after it was cut off by a magnitude 7.8 quake that 2 the North Canterbury region of the South Island.The inland road to Kaikoura was 3 on Thursday morning, but only for trucks and 4 drive vehicles as it remained unstable and badly damaged.A convoy of 27 army vehicles 5 with relief supplies was immediately sent to the town.Gale-force winds and heavy downpours in quake-stricken areas continued to 6 the pace of relief efforts, 7 the majority of the 1,200 tourists stranded in Kaikoura had been evacuated by sea and air.Nearly 500 8 came into Christchurch early on Wednesday morning on the HMNZS Canterbury and were 9 up in empty student dormitories, where they were 10 cooked breakfasts and 11 showers after arriving at 5am.Police in Marlborough were using a military Iroquois 12 to begin checking on isolated high-country farms from the Clarence river 13 the upper Awatere valley, delivering 14 food and medical supplies to farmers who had gone 15 assistance since the quake early on Monday.Police 16 Dan Mattison said many people on isolated properties still had no phone or internet 17 and the next few days would be the first 18 for police to check on them.Aftershocks continued to be 19 , but less often. GeoNet said on Wednesday it had recorded more than 2,600 tremors since the 20 quake.III. Error correction (20 points)Directions: There are twenty mistakes in the following passage. You are required to underline or mark the mistakes and get them corrected. Be sure to write down the correct form on the answer sheet.Example: “Wordsworth is said to have ∨most fascinating voice!” theAs the rise of Hitler in Germany, Churchill became a vocal critic 1. __________of his own government’s policy of appeasement. He had urged 2. __________re-armament, particularly the build up of the Royal Air Force in the 3. __________face of the threat of the growing German Luftwaffe. When appeasementfailed and Britain went to war, Churchill saw as the only man who could 4. __________stand up to the Nazi menace.It has frequently been remarked as his judgment was sometimes 5. __________erratic, but the power of his oratory rallied the British people at a time that 6. __________they seemed doom to lose. Then, when the United States entered 7. __________the World War II in December 1941, he addressed Congress, emphasizing 8. __________the need for Anglo-American solidarity and cited his own trans-Atlantic 9. __________ inheritance: his mother was the New York heiress Jenny Jerome. For him the 10. _________vital component was not the sharing blood, but the shared language. During 11. _________the war, the British Cabinet set up a committee to develop a simple form 12. _________of English that the whole world could embrace.Although Churchill fell from power in 1945, his commanding of rhetoric 13. _________was far from over. He coined the term “Iron Curtain”, marked the advent of 14. _________the Cold War. Returning to popular favour, he was Prime Minister oncemore from 1951-1955.Determined that history would judge him favourable, he wrote The 15. _________Second World War in six volumes between 1948 to 1953. It won him 16._________Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. 17. _________ By his death in 1965, he proved his mastery of both the written and 18. _________spoken forms of language – not just in the heavyweight arena of war 19. _________and politics. His unique wit and acerbic asides made him out of the most 20. _________acute observers of the twentieth century.IV. Paraphrase (30 points)Directions: Restate the following sentences in another form in English to clarify the meaning. Be sure to write down your restatement on the answer sheet.1.Nurses walked by carrying nickel-plated instruments, the very sight of which would send shivers down thespine of any healthy visitor.2.No one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U. S.history.3.She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that “no”is a word the world neverlearned to say to her.4.They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have everfaced.5.If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.6.Every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.7.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth tolead the land we love.8.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure.9.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends.10.Heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have been shrugging away politics.V. General Knowledge (20 points)A. Directions: Choose the best to fill in the blank or answer the question.(10 points)1. “If Aristotle had spoken Chinese, his logic would have been different.” This statement is cited to represent _________.A. The arbitrariness of languageB. