循环动电位极化ASTM G61(中文翻译版)

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仪器分析常见术语英汉对照

仪器分析常见术语英汉对照

仪器分析常见术语英汉对照Chapter 1 Preface/绪论analytical chemistry/chemical analysis/ instrumental analysis/分析化学/化学分析/仪器分析spectral analysis/光谱分析 electroanalytical chemistry/电分析化学chromatography/色谱法 methods for inorganic species/ 无机物的分析 methods for organic and biochemical species/有机物、生物化学物质的分析description of validation parameters/有效参数的描述precision/精密度 accuracy/准确度 sensitivity/灵敏度 detection limit/检出限quantitation limit/定量限 linearity/线性 linear range/线性范围absolute error/绝对误差 relative error/相对误差 systematic error/系统误差determinate error/可定误差 accidental error/随机误差 indeterminate error/不可定误差debiation/偏差 average debiation/平均偏差 relative average debiation/相对平均偏差 standerd deviation;S/标准偏差(标准差) relatibe standard deviation;RSD/相对平均偏差coefficient of variation/变异系数 propagation of error/误差传递 significant figure/有效数字 partial least squares method ,PLS/偏最小二乘法Chapter 2 Introduction to Optical Methods of Analysis/光学分析导论properties of electromagnetic radiation/电磁辐射的性质 wave properties/波性质 the particle Nature of light: photons/光的粒子性质 interaction of radiation and matter/辐射与物质的相互作用 the electromagnetic spectrum/电磁波谱spectroscopic measurements/光谱测量 radiation absorption/辐射吸收 absorption process/吸收过程 absorption spectra/吸收光谱 limits to Beer's Law/比尔定律的局限性 qualitative sqectrometric analysis/光谱定性分析semiquantitative spectrometric analysis/光谱半定量分析 quantitative spectrometric analysis/光谱定量分析 instruments for optical spectrometry/光谱仪器 spectrophotometer /光谱仪instrument components/仪器的组成部件 optical materials/光学材料 spectroscopic sources/光源 wavelength selectors/单色器 sample containers/样品池spectrophotometer/分光光度计 single beam spectrophotometer/单光束分光光度计double beam spectrophotometer/双光束分子光光度计 dual wavelength spectrophotometer/双波长分光光度计 colorimeter/比色计 visual colorimeter/目视比色计 photoelectric coolorimeter/光电子比色计 holographic grating/全息光栅interference filter/干涉滤光片 calibration filter/校准滤光片 neutral filter/中性滤光片 absorption cell/cuvette/吸收池/比色皿 photocell/photovoltaic cell/光电池photomultiplier/光电倍增管 detecting and measuring radiant energy/辐射能检测signal processors and readouts/信号处理和数据输出molecular Luminescence Analysis/分子发光分析 molecular fluorescence spectroscopy/分子荧光分光光度法 theory of molecular fluorescence/分子荧光光谱法理论 effect of concentration on fluorescence intensity/影响荧光强度的因素 molecular phosphorescence/分子磷光 chemiluminescence methods/化学发光法Chapter 3 Atomic Emission Spectrometry(AES)/原子发射光谱origins of atomic spectra/原子光谱的起源 formation of atomic emission spectra/原子发射光谱的产生 outer electron/外层电子 electron transition/电子跃迁production of atoms and ions/原子和离子的产生 excited potential/激发电位ionization potential/电离电位 transition rule/跃迁定则 energy level diagram/能级图 characteristic spectrum/特征光谱 spectrum line intensity /谱线强度self-absorption and self reversal of spectrum line /谱线的自吸与自蚀 atomization efficiency/原子化效率 atomic line/原子线 resonance line/共振线 sensitive line/灵敏度 Boltzmann distribution/波尔兹曼分布定律 Boltzmann factor/波尔兹曼因子Boltzmann constant/波尔兹曼常数 device and instrument of AES /原子发射光谱分析装置与仪器 types and process of AES /仪器类型与流程 slit/ 狭缝 diffraction grating/衍射光栅 steeloscope/看谱镜 photoelectric direct reading spectrometer/光电直读光谱计 flame photometer/火焰光度计 excitation light source/激发光源 spectrum projictor/映谱仪 spectral photographic plate/光谱感光板microphotometer,microdens-tometer/测微光度计 spectrograph/摄谱仪 plsma source/等离子体[光]源 glow discharge/辉光放电 high firequency discharge/高频放电inductively coupled high frequency plasma torch/电感耦合高频等离子体焰炬capacitively coupled high frequency plasma torch/电容耦合高频等离子体焰炬capacitively coupled microwave plasma torch/电容耦合微波等离子体焰炬 laser microprobe/激光微探针 plate/相板(又称干板) flame spectrometer /火焰光度计 arc and electric spark emission spectrometer/电弧和电火花发射光谱仪 sample introduction systems/样品引入系统 multi-element/多元素 plasma sources/等离子体光源 electrothermal atomizers/电热原子化器 other atomizers/其它原子化器 sources of nonlinearity in atomic emission spectrometry/非线性光源plasma emission spectrometry/等离子发射光谱 direct current plasma jet(DCP)/直流等离子体喷焰 inductively coupled plasma(ICP)/电感耦合等离子体 principle and feature of ICP-AES /电感耦合等离子体发射光谱原理和特点 microwave induced plasma( MIP)/微波感生等离子体 interferences in plasma and flame atomic emission spectroscopy/等离子体和火焰原子光谱中的干扰 matrix interference/基体干扰photomultiplier tube (PMT)/光电倍增管 charge injection detector(CID)/电荷注入式检测器 qualitative and quantitative analysis method /定性和定量分析方法linear dispersion/曲线 angular dispersion/线色散 angular dispersion/角色散reciprocal linear dospersion/倒数线色散 resolving power,resolution/分辨本领spectral line interfernce/谱线干扰 spectral interference/光谱干扰 ionization interference/电离干扰 chemical interference/化学干扰 emission interference/发射干扰 matrix modifier/基体改进剂 spectral buffer/光谱缓冲剂 background absorption/背景吸收 maximum absorption/最大吸收 molecular absorption/分子吸收background absorption Correction/背景吸收校正 enhancement effect/增感效应depression effect/抑制效应Chapter 4 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry /原子吸收光谱和原子荧光光谱absorption line/吸收线 resonance line/共振线 line profile/分析线 line profile/谱线轮廓 line width/谱线宽度 entegrated absorption method/积分吸收法 peak absorption method/峰分吸收法 Zeeman effect/塞曼效应 atomization/原子化 line width effects in atomic absorption/原子吸收中的变宽效应 flame atomic absorption/火焰原子吸收 relaxation processes/弛豫过程 atomic absorption with electrothermal atomization/ 原子吸收与电热原子化 interferences in atomic absorption/原子吸收中的干扰 fame atomizers/火焰原子化器 atomic fluorescence spectrometry/原子荧光光谱法 fluorescent species/荧光物质类型 fluorescence instruments/荧光光谱仪applications of fluorescence methods/荧光法的应用Chapter 5 Ultraviolet and Visible Absorption Spectroscopy/紫外-可见吸收光谱ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrometry/紫外可见吸收光谱 ultraviolet-visible photometers and spectrophotometers/紫外—可见分光光度计 spectrophotometric methods/分光光度法 apsorbing species/吸收类型 single-beam Instruments/单光束分光光度计 double-beam instruments/双光束分光光度计 multichannel instruments/多通道仪器 shoulder peak/肩峰 end absorbtion/末端吸收 chromophore/吸收生色团auxochrome/助色团 electron donating group/供电子取代基 electron with-drawing group/吸电子取代基 red shift/红移 blue shift/蓝(紫)移 bathochromic shift/长移hypsochromic shift/短移 hyperchromic effect/增色效应(浓色效应) hypochromic effect/减色效应(淡色效应) strong band/强带 weak band/弱带 absorption band吸收带 transmitance,T/透光率 absorbance/吸光度 band width/谱带宽度 stray light/杂散光 noise/ 噪声 dark noise/暗噪声 signal shot noise/散粒噪声 blazed grating/闪耀光栅 holographic graaing/全息光栅 photodiode array detector/光二极管阵列检测器convolution spectrometry/褶合光谱法 convolution transform,CT/褶合变换 wavelet transform,WT/离散小波变换 multiscale analysis/多尺度细化分析Chapter 6 Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy/红外吸收光谱infrared ray,IR/红外线 mid-infrared absorption spectrum/Mid-IR/中红外吸收光谱far infrared /Far-IR/远红外 near infrared/近红外 microwave spectrum,MV/微波谱infrared spectroscopy/红外吸收光谱法 infrared spectrophotometry/红外分光光度法mode of vibration/振动形式 stretching vibration/伸缩振动 symmetrical stretchingvibration/对称伸缩振动 asymmetrical stretching vibration/不对称伸缩振动 bending vibration/弯曲振动 formation vibration/变形振动 in-plane bending vibration,β/面内弯曲振动 scissoring vibration,δ/剪式振动 rocking vibration,ρ/面内摇摆振动out-of-plane bending vibration,γ/面外弯曲振动 wagging vibration,ω/面外摇摆振动twisting vibration ,τ/蜷曲振动 symmetrical deformation vibration ,δs/对称变形振动 asymmetrical deformation vibration, δas/不对称变形振动 ring prckering vibration/环折叠振动 charateristic avsorption band/特征吸收峰 characteristic frequency/特征频率 correlation absorption band/相关吸收峰 hybridization affect/杂化影响 ring size effect/环大小效应 intensity of absorption band/吸收峰的强度deactivation/去活化过程 vibrational relaxation(VR)/振动弛豫 vibration spectrum/振动光谱 internal Conversion(IC)/内转换 external conversion(EC)/外转换intersystem conversion(ISC)/系间跨跃 dichroism/二色性 wave number calibration/波数校准 group frequency/基团频率 cell-in -cell-ort method/池入-池出法 baseline/基线法 stray light/杂散法 infrared spectrophotometers/红外分光光度计 infrared absorption spectra/红外吸收光谱 absorption intensity/吸收强度 fundamental frequency band/基频谱带 spurious band/乱真谱带 vibrational-rotational spectrum/振转光谱 instruments for infrared spectroscopy/红外光谱仪器fourier transform infrared spect-rometer(FTIR)/傅里叶这换红外光谱计 infrared source/红外光源 infrared beam condenser/红外光束聚光器 infrated polarizer/红外偏振器 studies of complex ions/络合物研究 dispersive infrared instruments/色散型红外光谱仪 fourier transform instruments/傅立叶变换红外光谱仪Chapter 7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy/核磁共振波谱学introduction to NMR Spectroscopy/核磁谱的简介 definition of NMR Spectroscopy/核磁谱学的定义 NMR History/核磁的历史 properties of nuclei/核的性质 nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR/核磁共振 NMR spectrum/核磁共振波谱 NMR spectroscopy/核磁共振波谱法 continuous wave NMR,CW NMR/连续波核磁共振 fourier transformation NMR spectrum/ FT-NMR/傅立叶变换核磁共振谱 proton magnetic resonance spectrum,PMR/质子核磁共振谱 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectrum/氢谱和碳-13核磁共振谱 spin angular momentum/自旋角动量 magnetogyric ratio/磁旋比 magnetic quantum number,m/磁量子数precession/进动 relaxation mechanism/弛豫历程 local diamagnetic shielding/局部抗磁屏蔽 shielding constant/屏蔽常数 swept field/扫场 seept frequency/扫频schematic NMRspectrometer/核磁仪的概图 magnetic anisotropy/磁各向异性 long range shielding effect/远程屏蔽效应 magnetic eqivalence/磁等价 spin system/自旋系统chemical shift/化学位移 standard for chemical shift/核磁的内标物 shielding and deshielding/屏蔽和去屏蔽效应 spin-spin coupling/自旋-自旋耦合 J-coupling/ J-耦合spin-spin coupling/自旋-自旋偶合 spin=spin splitting/自旋-自旋分裂 coupling constant/耦合常数 decoupling/去耦 nodal plane/结面 factors to affect 1Hchemical shift/影响氢化学位移的因素 signalsplitting for 1H/氢谱的裂分 chemical shift - 13C-NMR/碳谱的化学位移 13C-NMR integration/碳谱中积分 interpreting NMR spectra/核磁谱的解析 2D NMR/二维核磁共振 singlet,s/单峰 doublet,d/双峰 triplet,t/三重峰quartet/ quintet/ sextet/四重峰/五重峰/六重峰 geminal coupling /vicinal coupling/偕偶/邻偶 long range coupling/远程偶合 first order spectrum/一级光谱 second order spectrum/二级光谱(二级图谱) C-H correlated spectroscopy,C-H COSY/C-H光谱Chapter 8 Introduction to Electrochemistry/电化学导论electrochemical analysis/电化学分析 electrolytic analysis method/电解法electtogravimetry/电重量法 coulometry/库仑分析法(电量分析) coulometric titration/库仑滴定法 conductometry/电导法 conductometric analysis/电导分析法conductometric titration/电导滴定法 potentiometry/电位分析法 dirext potentiometry直接电位法 potentiometric titration/电位滴定法 voltammetry/伏安法polarography/极谱法 stripping method/溶出法 amperometric titration/电流滴定法chemical double layer/化学双电层 phase boundary potential/相界电位 electrode potential/金属电极电位 chemical cell/化学电池 liquid junction boundary/液接界面galvanic cell/原电池 electrolytic cell/电解池 cathrode/负极 anode/正极eletromotive force/电池电动势 potentials/电极电势 Plank constant/普朗克常数Nernst equation/能斯特方程 indicator electrode/指示电极 reference electroade/参比电极Chapter 9 Potentiometry/电位法principles of potentiometric measurements/电位法测定原理 direct potentiometry/直接电位法 potentiometric titrations/电位滴定法 standard hydrogen electrode/标准氢电极 primary reference electrode/一级参比电极 standard calomel electrode/饱和甘汞电极 silver silver-chloride electrode/银-氯化银电极 liquid junction boundary/液接界面 asymmetry potential/不对称电位 apparent PH /表观PH值combination PH electrode/复合PH电极 ion selective electrode/离子选择电极 sensor/敏感器 crystalline electrodes/晶体电极 homogeneous membrance electrodes/均相膜电极 heterog eneous membrance electrodes/非均相膜电极 non- crystalline electrodes/非晶体电极 rigid matrix electrode/刚性基质电极 electrode with a mobile carrier/流流体载动电极 gas sensing electrodes/气敏电极 enzyme electrodes/酶电极 glass electrodes/玻璃电极 liquid membrane electrodes/液膜电极 solid-state electrodes/固体电极 selectivity coefficient/选择性系数 electrode-ealibration method/电极校正方法 standard-addition method/标准加入法Chapter 10 Electrolytical Analysis and Coulometry/电解分析法和库仑法bulk electrolysis: electrogravimetry and coulometry/整体电解:电重量法和库仑法controlled-Current electrolytical analysis/控制电流电解法 controlled -Potentil electrolytical analysis/控制电势电解法 choice of negative potential/负极电位的选择 controlled-Potential coulometry/控制电势库仑法 coulometric titration/库仑滴定法 coulometric methods/库仑分析法Chapter 11 Voltammetry and Polarograph/伏安法和极谱法polarography/极谱法 polarogram/极谱图 polarography Equation/极谱波方程linear-sweep Voltammetry /线性扫描伏安法 cyclic voltammetry/循环伏安法 pulse polarographic and voltammetri cmethods/脉冲极谱和伏安法 polarography catalytical waves/极谱催化波 parallel polarographic catalytic wave/极谱平行催化波 hydrogen catalytic wave/氢催化波 adsorptive complex wave/络合物吸附波 stripping voltammetriy/溶出伏安法 anodic stripping voltammetry/阳极溶出伏安法 cathodic stripping voltammetry/阴极溶出伏安法Chapter 12 Chromatography: Theory and Concepts/色谱分析法理论与概念concepts and terms/概念及术语 chromatography/色谱法(层析法) chromatography processor/色谱过程 stationary phase/固定相 mobile phase/流动相 peak height/峰高peak width,W/峰宽 peak width at half height,W1/2 or Y1/2/半峰宽leading peak/前延峰 tailing peak/拖尾峰 symmetry factor,fs/对称因子 retention time/保留时间 retention volume/保留体积 dead time/死时间 asjusted retention time/调整保留时间 isotherm line/等温线 height equivalent to atheoretical plate/理论塔板高度分离度resolution normalization method/归一化法 external standardization外标法 distribution cofficient/分配系数 partition coefficient/狭义分配系数 plate theory/塔板理论 number of theoretical plates/理论塔板数 rate theory/theory of rate/速率理论 resolution ,R/分离度 separation number,SN/分离数 relative Rf, Rr/相对比移值 gas chromatography,GC/气相色谱法 liquid cromatography,LC/液相色谱法planar, plane chromatography//平板色谱法 paper chromatography/纸色谱法 thin layer chromatography ,TLC/薄层色谱法thin film chromatography/薄膜色谱法 capillary electrophoresis,CE/毛细管电泳法high-performance/高效 high performance capillary electroporesis,HPEC/高效毛细管电泳法 high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC/高效液相色谱法 normal-phase/正相 recersed-phase/反相 ion-exchange/离子交换 gel-filtration/凝胶过滤chromatography applications database/色谱应用数据库Chapter 13 Gas chromatography/气相色谱法chemically bonded phase/化学键合相 polydiethylene glycol succinate,PDEGS,DEGS/丁二酸二乙二醇聚酯 GDX/高分子多孔微球 STY/苯乙烯; EST/乙基乙烯苯; DVB/二乙烯苯wall coated open tubular column,WCOT/涂壁毛细管柱 supprot coated open tubular column,SCOT/载体涂层毛细管柱 thermal conductivity detector,TCD/热导检测器hydrogen flame ionization detector,FID/氢焰离子化检测器 electron capture detector ,ECD/电子捕获检测器 noise,N/噪声 drift,d/漂移 column chromatography/柱色谱法 column selector/柱子的选择 packed column/填充柱 capillary column/毛细管柱microbore packed column 微填充柱 instruments in gas chromatography/气相色谱仪GC/MS: instruments and applications/气相色谱-质谱联用技术Chapter 14 High performance liquid chromatography/高效液相色谱liquid –solid chromatography adsorption ,LSC/液-固吸附色谱(液固色谱法)liquid-liquid partition chromatography液-液分配色谱法(分配色谱) normal phase,NP/正相 reversed phase, RP/反相 octadecylselyl,ODS/十八烷基 isocraic elution/恒组成溶剂洗脱 gradient elution/梯度洗脱 ion exchange chromatography,IEC/离子交换色谱法 chemically bonde phase/化学键合相 bonded phase chromatography,BPC/键合相色谱法 chemically bonded-phase chromatography/化学键合相色谱法 ion chromatography,IC/离子色谱法 paired ion chromatography,PIC/离子对色谱法 ion suppression chromatography,ISC/离子抑制色谱法 steric exclusion chromatography,SEC/空间排阻色谱法 size-exclusion chromatography/尺寸排阻色谱gel chromatography/凝胶色谱法 gel permeation chromatography,GPC/凝胶渗透色谱法gel filtration chromatography,GFC/凝胶过滤色谱法 permeation coefficien;Kp/渗透系数 chiral chromatography,CC/手性色谱法 chiral stationary phase,CSP/手性固定相cyclodextrin chromatography,CDC/环糊精色谱法 micellar chromatography,MC/胶束色谱法 affinity chromatography,AC/亲和色谱法 supercritical fluid chromatography,SFC/超临界流体色谱法 end capping/封尾、封顶、遮盖 capillary electrophoresis/毛细管电泳 instruments in capillary electrophoresis/毛细管电泳仪 electroosmotic flow/电渗流 criticak micolle concentration ,CMC/临界胶束浓度 DNA sequencing and capillary array electrophoresis/DNA序列分析及毛细管阵列电泳ultraviolet detector,UVD/紫外检测器 fluorophotomeric detector,FD/荧光检测器 ECD/电化学检测器 RID/示差折光检测器 photodiode array detector ,DAD/光电二极管检测器3D-spectrochromatogram/三维光谱-色谱图 evaporative light scatteringdetector,ELSD/蒸发光散射检测器 ampere detector,AD、安培检测器 high performance capillary electrophoresis,HPCE、高效毛细管电泳法 mobility/淌度 electrophoresis/电泳 electroosmosis/电渗 hydrodynamic injection/动力进样 electrokinetic injection/电动进样 capillary zone electrophoresis,CZE/毛细管区带电泳法 micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography,MECC/胶束电动毛细管色谱 capillary gel electrophoresis,CGE/毛细管凝胶电泳 sieving筛分 thin layer plate/薄层板;TLC/薄层色谱法 adsorption/吸附 activation/活化 deactivation/脱活性 degree of cross linking/交联度 exchange capacity/交换容量 developing solvent ,developer/展开剂Chapter 15 Mass Spectrometry /质谱分析法mass spectrum,MS/质谱 bar graph/棒图 selected ion monitoring ,SIM/选择离子检测direct probe inlet ,DPI/直接进样 interface/接口 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS/气相色谱-质谱联用 high performance liquidchromatography-mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS /高效液相色谱-质谱联用ionizationmethods/离子化方法 electron impact source,EI/电子轰击离子源 fast atom bombardment ,FAB/快速原子轰击离子源 chemical ionization source,CI/化学离子源field ionization,FI/场电离 field desorptiion,FD/场解析 matrix assisted laser desorption (MALDI)/基质辅助的激光解吸 electro spray ionization ( ESI )/电喷雾 mass analyzer/质量分析器 magnetic-sector mass spectrometer/磁质谱仪 quadrupole mass spectrometer/四极杆质谱仪(四极质谱仪)amu/原子质量单位 ion abundance/离子丰度 relative avundance/相对丰度(相对强度) base peak/基峰 mass range/质量范围 resolution/分辨率 sensitivity/灵敏度 S/N /信噪比 molecular ion/分子离子 fragment ion/碎片离子 isotopic ion/同位素离子metastable ion/亚稳离子 metastable peak/亚稳峰 parent ion/母离子 daughter ion/子离子 odd electron/含奇数个电子的离子 even eletron,EE/含偶数个电子的离子homolytic cleavage/均裂 heterolytic cleavage/异裂(非均裂) hemi-homolysis cleavage/半均裂 rearragement/重排 MW/分子量α-cleavage/α-裂解 relative Abundance of Isotopes/同位素的相对丰度 isotopic Ratio from the Spectra/质谱中的同位素比例 magnetic sector analyzer/磁分析器 time of flight analyzer/飞行时间分析器 quadrupole analyzers/四极质量分析器 fourier transform ioncyclotron/傅立叶离子回旋共振分析器 MS interpretation and fragmentation/质谱解析和化合物裂解presentation of data/数据表达 determination of Molecular Mass/分子量的测量 high resolution mass spectrometry/高分辨质谱 important fragmentation patterns in EI/ 电子轰击电离下的重要裂解方式patterns of different organic compounds’ fragmentation/不同类型有机物的裂解模式 hyphenated MS techniques/质谱联用技术。

