专业英语1
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The principles of design are a
set of rules that explain how the elements of a work of art are organized.
1. Art in Two Dimensions: Line, Shape and the Principle of Contrast
vocabulary and grammar to communicate verbally, artists use a visual vocabulary (the elements of art) and rules similar to grammar (the principles of art). When we study an artwork, we can use the same elements and principles to analyse the work: a process called visual analysis. In this part you will learn about the elements and principles and will be shown how to apply them in a visual analysis. You will also learn how to use two other concepts when you analyse a work of art: style and content.
space, whether it is enormous, such as a pyramid, or relatively small, such as a piece of jewelry.
The surface of a form can be cool and slick, rough and
By combining these different characteristics, artists
can communicate visual ideas with elegance and razoredged efficiency. They can describe the beautiful and ugly details of our world, and express the deepest emotional experiences of the human soul. Within two dimensions we can communicate nearly every interaction in in mankind’s history of understanding.
Line
BC500 位于秘鲁
沙漠的纳 斯卡线
纳米尔国王石板 BC3150-3125
喜多川歌磨 《美女》
Regular and Irregular Lines
《 骑士、死神与魔鬼》
Directional Line
Francisco
Goya, The Third of May, 1808, 1814.
Contour Line
Lines to Express Freedom and Passion
1945 粉色天
使
《星夜》，凡高作，1889年，油画，74×92厘米，纽约，现代艺术博物馆藏。
“你们中有一个人要出卖我了。” “主，是我么？”
数学规律与流动空间的结合 静态感与动态感的平衡 建筑性秩序 （灭点、中心）
2. Three-Dimensional Art: Form, Volume, Mass and Texture
三维艺术：
形式、体积、体块和质感
吉萨金字塔群
A two-dimensional object, such as a drawing of a triangle,
本书的使用：
第一部分 艺术的基本原则
The language of art consists
of elements (the basic vocabulary of art) and principles (the ‘grammar’ that artists apply to turn the elements into art).
卢浮宫展馆之宝
《蒙娜丽莎》
1503-1506
1、空气远近法（sfumato）
2、轮廓模糊法（chiaroscuro） 人物、风景、空气相互融合
《 红 、 黄 厘、 米蓝 ，的 苏构 黎成 世》 私 人 收年 藏， 。布 上 油 画 ， 1930
45x45
《工人俱乐部》(1927)
Yves Klein Leap into The Void silver gelatin print 350x270mm
Geometric Form
Organic Form
Form in Relief and in the Round
Geometric and Organic Shapes 几何形与有机形
Implied Shape 虚形
Contrast 对比
When an artist uses two
noticeably different states of an element, he or she is applying the principle of contrast. regularand irregular, or shapes can be both geometric and organic. Strong differences in the state of an element can be a very useful effect for an artist to use; it is especially effective to use opposites.
二维艺术：
线条、形状与对比原则
Two-dimensional art is a remarkably elegant way to
express ideas and share our mental pictures of the world. A two-dimensional object, such as a drawing of a triangle, is flat.It has height and width, but not depth. It can be made very simply, for example with a pencil on paper.
Байду номын сангаас
is called a shape. Shapes are flat. A three-dimensional object, such as a pyramid, is called a form. Forms are tactile; we can feel them with our hands. Some forms are so tiny that they cannot be seen with the naked eye, while others are as large as a galaxy. When artists and designers create forms, they consider how we will experience them in three dimensions. Architects usually make buildings that accord with our physical size, in proportions that are convenient and easy to live in, but sometimes they might build to a larger scale in order to leave us in awe. A jeweller makes objects at a small scale that few people can experience at once: we are drawn closer to examine the work more intimately.
《最后的晚餐》，1495-1498
通过姿态与肢体表现人类灵魂的意图
Le Serment des Horaces 1784-1785 330X425cm 收藏于卢浮宫
Shape 形状
A shape is a two-dimensional area the boundaries of
which are defined by lines or suggested by changes in colour or value.
关于艺术的若干问题
1. What Is Art? 2、Where Is Art? 3、Who Makes Art?
4、The Value of Art
5、Censorship of Art 6、Why Do We Study Art?
What Is Art?
威冷道夫的维纳斯 BC28000-25000
Forms have two fundamental attributes: volume and mass. 形式: 体积和体块 Volume is the amount of space a form occupies.
Mass is the expression that a volume is solid and occupies
亚尼的死者之书 Papyrus of Ani
所谓《死者之书》，及记载死者为获永生所必经的各种磨练、审判、所需的咒文以及到最后获 得永生的画卷，通常以草纸绘成。
中期拜占庭绘画对古典的继承 最重要的是在情感而非物质。
十字架上的耶稣 希腊达夫内修道院 11世纪
兰斯大教堂雕刻：微笑天使
弗朗切斯科 · 德尔·桥孔多的妻子丽 莎，弗朗西斯一世收藏，后流转为
jagged, soft and warm. Such sensations arise from the texture of the form. Texture can be experienced directly, but we can also imagine how the surface of a form may feel simply by looking at it.
如何向死兔子解释图画 1965
关于艺术的若干问题
1. What Is Art? 2、Where Is Art? 3、Who Makes Art?
4、The Value of Art
5、Censorship of Art 6、Why Do We Study Art?
Art is a form of visual language, and much as we use
Lines are the most fundamental element artists use.
They are there in almost every work of art or design. Lines organize the visible world. Without line, an artist hardly knows where to begin.
For example, lines can be both
Positive and Negative Shapes: 正负形
Conclusion 1
Artists use line, shape and contrast to communicate
in two dimensions.
set of rules that explain how the elements of a work of art are organized.