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisC. The origin of languageD. Innate Hypothesis2. “Nasty weather, isn’t it?” What function does this sentence fulfill?A. Informative function.B. Interrogative function.C. Performative function.D. Phatic function.3. Which of the following is NOT a step in the procedure of error analysis?A. Recognition.B. Comparison.C. Description.D. Explanation.4. Which of the following tests seeks to predict the learner’s probable strengths and weaknesses in learning a second language?A. Achievement test.B. Proficiency test.C. Aptitude test.D. Diagnostic test.5. The classification of varieties of language into Dialects and Registers is based on ____.A. The user and use of the languageB. The function of the languageC. The goal of the languageD. The structure of language6. Who is regarded as “Father of the English Novel” ?A. Daniel DefoeB. Samuel RichardsonC. Jonathan SwiftD. Henry Fielding7. Which of the following writers is NOT a Nobel Prize winner for literature?A. William FaulknerB. Doris LessingC. V. S. NaipaulD. J. M. Coetzee8. _________ ’ writing has established her as one of the greatest contemporary writers of fiction in Canada, and she has received many important prizes, including the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature for her work as “master of the contemporary short story” and three-time winner of Canada’s Governor General’s Award for Fiction.A. Margaret AtwoodB. Marian EngelC. Alice MunroD. Doris Lessing9. Which of the following statements about literary genre is NOT true?A. Folktale, strictly defined, is a short narrative in prose of unknown authorship which has been transmitted orally.B. An epic is an extended narrative poem or a novel, which celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes.C. A picaresque novel generally refers to a basically realistic work of fiction focusing on a lower-class rogue-hero, who experiences a series of loose, episodic adventures.D. Gothic Novel is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious, and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the readers.10. Which one of the following sentences is NOT from Walden?A. Every morning was a cheerful invitation to make my life of equal simplicity, and I may say innocence, with Nature herself.B. I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essentials facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach.C. If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generation the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown!D. Morning is when I am awake and there is a dawn in me. Moral reform is the effort to throw off sleep.B. Directions: Candidates are FREE to choose any FIVE from the following TEN terms and explain them in plain English on the answer sheet. (10 points)1. predicate2. complementary distribution3. suprasegmental phonology4. broadening5. textual function6. sonnet7. Lake Poets8. ecological consciousness9. patriarchy10. Lost GenerationVI. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked［A］,［B］,［C］or［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Be sure to write down your choice on the answer sheet.Passage AFor many years, parts of America’s space industry have complained that the rules governing the export of technology are too strict. Understandably, the government does not want militarily useful stuff to fall into the hands of its foes. But the result is a system that is too stric t in its definition of “militarily useful” and which favours lumbering dinosaurs such as Lockheed Martin and Boeing, which survive on fat government contracts, rather than nimble but small “furry mammals” that need every customer they can get, domestic or foreign.In December 2007 one of those mammals, a company called Bigelow Aerospace, filed the first legal challenge to America’s rules for exporting space technology. It disputed the government’s claim that foreign passengers travelling on a spaceship or space station were involved in a transfer of technology. The outcome suggests that there may be a chink in the armour of the export-controls regime.Improbable as it sounds, Bigelow Aerospace makes and launches inflatable space-station modules and hopes, one day, to build a commercial space station. Under the existing rules, any non-American passengers on its space stations would have to comply with onerous export controls. These take months to satisfy and could plausibly even culminate in government monitors being present while the foreigner was near American space technology. Even training on the ground in a mock-up module was deemed a transfer of technology and therefore required export controls.Yet, taking a passenger flight does not mean you can build an aeroplane, observes Mike Gold, head of Bigelow’s office in Washington, DC. His line of argument, it seems, has been accepted. Mr Gold says that the company received the ruling in February and that it has spent the past two months digesting it. He says that Bigelow has got “everything we could want”, though the ruling still precludes passengers from what he describes as the “bad-boy list of export control”—nationals from Sudan, Iran, North Korea and China will not be allowed to fly or train on suborbital