ASTM材料目录(G部分)

ASTM材料目录(G部分)

磨损和腐蚀的相关术语 测定金属在热盐环境下应力断裂敏感性 在高温条件下管道覆层阴极剥离合作用的试验方法 在3.5%氯化钠溶液中用交替浸渍法评定金属及合金的抗应力 腐蚀破裂 斑蚀检验和评定 测定高强度铝合金制品应力腐蚀断裂敏感性的试验方法 用氯化铁溶液测定不锈钢及有关合金耐斑点腐蚀及裂隙腐蚀 的试验方法 直接拉伸应力腐蚀试样的制备和使用 大气对金属腐蚀试验的实施 测量腐蚀试验用土壤pH值的测试方法 在海水表面的金属及其合金的暴露及评定 评定管道涂覆搭接材料的试验方法 墨水浸渍的织物打印带磨损性试验方法 用温纳四电极法现场测量泥土电阻率 焊件的应力腐蚀试样的制备 动电势极化电阻测量 进行循环湿度试验的测试方法 铁镍钴基合金的局部腐蚀敏感性的循环动电势极化强度的试 验方法 假期检测管道覆层的测试方法 供氧设备用非金属材料的评定 热处理铝合金抗应力腐蚀断裂性的分类 用干砂/橡胶轮装置测定磨蚀的测试方法 5XXX系列铝合金的剥落腐蚀敏感性的目视评定的测试方法 (ASSET试验) 用接触硝酸环境之后的重量损失来测定5XXX系列铝合金晶间 腐蚀敏干性的试验方法(NAMLT 试验) 测定铝合金潜在腐蚀性 管道涂层环形可弯曲性的试验方法(压实试验) 电解液中电流腐蚀测试的实施和评定 在高压富氧环境中液体和固体自燃点的测试方法 液体动力附着侵蚀试验 材料对气流冲击着火敏感度的测试方法 测定材料的泥浆磨蚀性(磨碎数值)和泥浆磨蚀特性曲线(SAR 数值)的测试方法 使用气体喷雾器进行固体微粒水锤(点)腐蚀试验 用块环磨损试验为材料抗滑动磨损分级的试验方法
化工行业用熟铁及耐腐蚀镍基合金防腐特性鉴定标准导则 评定埋装在地下的钢储箱三种方法的标准导则 阳光在空气介质1.5中的发射光谱参照表格:直接正常的和37 个有标号表面的半球 用实验室土壤埋藏法评估微生物对非金属材料灵敏度的标准 惯例 与腐蚀相关的失效分析指南 实施和评估实验室土壤腐蚀试验的标准惯例 在耐磨性和摩擦力测试中获取数字化数据的指南 柔性薄膜表面润滑剂检测试验方法 检测铁轨对地面的阻力惯例 使用寿命数据统计分析指南 用直接日射强度表校正日射强度计试验方法 双梁应力腐蚀样品的制备和使用惯例 环境试验基本统计方法应用指南 实验室评价与鉴定油田和炼厂用腐蚀抑制剂指南 用金刚石触针测定材料划伤硬度的试验方法 加速运行的寿命数据的统计分析指南 顺行正常和在37°倾斜面半球的日光分光照度标准表 通过与耐磨圈接触测量材料抗磨损性的试验方法 用于医疗和急救应用的氧气调节器的起火敏感性和出错容许 量的评估测试方法

ASTM-G48-03中文翻译

ASTM-G48-03中文翻译

ASTM-G48-03中文翻译使用三氯化铁溶液做不锈钢及其合金的耐麻点腐蚀和抗裂口腐蚀性试验的标准方法本标准在固定代号G48下发行;紧随此代号之后的号码表示原正式通过的年份,或在修订版情况下,表示最新修订版年份。

括号中的数字表示最新复审年份。

上标ε表示自上次修订或重审以来的编辑变更。

1范围1 .1本试验方法包括若干测定规程,用于测定不锈钢及其台金暴露于氯-氧化环境时的耐麻点和裂口腐蚀性(见术语CL5)。

介绍六种规程,命名为方法A、B、C、D、E和F。

1 .1 .1方法A——三氯化铁麻点腐蚀试验。

I.1.2方法B——三氯化铁裂口腐蚀试验。

1.1.E方法C——镍基和铬包复合金的临界麻点腐蚀温度试验。

1.1.4 方法D——镍基和铬包复合金的临界裂口腐蚀温度试验。

1.1.5 方法E——不锈钢的临界麻点腐蚀温度试验。

1.1.6 方法F——不锈钢的临界裂口腐蚀温度试验。

1.2 方法A用于测定不锈钢和镍基、铬包复合金的相对耐麻点腐蚀性,方法B 可用于侧定这些合金的耐麻点和裂口腐蚀性。

方法C、D、E和F可在标准三氯化铁溶液中,按导致不锈钢、镍基和铬包复合金各自开始麻点腐蚀和裂口腐蚀的最低(临界)温度,为这些合金划分等级。

1 .3 这些试验可用于测定合金填加剂、热处理和表面光洁度对耐麻点腐蚀性和耐裂口腐蚀性的影响。

1.4 以SI单位表示的值被认为标准。

在括号中给出其它单位,仅供参考。

1.5 本标准并不意味已提及与其使用相关的所有安全事项。

制定合适的安全和健康规范,确定规章限制的适用性,是本标准用户的职责。

2 引用文件2.1 ASTM标准A262 检测奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性规范②。

D1193 试剂水技术规范③。

E691 进行实验室间研究以测定试验方法精度的规范④。

E1338 计算机化材料性能数据库中金属与合金识别指南⑤。

G1 制备、清洗和评估腐蚀拭验试样的规范⑥。

G15 与腐蚀和腐蚀试验相关的术语⑦。

G46 麻点腐蚀检验和评估指南⑧。

ASTM标准号G

ASTM标准号G
G12-83(1998)
钢制管道涂层厚度无损测量的试验方法
Standard Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Film Thickness of Pipeline Coatings on Steel
G14-88(1996)e1
钢制管道涂层抗冲击性的试验方法(落锤试验)
标准号
中文名称
英文
G1-03
腐蚀试样的制备,清洗和评定
Standard Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimens
G2-88(2002)
在750°F蒸汽中或在680°F水中锆,铪及其合金产品腐蚀检验法
G5-94(1999)e1
作静电位标记和动电位阳极极化测量的基准测试方法
Standard Reference Test Method for Making Potentiostatic and Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements
G6-88(1998)
G29-96(2002)
塑料膜抗藻类腐蚀性的测定
Standard Practice for Determining Algal Resistance of Plastic Films
G30-97(2003)
制作和使用U形弯曲应力腐蚀试样
Standard Practice for Making and Using U-Bend Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens
Standard Test Method for Corrosion Testing of Products of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys in Water at 633°K or in Steam at 673°K [Metric]

常用电工词汇英文翻译

常用电工词汇英文翻译

常用电工词汇英文翻译电路的基本概念及定律电源source电压源voltage source电流源current source理想电压源ideal voltage source理想电流源ideal current source伏安特性volt-ampere characteristic电动势electromotive force电压voltage电流current电位potential电位差potential difference欧姆Ohm伏特V olt安培Ampere瓦特Watt焦耳Joule电路circuit电路元件circuit element电阻resistance电阻器resistor电感inductance电感器inductor电容capacitance电容器capacitor电路模型circuit model参考方向reference direction参考电位reference potential欧姆定律Ohm’s law基尔霍夫定律Kirchhoff’s law基尔霍夫电压定律Kirchhoff’s voltage law(KVL)基尔霍夫电流定律Kirchhoff’s current law(KCL)结点node支路branch回路loop网孔mesh支路电流法branch current analysis网孔电流法mesh current analysis结点电位法node voltage analysis电源变换source transformations叠加原理superposition theorem网络network无源二端网络passive two-terminal network有源二端网络active two-terminal network戴维宁定理Thevenin’s theorem诺顿定理Norton’s theorem开路(断路)open circuit短路short circuit开路电压open-circuit voltage短路电流short-circuit current交流电路直流电路direct current circuit (dc)交流电路alternating current circuit (ac)正弦交流电路sinusoidal a-c circuit平均值average value有效值effective value均方根值root-mean-squire value (rms)瞬时值instantaneous value电抗reactance感抗inductive reactance容抗capacitive reactance法拉Farad亨利Henry阻抗impedance复数阻抗complex impedance相位phase初相位initial phase相位差phase difference相位领先phase lead相位落后phase lag倒相,反相phase inversion频率frequency角频率angular frequency赫兹Hertz相量phasor相量图phasor diagram有功功率active power无功功率reactive power视在功率apparent power功率因数power factor功率因数补偿power-factor compensation串联谐振series resonance并联谐振parallel resonance谐振频率resonance frequency频率特性frequency characteristic幅频特性amplitude-frequency response characteristic 相频特性phase-frequency response characteristic截止频率cutoff frequency品质因数quality factor通频带pass-band带宽bandwidth (BW)滤波器filter一阶滤波器first-order filter二阶滤波器second-order filter低通滤波器low-pass filter高通滤波器high-pass filter带通滤波器band-pass filter带阻滤波器band-stop filter转移函数transfer function波特图Bode diagram傅立叶级数Fourier series三相电路三相电路three-phase circuit三相电源three-phase source对称三相电源symmetrical three-phase source对称三相负载symmetrical three-phase load相电压phase voltage相电流phase current线电压line voltage线电流line current三相三线制three-phase three-wire system三相四线制three-phase four-wire system三相功率three-phase power星形连接star connection(Y-connection)三角形连接triangular connection(D- connection ,delta connection) 中线neutral line电路的暂态过程分析暂态transient state稳态steady state暂态过程,暂态响应transient response换路定理low of switch一阶电路first-order circuit三要素法three-factor method时间常数time constant积分电路integrating circuit微分电路differentiating circuit磁路与变压器磁场magnetic field磁通flux磁路magnetic circuit磁感应强度flux density磁通势magnetomotive force磁阻reluctance电动机直流电动机dc motor交流电动机ac motor异步电动机asynchronous motor同步电动机synchronous motor三相异步电动机three-phase asynchronous motor单相异步电动机single-phase asynchronous motor 旋转磁场rotating magnetic field定子stator转子rotor转差率slip起动电流starting current起动转矩starting torque额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current额定功率rated power机械特性mechanical characteristic继电器-接触器控制按钮button熔断器fuse开关switch行程开关travel switch继电器relay接触器contactor常开(动合)触点normally open contact常闭(动断)触点normally closed contact时间继电器time relay热继电器thermal overload relay中间继电器intermediate relay可编程控制器(PLC)可编程控制器programmable logic controller 语句表statement list梯形图ladder diagram半导体器件本征半导体intrinsic semiconductor掺杂半导体doped semiconductorP型半导体P-type semiconductorN型半导体N--type semiconductor自由电子free electron空穴hole载流子carriersPN结PN junction扩散diffusion漂移drift二极管diode硅二极管silicon diode锗二极管germanium diode阳极anode阴极cathode发光二极管light-emitting diode (LED)光电二极管photodiode稳压二极管Zener diode晶体管(三极管)transistorPNP型晶体管PNP transistorNPN型晶体管NPN transistor发射极emitter集电极collector基极base电流放大系数current amplification coefficient场效应管field-effect transistor (FET)P沟道p-channelN沟道n-channel结型场效应管junction FET(JFET)金属氧化物半导体metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS)耗尽型MOS场效应管depletion mode MOSFET(D-MOSFET)增强型MOS场效应管enhancement mode MOSFET(E-MOSFET)源极source栅极grid漏极drain跨导transconductance夹断电压pinch-off voltage热敏电阻thermistor开路open短路shorted基本放大器放大器amplifier正向偏置forward bias反向偏置backward bias静态工作点quiescent point (Q-point)等效电路equivalent circuit电压放大倍数voltage gain总的电压放大倍数overall voltage gain饱和saturation截止cut-off放大区amplifier region饱和区saturation region截止区cut-off region失真distortion饱和失真saturation distortion截止失真cut-off distortion零点漂移zero drift正反馈positive feedback负反馈negative feedback串联负反馈series negative feedback并联负反馈parallel negative feedback共射极放大器common-emitter amplifier射极跟随器emitter-follower共源极放大器common-source amplifier共漏极放大器common-drain amplifier多级放大器multistage amplifier阻容耦合放大器resistance-capacitance coupled amplifier 直接耦合放大器direct- coupled amplifier输入电阻input resistance输出电阻output resistance负载电阻load resistance动态电阻dynamic resistance负载电流load current旁路电容bypass capacitor耦合电容coupled capacitor直流通路direct current path交流通路alternating current path直流分量direct current component交流分量alternating current component变阻器(电位器)rheostat电阻(器)resistor电阻(值)resistance电容(器)capacitor电容(量)capacitance电感(器,线圈)inductor电感(量),感应系数inductance正弦电压sinusoidal voltage集成运算放大器及应用差动放大器differential amplifier运算放大器operational amplifier(op-amp)失调电压offset voltage失调电流offset current共模信号common-mode signal差模信号different-mode signal共模抑制比common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 积分电路integrator(circuit)微分电路differentiator(circuit)有源滤波器active filter低通滤波器low-pass filter高通滤波器high-pass filter带通滤波器band-pass filter带阻滤波器band-stop filter波特沃斯滤波器Butterworth filter切比雪夫滤波器Chebyshev filter贝塞尔滤波器Bessel filter截止频率cut-off frequency上限截止频率upper cut-off frequency 下限截止频率lower cut-off frequency 中心频率center frequency带宽Bandwidth开环增益open-loop gain闭环增益closed-loop gain共模增益common-mode gain输入阻抗input impedance电压跟随器voltage-follower电压源voltage source电流源current source单位增益带宽unity-gain bandwidth频率响应frequency response频响特性(曲线)response characteristic 波特图the Bode plot 稳定性stability补偿compensation比较器comparator迟滞比较器hysteresis comparator阶跃输入电压step input voltage仪表放大器instrumentation amplifier隔离放大器isolation amplifier对数放大器log amplifier反对数放大器antilog amplifier反馈通道feedback path反向漏电流reverse leakage current相位phase相移phase shift锁相环phase-locked loop(PLL)锁相环相位监测器PLL phase detector 和频sum frequency差频difference frequency波形发生电路振荡器oscillatorRC振荡器RC oscillatorLC 振荡器 LC oscillator正弦波振荡器 sinusoidal oscillator三角波发生器 triangular wave generator方波发生器square wave generator幅度 magnitude电平level饱和输出电平(电压)saturated output level功率放大器功率放大器power amplifier交越失真 cross-over distortion甲类功率放大器 class A power amplifier乙类推挽功率放大器class B push-pull power amplifier OTL 功率放大器 output transformerless power amplifierOCL 功率放大器 output capacitorless power amplifier 直流稳压电源半波整流 full-wave rectifier全波整流 half-wave rectifier电感滤波器 inductor filter电容滤波器 capacitor filter串联型稳压电源 series (voltage) regulator开关型稳压电源switching (voltage) regulator 集成稳压器IC (voltage) regulator晶闸管及可控整流电路晶闸管 thyristor单结晶体管 unijunction transistor (UJT )可控整流 controlled rectifier可控硅 silicon-controlled rectifier峰点 peak point谷点 valley point控制角 controlling angle导通角 turn-on angle门电路与逻辑代数二进制 binary二进制数 binary number十进制 decimal十六进制 hexadecimal二-十进制 binary coded decimal (BCD )门电路 gate三态门tri-state gate与门 AND gate或门 OR gate非门 NOT gate与非门 NAND gate或非门 NOR gate异或门 exclusive-OR gate反相器inverter布尔代数Boolean algebra真值表truth table卡诺图the Karnaugh map逻辑函数logic function逻辑表达式logic expression组合逻辑电路组合逻辑电路combination logic circuit 译码器decoder 编码器coder比较器comparator半加器half-adder全加器full-adder七段显示器seven-segment display时序逻辑电路时序逻辑电路sequential logic circuitR-S 触发器R-S flip-flopD触发器D flip-flopJ-K触发器J-K flip-flop主从型触发器master-slave flip-flop置位set复位reset直接置位端direct-set terminal直接复位端direct-reset terminal寄存器register移位寄存器shift register双向移位寄存器bidirectional shift register 计数器counter 同步计数器synchronous counter异步计数器asynchronous counter加法计数器adding counter减法计数器subtracting counter定时器timer清除(清0)clear载入load时钟脉冲clock pulse触发脉冲trigger pulse上升沿positive edge下降沿negative edge时序图timing diagram波形图waveform脉冲波形的产生与整形单稳态触发器monostable flip-flop双稳态触发器bistable flip-flop无稳态振荡器astable oscillator晶体crystal555定时器555 timer模拟信号与数字信号的相互转换模拟信号analog signal数字信号digital signalAD转换器analog -digital converter (ADC)DA转换器digital-analog converter (DAC)半导体存储器只读存储器read-only memory(ROM)随机存取存储器random-access memory(RAM)可编程ROM programmable ROM(PROM)。

分析化学英中文对照

分析化学英中文对照
常用中英文对表
分析化学
Analytical Chemistry
公差
tolerance
Quantitative Analytical Chemistry
有效数字
significant figures
定性分析
Qualitative Analysis
滴定
titration
定量分析
Quantitative Analysis
absolute error
Chapter 2
相对误差Er
relative error
酸碱平衡
Acid-base equlibrium
偏差
Deviation
活度
activity
极差
Range
浓度c
concentration
系统误差
Systematic (determinate) error
活度系数
activity coefficient
等当点
Equivalence point
经典分析
Classical Analysis
滴定终点ep
End point
重量分析法
Gravimetric analysis
终点误差Et
End point error
滴定分析法
Titrametric ananlysis
滴定误差
Titration error
容量分析法
population
真值
true value
样本
sample
平均值
average / mean
标准偏差s
standard deviation
中位数
median

