论文常用句型[1](1)
议论文常用写作句式
rest by means of watching TV. What’s more, we can get a great amount of information that can’t be learned in the textbooks. For example, I learn about lots of events around the world by watching news reports. Only by getting more information can we be concerned about the society. In addition, watching TV offers more interesting topics to us so that we can communicate with others better. In conclusion, we should balance our study and watching TV. Study should be the first. Watching TV is good but it should be the second.
4) In short, if no measures are taken, the situation will become worse, so we should take action right away.
Watching TV, Good or Bad? As can be seen from the passage, the author is in favour of watching TV because it can not only relax us but also teach us lots of things. Every coin has two sides and watching TV is not an exception. Some students are in favour of it for the reason that they can relax and learn a lot through watching TV. But other students have an opposite opinion because they believe that watching TV would have a negative effect on the study. As for me, I firmly support the idea that watching TV is good to us for three reasons. First of all, after studying for a long time, we need t作文中常用句型 1) Some people are in favor of the idea of…, thinking that… while others are against it, who argue that…
高中议论文作文模板万能句型
高中议论文作文模板万能句型一、提出问题。
1. Nowadays, with the rapid development of society, more and more people are concerned about...2. It is widely acknowledged that... plays an increasingly important role in our daily life.3. In the modern world, there is a growing concern over...4. It is high time that we placed great emphasis on...5. With the development of economy and society, the issue of... has become more and more serious.二、对立观点。
1. Some people believe that... while others argue that...2. There is a heated debate over whether... or not.3. On the one hand, some people think that... On the other hand, others argue that...4. There are different opinions on this issue. Some people think that..., while others hold the view that...5. It is widely believed that... However, this view is now being challenged by...三、自己观点。
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结1.引言句型:- In recent years, there has been growing interest in...- With the rapid development of...- In the context of...- It is widely recognized that...2.目的句型:- The purpose of this study is to...- This research aims to...- The objective of this paper is to...3.方法句型:- The experimental design involves...- The research methodology employed in this study includes...4.结果句型:- The results indicate that...- It is evident from the findings that...- The study reveals that...- The data suggests that...5.讨论句型:- The current study has several implications for...- These results are consistent with previous research showing...- The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of...- The limitations of this study should be considered, such as...6.结论句型:- In conclusion...- To sum up...- Overall...- This study provides further evidence that...7.建议句型:- It is suggested that future research should focus on...- Further investigation is warranted to...8.引用句型:- According to (author's name), (quote)...- (Author's name) has argued that...- The literature suggests that...9.比较句型:- In contrast to...- On the other hand...- Similarly...10.解释句型:- This can be attributed to...- One possible explanation for this phenomenon is...- The results can be explained by...请注意,在撰写SCI论文时应避免直接复制粘贴以上句型,而是根据具体情况进行适当修改,以确保句子的流畅性和准确性。
英语议论文结尾常用句型
英语议论文结尾常用句型篇一:英语议论文写作常用句型中英文对照模版英语议论文写作常用句型中英文对照模版(一)段首句1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。
一些人认为…… Th ere a re di ffere nt op inion s amo ng pe opleas to ____ .Som e peo ple s ugges t tha t ____. 2.俗话说(常言道)……,它是我们前辈的经历,但是,即使在今天,它在许多场合仍然适用。
The re is an o ld sa ying______. It’s the expe rienc e ofour f orefa thers,howe ver,i t iscorre ct in many case s eve n tod ay. 3. 现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。
首先,……;其次,……。
更为糟糕的是…… 。
To day,____, whic h hav e bro ughta lot of h armsin ou r dai ly li fe. F irst, ____Seco nd,____. W hat m akesthing s wor se is that______. 4.现在,……很普遍,许多人喜欢……,因为……,另外(而且)……。
Now adays, itis mo n to______. Ma ny pe oplelike______ bec ause______.Bes ides,______. 5.任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外。
科技论文写作常用句型
科技论文写作常用句型1.摘要(1)文章内容与作者观点•常用词:deal with ,describe ,explain ,illustrate(vt) ,introduce ,present ,report等。
•例句:The basic concepts and data collected are presented.给出了基本概念和所采集的数据。
(2)文章研究课题:•常用词: analyze(vt),consider ,develop ,discuss ,investigate(调查研究) ,state ,study等。
•例句:The relationship between mass(质量) and energy in nature is discussed briefly.简要地讨论自然界中质量与能量的关系。
(3)文章涉及范围•常用词:consist of ,contain ,cover ,include 等。
•例句:This article consists of four parts : introduction,theory ,experimental method ,and conclusion.本文由引言、理论、实践方法与结论四部分组成。
(4)综述某一个领域的研究课题。
•常用词:abstract ,outline ,review ,summarize 等。
•例句: The theory based on materials science is summarized briefly.简单概述了基于材料科学的理论。
(5)文章重点:•常用句型: Attention i s concentrated on …T here is a focus on …A ttention is paid to …T he emphasis is on …•例句:Attention is concentrated on grasping the quantum theory.重点在掌握量子理论上。
论文英文摘要常用句型
学论文英文摘要常用句型英文摘要一般须以第三人称、过去式叙述。
用词准确,逻辑性强,结构严谨。
结果和结论一般用句子表达;而目的、方法(设计、地点和对象)等,则常用短语表达。
(1)英文摘要的时态与语态1)说明研究目的,通常用一般现在时或一般过去时。
2)说明方法和结果,一般用一般过去时、第三人称的被动语态表达。
3)结论通常用一般现在时、被动语态表达,也可用主动语态表达。