p assenger flights, or visit Bigelow’s space station.Other private space companies have welcomed the ruling. Marc Holzapfel, legal counsel for Virgin Galactic, describes it as a “major development” because it frees the industry from having to go through the “complicated, expensive and dilatory export-approval process”. Tim Hughes, chief counsel of SpaceX, says the approval is exciting, because it seems to represent a “common-sense approach” and bodes well for similar requests made by companies such as his own to carry foreign astronauts hoping to work on missions to the International Space Station.The result also means something to the entire export-control regime, known as the International Traffic inArms Regulations (ITAR). Robert Dickman, executive director of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, says the decision appears to convey a new willingness to “move away from the very restrictive approach that has been in place for almost a decade”. His organisation is hosting a forum later thi s month involving the private spaceflight industry and senior government officials to discuss the regulations.During the American presidential campaign, Barack Obama said that, if elected, he would review ITAR, focusing on space hardware. George Nield, associate administrator for commercial space transportation within the Federal Aviation Authority, says although he has not seen the new ruling, it was good news that the government “may now be willing to revise some of its export-control restrictions to enable American firms to be more competitive in their efforts to sell aerospace products and services globally”.1. What does “furry mammals” in the first paragraph probably refer to?A. giants in space industryB. small and Medium Enterprises in space industryC. a representative cross-section of the furry fandomD. smaller-sized, warm-blooded animals with hair2. The word “onerous” in the third paragraph of the passage is closest in meaning to___.A. complicatedB. irreplaceableC. inevitableD. stackable3. According to the passage, what seems the most possible reason for export controls?A. ideological tacticB. safety of the countryC. protection of technologyD. economic benefits4. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Bigelow has fulfilled its objective.B. Other private space companies have welcomed the ruling because it simplified the export-approvalprocess.C. The new decision means something to the private spaceflight industry.D. George Nield stands in the middle when talking about the ruling.5. What is the best title for this passage?A. Freedom to fly.B. America’s space industry.C. Export-controls of space technology.D. Furry mammals need to survive.Passage BYou may have heard the legend of the pilot who bid passengers farewell after landing with these words: “The safest part of your trip is now over.” That isn’t just one pilot’s boast, it’s a truth most air travelers take for granted. Safety is an accumulation of knowledge about risk converted into practice, and no other mode of transportation has been as expansive as flying in incorporating what we know about the fallibility of humans and machines. As a result, the act of hurtling through the air at 500 mph six miles above the ground is less likely to result in your demise than almost any other type of travel. From the plane seats to the cabin air to the course and altitude of the flight, every decision in commercial aviation comes after careful consideration of its impact on safety.Airplane design is important to its saf ety. In the past 50 years, the world’s commercial airliners have racked up nearly one billion flight hours, providing an industry meticulous about recordkeeping with a steady stream of information that is used to constantly improve the design of airplanes and engines. And all this information gives engineers a truer understanding of the machine’s limits. Besides, manufacturers now know what happens in the real world, which prompts refinements that may make a genuine difference in safety instead of only in design.An equal amount of attention is also paid to the area where you sit. Capacious or cramped, first-class or economy, all airplane seats meet tough standards for durability and head-impact protection. The modern airliner seat can withstand 16 times the force of gravity. And seat protection doesn’t stop there. The fabrics and cushions are fire retardant and self-extinguishing, and they will not emit toxic smoke. Even the items you find in the seat back are tested to make sure they can’t become lethal. Th e insulation in the cabin walls is fire retardant, and, in the case of a fire, emergency lighting is close to the floor. This makes it easier to locate the exits in a smoke-filled cabin.Technology is no substitute for experience, skill and judgment. Airlines know the importance of good pilots and good training, which is why so much effort goes into selection and schooling. And what they need most is a personality that ensures good