化工术语中英文对照

化工术语中英文对照

B E T公式B E T f o r mu laD LV O理论D LV O t h e o r yH L B法h y d r o p h ile-lip o p h ile b a la n c e me t h o dp V T性质p V T p r o p e r t yζ电势ze t a p o t e n t ia l阿伏加德罗常数A v o g a d r o’n u mb e r阿伏加德罗定律A v o g a d r o la w阿累尼乌斯电离理论A r r h e n iu s io n i za t io n t h e o r y阿累尼乌斯方程A r r h e n iu s e q u a t io n阿累尼乌斯活化能A r r h e n iu s a c t iv a t io n e n e r g y阿马格定律A ma g a t la w艾林方程E r y in g e q u a t io n爱因斯坦光化当量定律E in s t e in’s la w o f p h o t o c h e mic a l e q u iv a le n c e爱因斯坦-斯托克斯方程E in s t e in-S t o ke s e q u a t io n安托万常数A n t o in e c o ns t a n t安托万方程A n t o in e e q u a t io n盎萨格电导理论O n s a g e r’s t h e o r y o f c o n d u c t a n ce半电池h a lf c e l l半衰期h a lf t i me p e r io d饱和液体s a t u r a t e d liq u id s饱和蒸气s a t u r a t e d v a p o r饱和吸附量s a t u r a t e d e xt e n t o f a d s o r p t io n饱和蒸气压s a t u r a t e d v ap o r p r e s s u r e爆炸界限e xp lo s io n l i m it s比表面功s p e c if ic s u r f a c e w o r k比表面吉布斯函数s p e c if ic s u r f a c e G ib b s f u n c t io n比浓粘度r e d u c e d v is c os it y标准电动势s t a n d a r d e le c t r o mo t iv e f o r c e标准电极电势s t a n d a r d e le c t r o d e p o t en t ia l标准摩尔反应焓s t a n d a r d mo la r r e a c t io n e n t h a lp y标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数s t a n d a r d G ib b s f u n c t io n o f mo la r r e a c t io n标准摩尔反应熵s t a n d a r d mo la r r e a c t io n e n t r o p y标准摩尔焓函数s t a n d a r d mo la r e n t h a lp y f u n c t io n标准摩尔吉布斯自由能函数s t a n d a r d mo la r G ib b s f r e e e n e r g y f u n c t io n 标准摩尔燃烧焓s t a n d a r d mo la r c o mb u s t io n e n t h a lp y标准摩尔熵s t a n d a r d mo la r e n t r o p y标准摩尔生成焓s t a n d a r d mo la r f o r ma t io n e n t h a lp y标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数s t a n d a r d mo la r f o r m a t io n G ib b s f u n c t io n标准平衡常数s t a n d a r d e q u ilib r iu m c o n s t a n t标准氢电极s t a n d a r d h yd r o g e n e le c t r o d e标准态s t a n d a r d s t a t e标准熵s t a n d a r d e n t r o py标准压力s t a n d a r d p r e s s u r e标准状况s t a n d a r d c o n d it io n表观活化能a p p a r e n t a c t iv a t io n e n e r g y表观摩尔质量a p p a r e n t mo le c u la r w e ig h t表观迁移数a p p a r e n t t r a n s f e r e n c e n u mb e r表面s u r f a c e s表面过程控制s u r f a c e p r o c e s s c o nt r o l表面活性剂s u r f a c t a n t s表面吸附量s u r f a c e e xc e s s表面张力s u r f a c e t e n s io n表面质量作用定律s u r f a c e ma s s a c t io n la w波义尔定律Bo y le la w波义尔温度Bo y le t e mp e r a t u r e波义尔点Bo y le p o in t玻尔兹曼常数Bo lt z ma n n c o n s t a nt玻尔兹曼分布Bo lt z ma n n d is t r ib u t io n玻尔兹曼公式Bo lt z ma n n f o r mu la玻尔兹曼熵定理Bo lt z m a n n e n t r o p y t h eo r e m玻色-爱因斯坦统计Bo s e-Ein s t e in s t a t is t ic s泊P o is e不可逆过程i r r e v e r s ib le p r o c e s s不可逆过程热力学t h e r mo d y n a m ic s o f i r r e v e r s ib le p r o c e s s es不可逆相变化ir r e v e r s ib le p h a s e c h a n g e布朗运动b r o w n ia n mo v e me n t查理定律Ch a r le’s la w产率y ie ld敞开系统o p e n s ys t e m超电势o v e r p o t e n t ia l沉降s e d i me n t a t io n沉降电势s e d i me n t a t io n p o t e n t ia l沉降平衡s e d i me n t a t io n e q u il ib r iu m触变t h i xo t r o p y粗分散系统t h ic k d is p e r s e s ys te m催化剂c a t a ly s t单分子层吸附理论mo n o mo le c u le la y e r a d s o r p t io n单分子反应u n i mo le c u la r r e a c t io n单链反应s t r a ig h t c h a in r e a c t io n s弹式量热计b o mb c a lo r i me t e r道尔顿定律D a lt o n la w道尔顿分压定律D a lt o n p a r t ia l p r e s s u r e la w德拜和法尔肯哈根效应D e b y e a n d F a lke n h a g e n e f f e c t德拜立方公式D e b y e c u b ic f o r mu la德拜-休克尔极限公式D e b y e-H u c ke l’s li m it in g e q u a t io n等焓过程is e n t h a lp ic p r o c e s s等焓线is e n t h a lp ic l in e等几率定理t h e o r e m o f e q u a l p r o b a b il it y等温等容位H e l mh o lt z f r e e e n e r g y等温等压位G ib b s f r e e e n e r g y等温方程e q u a t io n a t c o n s t an t t e mp e r a t u r e低共熔点e u t e c t ic p o in t低共熔混合物e u t e c t ic m i xt u r e低会溶点lo w e r c o n s o lu t e p o in t低熔冰盐合晶c r y o h y d r ic第二类永动机p e r p e t u a l ma c h in e o f t h e s e c o n d kin d第三定律熵t h ir d-la w e n t r o p y第一类永动机p e r p e t u a l ma c h in e o f t h e f ir s t k in d缔合化学吸附a s s o c ia t io n c h e mic a l a d s o r p t io n电池常数c e l l c o n s t a nt电池电动势e le c t r o mo t iv e f o r c e o f c e l ls电池反应c e l l r e a c t io n电导c o n d u c t a nc e电导率c o n d u c t iv it y电动势的温度系数t e mp e r a t u r e c o e f f ic ie n t o f e le c t r o mo t iv e f o r c e 电动电势ze t a p o t e n t ia l电功e le c t r ic w o r k电化学e le c t r o c h e m is t r y电化学极化e le c t r o c h e m ic a l p o la r i za t io n电极电势e le c t r o d e p o t e n t ia l电极反应r e a c t io n s o n t h e e le c t r o d e电极种类t y p e o f e le c t r o d e s电解池e le c t r o ly t ic c e l l电量计c o u lo me t e r电流效率c u r r e n t e f f ic ie n c y电迁移e le c t r o m ig r a t io n电迁移率e le c t r o mo b i l it y电渗e le c t r o o s mo s is电渗析e le c t r o d ia ly s is电泳e le c t r o p h o r e s is丁达尔效应D y n d a l l e f f e c t定容摩尔热容mo la r h e a t c a p a c it y u n d e r c o ns t an t v o lu me定容温度计Co n s t an t v o I u me t h e r mo me t e r定压摩尔热容mo la r h e a t c a p a c it y u n d e r c o ns t an t p r e s s u r e定压温度计c o n s t an t p r e s s u r e t h e r mo me t e r定域子系统lo c a li ze d p a r t ic le s y s t e m动力学方程kin e t ic e q u a t io n s动力学控制k in e t ic s c o n t r o l独立子系统in d e p e n d e n t p a r t ic le s y s t e m对比摩尔体积r e d u c e d mo le v o lu me对比体积r e d u c e d v o lu me对比温度r e d u c e d t e mp e r a t u r e对比压力r e d u c e d p r e s s u r e对称数s y m m e t r y n u mb e r对行反应r e v e r s ib le r e a c t io n s对应状态原理p r in c ip le o f c o r r e s p o n d in g s t at e多方过程p o ly t r o p ic p r o c e s s多分子层吸附理论a d s o r p t io n t h eo r y o f mu lt i-mo le c u la r la y e r s二级反应s e c o n d o r d e r r e a c t io n二级相变s e c o n d o r d e r p h as e c h an g e法拉第常数f a r a d a y c o n s t a n t法拉第定律F a r a d a y’s la w反电动势b a c k E.M.F.反渗透r e v e r s e o s mo s is反应分子数mo le c u la r it y反应级数r e a c t io n o r d e r s反应进度e xt e n t o f r e a c t io n反应热h e a t o f r e a c t io n反应速率r a t e o f r e a c t io n反应速率常数c o n s t a n t o f r e a c t io n r a t e范德华常数v a n d e r W a a ls c o n s t a n t范德华方程v a n d e r W a a ls e q u a t io n范德华力v a n d e r W a a ls f o r c e范德华气体v a n d e r W a a ls g a s es范特霍夫方程v a n’t H o f f e q u a t io n范特霍夫规则v a n’t H o f f r u le范特霍夫渗透压公式v a n’t H o f f e q u a t io n o f o s mo t ic p r e s s u r e非基元反应n o n-e le me n t a r y r e a c t io n s非体积功n o n-v o lu me w o r k非依时计量学反应t i me in d e p e n d en t s t o ic h io me t r ic r e a c t io n s菲克扩散第一定律F ic k’s f ir s t la w o f d if f u s io n沸点b o il in g p o in t沸点升高e le v a t io n o f b o i l in g p o i n t费米-狄拉克统计F e r m i-D ir a c s t a t is t ic s分布d is t r ib u t io n分布数d is t r ib u t io n n u mb e r s分解电压d e c o mp o s it io n v o lt a g e分配定律d is t r ib u t io n la w分散系统d is p e r s e s ys t e m分散相d is p e r s io n p h a s e分体积p a r t ia l v o lu me分体积定律p a r t ia l v o lu me la w分压p a r t ia l p r e s s u r e分压定律p a r t ia l p r e s s u r e la w分子反应力学me c h a n ic s o f m o le c u la r r e a c t io n s分子间力in t e r mo le c u la r f o r c e分子蒸馏mo le c u la r d is t il la t io n封闭系统c lo s e d s ys te m附加压力e xc e s s p r es s u r e弗罗因德利希吸附经验式F r e u n d lic h e mp ir ic a l f o r mu la o f a d s o r p t io n 负极n e g a t iv e p o le负吸附n e g a t iv e a d s o r p t io n复合反应c o mp o s it e r e a c t io n盖·吕萨克定律G a y-Lu s s a c la w盖斯定律H e s s la w甘汞电极c a lo me l e le c t r o d e感胶离子序ly o t r o p ic s e r ie s杠杆规则le v e r r u le高分子溶液ma c r o mo le c u la r s o lu t io n高会溶点u p p e r c o n s o lu t e p o in t隔离法t h e is o la t io n me t h o d格罗塞斯-德雷珀定律G r o t t h u s-D r a o e r’s la w隔离系统is o la t e d s ys t e m根均方速率r o o t-me a n-s q u a r e s p e ed功w o r k功函w o r k c o n t e n t共轭溶液c o n ju g a t e s o lu t io n共沸温度a ze o t r o p ic t e mp e r a t u r e构型熵c o n f ig u r a t io n a l e n t r o p y孤立系统is o la t e d s ys t e m固溶胶s o lid s o l固态混合物s o lid s o lu t io n固相线s o lid p h a s e lin e光反应p h o t o r e a c t io n光化学第二定律t h e s e c o n d la w o f a c t in o c h e m is t r y光化学第一定律t h e f i r s t la w o f a c t in o c h e m is t r y光敏反应p h o t o s e ns it ize d r e a c t io n s光谱熵s p e c t r u m e n t r o p y广度性质e xt e n s iv e p r o p e r t y广延量e xt e n s iv e q u a n t it y广延性质e xt e n s iv e p r o p e r t y规定熵s t ip u la t e d e n t r o p y过饱和溶液o v e r s a t u r a t e d s o lu t io n过饱和蒸气o v e r s a t u r a t e d v ap o r过程p r o c e s s过渡状态理论t r a n s it io n s t a t e t h e o r y过冷水s u p e r-c o o le d w a t e r过冷液体o v e r c o o le d liq u id过热液体o v e r h e a t e d l iq u id亥姆霍兹函数H e l mh o lt z f u n c t io n亥姆霍兹函数判据H e l mh o lt z f u n c t io n c r it e r i o n亥姆霍兹自由能H e l mh o lt z f r e e e n e r g y亥氏函数H e l mh o lt z f u n c t io n焓e n t h a lp y亨利常数H e n r y c o n s t a n t亨利定律H e n r y la w恒沸混合物c o n s t an t b o ilin g m i xt u r e恒容摩尔热容mo la r h e a t c a p a c it y a t c o ns t a nt v o lu me恒容热h e a t a t c o n s t a n t vo lu me恒外压c o n s t a n t e xt e r n a l p r e s s u r e恒压摩尔热容mo la r h e a t c a p a c it y a t c o ns t a nt p r e s s u r e恒压热h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r es s u r e化学动力学c h e m ic a l k in e t ic s化学反应计量式s t o ic h io me t r ic e q u a t io n o f c h e mic a l r e a c t io n化学反应计量系数s t o ic h io me t r ic c o e f f ic ie n t o f c h e m ic a l r e a c t io n 化学反应进度e xt e n t o f c h e m ic a l r e a c t io n化学亲合势c h e mic a l a f f in it y化学热力学c h e m ic a l t h e r mo d y n a mic s化学势c h e m ic a l p o t e n t ia l化学势判据c h e mic a l p o t e n t ia l c r it e r io n化学吸附c h e m is o r p t io n s环境e n v ir o n me n t环境熵变e n t r o p y c h a n g e in e n v ir o n me n t挥发度v o la t il it y混合熵e n t r o p y o f m i xin g混合物m i xt u r e活度a c t iv it y活化控制a c t iv a t io n c o n t r o l活化络合物理论a c t iv a t e d c o mp le x t h e o r y活化能a c t iv a t io n e n e r g y霍根-华森图H o u g e n-W a ts o n Ch a r t基态能级e n e r g y le v e l a t g r o u n d s t a t e基希霍夫公式K i r c h h o f f f o r mu la基元反应e le m e n t a r y r e a c t io n s积分溶解热in t e g r a t io n h e a t o f d is s o lu t io n吉布斯-杜亥姆方程G ib b s-D u h e m e q u a t io n吉布斯-亥姆霍兹方程G ib b s-H e l mh o t z e q u a t io n吉布斯函数G ib b s f u n c t io n吉布斯函数判据G ib b s f u n c t io n c r it e r io n吉布斯吸附公式G ib b s a d s o r p t io n f o r mu la吉布斯自由能G ib b s f r e e e n e r g y敞开系统o p e n s ys t e m超电势o v e r p o t e n t ia l沉降s e d i me n t a t io n沉降电势s e d i me n t a t io n p o t e n t ia l沉降平衡s e d i me n t a t io n e q u il ib r iu m触变t h i xo t r o p y粗分散系统t h ic k d is p e r s e s ys te m催化剂c a t a ly s t单分子层吸附理论mo n o mo le c u le la y e r a d s o r p t io n单分子反应u n i mo le c u la r r e a c t io n单链反应s t r a ig h t c h a in r e a c t io n s弹式量热计b o mb c a lo r i me t e r道尔顿定律D a lt o n la w道尔顿分压定律D a lt o n p a r t ia l p r e s s u r e la w德拜和法尔肯哈根效应D e b y e a n d F a lke n h a g e n e f f e c t德拜立方公式D e b y e c u b ic f o r mu la德拜-休克尔极限公式D e b y e-H u c ke l’s l i m it in g e q u a t io n等焓过程is e n t h a lp ic p r o c e s s等焓线is e n t h a lp ic l in e等几率定理t h e o r e m o f e q u a l p r o b a b il it y等温等容位H e l mh o l t z f r e e e n e r g y等温等压位G ib b s f r e e e n e r g y等温方程e q u a t io n a t c o n s t an t t e mp e r a t u r e低共熔点e u t e c t ic p o in t低共熔混合物e u t e c t ic m i xt u r e低会溶点lo w e r c o n s o lu t e p o in t低熔冰盐合晶c r y o h y d r ic第二类永动机p e r p e t u a l ma c h in e o f t h e s e c o n d kin d第三定律熵t h ir d-la w e n t r o p y第一类永动机p e r p e t u a l ma c h in e o f t h e f ir s t k in d缔合化学吸附a s s o c ia t io n c h e mic a l a d s o r p t io n电池常数c e l l c o n s t a nt电池电动势e le c t r o mo t iv e f o r c e o f c e l ls电池反应c e l l r e a c t io n电导c o n d u c t a nc e电导率c o n d u c t iv it y电动势的温度系数t e mp e r a t u r e c o e f f ic ie n t o f e le c t r o mo t iv e f o r c e 电动电势ze t a p o t e n t ia l电功e le c t r ic w o r k电化学e le c t r o c h e m is t r y电化学极化e le c t r o c h e m ic a l p o la r i za t io n电极电势e le c t r o d e p o t e n t ia l电极反应r e a c t io n s o n t h e e le c t r o d e电极种类t y p e o f e le c t r o d e s电解池e le c t r o ly t ic c e l l电量计c o u lo me t e r电流效率c u r r e n t e f f ic ie n c y电迁移e le c t r o m ig r a t io n电迁移率e le c t r o mo b i l it y电渗e le c t r o o s mo s is电渗析e le c t r o d ia ly s is电泳e le c t r o p h o r e s is丁达尔效应D y n d a l l e f f e c t定容摩尔热容mo la r h e a t c a p a c it y u n d e r c o ns t an t v o lu me定容温度计Co n s t an t v o I u me t h e r mo me t e r定压摩尔热容mo la r h e a t c a p a c it y u n d e r c o ns t an t p r e s s u r e定压温度计c o n s t an t p r e s s u r e t h e r mo me t e r定域子系统lo c a li ze d p a r t ic le s y s t e m动力学方程kin e t ic e q u a t io n s动力学控制k in e t ic s c o n t r o l独立子系统in d e p e n d e n t p a r t ic le s y s t e m对比摩尔体积r e d u c e d mo le v o lu me对比体积r e d u c e d v o lu me对比温度r e d u c e d t e mp e r a t u r e对比压力r e d u c e d p r e s s u r e对称数s y m m e t r y n u mb e r对行反应r e v e r s ib le r e a c t io n s对应状态原理p r in c ip le o f c o r r e s p o n d in g s t at e多方过程p o ly t r o p ic p r o c e s s多分子层吸附理论a d s o r p t io n t h eo r y o f mu lt i-mo le c u la r la y e r s 二级反应s e c o n d o r d e r r e a c t io n二级相变s e c o n d o r d e r p h as e c h an g e法拉第常数f a r a d a y c o n s t a n t法拉第定律F a r a d a y’s la w反电动势b a c k 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u n d s t a t e基希霍夫公式K i r c h h o f f f o r mu la基元反应e le m e n t a r y r e a c t io n s积分溶解热in t e g r a t io n h e a t o f d is s o lu t io n吉布斯-杜亥姆方程G ib b s-D u h e m e q u a t io n吉布斯-亥姆霍兹方程G ib b s-H e l mh o t z e q u a t io n吉布斯函数G ib b s f u n c t io n吉布斯函数判据G ib b s f u n c t io n c r it e r io n吉布斯吸附公式G ib b s a d s o r p t io n f o r mu la吉布斯自由能G ib b s f r e e e n e r g y吉氏函数G ib b s f u n c t io n极化电极电势p o la r i za t io n p o t e n t ia l o f e le c t r o d e极化曲线p o la r iza t io n c u r v e s极化作用p o la r iza t io n极限摩尔电导率l i m it in g mo la r c o n d u c t iv it y几率因子s t e r ic f a c t o r计量式s t o ic h io me t r ic e q u a t io n计量系数s t o ic h io me t r ic c o e f f ic ie n t价数规则r u le o f v a le n c e简并度d e g e n e r a c y键焓b o n d e n t h a lp y胶冻b r o t h je lly胶核c o l lo id a l n u c le u s胶凝作用d e mu ls if ic a t io n胶束m ic e lle胶体c o l lo id胶体分散系统d is p e r s io n s ys t e m o f c o l lo id胶体化学c o llo c h e m is t r y胶体粒子c o llo id a l p a r t ic le s胶团m ic e l le焦耳J o u le焦耳-汤姆生实验J o u le-T h o ms o n e xp e r i me n t焦耳-汤姆生系数J o u le-T h o ms o n c o e f f ic ie n t焦耳-汤姆生效应J o u le-T h o ms o n e f f e c t焦耳定律J o u le's la w接触电势c o n t a c t p o t en t ia l接触角c o n t a c t a n g le节流过程t h r o t t l in g p r o c e s s节流膨胀t h r o t t l in g e xp a n s io n节流膨胀系数c o e f f ic ie n t o f t h r o t t lin g e xp a n s io n结线t ie l in e结晶热h e a t o f c r y s t a lli za t io n解离化学吸附d is s o c ia t io n c h e m ic a l a d s o r p t io n界面in t e r f a c e s界面张力s u r f a c e t e n s io n浸湿i m m e r s io n w e t t in g浸湿功i m me r s io n w e t t in g w o r k精馏r e c t i f y聚(合)电解质p o ly e le c t r o ly t e聚沉c o a g u la t io n聚沉值c o a g u la t io n v a lu e绝对反应速率理论a b s o lu t e r e a c t io n r a t e t h e o r y绝对熵a b s o lu t e e n t r o p y绝对温标a b s o lu t e t e mp e r a t u r e s c a le绝热过程a d ia b a t ic p r o c e s s绝热量热计a d ia b a t ic c a lo r i me t e r绝热指数a d ia b a t ic in d e x卡诺定理Ca r n o t t h e o r e m卡诺循环Ca r n o t c y c le开尔文公式K e lv in f o r mu la柯诺瓦洛夫-吉布斯定律K o n o v a lo v-G ib b s la w科尔劳施离子独立运动定律K o h lr a u s c h’s La w o f I n d e p e n d e n t M ig r a t io n o fI o n s可能的电解质p o t e n t ia l e le c t r o ly t e可逆电池r e v e r s ib le c e l l可逆过程r e v e r s ib le p r o c e s s可逆过程方程r e v e r s ib le p r o c e s s e q u at io n可逆体积功r e v e r s ib le v o lu me w o r k可逆相变r e v e r s ib le p h a s e c h a n g e克拉佩龙方程C la p e y r o n e q u a t io n克劳修斯不等式C la u s iu s in e q u a lit y克劳修斯-克拉佩龙方程Cla u s iu s-C la p e y r o n e q u a t io n控制步骤c o n t r o l s t e p库仑计c o u lo me t e r扩散控制d if f u s io n c o n t r o lle d拉普拉斯方程La p la c e’s e q u a t io n拉乌尔定律Ra o u lt la w兰格缪尔-欣谢尔伍德机理La n g mu ir-H in s h e lw o o d me c h a n is m兰格缪尔吸附等温式La n g mu i r a d s o r p t io n is o t h e r m f o r mu la雷利公式Ra y le ig h e q u a t io n冷冻系数c o e f f ic ie n t o f r e f r ig e r a t io n冷却曲线c o o l in g c u r v e离解热h e a t o f d is s o c ia t io n离解压力d is s o c ia t io n p r e s s u r e离域子系统n o n-lo c a l i ze d p a r t ic le s y s t e ms离子的标准摩尔生成焓s t a n d a r d mo la r f o r ma t io n o f io n离子的电迁移率mo b i lit y o f io n s离子的迁移数t r a n s p o r t n u mb e r o f io n s离子独立运动定律la w o f t h e in d e p e n d e n t mig r a t io n o f io n s离子氛io n ic a t mo s p h e r e离子强度io n ic s t r e n g t h理想混合物p e r f e c t m i xt u r e理想气体id e a l g a s理想气体的绝热指数a d ia b a t ic in d e x o f id e a l g a s e s理想气体的微观模型m ic r o-mo d e l o f id e a l g a s理想气体反应的等温方程is o t h e r ma l e q u a t io n o f id e a l g a s e o us r e a c t io n s 理想气体绝热可逆过程方程a d ia b a t ic r e v e r s ib le p r o c e s s e q u at io n o f id e a lg a s es理想气体状态方程s t a t e e q u at io n o f id e a l g a s理想稀溶液id e a l d i lu t e s o lu t io n理想液态混合物p e r f e c t l iq u id m i xt u r e粒子p a r t ic le s粒子的配分函数p a r t it io n f u n c t io n o f p a r t ic le s连串反应c o n s e c ut iv e r e a c t io n s链的传递物c h a in c a r r ie r链反应c h a in r e a c t io n s量热熵c a lo r i m e t r ic e n t r o p y量子统计q u a n t u m s t a t is t ic s量子效率q u a n t u m y ie ld临界参数c 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n t h a lp y内扩散控制in t e r n a l d if f u s io n s c o nt r o l内能in t e r n a l e n e r g y内压力in t e r n a l p r e s s u r e能级e n e r g y le v e ls能级分布e n e r g y le v e l d is t r ib u t io n能量均分原理p r in c ip le o f t h e e q u ip a r t it io n o f e n e r g y 能斯特方程N e r n s t e q u a t io n能斯特热定理N e r n s t h e a t t h eo r e m凝固点f r e e zin g p o in t。