(2)常用句型1)表达论文内容的常用句型A 第三人称主动态①This paper(article,report)describes…本文叙述…②This paper (article)reports…本文报告…③This report(paper,article)presents…本文介绍…④This paper(article,report)discusses…本文讨论…常用的动词还有analyze(分析),evaluate(评价),compare(比较),describe(描述)等。
B 第一人称主动态⑤We report(on)…我们报告…⑥We describe a case of…我们描述1例…⑦In this paper,we present…本文介绍…⑧In this paper,we report…本文报告…主语除we之外,还可用the authors(作者)等。
C 一般现在时被动语态⑨A case is reported in which…本文报告1例…⑩A study of…is reported本文报告…的研究⑧…is(are)described.本文描述…⑥In this paper.…is(are)presented.本文介绍…2)表达目的常用句型A 一般过去时、被动语态①The purpose(aim,objective)of this study was to…本研究旨在…②The goal(aim)of this investigation was to…本研究旨在…③This study was designed to…本研究旨在…④This study was undertaken to…本研究旨在…⑤This prospective study was performed to…本前瞻性研究的目的是…⑥A study to…was carried out(during) (在…期间)所作研究的目的是…⑦An attempt has been made to…为了…而作试验B 动词不定式短语To evaluate,report,investigate,study,analyze…C 一般过去时、主动语态⑧We(the authors)conducted a study to…为了…我们进行了研究⑨To determine…,we studied…为了确定…,我们研究了…⑩In an attempt to…,in an effort to…或in order to…,we carried out a pilot study…为了…,我们进行了…的初步研究表示目的的常用动词有:evaluate(评价),examine(检查,观察),determine(确定,查明),elucidate(阐明),explore(探索),test(测试),compare(比较),estimate(评估),assess(估价),investigate(调查)等。
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction (引言)- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background (背景)- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods (方法)- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results (结果)- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion (讨论)- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion (结论)- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations (限制)- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications (意义)- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions (未来方向)- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。
议论文常用句型
议论文常用句型1.文章开头句型(1)对立法文章开头首先引出人们对所议论的问题的不同看法, 然后提出作者自己的不同看法, 或偏向哪个看法. 对立法的句型多用于有争议性的主题.①When asked about…, most/many/quite a few people say/think/believe that…. But otherpeople regard/see/think of …as…. I think/view quite/a bit differently.②When it comes to…, some people think/believe that….Others argue/claim that theopposite/reverse is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements, but….③There is a public/general debate/discussion today/nowadays on/about/over theproblem/issue of….Those who oppose/object…contend/argue that….They believe that….But people who advocate/favour…, on the other hand, they maintain/assert that….④Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/thought/recognized that….Theyargue/believe/claim that….But I wonder/doubt whether….(2)现象法对某种社会现象、倾向或社会问题进行剖析的文章, 往往在文章一开始首先引出这种现象或问题, 然后展开评论.①Recently the phenomenon/problem of…has drawn/aroused public/grave/popularattention.②Recently the issue/problem/question of…has been in the limelight/ brought to publicattention.③In recent/the past 5 years, many cities/people have been faced/troubled/plagued withthe/a(n) serious problem of/ alarming increase in burning/pressing/interestingquestions/problems facing/confronting nation/society/world.(3)观点法文章开门见山, 直截了当提出作者对文章要讨论的问题的观点, 也即文章的中心思想.以下就是常用的句型.①Nothing/Few things/ No idea is/are more/as foolish/dangerous/important than/as…(whichis widely/generally held by…).②Never/Nowhere in history/ the world/China has the issue/change/idea of been more/asvisible/evident/popular than/as….③It is about/high time we shattered/freed ourselves from the myth/illusion about….④Perhaps/Maybe we should/it is time to re-examine/have a fresh look at theidea/value/attitude that….(4)引用法文章开头, 通过引用名人名言、格言谚语或有代表性的看法来引出文章要展开讨论的一种观点. 下面便是一些常见句型.①One of the great early men/writers/scientists said/wrote/claimed that…if this is true/ thecase. Then the present/current view/value should make us wonder/ think about whether….②“Knowledge is power.”/ “Awareness of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom.” Such isthe opinion of Bacon/ one of the great men.③“…”That’s how one official/farther described/commented….He/She is hardly alone inthe experience.④“…” The same idea/attitude is voiced/shared by…(5)故事法文章开头讲一个故事,不仅可以引起读者的兴趣,而且可以引出文章要讨论的主题。
英语学术论文常用句型(大全)(免费)
英语学术论文常用经典句型 (1)Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. 7. Section 3 Section 3 describes describes the the the system system system itself itself itself in in in a a a general general general way, way, way, including including including the the the ….. ….. ….. and and and also also also discusses discusses discusses how how how to to to evaluate evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 2 of of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results. Next Section2. 2. The The The next next next section section section describes describes describes the the the mathematics mathematics mathematics that that that goes goes goes into into into the the the computer computer computer implementation implementation implementation of of of such such such fuzzy fuzzy fuzzy logic logic statements. 3. 3. However, However, However, it it it is is is cumbersome cumbersome cumbersome for for for this this this purpose purpose purpose and and and in in in practical practical practical applications applications applications the the the formulae formulae formulae were were were rearranged rearranged rearranged and and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. 13. Results Results Results of of of an an an experimental experimental experimental applications applications applications of of of this this this xx xx xx analysis analysis analysis procedure procedure procedure are are are given given given to to to illustrate illustrate illustrate the the the proposed proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. 