communication skills, that ensures leadership potential, the ability to work as part of a team and low risk-taking. For example, U.S. carriers expect pilots to have accrued hundreds of hours on their own nickel before applying to become commercial pilots.The pilots and the airplanes may be the stars of the show in commercial aviation, but behind the scenes, a new, almost Star Wars-like air traffic system is being built where airplanes guided by GPS will fly self-programmed routes, communicating with each other and with the ground. This is very different from the days when maps, blackboards and pencil and paper calculations were used to direct airplanes. Many planes today can operate in a geographic window so exact that their horizontal position remains within a wingspan, with vertical deviation less than the height of the tail. The linking of onboard and on-the-ground systems creates highways in the sky where nobody veers out of their lanes. Today, with more improvement on airplanes, your airplane ride may be the safety of your day.6. According to the passage, what does the author mean by saying “The safest part of your trip is now over”?A. It is just one pilot’s boast.B. It is often said by a pilot to bid farewell to passengers after landing.C. Airplane ride is taken as a safer transportation by most air travelers.D. Most air travelers take it for granted that airplane ride is the safest transportation.7. In terms of the factors that guarantee the safety of the plane, which one is NOT mentioned ____.A. airplane designB. pilots with good experience, skill and judgmentC. the airliner seats with protection effectD. improvements on airport property8. According to the passage, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Airplanes are more expansive than other mode of transportation in incorporating the fallibility ofhumans and machines.B. More flight hours can help engineers improve the design of airplanes and engines.C. Only some airplane seats meet tough standards for durability and head-impact protection.D. A amount of attention should be paid to selecting a certain kind of pilot for airliners.9. The last sentence in Paragraph 4 implies that ___.A. To apply to become commercial pilots, pilots have spent much in accumulating much experience andobtain some abilities at their own expense.B. To apply to become commercial pilots, pilots have to spend much money in obtaining some mostfundamental flight and landing skills.C. Commercial pilots seem to be the most demanding ones among all different kinds of pilots.D. Even hundreds of hours on his own nickel are insufficient for a pilot to be a qualified commercial pilot.10. What is the best title for this passage?A. Why Are Airplanes Safe?B. What Are Needed to be a Good Pilot?C. Factors to be a Safe Traveler.D. Road to Become a Pilot.Passage CThe subatomic particle is better known to scientists as the Higgs boson. And after decades of searches, it seems likely the elusive particle has been successfully detected inside an underground tunnel experiment run by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) outside Geneva. Results “consistent” with the hard-to-detect particle, in the words of CERN chief Rolf Heuer as he announced the discovery July 4, may be the opening act in explaining the structure of the sky over our heads.A source of heartburn t o serious science types now, the “God particle” nickname for the Higgs boson comes from the title of a 1993 book by Nobel-prize winner Leon Lederman, who was trying to play up the elusive nature of the particle.For a glimpse of one implication of this latest big news in science, climb aboard a time machine, saysphysicist Jonathan Feng of the University of California-Irvine, and visit the birth of the universe 13.7 billion years ago.“Simply take the universe backwards, to an early time when the cosm os was a hot mass, brand new, filled with particles that each weighed perhaps 500 times as much as a proton,” says Feng (protons are positively charged subatomic particles inside atoms). “Now play the film forward. Just let it go until it expands to fill w ith today’s stars and galaxies, and what you find is that it contains amounts of that particle that are just right to be ‘dark matter’ filling the universe.”Terrific, you might say, but what’s so wonderful about dark matter?Dark matter is basically a b unch of stuff, likely exotic physics particles, that we can’t really see (hence its name) but we know is out there. Astronomers realized a few decades ago that galaxies should be spinning faster than they are if the stars within them were the only things providing the gravity that holds them together. So, their theories go, there must be something - dark matter - slowing them down.It turns out that stars are just the shiny hubcaps on each galaxy, outweighed by a factor of nearly 6-to-1 by all the dark matter out there. Dark matter even pulls itself together through gravity. For example, the journal Nature last week reported