翻译

翻译

无缓冲剂从三价铬离子的甲酸盐电解液中电沉积混合的碳化铬氧化物镀层摘要在旋转的气缸电极上实现了无缓冲剂从三价铬离子电解质中电沉积碳化铬氧化物涂层并实现对质量流量的精确控制。

在平衡条件下,在PH2.3的电解质溶液中,Cr(III)主要以[Cr(HCOO)(H2O)5]2+的形式存在。

电沉积的机理是通过对电流密度的控制,由于析氢反应PH升高,三价铬配体离子快速逐步地去离子化。

三种不同的制度可以根据相关的电流密度和质量流量定义。

低电流密度时电极上没有沉积,只是因为在电极上形成了可溶性的[Cr(HCOO)(OH)(H2O)4]+(制度1)。

在一定的阈值电流密度下Cr(HCOO)(OH)2(H2O)3沉积在电极上(制度2)。

沉淀中的一部分三价铬被还原为铬金属和甲酸溶液分解导致了铬碳化物的形成。

在制度2下沉淀物的组成和数量很大程度上依赖于电流密度、质量流量和电解时间。

在高电流密度下,酸碱平衡进一步转变为[Cr(HCOO)(OH)3(H2O)2]—,在电极上形成组成主要为铬氧化物的沉淀(制度3)。

与制度2形成鲜明对比,制度3中沉淀的数量和组成随着电流密度、质量流量和电解时间几乎不变。

1.简介铬镀层被广泛应用于很多领域,包括包装领域的钢铁镀铬(ECCS)。

ECCS 包括一个精确尺寸的低碳钢,底层是非常薄的铬金属镀层,顶层是铬氧化物。

ECCS在高速连续的钢带镀层线上被连续生产,通过一个或更多的单元大约一米宽的足够长的钢带被运输的非常快。

钢带的快速运动导致了大量的湍流,导致了高的传质速率。

高的质量迁移率允许了高电流密度的使用。

通常,沉积过程在几秒内完成。

ECCS从六价铬电解质溶液中被生产,但今天六价铬被认为是一种对环境有害的物质,有持续的安全问题。

到2017年欧洲已经立法禁止使用六价铬。

过去十年的研究吧焦点放在了三价铬电解质溶液的发展,因为它是无毒的。

从20世纪70年代中期,商业化三价铬电镀工艺就已经被应用于装饰性镀层。

ASTMB633-98中文译本(完整版)

ASTMB633-98中文译本(完整版)

名称:B 633 – 98∈1钢&铁电积沉淀镀锌的标准本标准在已制定的 B 633基础上发行;仅跟在名称后面的数字表示标准最初被采用的年份,如果被修订过,则表示最新修订的年份。

括号中数字表示最新获得批准的年份。

上标∈表示在最终修订或获得批准后,标准在编辑上的一次变动。

本标准已被国防部代理处批准使用。

∈1 注:第二章8.1.5段中的指南 F 1470被错误的引为指南 F 1740,已在2001年8月修正。

1.范围:1.1 本标准规定了为防止铁/钢腐蚀,对其电积沉淀镀锌的要求。

不包括钢丝及薄钢板(对于薄钢板的规定详见A591/A 591M)1.2 镀层的厚度分为4个标准(见 4.1),在电镀条件下或使用后续处理中的一种(见 4.2)。

1.3 本标准并不旨在说明与只相关的所有的安全问题。

本标准的使用者应具备一定安全及健康方面的经验,并在使用前确定本规定的适用性。

2.参考文献ASTM标准:A591/591M,薄钢板薄镀层电解镀锌标准 2B117,器械盐雾测试标准3B183,电镀用低碳钢的制备标准 4B201,锌和镉的表面铬酸盐覆层试验 4B242,电镀用高碳钢的制备标准 4B254,电镀用不锈钢的制备标准 4B320,电镀用铁铸件的制备标准 4B322,电镀前清理工艺标准 4B374,有关电镀的术语 4B487, 用横断面显微观察法测定金属及氧化物涂层厚度的方法 4B499,磁性基体上非磁性涂层厚度的磁性检测法 4B504,用库仑法检测磁性涂层的厚度 4B567,用β射线背散射法测量涂层厚度的试验方法 4B568,用原子吸收光谱法测量涂层厚度的试验方法 4B571,金属镀层粘附性的检测方法 4B602,金属及无机涂层的计数抽样试验方法 4B697,电沉积金属镀层和无机镀层检验用抽样方案选择的标准 4B762,金属涂层和无机物涂层的计量抽样 4D2092,用于涂漆的镀锌钢材表面预处理 5F1470,特定的机械性能和功能检测用紧固件的抽样 6军方标准:MIL-STD-1312 ,紧固性的检测,方法(Test 12)71本标准有关金属镀层及屋无机涂层,是在ASTM委员会B08授权下发行的。

ASTM标准

ASTM标准

ASTM"American Society for Testing and Materials"系美国材料与试验协会的英文缩写。

该技术协会成立于1898年。

ASTM标准制定一直采用自愿达成一致意见的制度。

标准制度由技术委员会负责,由标准工作组起草。

经过技术分委员会和技术委员会投票表决,在采纳大多数会员共同意见后,并由大多数会员投票赞成,标准才获批准,作为正式标准出版。

在一项标准编制过程中,对该编制感兴趣的每个会员和任何热心的团体都有权充分发表意见,委员会对提出的意见都给予研究和处理,以吸收各方面的正确意见和建议。

ASTM标准现分为15类(Section),各类所包含的卷数不同,标准分卷(Volume)出版,以ASTM标准年鉴形式出版发行。

第一类钢铁产品第二类有色金属第三类金属材料试验方法及分析程序第四类建设材料第五类石油产品、润滑剂及矿物燃料第六类油漆、相关涂料和芳香族化合物第七类纺织品及材料第八类塑料第九类橡胶第十类电气绝缘体和电子产品第十一类水和环境技术第十二类核能,太阳能第十三类医疗设备和服务第十四类仪器仪表及一般试验方法第十五类通用工业产品、特殊化学制品和消耗材料ASTM活动范围很广,形式多种多样。

它除出版各种标准资料外还办有期刊。

对ASTM标准的了解是美国试验与材料学会国际组织制定的标准,成立于1898年的ASTM International是世界上最大的制定自愿性标准的组织。

作为非赢利组织,ASTM lnternational为材料、产品.系统和服务的自愿性协商一致标准的制定和发布提供论坛。

ASTM lnternational的成员来自世界100多个国家,代表制造商、用户、消费者、政府和学术机构制定技术文件,这些技术文件是生产、管理、采购、以及制定法规与条例的基础。

这些成员隶属于一个或多个委员会,每个委员会负责某个领域的项目,例如钢铁、石油、医疗器材、财产管理、消费产品以及许多其他标准。

ASTM G61-86(R2014)铁、镍或钴基合金局部腐蚀敏感性的循环动电位极化测量的标准试验方法(中文翻译版)

ASTM G61-86(R2014)铁、镍或钴基合金局部腐蚀敏感性的循环动电位极化测量的标准试验方法(中文翻译版)

ASTM G61-86(R2014)铁、镍或钴基合金局部腐蚀敏感性的循环动电位极化测量的标准试验方法(中文翻译版)1本试验方法由ASTM金属腐蚀委员会G01管辖,腐蚀试验电化学测量小组委员会G01.11直接负责。

现行版本于2014年5月1日批准。

2014年5月出版。

最初于1986年批准。

上一版于2009年批准为G61–86(2009)。

DOI: 10.1520/G0061-86R14。

本标准以固定名称G61发布;紧跟在名称后面的数字表示最初采用的年份,如果是修订版,则表示最后修订的年份。

括号中的数字表示上次重新批准的年份。

上标(')表示自上次修订或重新批准以来的编辑性更改。

1、范围1.1本试验方法包括进行循环动电位极化测量的程序,以确定铁、镍或钴基合金在氯化物环境中对局部腐蚀(点蚀和缝隙腐蚀)的相对敏感性。

该测试方法还描述了一个实验程序,可以用来检验一个人的实验技术和仪器。

1.2以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准值。

本标准不包括其他计量单位。

1.3本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题(如有)。

本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全和健康实践,并确定法规限制的适用性。

2、参考文件2.1 ASTM标准:22如需参考ASTM标准,请访问ASTM网站,或通过Service@联系ASTM客户服务。

有关ASTM标准年鉴卷信息,请参阅ASTM网站上的标准文件摘要页。

D1193试剂水规范G3适用于腐蚀试验中电化学测量惯例的实施规程G5进行动电位阳极极化测量的参考试验方法2.2 ASTM附件:标准样品(两套)33可从ASTM国际总部获得。

订购附件编号ADJG0061。

1995年前生产的原辅料。

3、意义和用途3.1在本试验方法中,通过阳极电流迅速增加的电位,给出了局部腐蚀发生的敏感性的指示。

在本试验中,在固定扫描速率下获得的这种电位越高,合金对局部腐蚀的发生就越不敏感。

本试验的结果不能与局部腐蚀发生时在使用中可能观察到的传播速度进行定量的关联。

ASTM G61-86 (Reapproved 2003)

ASTM G61-86 (Reapproved 2003)

Designation:G61–86(Reapproved2003)Standard Test Method forConducting Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements for Localized Corrosion Susceptibility ofIron-,Nickel-,or Cobalt-Based Alloys1This standard is issued under thefixed designation G61;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1This test method covers a procedure for conducting cyclic potentiodynamic polarization measurements to deter-mine relative susceptibility to localized corrosion(pitting and crevice corrosion)for iron-,nickel-,or cobalt-based alloys in a chloride environment.This test method also describes an experimental procedure which can be used to check one’s experimental technique and instrumentation.1.2This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:D1193Specification for Reagent Water2G3Practice for Conventions Applicable to Electrochemical Measurements in Corrosion Testing3G5Reference Test Method for Making Potentiostatic and Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements3 3.Significance and Use3.1An indication of the susceptibility to initiation of local-ized corrosion in this test method is given by the potential at which the anodic current increases rapidly.The more noble this potential,obtained at afixed scan rate in this test,the less susceptible is the alloy to initiation of localized corrosion.The results of this test are not intended to correlate in a quantitative manner with the rate of propagation that one might observe in service when localized corrosion occurs.3.2In general,once initiated,localized corrosion can propa-gate at some potential more electropositive than that at which the hysteresis loop is completed.In this test method,the potential at which the hysteresis loop is completed is deter-mined at afixed scan rate.In these cases,the more electrop-ositive the potential at which the hysteresis loop is completed the less likely it is that localized corrosion will occur.3.3If followed,this test method will provide cyclic poten-tiodynamic anodic polarization measurements that will repro-duce data developed at other times in other laboratories using this test method for the two specified alloys discussed in3.4. The procedure is used for iron-,nickel-,or cobalt-based alloys in a chloride environment.3.4A standard potentiodynamic polarization plot is in-cluded.These reference data are based on the results fromfive different laboratories that followed the standard procedure, using specific alloys of Type304stainless steel,UNS S30400 and Alloy C-276,UNS N10276.4Curves are included which have been constructed using statistical analysis to indicate the acceptable range of polarization curves.3.5The availability of a standard test method,standard material,and standard plots should make it easy for an investigator to check his techniques to evaluate susceptibility to localized corrosion.4.Apparatus4.1The polarization cell should be similar to the one described in Practice G5.Other polarization cells may be equally suitable.4.1.1The cell should have a capacity of about1L and should have suitable necks or seals to permit the introduction of electrodes,gas inlet and outlet tubes,and a thermometer. The Luggin probe-salt bridge separates the bulk solution from the saturated calomel reference electrode.The probe tip should be adjustable so that it can be brought into close proximity with the working electrode.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01on Corrosion of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.11on Electrochemical Measurements in Corrosion Testing.Current edition approved October1,2003.Published October2003.Originally approved st previous edition approved in1998as G61–86(1998).2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol11.01. 3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol03.02.4These standard samples are available as a set of one of each type from ASTM Headquarters at a nominal cost Order PCN ADJG0061.1Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.4.2Specimen Holder :4.2.1Specimens should be mounted in a suitable holder designed for flat strip,exposing 1cm 2to the test solution (Fig.1).Such specimen holders have been described in the litera-ture.5It is important that the circular TFE-fluorocarbon gasket be drilled and machined flat in order to minimize crevices.4.3Potentiostat (Note 1)—A potentiostat that will maintain an electrode potential within 1mV of a preset value over a wide range of applied currents should be used.For the type and size of standard specimen supplied,the potentiostat should have a potential range of −1.0to +1.6V and an anodic current output range of 1.0to 105µA.Most commercial potentiostats meet the specific requirements for these types of measure-ments.N OTE 1—These instrumental requirements are based upon values typi-cal of the instruments in the five laboratories that have provided the data used in determining the standard polarization plot.4.4Potential-Measuring Instruments (Note 1)—The potential-measuring circuit should have a high input imped-ance on the order of 1011to 1014V to minimize current drawn from the system during measurements.Instruments should have sufficient sensitivity and accuracy to detect a change in potential of 61mV ,usually included in commercial poten-tiostats.An output as a voltage is preferred for recording purposes.4.5Current-Measuring Instruments (Note 1)—An instru-ment that is capable of measuring a current accurately to within 1%of the absolute value over a current range between 1.0and105µA should be used.Many commercial units have a build-in instrument with an output as a voltage,which is preferred for recording purposes.For the purpose of the present test a logarithmic output is desirable.4.6Anodic Polarization Circuit —A scanning potentiostat is used for potentiodynamic measurements.Potential and current are plotted continuously using an X-Y recorder and a logarith-mic converter (contained in the potentiostat or incorporated into the circuit)for the mercially available units are suitable.4.7Electrodes :4.7.1The standard Type 304stainless steel (UNS S30400)and Alloy C-276(UNS N10276)should be machined into flat 0.625-in.(14-mm)diameter disks.The chemical compositions of the alloys used in the round robin are listed in Table 1.4.7.2Counter Electrodes —The counter electrodes may be prepared as described in Practice G 5or may be prepared from high-purity platinum flat stock and wire.A suitable method would be to seal the platinum wire in glass tubing and introduce the platinum electrode assembly through a sliding seal.Counter electrodes should have an area at least twice as large as the test electrode.4.7.3Reference Electrode 6—A saturated calomel electrode with a controlled rate of leakage (about 3µL/h)is recom-mended.This type of electrode is durable,reliable,and commerically available.Precautions should be taken to ensure that it is maintained in the proper condition.The potential of the calomel electrode should be checked at periodic intervals to ensure the accuracy of the electrode.5.Reagents and Materials5.1Purity of Reagents —Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests.Unless otherwise indicated,it is intended that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,5France,W.D.,Jr.,Journal of the Electrochemical Society,V ol 114,1967,p.818;and Myers,J.R.,Gruewlar,F.G.,and Smulezenski,L.A.,Corrosion,V ol 24,1968,p.352.6Ives, D.J.,and Janz,G.J.,Reference Electrodes,Theory and Practice,Academic Press,New York,NY1961.FIG.1Schematic Diagram of Specimen Holder 4,5TABLE 1Chemical Composition of Alloys Used in the RoundRobin,Weight %Element Alloy C-276(UNS N10276)Type 304Stainless Steel (UNS S30400)Carbon 0.0030.060Chromium 15.2918.46Cobalt2.05...Columbium ...0.11Copper ...0.17Iron5.78balance Manganese 0.48 1.43Molybdenum 16.030.17Nickelbalance 8.74Phosphorus 0.0180.029Silicon 0.050.60Sulfur 0.0060.014Vanadium 0.20...Tungsten3.62...where such specifications are available.7Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.5.2Purity of Water —The water shall be distilled or deion-ized conforming to the purity requirements of Specification D 1193,Type IV reagent water.5.3Sodium Chloride (NaCl).5.4Samples of Standard Type 304stainless steel (UNS S30400)and the Alloy C-276(UNS N10276)used in obtaining the standard reference plot are available for those who wish to check their own test procedure and equipment.6.Procedure6.1Test Specimen Preparation :6.1.1Wet grind with 240-grit SiC paper,wet polish with 600-grit SiC paper until previous coarse scratches are removed,rinse,and dry.6.1.2Prior to assembly of the specimen holder,ultrasoni-cally degrease the specimen for 5min in detergent and water,rinse thoroughly in distilled water,and dry.6.1.3Mount the specimen in the electrode holder.Tighten the assembly until the TFE-fluorocarbon gasket is sufficiently compressed to avoid leakage in the gasket.6.2Prepare a 3.56%(by weight)sodium chloride solution by dissolving 34g of reagent grade NaCl in 920mL of distilled water.6.3Assemble the electrode holder and place in the polar-ization cell.Transfer 900mL of test solution to the polarization cell,ensuring that the specimen remains above the solution level.6.4Bring the temperature of the solution of 2561°C by immersing the test cell in a controlled-temperature water bath or by other convenient means.6.5Place the platinum auxiliary electrodes,salt-bridge probe,and other components in the test cell.Fill the salt bridge with test solution and locate the probe tip approximately 1mm from the working electrode.N OTE 2—The levels of the solution in the reference and polarization cells should be the same.If this is impossible,a closed solution-wet (not greased)stopcock can be used in the salt bridge to eliminate siphoning.6.6Purge the solution sufficiently with an appropriate gas to remove oxygen before specimen immersion (minimum of 1h).6.7Immerse the specimen for 1h before initiating polariza-tion.A sliding seal can be used to ensure that an oxygen-free environment is maintained while the specimen is lowered.It is important that all oxygen be removed by purging prior to polarization,otherwise,more noble initial corrosion potential values will be observed.6.8Record the platinum potential 50min after immersion of the specimen.Record the open-circuit specimen potential,that is,the corrosion potential,the instant before beginning polar-ization.6.9Potential Scan —Start the potential scan 1h after speci-men immersion,beginning at the corrosion potential (E corr ),and scan in the more noble direction at a scan rate of 0.6V/h (65%).Record the current continuously with change in potential on an X-Y recorder using semilogarithmic paper.6.9.1The onset of localized corrosion is usually marked by a rapid increase of the anodic current at potentials below the oxygen-evolution potential.When the current reaches 5mA (53103µA),reverse the scanning direction (toward more active potentials).6.9.2Continue the reverse scan until the hysteresis loop closes or until the corrosion potential is reached.6.10Plot anodic polarization data on semilogarithmic paper in accordance with Practice G 3(potential-ordinate,current density-abscissa).A plot of representative polarization curves generated by the practice is shown in Fig.2.7.Interpretation of Results7.1The polarization curves shown in Fig.2,Fig.3,and Fig.4indicate that initiation and propagation of localized corrosion occurs at potentials more electronegative than the oxygen evolution potential on Type 304stainless steel (UNS S30400)in the chloride environment.The curve for Alloy C-276(UNS N10276)is not a result of localized corrosion but of uniform corrosion in the transpassive or oxygen evolution region.Since the corrosion potentials (E corr values)for Alloy C-276(UNS N10276)and Type 304stainless steel (UNS S30400)are usually similar,these curves indicate that Alloy C-276is more resistant to initiation and propagation of localized corrosion than Type 304stainless steel.8.Precision and Bias8.1A standard polarization plot,based on the potentiody-namic data from five different laboratories,has been prepared.The plot has been separated into the forward (Fig.3)and reverse (Fig.4)scans for clarity.These plots show the mean values and a range of 62standard deviations.8.2The spread in data obtained from a number of labora-tories and used in the preparation of the standard plot (Fig.3and Fig.4)demonstrates the reproducibility that is possible when a standard procedure is followed.An investigator’s data should fall within the range of 62standard deviations since this includes 95%of all data provided random variations are the only source of error.No information is available on the repeatability when one laboratory conducts several identical tests.Crevice corrosion under gaskets may lead to erroneous results.8.3When testing iron-,nickel-,and cobalt-based alloys according to this test method,the repeatability and reproduc-ibility would be expected to be similar to the standard material.However,no data is currently available on other alloys.8.4This test method,when conducted in accordance with the procedures described herein,ranks some iron-,nickel-,and cobalt-based alloys relative to their resistance to crevice and pitting corrosion in chloride-containing environments,such as seawater.The test method will not necessarily rank materials properly in environments which are significantly different from7Reagent Chemicals,American Chemical Society Specifications ,Am.Chemical Soc.,Washington,DC.For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by the American Chemical Society,see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals ,BDH Ltd.,Poole,Dorset,U.K.,and the United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary ,U.S.Pharmacopeial Covention,Inc.(USPC),Rockville,MD.”aqueous,ambient temperature aerated sodium chloride.For other alloys tested in other electrolytes,there is currently noinformation.FIG.2Representative Cyclic Potentiodynamic PolarizationCurvesFIG.3Standard Potentiodynamic Polarization Plot (ForwardScan)ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.Individual reprints (single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@ (e-mail);or through the ASTM website().FIG.4Standard Potentiodynamic Polarization Plot (ReverseScan)。