1. Art in Two Dimensions: Line, Shape and the Principle of Contrast
vocabulary and grammar to communicate verbally, artists use a visual vocabulary (the elements of art) and rules similar to grammar (the principles of art). When we study an artwork, we can use the same elements and principles to analyse the work: a process called visual analysis. In this part you will learn about the elements and principles and will be shown how to apply them in a visual analysis. You will also learn how to use two other concepts when you analyse a work of art: style and content.
space, whether it is enormous, such as a pyramid, or relatively small, such as a piece of jewelry.
The surface of a form can be cool and slick, rough and
By combining these different characteristics, artists
can communicate visual ideas with elegance and razoredged efficiency. They can describe the beautiful and ugly details of our world, and express the deepest emotional experiences of the human soul. Within two dimensions we can communicate nearly every interaction in in mankind’s history of understanding.
Line
BC500 位于秘鲁
沙漠的纳 斯卡线
纳米尔国王石板 BC3150-3125
喜多川歌磨 《美女》
Regular and Irregular Lines
《 骑士、死神与魔鬼》
Directional Line
Francisco
Goya, The Third of May, 1808, 1814.
Contour Line
Lines to Express Freedom and Passion
1945 粉色天
使
《星夜》，凡高作，1889年，油画，74×92厘米，纽约，现代艺术博物馆藏。
“你们中有一个人要出卖我了。” “主，是我么？”
数学规律与流动空间的结合 静态感与动态感的平衡 建筑性秩序 （灭点、中心）
2. Three-Dimensional Art: Form, Volume, Mass and Texture
三维艺术：
形式、体积、体块和质感
吉萨金字塔群
A two-dimensional object, such as a drawing of a triangle,
本书的使用：
第一部分 艺术的基本原则
The language of art consists
of elements (the basic vocabulary of art) and principles (the ‘grammar’ that artists apply to turn the elements into art).
卢浮宫展馆之宝
《蒙娜丽莎》
1503-1506
1、空气远近法（sfumato）
2、轮廓模糊法（chiaroscuro） 人物、风景、空气相互融合
《 红 、 黄 厘、 米蓝 ，的 苏构 黎成 世》 私 人 收年 藏， 。布 上 油 画 ， 1930
45x45
《工人俱乐部》(1927)
Yves Klein Leap into The Void silver gelatin print 350x270mm
Geometric Form
Organic Form
Form in Relief and in the Round
Geometric and Organic Shapes 几何形与有机形
Implied Shape 虚形
Contrast 对比
When an artist uses two
noticeably different states of an element, he or she is applying the principle of contrast. regularand irregular, or shapes can be both geometric and organic. Strong differences in the state of an element can be a very useful effect for an artist to use; it is especially effective to use opposites.
二维艺术：
线条、形状与对比原则
Two-dimensional art is a remarkably elegant way to
express ideas and share our mental pictures of the world. A two-dimensional object, such as a drawing of a triangle, is flat.It has height and width, but not depth. It can be made very simply, for example with a pencil on paper.
Байду номын сангаас
is called a shape. Shapes are flat. A three-dimensional object, such as a pyramid, is called a form. Forms are tactile; we can feel them with our hands. Some forms are so tiny that they cannot be seen with the naked eye, while others are as large as a galaxy. When artists and designers create forms, they consider how we will experience them in three dimensions. Architects usually make buildings that accord with our physical size, in proportions that are convenient and easy to live in, but sometimes they might build to a larger scale in order to leave us in awe. A jeweller makes objects at a small scale that few people can experience at once: we are drawn closer to examine the work more intimately.
《最后的晚餐》，1495-1498
通过姿态与肢体表现人类灵魂的意图
Le Serment des Horaces 1784-1785 330X425cm 收藏于卢浮宫
Shape 形状
A shape is a two-dimensional area the boundaries of
which are defined by lines or suggested by changes in colour or value.
关于艺术的若干问题
1. What Is Art? 2、Where Is Art? 3、Who Makes Art?
4、The Value of Art
5、Censorship of Art 6、Why Do We Study Art?
What Is Art?
威冷道夫的维纳斯 BC28000-25000
Forms have two fundamental attributes: volume and mass. 形式: 体积和体块 Volume is the amount of space a form occupies.
Mass is the expression that a volume is solid and occupies
亚尼的死者之书 Papyrus of Ani
所谓《死者之书》，及记载死者为获永生所必经的各种磨练、审判、所需的咒文以及到最后获 得永生的画卷，通常以草纸绘成。
中期拜占庭绘画对古典的继承 最重要的是在情感而非物质。
十字架上的耶稣 希腊达夫内修道院 11世纪
兰斯大教堂雕刻：微笑天使
弗朗切斯科 · 德尔·桥孔多的妻子丽 莎，弗朗西斯一世收藏，后流转为
jagged, soft and warm. Such sensations arise from the texture of the form. Texture can be experienced directly, but we can also imagine how the surface of a form may feel simply by looking at it.
如何向死兔子解释图画 1965
关于艺术的若干问题
1. What Is Art? 2、Where Is Art? 3、Who Makes Art?
4、The Value of Art
5、Censorship of Art 6、Why Do We Study Art?
Art is a form of visual language, and much as we use
Lines are the most fundamental element artists use.
They are there in almost every work of art or design. Lines organize the visible world. Without line, an artist hardly knows where to begin.
For example, lines can be both
Positive and Negative Shapes: 正负形
Conclusion 1
Artists use line, shape and contrast to communicate
in two dimensions.