that a dark matter cloud gravitationally connects two clusters of galaxies, called Abell 222 and Abell 223. This cloudy filament stretches over 11 million light years between the clusters and weighs 98 trillion times as much as our sun.That’s a lot of dark matter. So is the Higgs boson this elusive dark matter particle (or particles) then?Nope. But it may be a key to dark matter, physicists say.The Higgs boson is the physics particle that gives other particles their mass. Essentially it interacts with them to increase their resistance to being moved faster, which we can measure as mass.Because the Higgs boson’s basic job is to interact with other physics particles to give them mass, “the Higgs boson can interact with dark matter very easily,” Caltech’s Sean Carroll explained on NPR’s Science Friday show after the recent “God particle” announcement. “Dark matter is one of the most excit ing implications of this discovery,” Carroll said.How? That brings us back to Feng’s rerun of the universe. “Having a particle out there theoretically just a little heavier than the Higgs boson, which interacts with it, is waving a red cape in front of the eyes of physicists,” Feng says. “There is a lot more data coming from CERN ahead that may reveal the dark matter particle.”Dark matter particles that theoretically could be detected at CERN’s underground Large Hadron Collider are envisioned by a theory called “focus point supersymmetry.” Supersymmetry theories predict that the already-discovered particles that comprise everyday matter have much-heavier “super” counterparts awaiting detection (for example, the already detected “quarks” inside protons woul d have an undetected super-partner called “squarks”). Focus point supersymmetry predicts both a Higgs boson with a weight similar to the one reported on July 4, about 130 times as heavy as a proton, and dark matter particles.“In fact, the simplest focus p oint models predict that dark matter particles should be seen not long from now in the underground detectors that are searching for them,” if the CERN lab indeed found a Higgs boson,。
2017年南京航空航天大学820研究生入学考试真题
南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A 卷）科目代码: 820科目名称:自动控制原理满分: 150分注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！本试卷共10大题，满分150分一、(本题15分) 试确定图1所示系统的输出)(s C 。
图1二、(本题15分) 系统结构图如图2所示，已知未加测速反馈时，系统在单位阶跃信号作用下的稳态输出为1，而过渡过程的瞬时最大值为1.4，要求：1. 确定系统结构参数K 、a ，并计算单位阶跃响应下的峰值时间p t 、调节时间s t 、超调量%σ；2. 为了改善系统性能，引入测速反馈bs ，若0.82b =，再计算超调量%σ；3. 在该测速反馈情况下，若此时系统的输入为()2 1.38sin r t t =+，计算稳态输出ss c 。
()R s ()C s K1()(0.56)s a s ++bs−−图21G2G 2H 1H)(s R)(s C )(1s N )(2s N )(3s N三、(本题15分) 已知单位负反馈系统的开环传递函数为)1)(1()(++=s Ts s Ks G ，其中0>K 、0>T 。
试确定使闭环系统稳定时，参数K 、T 应满足的关系；并计算在输入)(1)(t t t r ⋅=作用下系统的稳态误差。
四、(本题15分) 已知某系统结构图如图3所示，其中K 、T 均大于0。
在输入)(t r 作用下，具有如图4所示的输出)(t c 曲线。
0.15r(t)c(t)tc(t)01图3 图4 试求：1. 此时的K 值；2. 试绘制T 从∞→0变化的闭环系统根轨迹；3. 系统在临界阻尼时的T 值。
五、(本题15分) 某单位负反馈系统为最小相角系统，其开环频率特性如图5所示，其中B(j 3,3−−)点对应的频率为23=ω， 1. 求系统的开环传递函数； 2. 若增加校正装置bs a s K s G c ++=)()(以使系统的相角裕度达到45°且在斜坡输入时的稳态误差降低为原来的0.5倍，并要求系统型别和阶数不变，确定参数a 、b （0,0>>b a ）；并概略绘制出此时的开环Bode 图。
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南京航空航天大学
2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码:813
满分:150 分
科目名称:无机化学
注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！
一、判断题（填写√或╳，20分）
1. 隔离系统的热力学能恒定不变。
（）
2. 温度不变时，系统既不吸热也不放热。
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3. 冰在室温下自动溶化成水，是熵增起了主要作用。
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4. H2S溶液中，c(H+) = 2 c(s2-) （）
5. 在氧化还原反应中，若两个电对的θE值相关越大，则反应进行得越快。
（）
6. 共价键的键长等于成键原子共价半径之和。
（）
7. 离子晶体具有脆性，是由于阳离子和阴离子交替排列，不能错位的缘故。
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8. I-可被F e3+氧化，但加入F-后就不被Fe3+氧化。
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9. 用浓氨水可检测氯气管道是否漏气。
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10. 加热CuCl2･2H2O时得不到无水的CuCl2。
（）
11. 焊接金属时，常用浓ZnCl2溶液处理金属表面。
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12. 镧系元素的原子核都是稳定的，锕系都是放射性的。
（）
13. 日常生活中，衣服上沾的铁锈可用高锰酸钾清洗。
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14. Cr2(SO4)3和Na2S溶液反应的主要产物是Cr(OH)3和H2S。
（）
15. 氨和空气的混合物在800 o C下通过铂铑丝网后，其主要产物为NO2。
（）
16. 溶液与沉淀分离的方法常用过滤法、离心分离法、蒸发法。
（）
17. 实验室常用的干燥剂变色硅胶失效后呈现红色。
（）
18. 白色的NH4VO3加热后变成棕色，是因为生成了V2O5。
（）
19. PCl4+的空间构型是正八面体。
（）
20. Fe(OH)3、Al(OH)3、Cr(OH)3均是难溶的氢氧化物，分离它们必须利用它们的溶解性和氧化还原性。
（）
二、填空题（20分）
1. 滴定时如酸溶液滴在锥形瓶内壁上，应用少量蒸馏水把酸溶液洗下，否则会导致实验结果 。
（填写偏高或偏低）
2. 碘化物溶液中加入氯水和CCl 4，经振荡后溶液颜色变为 色。
3. 在BN(立方)，FeCo ，LiH ，BBr 3 四个晶体中，熔点最低的是 。
4. 用电对MnO 4-/Mn 2+，Cl 2/Cl -组成的原电池，其正极反应为 ，负极反应为 ，电池的电动势等于 ，电池符号为 。
（E θ(MnO 4-/Mn 2+)=1.51 V ，E θ(Cl 2/Cl -)=1.36 V ）。
5. 锗、锡所呈现的化合价是四价比二价稳定，而铅所呈现的化合价则相反，二价比四价 。
（填写稳定或不稳定）
6. 六氰合铁（III ）酸钾的化学式 ，该配合物中心离子为 ，配位体为 ，配位原子为 ，配位数为 。
7. 既可以用来鉴定Fe 3+，也可以用来鉴定Co 2+的试剂是________，既可以用来鉴定Fe 3+，也可以用来鉴定Cu 2+的试剂是________。
8. 在饱和的Hg 2(NO 3)溶液中，逐滴加入浓HCl ，开始有 色的 生成，继续加浓HCl 有 和 生成。
9. O 2的分子轨道排布式为 。
三、计算题（20分）
1. 铅酸蓄电池的电极反应为
负极：44b()(aq)()()2P s HSO PbSO s H aq e -+-−−→+++←−−
正极：2
244bO ()aq 3()2()2(l)P s HSO H aq e PbSO s H O -+-−−→++++←−−（） (1) 计算铅蓄电池的标准电动势MF E θ.