冶金词汇(翻译用)讲解

冶金词汇(翻译用)讲解

冶金 Metallurgy 11 2 3 4 mill 二十辊轧机1 2 3 mill 十二辊轧机1 2 mill 六辊式轧机abichite 砷铜矿abnormal steel 反常钢abnormal structure 反常结构abnormality of steel 钢的反常性abradability 磨损性abradant 研磨剂abrading 研磨修整abraser 研磨剂abrasion 磨耗abrasion marks 研磨斑痕abrasion test 磨耗试验abrasion tester 磨耗试验机abrasion testing machine 磨耗试验机abrasive 研磨剂abrasive belt 磨光砂带abrasive cloth 砂布abrasive cutting off machine 砂轮切断机abrasive dust 磨屑abrasive grain 磨粒abrasive hardness 耐磨硬度abrasive paste 研磨膏abrasive powder 研磨粉abrasive wear 磨蚀abscess 气孔absolute error 绝对误差absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute zero 绝对零度absorbability 吸收性absorbed energy 吸收能量absorbent 吸收剂absorber 吸收体absorbing column 吸收塔absorbing medium 吸收介质absorbite 活性碳absorption 吸收absorption capacity 吸收能力absorption chromatography 吸收色谱法absorption edge 吸收端absorption extraction 吸收萃取absorption limit 吸收端absorption spectrum 吸收光谱absorption tower 吸收塔absorptive power 吸收能力absorptivity 吸收性ac arc welder 交羚弧焊机ac arc welding 交羚弧焊ac electrode 交粮条acanthite 硫银矿accelerated cooling 加速冷却accelerated creep 加速蠕变accelerated diffusion 加速扩散accelerated leaching 加速浸出accelerated rolling 加速轧制acceptance inspection 接收检查acceptance test 验收试验accidental error 偶然误差accompanying element 伴生元素accretion 炉结accumulator 蓄电池;贮料塔accumulator metal 极板用合金accuracy 准确度accuracy of reproduction 再现精度acetate 醋酸盐acetic acid 醋酸acetylene 乙炔acetylene burner 乙炔燃烧器acetylene cutting 氧乙炔焰切割acetylene cutting torch 乙炔截割吹管acetylene cylinder 乙炔瓶acetylene generator 乙炔发生器acetylene welding 氧乙炔焊acheson furnace 艾奇逊电炉acicular cast iron 针状结构铸铁acicular crystal 针状结晶acicular ferrite 针状铁素体acicular iron ore 针铁矿acicular martensite 针状马氏体acicular powder 针状粉末acicular structure 针状结构acid 酸acid bath 酸浴acid bessemer converter 酸性转炉acid bessemer process 酸性转炉炼钢法acid bessemer steel 酸性转炉钢acid bottom 酸性炉底acid brick 酸性砖acid brittleness 酸洗脆性acid bronze 耐酸青铜acid corrosion 酸腐蚀acid electric furnace 酸性电炉acid electrolyte 酸性电解液acid embrittlement 酸洗脆性acid extraction 酸性萃取acid furnace 酸性炉acid hearth 酸性炉底acid leaching 酸性浸出acid lined furnace 酸性炉acid lining 酸性内衬acid medium 酸性介质acid open hearth furnace 酸性平炉acid open hearth process 酸性平炉法acid open hearth steel 酸性平炉钢acid oxide 酸性氧化物acid process 酸性法acid pump 酸泵acid refractory 酸性耐火材料acid resistance 耐酸性acid resistant steel 耐酸钢acid resisting cast iron 耐酸铸铁acid resisting casting 耐酸铸件acid resisting steel 耐酸钢acid slag 酸性渣acid solution 酸性溶液acid steel 酸性钢acid tank 酸性槽acidity 酸度acidproof alloy 耐酸合金acidproof brick 耐酸砖acidproof cast iron 耐酸铸铁acidproof casting 耐酸铸件acidulated bath 酸性化槽acierage 表面钢化acoustic absorbing material 吸音材料acoustic diagnosis 音响诊断acoustic emission 声发射acoustic fatigue 声波振动疲劳acoustic inspection 音响检查actinium 锕actinouranium 锕铀activated alumina 活性氧化铝activated carbon 活性碳activated chlorine 活性氯activated sintering 活化烧结activation 活化activation analysis 活化分析activation energy 活化能activation volume 活化容积activator 活化剂active material 放射性物质active mixer 预炼混铁炉active power 有效功率active solvent 活性溶剂active surface 活性表面activity 活度activity coefficient 活度系数activity factor 活度系数activity probe 活度探示器actual load 有效负载actual solution 实际溶液actual stress 实际应力actual throat 实际角焊缝厚度adamite 水砷锌矿adamite roll 阿达迈特高碳铬镍耐磨铸铁轧辊adaptive mill control 轧机自适应控制addition 添加addition agent 添加剂addition compound 加成化合物addition element 加合金元素addition reaction 加成反应additive 添加剂additive deformation 附加变形additive efficient deformation rate 有效附加变形率additive property 加和性additivity rule 加成定则adherence 附着adherent slag 附着渣adhesion 附着adhesion force 附着力adhesion heat 粘附热adhesion test 附着力试验adhesive capacity 粘着能力adhesive force 附着力adiabatic calorimeter 绝热量热器adiabatic compression 绝热压缩adiabatic demagnetization 断热去磁adiabatic equilibrium 绝热平衡adiabatic exponent 绝热指数adiabatic process 绝热过程adjustable end stop 升降挡板adjustable mold 可担adjusting 蝶adjusting screw 第螺钉adjustment 蝶admiralty brass 海军黄铜admiralty gun metal 海军炮铜admissible concentration 容许浓度admissible error 容许误差admissible stress 容许应力admixture heat 混合热adobe 风干砖adsorbability 可吸附性adsorbate 吸附物adsorbent 吸附剂adsorbing power 吸附能力adsorption 吸附adsorption chromatography 吸附色层法adsorption isotherm 吸附等温线adsorption overvoltage 吸附过电压adsorption surface area 吸附表面积adular 冰长石advance 艾德万斯康铜aeration 充气aeration corrosion 充气腐蚀aeration tank 充气槽aerosol 气溶胶aerospace material 宇航材料aerospace structural metal 宇航结构金属affinage 精炼affinity 亲和力afterblow 后吹aftercontraction 附加收缩aftercooler 后冷却器aftereffect 后效afterflow 残余塑性变形aftertreatment 后处理agate 玛瑙agc 自动厚度控制age hardening 时效硬化age hardening alloy 时效硬化合金aged steel 时效钢agent 试剂agglomerant 粘结剂agglomerate 烧结矿agglomerated cake 烧结块agglomerated charge 烧结料agglomerating machine 烧结机agglomerating plant 烧结装置agglomeration 烧结agglomeration roasting 烧结焙烧agglutination 凝集aggregate 集合体aggregation 聚集aggression 侵蚀aggressiveness 侵蚀性aging 时效aging crack 时效裂纹aging oven 时效炉aging resistance 抗时效性aging stability 时效稳定性aging steel 时效钢agitating vane 搅拌叶片agitation 搅拌agitation leach 搅拌浸出agitator 搅拌机agitator tank 搅拌槽air acetylene welding 空气乙炔焊接air arc cutting 电弧气割air bath 空气浴air blast quenching 气零火air blast temperature 鼓风温度air box 风箱air brick 不烧砖air bubble 空气泡air chamber 空气室air classification 风选air cleaner 空气净化器air compressor 空气压缩机air conditioning 空气第air conduit 空气导管air conveying 气龄送air cooled condenser 空气冷凝器air cooler 空气冷却器air cooling 空气冷却air damper 风挡air distillation 常压蒸馏air exhauster 排气机air filter 空气过滤器air fuel mixture 空气燃料混合物air furnace 反射炉air gate 出气口air hammer 空气锤air hardening 空气淬火air hardening steel 空气硬化钢air hose 通风软管air inlet 进气口air jacket 空气套air manometer 空气压力计air mortar 气硬砂浆air oxidation 空气氧化air patenting 空气铅淬火air permeability 透气性air pipe 风管air port 空气喷口air preheater 空气预热器air pressure 空气压力air pump 空气泵;活塞泵air purification 空气净化air quenching 空气淬火air rammer 风动掉棒air regenerator 空气蓄热室air reservoir 储气罐air separation 气力分离air separator 气力分离器air test 气密试验air uptake 空气上升道air valve 空气阀airbond 自硬粘结剂airing 空气干燥;通风airtight joint 气密接头aisle 工段ajax northrup furnace 阿杰克斯诺斯拉普炉albion metal 阿尔比饵锡铅箔albite 钠长石albronze 铝青铜alchemy 炼金术alclad 阿尔克拉德包铝硬铝板;高强度铝合金alcohol 醇aldrey 阿尔德雷导线用铝合金alfenide 阿里费尼德锌白铜aligned composite material 取向复合材料aligned eutectic 取向共晶aligned structure 取向结构alignment 定心aliquation 偏析;层化alitizing 渗铝alkali 碱alkali battery 碱性蓄电池alkali metal 碱金属alkali reaction 碱性反应alkali resistance 耐碱性alkali salt 碱金属盐alkali solution 碱性液alkaline bath 碱浴alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkaline electrolyte 碱性电解液alkaline fusion 碱熔alkaline leaching 碱性浸出alkalinity 碱度allemontite 砷锑矿alligator effect 鳄皮效应alligator shears 杠杆式剪断机alligatoring 鳄嘴裂口allomerism 异质同晶allomorphism 同质异晶allomorphy 同质异晶allopalladium 硒钯矿allotropic modification 同素变态allotropic transformation 同素异形变态allotropy 同素异形体allowable error 容许误差allowable load 容许负荷allowable pressure 容许压力allowable stress 容许应力allowable variation 容许偏差alloy 合金alloy addition 合金添加alloy hardening 合金硬化alloy pig iron 合金生铁alloy plating 合金镀覆alloy steel 合金钢alloy steel castings 合金钢铸件alloy system 合金系alloy tool steel 合金工具钢alloyage 合金化alloyed iron 合金铸铁alloyed scrap 合金废料alloying 合金化alloying constituent 合金成分alloying element 合金元素alloying metal 合金金属alloying power 合金化能力alluvial gold 砂金alni 阿尔尼alnico 阿尔尼科合金alpaca 阿尔帕克锌白铜alpakka 阿尔帕克锌白铜alpax 阿尔帕克斯铝硅合金alpha brass 黄铜alpha bronze 青铜alpha decay 衰变alpha disintegration 衰变alpha iron 铁alpha particle 粒子alpha rays 射线alpha region 相区域alpha solid solution 固溶体alphatizing 气化渗铬法alsifer 阿尔违尔硅铝铁合金altaite 碲铅矿alternate lay wire rope 混合捻钢丝绳alternate steel 代用钢alternate stress 交变应力alternating bending test 反复弯曲试验alternating current arc welder 交羚弧焊机alternating current arc welding 交羚弧焊alternating current arc welding machine 交羚弧焊机alternating load 应变载荷alternating stress amplitude 交变应力振幅aludel 梨坛aludur 阿鲁杜合金alum 茂alumel 阿卢梅镍铝合金alumina 氧化铝alumina brick 高铝砖aluminate 铝酸盐aluminate inclusion 铝酸盐夹杂物aluminic acid 铝酸aluminium castings 铝铸件aluminized coat 铝镀覆层aluminized screen 铝化荧光屏aluminizing 渗铝aluminosilicate 铝硅酸盐aluminosilicate refractory 硅酸铝耐火材料aluminothermic process 铝热法aluminothermic reduction 铝热还原aluminothermic welding 铝热焊aluminothermics 铝热法aluminothermy 铝热法aluminum 铝aluminum alloy 铝合金aluminum base alloy 铝基合金aluminum brass 铝黄铜aluminum bronze 铝青铜aluminum chloride 氯化铝aluminum copper alloy 铝铜合金aluminum fluoride 氟化铝aluminum foil 铝箔aluminum hydroxide 氢氧化铝aluminum iron alloy 铝铁合金aluminum leaf 铝箔aluminum magnesium alloy 铝镁合金aluminum nickel alloy 铝镍合金aluminum nitrate 硝酸铝aluminum nitride 氮化铝aluminum ore 铝矿aluminum oxide 氧化铝aluminum plating 镀铝aluminum powder 铝粉aluminum silicate 硅酸铝aluminum silicon alloy 铝硅合金aluminum solder 铝焊料aluminum wire 铝线alundum 人造刚玉alunite 茂石alunogen 毛矾石amalgam 汞齐amalgam process 混汞法amalgam test 汞齐试验amalgamated metal 混汞金属amalgamating bath 混汞化槽amalgamation 混汞amalgamator 混汞器ambient air 周围空气ambient temperature 周围温度amblygonite 磷铝石americium 镅amianthus 白丝状石棉ammonia 氨ammonia alum 铵铝矾ammonia leaching 氨浸出ammonia nitriding 氨氮化ammonia water 氨水ammonium 铵ammonium alum 铵铝矾ammonium chloride 氯化铵ammonium fluoride 氟化铵ammonium molybdate 钼酸铵ammonium nitrate 硝酸铵ammonium oxalate 草酸铵ammonium phosphate 磷酸铵ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵amorphism 非晶性amorphous alloy 非晶质合金amorphous body 非晶体amorphous carbon 无定形碳amorphous film 非晶体膜amorphous metal 非晶体金属amorphous phase 非晶形相amorphous state 非晶质状态amorphous substance 无定形物质amount of contraction 收缩量amount of shrinkage 收缩量ampangabeite 铌钛铁铀矿amperometric titration 电廖定amperometry 电廖定amphion 两性离子ampholyte 两性电解质amphoteric compound 两性化合物amphoteric electrolyte 两性电解质amphoteric element 两性元素amphoteric ion 两性离子amphoteric oxide 两性氧化物amphoterism 两性amplitude 振幅amplitude of oscillation 振荡振幅anaconda process 安那康达法analog computer 模拟计算机analysis 分析analytical balance 分析天平analytical chemistry 分析化学analytical sample 分析试样analyzer 分析器anatase 锐钛矿anatomical alloy 骨科用易熔合金anelastic behavior 滞弹行为anelasticity 滞弹性angle 角钢angle butt weld 斜口对接焊缝angle of bite 轧入角angle of lag 滞后角angle of lead 超前角angle of neutral plane 中性角angle of nip 咬入角angle of nonslip point 中性角angle of repose 休止角angle of rest 休止角angle pass 角钢孔型angle section 角钢angle steel 角钢anglesite 硫酸铅矿angular carbide 角形碳化物angular powder 角状粉angular velocity 角速度anhydride 酐anhydrite 硬石膏animal charcoal 动物煤anion 阴离子anion catalyst 阴离子催化剂anion exchange 阴离子交换anion exchange resin 阴离子交换尸anion exchanger 阴离子交换剂anionite 阴离子交换剂anionite membrane 阴离子交换膜anisotropic material 蛤异性材料anisotropy 蛤异性annabergite 镍华annealed powder 退火粉annealed steel 退火钢annealing 退火annealing box 退火箱annealing cycle 退火周期annealing furnace 退火炉annealing of defects 缺陷退火annealing oven 退火炉annealing pot 退火箱annealing temperature 退火温度annealing twin 退火孪晶annerodite 铌钇铀矿annular furnace 环式窑annular kiln 环式窑anode 阳极anode alloy 阳极合金anode casting 阳极铸造anode chamber 阳极室anode compartment 阳极室anode copper 阳极铜anode drop 阳极降anode effect 阳极效应anode efficiency 阳极电璃率anode fall 阳极降anode furnace 阳极炉anode mud 阳极泥anode nickel 阳极镍anode pickling 阳极酸洗anode process 阳极法anode rays 阳极射线anode remnants 残阳极anode scrap 残阳极anode slime 阳极泥anode sludge 阳极泥anode voltage 阳极电压anodic brightening 阳极抛光anodic coating 阳极镀层anodic corrosion 阳极腐蚀anodic current 阳极电流anodic current density 阳极电淋度anodic current efficiency 阳极电璃率anodic dissolution 阳极溶解anodic overvoltage 阳极过电压anodic oxidation 阳极氧化anodic polarization 阳极极化anodic process 阳极法anodic protection 阳极保护anodic reaction 阳极反应anodic treatment 阳极处理anodizing 阳极处理anolyte 阳极电解液anomalous slip 反常滑移anorthic system 三斜晶系anorthite 钙长石anorthoclase 钠斜微长石anthracite 无烟煤anthracitic coal 无烟煤anticarburizer 渗碳防止剂anticathode 反阴极anticorodal 耐蚀铝合金anticorrodant 防腐剂anticorrosive agent 防腐剂anticorrosive paint 防腐涂料antiferromagnetism 反铁磁性antifoaming agent 防沫剂antifriction alloy 减磨合金antifriction bearing 抗摩轴承antifriction material 减摩材料antifriction metal 减磨合金antimonate 锑酸盐antimonial lead 锑铅antimonic acid 锑酸antimonic anhydride 锑酸酐antimonide 锑化物antimonite 辉锑矿antimonous acid 亚锑酸antimony 锑antimony bronze 锑青铜antimony glance 辉锑矿antimony sulfide 硫化锑antimony white 锑白antioxidant 反氧化剂antiphase domain 反相畴antiphase domain boundary 反相畴界antipiping compound 冒口保温剂anvil 铁砧anvil block 砧座aod 氩氧脱碳aod converter aod 转炉aod process 氩氧脱碳法apatite 磷灰石aperture 口径apochromat 复消色差透镜apochromatic lens 复消色差透镜apparatus 仪器装置apparent density 表观密度apparent modulus of elasticity 表观弹性系数apparent particle density 颗粒表观密度apparent power 表观功率apparent specific gravity 表观比重apparent viscosity 表观粘度apparent volume 表观体积approach angle 拉模变形锥approach table 输入辊道approximate analysis 近似分析apron conveyor 板式运输机apron feeder 裙板加料机aqua regia 王水aquadag 胶体石墨润滑剂aqueous electrolysis 水溶液电解aqueous leach 水溶液浸出aqueous medium 水介质aqueous solution 水溶液aqueous vapour 水蒸汽ar transformation ar 转变arbitrary analysis 仲裁分析arbor 轴arborescent powder 师状粉arborescent