(2) 如果将6个铅酸电池串联在一起，其总电动势为多少？
(3) 充电的电极反应如何？写出相应的反应方程式。
(4) 在使用过程中，可用测定硫酸密度的方法确定铅蓄电池是否需要充电，这是什么道理？充电时，需要新的浓度大的硫酸代替电池中的稀硫酸吗？为什么？
已知：222b /0.1266,(/) 1.458E P Pb V E PbO Pb V θθ++=-=（）
824224() 1.810,() 1.010sp a K PbSO K H SO θθ--=⨯=⨯
2. 水杨酸(邻羟基苯甲酸)C 7H 4O 3H 2是二元弱酸。
25℃下，311006.1-⨯=θa K ，14210
6.3-⨯=θa K 。
有时可用它作为止痛药而代替阿司匹林(As-pirin)，但它有较强的酸性，能引起胃出血。
计算0.065 mol·L 的C 7H 4O 3H 2溶液中平衡时各个物种的浓度和pH 值。
3. 某溶液里面含有Pb 2+和Zn 2+，两者的溶度均为0.1 mol·L -1，在室温下通入H 2S(g)使之成为饱和溶液，并加HCl 控制S 2-浓度。
为了使PbS 沉淀出来，而Zn 2+仍留在溶液中，则溶液中的H +浓度最低应是多少？此时溶液中的Pb 2+是否被沉淀完全？
已知θspa K (ZnS) = 2×10-2, θspa K (PbS)=3×
10-7
4. 反应2211()()()22
Cl g F g ClF g −−→+←−−，在298K 和398K 下，测得其标准平衡常数分别为9.3 ⨯ 109 和3.3 ⨯107。
（1）计算(298)r m G K θ∆；
（2）若298K~398K 范围内r m H θ∆，r m S θ∆基本不变，计算r m H θ∆、r m S θ∆
5. 当T 为298K 时，反应2N 2O(g)→2N 2(g)+O 2(g)，164.1/r m H kJ mol θ∆=-，
240/Ea kJ mol =。
该反应可被氯气催化，催化反应 140/Ea kJ mol =，催化后反应的速率提高了多少倍？催化反应的逆反应活化能是多少?
四、根据题意回答问题（90分）
1. 那些因素影响化学反应速率？它们将如何影响?
2. 怎样由各基元反应求得复杂反应的总速率方程？
3. 举例说明下列概念有何区别，
(1)极性键和极性分子
(2)σ键和π键
4.原子为什么能发光？为什么说原子光谱是研究原子核外电子运动状态的实验基础？
5. 评论下列各种陈述：
(1)放热反应是自发的；
(2)根据ΔH=Qp ，由于H 是状态函数，所以Qp 也是状态函数。
6.试解释为什么室温下CCl4是液体，CH4及CF4是气体，CI4是固体？
7. 金属钠和镁条在空气中燃烧，把生成物均溶于水后得到的产物是否相同，如何鉴别?写出有关的反应方程式。
8. 试举例说明溶解沉淀的化学方法及原理
9. 有一无色晶体A，加入水中有白色沉淀B生成，过滤后，用pH试纸检查，发现滤液呈酸性，往其中加AgNO3溶液和稀硝酸，有白色沉淀C生成，B溶于盐酸，得无色透明A溶液，向其通入饱和H2S溶液，生成橙色沉淀D，离心分离出D后，将其分成四份，第一份加NaOH 溶液，沉淀溶解生成E与F的混合溶液，第二份加入Na2S溶液，沉淀溶解得F溶液，第三份中加入HCl沉淀溶解得G溶液。
并放出有臭蛋臭的气体H，第四份加多硫化胺，沉淀溶解，生成无色溶液I，向I溶液中加HCl，则析出橙色沉淀D，并产生气体H。
试指出A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I各为何物质。