structure 枝晶组织arc 弧arc air gouging 电弧空气气削arc blow 电弧磁偏吹arc blowout 熄弧arc brazing 电弧钎焊arc cutting 电弧切割arc discharge 电弧放电arc drop 电弧压降arc force 电弧力arc furnace 电弧炉arc furnace electrode 电弧炉电极arc gouging 电弧刨削arc heating 电弧加热arc image furnace 反射电弧炉arc length 弧长arc spraying 电弧喷镀arc stabilizer 电弧稳定装置arc start 起弧arc strike 起弧arc welding 电弧焊接arc welding alternator 电弧焊用交立电机arc welding electrode 电弧焊条arc welding generator 弧焊发电机arc welding machine 电弧焊接机arc welding set 电弧焊机组arc welding transformer 电焊变压器arch 拱arch brick 拱砖arcogen 气电焊arcos arc process 阿考斯二氧化碳保护弧焊法ardometer 光测高温计area reduction 断面收缩areometer 比重计argental mercury 银汞argentan 锌白铜argentiferous lead 含银铅argentite 辉银矿argentum 银argon 氩argon arc 氩气保护电弧argon arc welding 氩弧焊argon blowing in ladle 桶吹氩argon oxygen decarburization 氩氧脱碳argon oxygen decarburization converter aod 转炉argon oxygen decarburization process 氩氧脱碳法argon rinsing treatment 氩清洗处理argon stirring 吹氩搅拌argyrodite 硫银锗矿arizonite 红钛铁矿arm mixer 桨叶式搅拌机armature wire 钢筋线材armco iron 阿姆克铁armor 装甲钢板armor plate 装甲板armor plate mill 装甲板轧机armor steel 装甲钢armored cast iron 钢筋铸铁arrangement 装置;配置array of dislocations 位错排列arrest point 临界点arsenate 砷酸盐arsenic 砷arsenic acid 砷酸arsenic anhydride 砷酸酐arsenic poisoning 砷中毒arsenical copper 砷铜arsenical nickel 红砷镍arsenical pyrite 砷黄铁矿arsenide 砷化物arsenite 亚砷酸盐arsenolite 砷华arsenopyrite 砷黄铁矿arsenous acid 亚砷酸arsenous anhydride 亚砷酸酐art bronze 艺术青铜art castings 艺术铸件artificial aging 人工时效artificial draught 人工通风artificial gas 人造气体as cast condition 铸态as cast metal 铸态金属as cast structure 铸造组织as rolled state 轧制状态asbestos 石棉asbestos packing 石棉垫料asbestos paper 石棉纸asbestos plate 石棉板asbestos wool 石棉绒asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿ascending tube 上升管ascension pipe 上升管asea skf process asea skf 法ash cellar 灰坑ash content 含灰量ash cooling 灰中冷却ash pan 灰盘asparagolite 黄绿磷灰石asparagus stone 黄绿磷灰石asperity 不平度aspirator 吸气器assay 试金;试料assay balance 试金天平assay furnace 试金炉assel elongator 阿塞尔三辊式轧管机assel mill 阿塞尔三辊式轧管机assemblage 装配assembling 装配astatine 砹asterism 星芒atacamite 氯铜矿athermal growth 绝热生长athermal nucleation 非热成核athermal solution 非热溶液athermal transformation 非热转变atmophile element 亲气元素atmosphere 大气atmospheric corrosion 大气腐蚀atmospheric pressure 大气压力atmospheric rusting 大气锈蚀atom 原子atom fraction 原子分数atom magnetic moment 原子磁矩atomic absorption spectrometry 原子吸收光谱学atomic arrangement 原子排列atomic binding 原子键atomic bond 原子键atomic crystal 原子结晶atomic diameter 原子直径atomic displacement 原子位移atomic energy 原子能atomic group 原子团atomic heat 原子热atomic heat capacity 原子热容量atomic hydrogen 原子氢atomic lattice 原子晶格atomic mass 原子质量atomic model 原子模型atomic nucleus 原子核atomic number 原子序数atomic oxygen 原子氧atomic percent 原子百分比atomic pile 原子反应堆atomic plane 原子面atomic power 原子力atomic radius 原子半径atomic ratio 原子比atomic reactor 原子反应堆atomic size 原子大小atomic spectrum 原子光谱atomic structure 原子结构atomic volume 原子体积atomic weight 原子量atomic welding 氢原子焊atomization 喷雾atomized powder 喷雾粉atomizer 喷雾器atomizing 喷雾attached test coupon 附铸试棒attack 侵蚀attenuation 衰减attraction 吸引attractive force 引力attrition 磨损attritor grinding 磨碎机粉碎auric chloride 氯化金auric compound 正金化合物auric cyanide 氰化金aurous chloride 氯化亚金aurous compound 亚金化合物aurous cyanide 氰化亚金ausaging 沉淀硬化ausannealing 等温退火ausforming 过冷奥氏体形变热处理ausrolling 过冷奥氏体轧制形变热处理austempering 奥氏体等温淬火austenite 奥氏体austenite former 奥氏体形成元素austenite region 奥氏体区域austenite stabilization 奥氏体稳定化处理austenite structure 奥氏体组织austenitic electrode 奥氏体钢焊条austenitic grain size 奥氏体粒度austenitic iron 奥氏体铸铁austenitic stainless steel 奥氏体不锈钢austenitic steel 奥氏体钢austenitic transformation 奥氏体转变austenitization 奥氏体化austenitizing 奥氏体化austenitizing temperature 奥氏体化温度austenoferritic steel 奥氏体铁素体钢austenomartensitic steel 奥氏体马氏体钢austrian test 焊缝抗弯试验autocatalysis 自动催化酌autoclave 高压釜autoclave leaching 加压浸出autocrucible melting 自成坩埚熔炼autodiffusion 自扩散autodiffusion coefficient 自扩散系数autogenous ignition 自发着火autoignition 自发着火automatic arc welding 自动电弧焊automatic arc welding machine 自动电焊机automatic control 自动控制automatic gage control 自动厚度控制automatic mill 自动轧机automatic size control 自动尺寸控制automatic spot welding 自动点焊automatic steel 易切钢automatic welding 自动焊接automatic welding machine 自动电焊机automobile body sheet 汽车车身钢板automobile steel 汽车钢automolite 铁锌尖晶石autoradiography 自射线照相法autunite 钙铀云毋auxiliaries 辅助设备auxiliary air 二次空气auxiliary anode 辅助阳极auxiliary electrode 辅助电极auxiliary pump 辅助泵average roll pressure 平均轧制压力average sample 平均试样avional 阿维奥纳尔铝合金avogadrite 氟硼砷石avogadro's number 阿弗加德罗数axial force 轴向力axial porosity 轴芯气孔率axial pressure 轴向压力axial ratio 轴比axial slip 轴向滑移axial stress 轴向应力axial vector 轴矢量axis 轴azeotrope 共沸混合物azeotropic distillation 共沸蒸馏azeotropic mixture 共沸混合物azeotropic solution 共沸溶液azeotropy 共沸azimuthal quantum number 方位量子数azotization 氮化azotizing 氮化azurite 蓝铜矿b h curve 磁化曲线babbit 巴比合金back electromotive force 反电动势back extraction 反萃取back lining 安全衬砖层back pressure 反压力back pull 后拉力back pull drawing 后张力拉伸back pull stress 逆应力back reaction 逆反应back reflection method 背反射法back tension 后拉力back tension drawing 后张力拉伸back titration 回滴定back wall 后壁backfin 压折backfire 回火backflash 回火backhand welding 右焊backing 垫板;轴衬backing sand 填充砂backing strip 衬背带材backpad 挤压垫backstep welding 逐步退焊法backstepping 逐步退焊法backup roll 支承辊backup roll bending 支承辊弯曲backup strip 衬背带材backward extrusion 反挤压backward pass 偶数道次backward slip 后滑backward slip zone 后滑区backward welding 右焊bacterial leaching 细菌浸出bacteriosmelt 细菌冶金baddeleyite 斜锆石baffle plate 挡板bag filter 袋滤器bag filtration 袋过滤baghouse 袋滤室bahnmetal 巴鼎基轴承合金bainite 贝氏体bainite quenching 贝氏体淬火bainite range 贝氏体区域bainite structure 贝氏体组织bainite transformation 贝氏体转变bainitic hardening 贝氏体淬火bainitic steel 贝氏体钢baked anode 焙烧阳极baked core 干燥型心baked permeability 干透气性baked strength 干强度baking 烘干;烧成baking coal 炼焦煤balance 天平balanced housing 平衡装置的机架balanced steel 半脱氧钢balancer 平衡装置balancing device 平衡装置balbach thum process 巴尔巴赫卧式电极银电解精炼法bale 打包baled scrap 打包废金属baling press 打包机baling strip 打包带钢baling wire 打包钢丝ball burnishing 钢球抛光ball clay 黏土ball hardness testing machine 布氏硬度计ball mill 球磨机ball milled powder 球磨粉ball rolling mill 钢球轧机baller 切边卷取机balling machine 切边卷取机ballistic galvanometer 冲混疗band 带band arc welding 带极电弧焊band conveyor 带式运输机band electrode 板状电极band filter 带式过滤器band saw 带锯band spectrum 带光谱band theory 能带理论bandage 带banded structure 条状组织bander 打包机banding 铁条打捆banding machine 打包机bank 堤;冷床banking 封炉bar 棒bar brass 黄铜棒bar drawbench 拔棒机bar drawing 长芯棒拔制bar graph 直方图bar mill 小型轧机bar pointer 压尖机bar section 形材bar steel 条钢bar straightener 型钢矫直机bar strip 薄板坯板料barbed wire 刺钢丝barbotage 起泡barbotage leach 鼓泡浸出bare electrode 裸焊条bare wire welding 裸线弧焊barff process 蒸气发蓝处理barffing 蒸气发蓝处理barite 重晶石barium 钡barium carbonate 碳酸钡barium chloride 氯化钡barium chromate 铬酸钡barium hydroxide 氢氧化钡barium oxide 氧化钡barium sulfate 硫酸钡bark 薄脱碳层barkhausen effect 巴克豪生效应barometric pressure 大气压barrel 辊身barrel converter 卧式吹炉barrel diameter 辊身直径barrel mixer 圆筒混合机barrel plating 转筒滚镀barrel roll 桶形辊barrel type roll piercing mill 带桶形轧辊的穿孔机barren solution 贫液barrier 势垒barrier height 势垒高度baryte 重晶石basal plane 基面basal slip 基面滑移basal tuyere 炉底风嘴base 基;碱;基础;炉底;贫矿base metal 基底金属;贱金属base plate 底板basic bessemer conveter 托马斯转炉basic bessemer process 碱性转炉炼钢法basic bessemer slag 碱性转炉炉渣basic bessemer steel 碱性转炉钢basic bottom 碱性炉底basic brick 碱性砖basic carbonate 碱式碳酸盐basic coating 碱性药皮basic covering 碱性药皮basic electrode 碱性被覆焊条basic flux 碱性熔剂basic furnace 碱性炉basic hearth 碱性炉床basic lead carbonate 碱式碳酸铅basic lining 碱性内补basic open hearth furnace 碱性平炉basic open hearth process 碱性平炉炼钢法basic open hearth steel 碱性平炉钢basic oxide 碱性氧化物basic oxygen furnace 碱性氧气转炉basic oxygen furnace slag 氧气转炉渣basic oxygen process 顶吹氧转炉法basic oxygen steel 氧气吹炼钢basic pig iron 托马斯生铁basic process 碱性法basic refractory 碱性耐火材料basic salt 碱式盐basic slag 碱性渣basic steel 碱性钢basicity 碱度basicity of slag 炉渣碱度basket charging 吊篮装料batch 批batch annealing 分批退火batch distillation 分批蒸馏batch furnace 分批装料炉batch method 分批法batch patenting 分批铅处理batch process 分批法batch sintering 间歇烧结batcher 称量配料器bath 浴bath carburizing 液体渗碳bath cooling 浴冷bath furnace 浴炉bath level 熔池水平bath nitriding 液体氮化bath patenting 铅浴淬火bath sample 浴池试样bath voltage 槽电压baumann printing 包曼试验baumann test 包曼试验bauschinger effect 巴斯青格效应bauxite 铝土矿bauxite brick 铝矾土砖bay 跨间bayer process 拜耳法bayleyite 菱镁铀矿beach marks 贝壳状纹理bead 焊蚕bead bend test 焊缝抗弯试验bead forming 卷边bead trimmer 焊瘤除器beading 成球beaker 烧杯beam 梁beam blank 轧制工字梁用的异形坯beam flange 梁的凸缘beam mill 钢梁轧机beam pass 梁孔型bean ore 豆状铁矿bear punch 手动穿孔机bearing 轴承bearing alloy 轴承合金bearing brass 轴承黄铜bearing bronze 轴承青铜bearing bush 轴承瓦bearing cast iron 减摩轴承铸铁bearing metal 轴承合金bearing modulus 轴承模数bearing steel 轴承钢bearing tube 轴承管becking bar 扩孔锻造用心轴beckmann thermometer 贝克曼温度计bed charge 底料bed coke 底焦bed plate 地脚板beehive oven 蜂房式炼焦炉behavior 行为beilby layer 贝尔倍层bell 料钟;罩bell and hopper arrangement 钟斗装料装置bell bronze 钟用青铜bell furnace 罩式炉bell less top 无种炉顶bell less top charger 无钟装料机bell less type system 无钟装料机bell metal 钟用青铜bell type annealing furnace 钟形退火炉bell type top charger 钟罩式装料机bellows 风箱belly 炉腰belly pipe 直吹管belt conveyor 带式运输机belt drive 皮带传动belt drop hammer 皮带式落锤belt feeder 带式给料机belt furnace 带式炉belt transmission 皮带传动bementite 蜡硅锰矿benardos system 贝纳尔德斯法bench 拉伸机;工专bend 弯曲bend over test 弯曲试验bend test 弯曲试验bending 弯曲bending and unbending test 反复弯曲试验bending jaw 弯曲钳口bending load 弯曲负荷bending machine 弯曲机bending moment 弯曲力矩bending press 压弯机bending radius 弯曲半径bending rigidity 抗弯刚度bending roll 弯曲辊bending rolls 弯板机bending strain 弯曲应变bending strength 抗弯强度bending stress 弯曲应力bending test 弯曲试验beneficiated ore 精矿beneficiation 选矿benitoite 蓝锥矿bentonite 膨润土berthierite 辉铁锑矿beryl 绿柱石beryllate 铍酸盐beryllia 氧化铍beryllite 水硅铍石beryllium 铍beryllium bronze 铍青铜beryllium chloride 氯化铍beryllium copper 铍铜合金beryllium oxide 氧化铍beryllonite 磷钠铍石berzelianite 硒铜矿bessemer copper 转炉铜bessemer pig iron 酸性转炉生铁bessemer process 酸性转炉炼钢法bessemer steel 酸性转炉钢bessemerizing 贝氏炼钢法best process 锭头电渣补注法beta decay 衰变beta disintegration 衰变beta iron 铁beta region 相区域betafite 钛铌铀矿bethanizing 钢丝电镀锌betts process 贝茨粗铅电解精炼法bevel 斜面bevel angle 边缘斜截角bevel cutting 开坡口beveled edge 斜切的边缘beveling 开坡口bewel 浇包柄biaxial crystal 双轴晶体bichromate 重铬酸盐bichromate treatment 重铬酸盐表面处理bichromic acid 重铬酸bicrystal 双晶体bifurcated runner 分叉鳞big end down mold 上小下大锭模big end up mold 上大下小锭模big mill 开毗机billet 薄板坯板料billet centering press 定心压力机billet mill 钩毗机billet scalping unit 畔剥皮装置billet shears 畔剪断机billet storage 畔仓库billet yard 畔仓库billon 毕隆铸币金合金bimetal 双金属bimetal blank 双金属坯bimetal sheet 双金属板bimetal tube 双金属管bimetal wire 双金属线bimetallic fuse 双金属保险丝bimetallic strip 双金属片bimetallic temperature regulator 双金属温度第器bimetallic thermostat 双金属温度第器bin 料箱bin feeder 漏斗给料机binary alloy 二元合金binary compound 二元化合物binary constitutional diagram 二元系状态图binary electrolyte 二元电解质binary eutectic 二元共晶binary system 二元系binder 粘结剂binder metal 粘结金属binder pool 粘结金属池binding agent 粘结剂binding band 捆轧用钢带binding energy 结合能binding enthalpy 键焓binding machine 打包机binding wire 扎线bingham's etching solution 宾厄姆电解腐蚀液binnite 淡铜矿binocular microscope 双目显微镜biological metal 生物金属bipolar system 双极式bisilicate 二硅酸盐bismite 铋华bismuth 铋bismuth chloride 氯化铋bismuth glance 辉铋矿bismuth ocher 铋华bismuthate 铋酸盐bismuthine 辉铋矿bismuthinite 辉铋矿bismutosmaltite 钴砷铋矿石biting 轧辊咬入轧件bitumen 沥青bituminous coal 沥青煤bivariant system 双变系black annealing 黑退火black ash 黑灰black cinder 黑炉渣black copper 黑色铜black fracture 黑色断口black heart malleable iron 黑心可锻铸铁black iron ore 磁铁矿black nickel 黑色镍black oxide finish 氧化发黑处理black plate 黑钢板black sand 旧砂black thermit 黑色铝热剂blackband 菱铁矿blackbody 黑体blackbody radiation 黑体辐射blackbody temperature 黑体温度blacking scab 涂料起皮blacklead 石墨blacksmith 锻工blacksmith tongs 锻工钳blacksmith's anvil 锻砧blackwash 铸模涂料blank 毛坯半制品blank carburizing 假渗碳blank holder 支架blank nitriding 空氮化blank test 空白试验blanking 切料blast 鼓风blast cleaning plant 喷丸清理装置blast connection 鼓风支管blast dehumidification 鼓风减湿blast dehydration 鼓风减湿blast furnace 高炉blast furnace armor 高炉护板blast furnace blast 高炉鼓风blast furnace blower 高炉鼓风机blast furnace blowing engine 高炉鼓风机blast furnace bosh 高炉炉腰blast furnace bottom 高炉炉底blast furnace burden 高炉炉料blast furnace coke 高炉焦炭blast furnace dust 高炉灰blast furnace ferroalloys 高炉铁合金blast furnace gas 高炉煤气blast furnace gun 高炉泥炮blast furnace hearth 高炉炉缸blast furnace ironmaking 高炉炼铁blast furnace lines 高炉内型blast furnace man 高炉工blast furnace mantle 高炉炉身托圈blast furnace plant 高炉车间blast furnace platform 装料台blast furnace process 高炉法blast furnace shaft 高炉炉身blast furnace slag 高炉渣blast furnace slag cement 高炉炉渣水泥blast furnace smelting 鼓凤炉熔炼blast furnace stack 高炉炉身blast furnace top 高炉顶blast humidity 鼓风湿度。

焊接术语翻译分析

焊接术语翻译分析

焊接术语翻译喇叭形坡口flare groove锁底坡口single bevel groove with backing locked 坡形板边tapered edge焊缝weld接逢seam焊缝符号welding symbol焊缝金属weld metal填充金属filler metal熔敷金属deposited metal焊缝表面weld face/ face of weld焊缝背面back of weld焊缝轴线axis of weld焊缝尺寸size of weld焊缝宽度weld width/ width of weld焊缝长度weld length/ length of weld焊缝有效长度effective length of weld焊缝厚度throat depth/ throat thickness焊缝计算厚度theoretical throat焊缝实际厚度actual throat熔深penetration/ depth of penetration焊缝成形appearance of weld焊缝成形系数form factor of weld余高reinforcement/ excess weld metal背面余高root reinforcement削平焊缝flush weld/ weld machined flush对接焊缝butt weld角焊缝fillet焊脚leg/ fillet weld leg角焊缝断面形状profile of fillet weld平形角焊缝flat fillet凸形角焊缝convex fillet weld凹形角焊缝concave fillet weld角焊缝凹度concavity侧面角焊缝side fillet weld/ fillet weld in parallel shear正面角焊缝front fillet weld/ fillet weld in normal shear立角焊缝fillet weld in the vertical position横角焊缝fillet weld in the horizontal position平角焊缝fillet weld in the flat position斜角焊缝oblique fillet weld连续焊缝continuous weld断续焊缝intermittent weld 连续角焊缝continuous fillet weld断续角焊缝intermittent fillet weld交错断续角焊缝staggered intermittent fillet weld并列断续角焊缝chain intermittent fillet weld端接焊缝edge weld卷边焊缝flanged edge weld塞焊焊缝plug weld纵向焊缝longitudinal weld横向焊缝transverse weld环行焊缝girth weld/ circumferential weld螺旋形焊缝spiral weld/ helical weld密封焊缝seal weld承载焊缝strength weld联系焊缝connective weld定位焊缝tack weld焊道bead/ run/ pass焊波ripple焊根weld root/ root of weld焊趾weld toe/ toe封底焊道sealing run (after making main weld)/ b ack weld打底焊道backing weld (before making main weld) / back weld根部焊道root pass/ root run填充焊道filling bead盖面焊道cosmetic bead/ cover pass回火焊道temper bead/ annealing bead熔透焊道penetration bead焊层layer焊接接头welded joint接头形状joint geometry等强匹配接头equal matching weld joint低强匹配接头undermatching weld joint超强匹配接头overmatching weld joint接头根部root of joint对接接头butt jointI形对接接头square butt jointV形对接接头single V butt jointU形对接接头single U butt jointJ形坡口接头single J butt joint双V形对接接头double V butt joint双单边V形对接接头double bevel butt joint/ K gro ove butt joint带钝边U形对接接头double U butt joint带钝边J形坡口接头double J joint角接接头corner jointT形接头T joint斜T形接头inclined T joint十字接头cruciform joint/ cross-shaped joint三联接头joint among three members搭接接头lap joint套管接头muff joint/ sleeve joint双盖板接头double strapped joint盖板接头strapped joint端接接头edge joint卷边接头flanged edge joint锁底对接接头lock butt joint斜对接接头oblique butt joint混合接头mixed joint/ composite joint有间隙接头open joint无间隙接头closed joint焊接电弧welding arc电弧形态arc shape电弧物理行为arc physics behaviour引弧striking arc引弧电压striking voltage电弧气氛arc atmosphere阴极cathode热阴极hot cathode冷阴极cold cathode阴极斑点cathode spot阴极区cathode region阴极区电场强度intensity of the electric field in the cathode region阴极压降cathode drop阳极anode阳极斑点anode spot斑点压力spot pressure阳极区anode region阳极区电场强度intensity of the electric field in the anode region阳极压降anode drop弧柱arc column/ arc stream弧柱压降voltage drop in arc column弧柱电位梯度potential gradient in the arc column 弧焰arc flame弧心arc core硬电弧forceful arc/ hard arc 软电弧soft arc旋转电弧rotating arc脉冲电弧pulsed arc脉冲喷射电弧pulsed spray arc起皱现象puckering phenomena起皱电弧puckering arc起皱临界电流puckering critical current间接电弧indirect arc压缩电弧compressive arc磁控电弧magnetic controlling arc电弧力arc force电磁力electromagnectic force电磁收缩效应pinch effect电弧飘移wandering of arc电弧稳定性arc stability电弧静特性static characteristic of arc电弧动特性dynamic characteristic of arc最小电压原理principle of minimum voltage 电弧挺度arc stiffness电弧偏吹arc blow磁偏吹magnetic blow阴极清理作用cleaning action of the cathode 电弧自身调节arc self-regulation挖掘作用digging action极性效应polarity effect熔滴droplet熔滴比表面积specific surface of droplet熔滴过渡metal transfer过度频率transition frequency粗滴过渡globular transfer; drop transfer短路过渡short circuiting transfer喷射过渡spray transfer旋转喷射过渡rotating spray transfer脉冲喷射过渡pulsed spray transfer爆炸过渡explosive transfer渣壁过渡flux wall guided transfer熔池molten pool沸腾状熔池boiling molten pool弧坑crater熔渣slag渣系slag system渣系相图slag system diagram碱性渣basic slag酸性渣acid slag碱度basicity酸度acidity长渣long slag短渣short slag粘性熔渣viscous slag氧化物型熔渣oxide melting slag盐型熔渣salt melting slag盐-氧化物型熔渣salt-oxide melting slag熔渣流动性fluidity of the slag; slag fluidity熔渣solidified slag多孔焊渣porous slag玻璃状焊渣vitreous slag自动脱落焊渣self-releasing slag脱渣性slag detachability焊接设备welding equipment; welding set焊机welding machine; welder电焊机electric welding machine; electric welder 焊接电源welding power source焊接热循环weld thermal cycle焊接温度场field of weld temperature; weld temp erature field准稳定温度场quasi-stationary temperature field 焊接热源welding heat source点热源point heat source线热源linear heat source面热源plane heat source瞬时集中热源instantaneous concentration heat so urce热效率thermal efficiency热能集中系数coefficient of heat flow concentratio n峰值温度peak temperature瞬时冷却速度momentary cooling rate冷却时间cooling time置换氧化substitutionary oxydation扩散氧化diffusible oxydation脱氧desoxydation先期脱氧precedent desoxydation扩散脱氧diffusible desoxydation沉淀脱氧precipitation desoxydation扩散氢diffusible hydrogen初始扩散氢initial diffusible hydrogen100℃残余扩散氢diffusible hydrogen remained at 100℃残余氢residual hydrogen去氢dehydrogenation去氢热处理heat treatment for dehydrogenation脱硫desulphurization脱磷dephosphorization渗合金alloying微量合金化microalloying一次结晶组织primary solidification structure二次结晶组织secondary solidification structure联生结晶epitaxial solidification焊缝结晶形态solidification mode in weld-bead结晶层状线ripple多边化边界polygonization boundary结晶平均线速度mean solidification rate针状铁素体acicular ferrite条状铁素体lath ferrite侧板条铁素体ferrite side-plate晶界欣素体grain boundary ferrite; polygonal ferri te; pro-entectoid ferrite粒状贝氏体granular bainite板条马氏体lath martensite过热组织overheated structure魏氏组织Widmannst?tten structureM-A组元martensite-austenite constituent焊件失效分析failure analysis of weldments冷裂判据criterion of cold cracking冷裂敏感系数cold cracking susceptibity coefficient 脆性温度区间brittle temperature range氢脆hydrogen embrittlement层状偏析lamellar segregation愈合healing effect断口金相fractography断口fracture延性断口ductile fracture韧窝断口dimple fracture脆性断口brittle fracture解理断口cleavage fracture准解理断口quasi-cleavage fracture氢致准解理断口hydrogen-embrittlement induced沿晶断口intergranular fracture穿晶断口transgranular fracture疲劳断口fatigue fracture滑移面断口glide plane fracture断口形貌fracture apperance断口试验fracture test宏观断口分析macrofractography放射区radical zone纤维区fibrous zone剪切唇区shear lip aone焊接性weldability使用焊接性service weldability工艺焊接性fabrication weldability冶金焊接性metallurgical weldability热焊接性thermal weldability母材base metal; parent metal焊接区weld zone焊态as-welded (AW)母材熔化区fusion zone半熔化区partial melting region未混合区unmixed zone熔合区bond area熔合线weld junction (英);bond line (美)热影响区heat-affected zone (HAZ)过热区overheated zone粗晶区coarse grained region细晶区fine grained region过渡区transition zone硬化区hardened zone碳当量carbon equivalent铬当量chromium equivalent镍当量nickel equivalent舍夫勒组织图Schaeffler's diagram德龙组织图Delong’s diagram连续冷却转变图(CCT图)continuous cooling transf ormation裂纹敏感性cracking sensibility焊接裂纹weld crack焊缝裂纹weld metal crack焊道裂纹bead crack弧坑裂纹crater crack热影响区裂纹heat-affected zone crack纵向裂纹longitudinal crack横向裂纹transverse crack微裂纹micro-crack; micro-fissure热裂纹hot crack凝固裂纹solidification crack晶间裂纹intercrystalline crack穿晶裂纹transcrystalline crack 多边化裂纹polygonization crack液化裂纹liquation crack失延裂纹ductility-dip crack冷裂纹cold crack延迟裂纹delayed crack氢致裂纹hydrogen-induced crack焊道下裂纹underbead crack焊根裂纹root crack焊趾裂纹toe crack锯齿形裂纹chevron cracking消除应力处理裂纹stress relief annealing crack (SR crack)再热裂纹reheat crack焊缝晶间腐蚀weld intercryctalline corrosion刀状腐蚀knife line attack敏化区腐蚀weld decay层状撕裂lamellar tearing焊接性试验weldability裂纹试验cracking testIIW裂纹试验IIW cracking testY形坡口裂纹试验slit type cracking test分块形槽热裂纹试验segmented circular groove cra cking testH形裂纹试验H-type cracking test鱼骨形裂纹试验fishbone cracking test指形裂纹试验finger (cracking) testT形裂纹试验Tee type cracking test环形槽裂纹试验circular-groove cracking test可调拘束裂纹试验varestraint testBWRA奥氏体钢裂纹试验BWRA cracking test for a ustenitie steel圆棒裂纹试验bar type cracking test; round bar cr acking test里海裂纹试验Lehigh restraint cracking test圆形镶块裂纹试验circular-path cracking test十字接头裂纹试验cruciform cracking testZ向窗口拘束裂纹试验Z-direction window type rest raint cracking testG-BOP焊缝金属裂纹试验G-BOP weld metal crack t est巴特尔焊道下裂纹试验Battelle type underbead crac king testU形拉伸试验U-tension test缪雷克期热裂纹试验Murex hot cracking test菲斯柯裂纹试验FISCO (type) cracking testCTS裂纹试验controlled thermal severity拉伸拘束裂纹试验(TRC试验)tensile restraint cracki ng test刚性拘束裂纹试验(RRC试验)rigid restraint crackin g test插销试验implant testTigamajig 薄板焊接裂纹试验Tigamajing thin plate cracking test焊道纵向弯曲试验longitudinal-bead test柯麦雷尔弯曲试验Kommerell bead bend test肯泽尔弯曲试验Kinzel test缺口弯曲试验notch bend test热朔性试验hot-ductility test热影响区冲击试验impact test of HAZ热影响区模拟试验synthetic heat-affected zone tes t最高硬度试验maximum hardness test落锤试验NRL (Naval Research Laboratory)测氢试验Hydrogen test焊接材料电极焊接材料welding consumables电极electrode熔化电极consumable electrode不熔化电极nonconsumable electrode钨电极tungsten electrode焊丝welding wire. Welding rod实心焊丝solid wire渡铜焊丝copper-plating welding wire自保护焊丝self-shielded welding wire药芯焊丝flux-cored wire复合焊丝combined wire堆焊焊丝surfacing welding rod填充焊丝filler wire焊条electrode/ covered electrode焊芯core wire药皮coating (of an electrode)/ covering (of an e lectrode)涂料coating flux/coating material造气剂gas forming constituents造渣剂slag forming constituents合金剂alloying constituent脱氧剂dioxidizer 稳弧剂arc stabilizer粘接剂binder水玻璃water glass水玻璃模数modules of water glass酸性焊条acid electrode高钛型焊条high titania (type) electrode钛钙型焊条lime titania type electrode钛铁矿形焊条ilmenite type electrode氧化铁型焊条iron oxide type electrode/ high iron oxide type electrode高纤维素型焊条high cellulose (type) electrode石墨型焊条graphite type electrode碱性焊条basic electrode/ lime type covered electr ode低氢型焊条low hydrogen type electrode高韧性超低氢焊条high toughness super low hydro gen electrode奥氏体焊条austenitic electrode铁素体焊条ferritic electrode不锈钢焊条stainless steel electrode珠光体耐热钢焊条pearlitic heat resistant steel elec trode低温钢焊条low temperature steel electrode/ steel electrode for low temperature铝合金焊条aluminum alloy arc welding electrode 铜合金焊条copper-alloy arc welding electrode铜芯铸铁焊条cast iron electrode with steel core 纯镍铸铁焊条pure nickel cast iron electrode球墨铸铁焊条electrode for welding spheroidal gra phite cast iron铸芯焊条electrode with cast core wire镍基合金焊条nickel base alloy covered electrode 蒙乃尔焊条Monel electrode纯铁焊条pure iron electrode渗铝钢焊条alumetized steel electrode高效率焊条high efficiency electrode铁粉焊条iron powder electrode底层焊条backing welding electrode深熔焊条deep penetration electrode重力焊条gravity electrode立向下焊条electrode for vertical down position w elding节能焊条saving energy electrode水下焊条underwater welding electrode耐海水腐蚀焊条seawater corrosion resistant steel electrode低尘低毒焊条low-fume and harmfulless electrode/ low-fume and low-toxic electrode堆焊焊条surfacing electrode耐磨堆焊焊条hardfacing electrode钴基合金堆焊焊条cobalt base alloy surfacing electr ode碳化钨堆焊焊条tungsten carbide surfacing electrod e高锰钢堆焊焊条high manganese steel surfacing ele ctrode双芯焊条twin electrode绞合焊条stranded electrode编织焊条braided electrode双层药皮焊条double coated electrode管状焊条flux-cored electrode气渣联合保护型药皮semi-volatile covering焊条工艺性usability of the electrode/ technicality of the electrode焊条使用性running characteristics of an electrode / operating characteristics of an electrode焊条熔化性melting characteristics of an electrode 焊条直径core diameter焊条偏心度eccentricity (of an electrode)药皮重量系数gravity coefficient of coating焊条药皮含水量percentage of moisture for coverin g焊条夹吃持端bare terminal (of an electrode)焊条引弧端striking end (of an elcetrode)焊剂welding flux/ flux熔炼焊剂fused flux粘结焊剂bonded flux烧结焊剂sintered flux/ agglomerated flux窄间隙埋弧焊焊剂flux for narrow-gap submerged a rc welding低氢型焊剂low hydrogen type flux高速焊剂high speed welding flux无氧焊剂oxygen-free flux低毒焊剂low poison flux磁性焊剂magnetic flux电弧焊arc welding直流电弧焊direct current arc welding交流电弧焊alternating current arc welding 三相电弧焊three phase arc welding熔化电弧焊arc welding with consumable金属极电弧焊metal arc welding不熔化极电弧焊arc welding with nonconsumable 碳弧焊carbon arc welding明弧焊open arc welding焊条电弧焊shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) 重力焊gravity welding躺焊fire cracker welding电弧堆焊arc surfacing自动堆焊automatic surfacing躺板极堆焊surfacing by fire cracker welding带极堆焊surfacing with band-electrode振动电弧堆焊vibratory arc surfacing耐磨堆焊hardfacing埋弧焊submerged arc welding (SAW)多丝埋弧焊multiple wire submerged arc welding 纵列多丝埋弧焊Tandem sequence (submerged-arc welding)横列多丝埋弧焊series submerged arc welding (SA W-S)横列双丝并联埋弧焊transverse submerged arc wel ding热丝埋弧焊hot wire submerged-arc welding窄间隙埋弧焊narrow-gap submerged arc welding 弧压反馈电弧焊arc voltage feedback controlling a rc welding自调节电弧焊self-adjusting arc welding适应控制焊接adaptive control welding焊剂层burden; flux layer气体保护电弧焊gas shielded arc welding保护气体protective atmosphere惰性气体inert-gas活性气体active-gas惰性气体保护焊inert-gas (arc) welding氩弧焊argon arc welding熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊metal inert-gas arc weld ing钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊tungsten inert-gas arc wel ding钨极氢弧焊argon tungsten arc welding脉冲氢弧焊pulsed argon arc welding熔化极脉冲氢弧焊argon metal pulsed arc welding 钨极脉冲氢弧焊argon tungsten pulsed arc welding热丝MIG焊hot wire MIG welding热丝TIG焊hot wire TIG welding氨弧焊helium-arc welding活性气体保护电弧焊metal active-gas arc welding 混合气体保护电弧焊mixed gas arc welding二氧化碳气体保护电弧焊carbon-dioxide arc welding; CO2 a rc welding细丝CO2焊CO2 arc welding with thin wire粗丝CO2焊CO2 arc welding with thick wire磁性焊剂CO2焊unionarc welding药芯焊丝CO2焊arcos arc process; dual shield ar c welding焊点welding spot熔核nugget熔核直径diameter of nugget塑性金属环区corona bond焊透率penetration rate压痕indentation压痕深度depth of indentation压深率indentation ratio翘离sheet separation缩孔shrinkage cavity胡须intrusion电极粘损electrode pick up喷溅splash/ expulsion毛刺fin飞边upset metal/ fin焊点距weld spacing/ spot weld spacing边距edge distance分流shunt current接触电阻contact resistance电阻焊机resistance welding machine点焊机spot welding machine多点焊机multiple spot welding machine移动式点焊机portable spot welding machine缝焊机seam welding machine纵横两用缝焊机universal seam welder对焊机butt resistance welding machine凸焊机projection welding machine三相低频焊机three phase low frequency welder 二次整流电阻焊机direct current resistance welder secondary rectification电容储能电阻焊机condenser discharge resistance welder电容储能点焊机condenser type spot welder/ capac itor spot welding machine工频电阻焊机mains frequency resistance welding machine低频电阻焊机frequency converter resistance weldi ng machine高频焊机high frequency induction welder逆变式电阻焊机inverter type resistance welding m achine全波阻焊电源full wave resistance welding power source斩波阻焊电源chopped wave resistance welding po wer source旋转焊接变压器rotary welding transformer点焊钳spot welding headC形点焊钳C-type welding head/ C-type gunX形点焊钳pincer spot welding head/ pliers spot welding head断续器contactor同步断续器synchronous contactor异步断续器non-synchronous contactor程序控制器sequencer程序时间调节器sequencer timer电极臂arm电极握杆electrode holder电极台板backup die/ bolster电极水冷管electrode cooling tube电极头electrode tip电极帽electrode cap锥头电极truncated tip electrode平头电极flat tip electrode尖头电极pointed tip electrode球面电极radius tip electrode偏心电极offest electrode直电极straight electrode弯电极cranked electrode双弯电极double cranked (swannecked) electrode 滚轮电极circular electrode/ welding wheel斜棱滚轮电极bevelled wheel顶锻机构upsetting mechanism电极总行程total electrode stroke工作行程operational stroke辅助行程electrode travel/ electrode stroke臂间距离horn spacing/ throat opening电极臂伸出长度arm extension摩擦焊friction welding (FW)转速friction speed摩擦压力friction pressure/ heating pressure摩擦转矩friction torque摩擦时间friction time摩擦变形量burn-off length摩擦变形速度burn-off rate停车时间stopping time顶锻变形量forge length顶锻变形速度forge rate摩擦表面friction surface储能摩擦焊fly-wheel type friction welding径向摩擦焊radial friction welding扩散焊diffusion welding (DW)过渡液相扩散焊transient liquid phase diffusion wel ding热等静压扩散焊hot isotatic pressure diffusion weld ing热轧扩散焊roll diffusion welding扩散缝焊seam diffusion welding超塑成形扩散焊supperplastic forming diffusion bou nding隔离剂buttering material爆炸焊explosive welding (EW)爆炸点焊explosive spot welding爆炸线焊explosive line welding多层板爆炸焊explosive welding of multiplayer plat es多层管爆炸焊explosive welding of multiplayer tub es覆板(覆管)cladding plat (tube)/ flyer plate (tub e)基板(基管)base plate(tube)/ parent plate (tube) 保护层buffer/ protector基础base预置角preset angle间距initial stand-off/ spacing装药量explosive load装药密度charge density/ loading density 质量比mass ratio平行法parallel plate configuration角度法preset angle configuration均匀布药average arranging explosive梯形布药gradient arranging explosive爆炸焊参数explosive welding parameters初始参数initial parameters动态参数dynamic parameters界面参数interface parameters爆轰速度detonation velocity覆板速度cladding plate velocity碰撞点impact point碰撞点速度velocity of the impact point弯折角bending angle碰撞角collision angle碰撞压力impact pressure格尼能Gurney energy垂直碰撞normal impact倾斜碰撞oblique impact/ inclined impact对称碰撞symmetrical impact来流upper stream出流down stream再入射流re-entrant jet自清理oneself cleaning结合区bond zone平面结合plane bond波状结合wave-like bond界面波长length of the interfacial wave界面波幅amplitude of the interfacial wave熔化层molten layer熔化袋molten pocket雷管区detonator zone边界效应edge effect焊接性窗口weldability windows焊着率ratio of welding area起爆方法method of initiation内爆法internal explosion process外爆法external explosion process半圆柱试验法semi-cylinder experiment method 超声波焊ultrasonic welding (UW)超声波点焊ultrasonic spot welding超声波缝焊ultrasonic seam welding超声波点焊机ultrasonic spot welder超声波缝焊机ultrasonic seam welder冷压焊cold pressure welding (CPW)热压焊hot pressure welding热轧焊hot roll welding旋弧压力焊rotating arc pressure welding埋弧压力焊submerged arc pressure welding电渣压力焊electroslag pressure welding气压焊gas pressure welding锻焊forge-welding/ blacksmith welding磁力脉冲焊magnetic-pulse welding硬钎焊brazing软钎焊soldering烙铁钎焊iron soldering火焰钎焊torch brazing/ torch soldering热风钎焊hot gas soldering感应钎焊induction brazing电阻钎焊resistance brazing接触反应钎焊contact-reaction brazing电弧钎焊arc brazing浸渍钎焊dip brazing/ dip soldering盐浴钎焊saltbath dip brazing (soldering)金属浴钎焊molten metal bath dip brazing炉中钎焊furnace brazing/ furnace soldering保护气氛钎焊brazing in controlled atmosphere真空钎焊vacuum brazing蒸气钎焊vapor phase soldering超声波钎焊ultrasonic soldering扩散钎焊diffusion brazing波峰钎焊flow soldering/ wave soldering分级钎焊step brazing/ step soldering不等间隙钎焊brazing with the unparalleled cleara nce红外线钎焊infra-red brazing (soldering)光束钎焊light soldering (brazing)激光钎焊laser brazing (soldering)电子束钎焊electron beam brazing钎接焊braze-welding钎料brazing filler metal/ solder硬钎料brazing filler metal软钎料solder (m)自钎剂钎料self-fluxing brazing alloy/ self-fluxing filler metal活性钎料active filler metal/ active metal brazing alloy成形钎料preformed filler metal/ solder preform 非晶态钎料amorphous filler metal粉状钎料powdered filler metal钎料膏braze cream/ braze paste/ solder cream/ solder paste药皮钎料flux coated brazing(soldering)rod层状钎料sandwich filler metal药芯钎料丝flux-cored colder wire敷钎料板clad brazing sheet钎剂brazing flux; soldering flux气体钎剂gas flux反应钎剂reaction flux松香钎剂colophony flux; rosin flux钎剂膏flux paste阻流剂stopping-off agent钎剂活性flux activity钎剂活性温度范围activation temperature range of flux钎剂热稳定性thermal stability of flux钎焊过程brazing (soldering) process钎焊操作brazing (soldering) operation工艺镀层technological coating钎焊面faying face钎缝间缝joint gap; joint clearance钎焊参数brazing process variables钎焊温度brazing temperature钎焊时间brazing time钎焊保温时间holding time of brazing钎缝brazing seam; soldering seam钎缝界面区interfacial region钎缝金属brace metal钎角fillet钎焊接头braced joint; soldered joint平面搭接头joggled lap joint; flush lap joint搭接对接接头butt and lap joint搭接T形接头lapped T-joint; flanged T-joint锁缝接头folded joint平面锁缝接头lick side seam joint; flat lock seam joint锁缝角接接头lock corner joint; corner double sea m嵌入T形接头inset T jointT形管接头branch T saddle joint套管接头socket joint外喇叭口套管接头flare tube fitting扩口套管接头spigot joint钎焊性brazability; solderability润湿性wettability润湿角wetting angle; contact angle铺展性spreadability铺展系数spread factor; coefficient of spreading 钎着率brazed rate脱钎de-brazing; de-soldering润湿称量试验wetting balance test铺展性试验spreadability test填缝性试验clearance fillability test未钎透incomplete penetration虚钎cold soldered joint钎料熔析liquation of filler metal溶蚀erosion钎料流失brazing filler metal erosion钎剂夹杂flux inclusion晶间渗入intergranular penetration波峰钎焊机wave soldering machine冷壁真空钎焊炉cold wall type vacuum brazing热壁真空钎焊炉hot wall type vacuum brazing fur nace钎焊盒brazing retort钎剂涂敷器fluxer钎炬brazing (soldering) blowpipe喷灯brazing lamp烙铁solder iron热喷涂thermal spraying火焰喷涂flame spraying电弧喷涂electric arc spraying等离子喷涂plasma spraying高频感应喷涂high frequency spraying气体爆燃式喷涂detonation flame spraying金属喷涂metal spraying; metallizing塑料喷涂plastic spraying陶瓷喷涂ceramic spraying 喷熔spray-fusing表面粗糙化处理surface roughening电火花拉毛electrospark roughening抛锚效应anchoring喷涂层spray-fused coating喷熔层spray-fused coating结合层bond coating; under coating工作层work coating结合强度adhesive strength涂层强度strength of coating封孔处理sealing封孔剂sealant喷涂率spray rate沉积效率deposition efficiency孔隙率porosity喷涂材料spraying material自熔剂合金粉末self-fluxing alloy powder喷炬(枪)spray torch;热切割thermal cutting (TC)气割gas cutting; oxygen cutting氧溶剂切割powder cutting氧-石英砂切割quartz powder cutting电弧切割arc cutting氧气电弧切割oxy-arc cutting空气电弧切割air arc cutting等离子弧切割plasma arc cutting (PAC)空气等离子弧切割air plasma arc cutting氧等离子切割oxygen plasma arc cutting水再压缩空气等离子弧切割air plasma water injectio n arc cutting双层气流等离子弧切割dual gas plasma arc cutting; shielded gas plasma arc cutting二氧化碳气体保护电弧焊carbon-dioxide arc welding; CO2 arc weld ing细丝CO2焊CO2 arc welding with thin wire粗丝CO2古今名言敏而好学,不耻下问——孔子业精于勤,荒于嬉;行成于思,毁于随——韩愈兴于《诗》,立于礼,成于乐——孔子己所不欲,勿施于人——孔子读书破万卷,下笔如有神——杜甫读书有三到,谓心到,眼到,口到——朱熹立身以立学为先,立学以读书为本——欧阳修读万卷书,行万里路——刘彝黑发不知勤学早,白首方悔读书迟——颜真卿书卷多情似故人,晨昏忧乐每相亲——于谦书犹药也,善读之可以医愚——刘向莫等闲,白了少年头,空悲切——岳飞发奋识遍天下字,立志读尽人间书——苏轼鸟欲高飞先振翅,人求上进先读书——李苦禅立志宜思真品格,读书须尽苦功夫——阮元非淡泊无以明志,非宁静无以致远——诸葛亮熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟——孙洙《唐诗三百首序》书到用时方恨少,事非经过不知难——陆游问渠那得清如许,为有源头活水来——朱熹旧书不厌百回读,熟读精思子自知——苏轼书痴者文必工,艺痴者技必良——蒲松龄声明访问者可将本资料提供的内容用于个人学习、研究或欣赏,以及其他非商业性或非盈利性用途,但同时应遵守著作权法及其他相关法律的规定,不得侵犯本文档及相关权利人的合法权利。

三价铬电沉积过程中的电流效率和极化行为(外文翻译版)

三价铬电沉积过程中的电流效率和极化行为(外文翻译版)

三价铬电沉积过程中的电流效率和极化行为Y.B. Song, D.-T. Chin摘要:用整流器和旋转圆盘电极研究了一种用甲酸铵和乙酸钠做络合剂的三价铬镀液铬沉积过程中镀液组成和附加电位的影响。

结果表明:铬的电沉积过程包括两个连续的还原过程。

[Cr(H2O5)L]2++e [Cr(H2O5)L]+L-代表络合物的甲酸根或者乙酸根配位体。

下面是二价铬络合物还原成金属铬:[Cr(H2O5)L]++2e Cr+5H2O+L-沉积速度由三价铬络离子的转移到阴极表面的速度决定。

关键字:三价铬电沉积;电流效率;极化;反应机理前言由于六价铬离子的毒性和联邦法规对六价铬的排放要求,电镀铬工艺需要从六价铬向三价铬转变[1]。

在美国,商业化的装饰性镀铬从1970年中期开始应用[2]。

典型的三价铬镀液组成有:CrCl3或者Cr2(SO4)3形式的三价铬盐,络合剂(例如:甲酸盐,乙酸盐,尿素等),PH缓冲剂(硼酸),润湿剂和光亮剂[3]。

三价铬镀液的主要优势在于三价铬离子是无毒的。

三价铬离子的电化学当量是六价铬的两倍。

厚铬镀层不容易获得。

商业化三价铬电镀镀层厚度通常不超过10µm,镀层不适合作硬铬层,耐磨层和其他功能性应用。

很难从三价铬槽液中沉积出厚铬镀层的原因现在还没有完整的解释。

三价铬镀液的PH只有范围为1-3,镀液缓冲能力很差。

一些实验[4-6]把三价铬离子的可持续沉积失败归于在水溶液中会形成稳定,惰性的三价铬离子络合物[(H2O)4Cr(OH)(OH)Cr(H2O)4]4+。

Mandich[7-8]发表在chromium chemistry的文章上,详细的介绍了羟基的水解,以及与三价铬离子的聚合和氧连作用。

Tu et al[9]提出在电镀过程中三价铬离子放电形成铬金属的过程由Cr(OH)3或者Cr2O3在阴极形成的盐膜控制。

Yudi et al[10] 用循环伏安法曲线证明了[Cr(H20)5Cl]2+[Cr(H2O)6]2+是可逆反应。

orp meters中文解释 -回复

orp meters中文解释 -回复

orp meters中文解释-回复[orp meters中文解释]在环境监测和水质控制的领域中,ORP Meter(氧化还原电位仪)被广泛应用。

它是一种测量溶液中氧化还原电位的仪器,用于评估溶液中的电子转移能力和化学反应的速率。

本文将详细介绍ORP Meter的工作原理、组成部分、使用方法以及在不同领域的应用。

ORP是氧化还原电位(Oxidation-Reduction Potential)的缩写,它是表示溶液中电子转移能力的一个参数。

ORP Meter通过测量溶液与参考电极(通常为银/银氯化银电极)之间的电势差,来确定溶液的氧化还原电位。

正值的ORP表示溶液具有氧化性,负值的ORP则表示溶液具有还原性。

ORP Meter由取样容器、测量电极和显示仪器等组成。

取样容器通常为玻璃或塑料材料制成,它可以容纳待测溶液,并与测量电极接触。

测量电极由参考电极和工作电极组成,参考电极固定在测量电极内部,用于提供稳定的标准电势。

工作电极则接触待测溶液,测量溶液与参考电极之间的电势差。

显示仪器通常是一个数字显示屏,用于显示测量结果。

使用ORP Meter时,首先需要将测量电极插入待测溶液中,确保电极完全浸没在溶液中。

然后,打开ORP Meter的开关,仪器将开始测量溶液的ORP值。

测量完成后,读取数字显示屏上的结果,并根据需要记录下来。

ORP Meter在许多领域中都有广泛应用。

在水处理过程中,ORP Meter 用于监测污水处理厂中溶解氧的浓度,以及水中的氧化剂和还原剂的浓度。

它还被用于监测游泳池水中的氯消毒剂浓度,以确保水质安全。

此外,ORP Meter还可以用于分析土壤中的氧化还原能力,以评估土壤的肥力和污染程度。

在食品加工业中,ORP Meter被用于控制食品饮料的氧化还原反应,以提高产品的质量和保持其新鲜度。

总结起来,ORP Meter是一种测量溶液中氧化还原电位的仪器。

它通过测量溶液与参考电极之间的电势差,来评估溶液的氧化还原能力。

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铁、镍或钴基合金局部腐蚀敏感性的循环动电位极化测量的标准试验方法
(等同采用ASTM G61-86(R2014))(中文翻译版)
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1. 目的Purpose
本规范规定了利用循环动电位极化测量来表征铁、镍或钴基合金在氯化物环境中对局部腐蚀相对敏感性的测量方法。

2. 范围Scope
适用于利用循环动电位极化测量来表征铁、镍或钴基合金在氯化物环境中对局部腐蚀(点蚀和缝隙腐蚀)的相对敏感性。

3. 职责Responsibility
程序执行:实验室授权制样人员
程序监督:实验室技术负责人及相关责任人
4. 原理Principle
4.1在本试验方法中,通过阳极电流迅速增加的电位,给出了局部腐蚀发生的敏感性的指示。

在本试验中,在固定扫描速率下获得的这种电位越高,合金对局部腐蚀的发生就越不敏感。

本试验的结果不能与局部腐蚀发生时在使用中可能观察到的传播速度进行定量的关联。

4.2一般来说,一旦发生,局部腐蚀会在比磁滞回线完成的电位更为正电的电位下扩散。

在本试验方法中,在固定的扫描速率下确定完成磁滞回线的电势。

在这些情况下,电正电位越高,磁滞回线完成时,发生局部腐蚀的可能性就越小。

4.3如果遵循该试验方法,则该试验方法将提供循环动电位阳极极化测量,该测量将再现在其他实验室使用该试验方法对3.4中讨论的两种指定合金在其他时间开发的数据。

该程序用于氯化物环境中的铁、镍或钴基合金。

5. 术语及定义Terms and Definition

6. 装置
6.1极化池容量应为1L左右,并应具有适当的颈口或密封,以允许引入电极、气体进出口管和温度计。

鲁金毛细管作为盐桥将溶液从饱和甘汞参比电极中分离出来。

毛细管尖端应该是可调节的,以便它可以靠近工作电极。

6.2试样夹持器:
6.2.1试样应安装在设计用于扁平条的合适固定器中,使1cm2暴露在试验溶液中(图1)。

为了尽量减少裂缝,对圆形TFE氟碳垫圈进行钻孔和机加工较为重要。

6.3恒电位仪——恒电位仪可在大范围的外加电流中将电极电位保持在预设值的1mV范围内。

对于提供的标准样品的类型和尺寸,恒电位仪的电位范围应为-1.0至+1.6V,阳极电流输出范围应为1.0至105μA。

大多数商用恒电位仪可以满足这些类型测量的具体要求。

图1 试样夹持器示意图
6.4电位测量仪器——电位测量电路的输入阻抗应在1011至1014Ω之间,以使测量期间从系统吸取的电流最小化。

仪器应具有足够的灵敏度和准确度,以检测±1mV的电位变化,通常包括在商用恒电位仪中。

最好能够记录电压输出。

6.5电流测量仪器——应使用能够在1.0至105μA的电流范围内精确测量电流至绝对值1%以内的仪器。

许多商用设备都有一个内置的仪表,输出电压作为电压,最好能够记录。

在本试验中,需要对数输出。

6.6阳极极化电路——扫描恒电位仪用于动电位测量。

使用X-Y记录器和对数转换器(包含在恒电位仪中或并入电路中)连续绘制电流和电位。

商用电化学工作站是合适的。

6.7电极:
6.7.1试样应加工成直径为0.625in.(14 mm)的圆盘。

6.7.2对电极——对电极可以按照参考试验方法G5中的描述制备,也可以由高纯度铂扁料和金属丝制备。

合适的方法是在玻璃管中密封铂丝,并通过滑动密封引入铂电极组件。

对电极的面积至少应为试验电极的两倍。

6.7.3参比电极——建议使用泄漏率可控(约3μL/h)的饱和甘汞电极。

这种电极耐用、可靠,并可在市场上买到。

应采取预防措施,确保其保持在适当的状态。

应定期检查甘汞电极的电位,以确保电极的准确性。

7. 程序Procedure
7.1试剂
7.1.1试剂纯度——所有试验均应使用试剂级化学品。

除非另有说明,否则所有试剂应符合美国化学学会分析试剂委员会的规范(如果有此类规范)。

可使用其他等级,前提是首先确定该试剂具有足够高的纯度以允许在不降低测定准确度的情况下使用。

7.1.2水的纯度——水应按照规范D1193第四类试剂水的纯度要求进行蒸馏或去离子。

7.1.3氯化钠(NaCl)。

7.2试样制备:
7.2.1用240# SiC粗砂纸湿磨,用600# SiC粗砂纸湿磨,直到去除表面的粗糙划痕,冲洗并干燥。

7.2.2在组装试样架之前,用洗涤剂和水对试样进行超声波脱脂5分钟,用蒸馏水彻底冲洗并干燥。

7.2.3将试样安装在电极架上。

拧紧直到TFE氟碳密封垫充分压缩,以避免密封垫泄漏。

7.3将34g试剂级NaCl溶解在920mL蒸馏水中,制备3.56%(按重量计)氯化钠溶液。

组装电极夹持器并放置在极化电池中。

将900毫升试验溶液转移到极化池中,确保试样保持在溶液水平以上。

7.4通过将试验池浸入控制温度的水浴或其他方便的方法,使溶液温度达到25±1°C。

7.5将铂电极、盐桥和其他元件放置在测试单元中。

用测试溶液填充盐桥,并将盐桥中的毛细管尖端调整到距工作电极约1毫米的位置。

注1:参比电池和极化池中的溶液浓度应相同。

如果不能做到,封闭溶液的湿旋塞(未润滑)可用于盐桥,以消除虹吸。

7.6在试样浸入前(至少1h),用适当的气体充分吹扫溶液以除去氧气。

在极化开始前,将试样浸泡1h。

滑动密封可用于确保在试样下降时保持无氧环境。

在极化之前,必须通过吹扫清除所有氧气,否则,将观察到更高的初始腐蚀电位值。

7.7试样浸没50分钟后,记录铂电位。

记录试样的开路电位,即腐蚀电位,极化开始前的瞬间。

7.8电位扫描——试样浸入后1h开始电位扫描,从腐蚀电位(E corr)开始,以0.6V/h(±5%)的扫描速率向更正的方向扫描。

用半对数纸在X-Y记录仪上连续记录电位变化的电流。

7.9.1局部腐蚀的发生通常以电位低于析氧电位时阳极电流的迅速增加为标志。

当电流达到5mA(5×103μA)时,反转扫描方向(朝向更高的活性电位)。

7.9.2继续反向扫描,直到磁滞回线闭合或达到腐蚀电位。

7.10根据规程G3(电位纵坐标、电流密度横坐标),在半对数纸上绘制阳极极化数据。

8. 报告
试验报告应包含以下信息:
a)本标准号;
b)试验材料的完整描述,包括试样来源、成分、热处理、以及产品类型;
c)试样加工方法和表面处理细节;
d)溶液组成,pH值,体积和温度,以及所有随时间变化的值;
e)试样接触试验溶液的面积;
f)所用电解池和电极的描述;
g)试样浸入50min后的铂电位;
h)开路电位E corr,该电位是否稳定,以及最终电位;
i)电位扫描速率;
j)绘制电流密度对电位图。

9. 相关记录表式Record Form
JC-YS-2019-023 电化学原始记录表
JC-ZL-0808 仪器设备使用记录表
10. 参考文件Reference
ASTM G61-86(R2014) Standard Test Method for Conducting Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements for Localized Corrosion Susceptibility of Iron-, Nickel-, or Cobalt-Based Alloys。

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