18. Emphasis Emphasis Emphasis is is is placed placed placed on on on the the the construction construction construction of of of a a a criterion criterion criterion function function function by by by which which which the the the xx xx xx in in in achieving achieving achieving a a a hierarchical hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965]. 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. 英语学术论文常用经典句型(2)Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. 22. Chapter 2. Literature Review 23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade 25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx. 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. 29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to 35. 35. The The The problem problem problem of of of xx xx xx has has has been been been studied studied studied by by by other other other investigators, investigators, investigators, however, however, however, these these these studies studies studies have have have been been been based based based upon upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by [] 48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 49. The approach taken by [] is 50. The system developed by [] consists 51. A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52. []'s model requires consideration of... 53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. []'s model focuses on... 55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to 56. The published information that is relevant to this research... 57. This study further shows that 58. Their work is based on the principle of 59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979]. 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. 63. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, Unfortunately, real-world real-world real-world engineering engineering engineering problems problems problems such such such as as as manufacturing manufacturing manufacturing planning planning planning do do do not not not fit fit fit well well well with with with this this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex 1. problem.1. There are several ways to get around this problem. 2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new. 3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation. 4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx. 5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem. 6. Several problems are associated with them. 7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized. 8. Most problems in practice are complicated 9. More problem surface here. 10. Hamper effort toward a xx system 11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx 12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop 13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination. 14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems. 15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx. Chapter 3. Proposed methodologyAssumption 1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied. 2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature. 3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can can be be be made made made prior prior prior to to to the the the execution execution execution of of of the the the experiment, experiment, experiment, as as as opposed opposed opposed to to to being being being made made made while while while the the the experiment experiment experiment is is is in in progress. 4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent. 5. Main simplifying assumptions are: 6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption. Outline / Structure / Module1. An outline of the research 2. Information is incorporated within the scheme 3. Is built into ... structure 4. A nice modular structure. 5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria Classification1. A xx system comprises three main components: 2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of .. 3. Consists of the following steps: 4. This is summarized in the following steps: 5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas: l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the l Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more l The following steps should be followed l xx can be classified by a different ways. l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following: l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing. Systeml Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer. l The system consists of both ... and ... l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels. l expert system domains are area of expertise l To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered: l The system has been developed / designed to determine l The system has proven to be able to l The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domain l The system comprises a ... with l The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique l The system environment must be relatively stable l The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ... l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage. l The most essential part of .. system is the ... l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development of l An automated system was developed for 英语学术论文常用经典句型 (3)l In this case, the system can be considered to be generative. l An interactive automatic ... system l A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system l Should be capable of being generated from a ... system l xx is an important part of the integrated system. l The model model consists consists consists of of of four four four rule rule rule bases, bases, bases, each each each of of of which which which addresses addresses addresses a a a separate separate separate problem problem problem in in in the the the hierarchy hierarchy hierarchy of of scheduling decision. l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base. l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule. Computer Systeml The system system has has has been been been implemented implemented implemented using using using Prolog Prolog Prolog language language language in in in an an an MS MS MS DOS DOS DOS environment. environment. environment. Prolog Prolog Prolog was was was chosen chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WA TFOR77 result s in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on a XX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem. l Time Time consuming consuming procedures have have been been been implemented implemented in in C C C language language and and directly directly directly linked linked to to the the the Prolog Prolog environment. l The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds. l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386 209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co processor. l The computer computer programs programs programs used used used for for for the the the analyses, analyses, analyses, one one one based based based on on on the the the xx xx xx method method method and and and the the the other based other based on on the the the new new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co processor. l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time. l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer. l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study l Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations. l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min. l This combination combination is is is being being being implemented implemented implemented in in in an an an objected objected objected oriented oriented oriented programming programming programming environment environment environment (Smalltalk (Smalltalk (Smalltalk 80 80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx. Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Techniquel A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system l To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied. l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the l Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally accepted l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report. l This can be accomplished by l This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows: l The above preliminary analysis has provided important information l Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... l These concepts have been applied to l On the basis of the concept mentioned above, l This can be achieved by l This fact suggests that a new concept l This was accomplished by taking ... l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility l There is little hope of achieving successful ... l There has has been been been an an an increasing increasing increasing awareness awareness awareness of of of the the the potential potential potential of of of using using using most ..so most ..so far far made made made have have have not not not taken taken taken this this approach, with the exception of l Only a few studies can be found. l It is a very tedious process to go through l It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected l The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. l These approaches are sometimes very tedious. l Several techniques can be used l A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]: l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. l A xx model represents an xx by its xx. l A process decision model captures the logic essential to l From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ... l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system. l A number of heuristic rules have been developed for l Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that l An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine l Euler's formula states the following: l The completed model should agree with the formula. l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary l Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful. Point of View l from an implementation standpoint, l From the point of view of this application, l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short). l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions. l From a a practical practical practical point point point of of of view, view, view, the the the computational computational computational aspects aspects aspects of of of an an an FLC FLC FLC require require require a a a simplification simplification simplification of of of the the the fuzzy fuzzy control algorithm. l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129] Justificationl We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and can l Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate. l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement. l A function function definition definition definition expresses expresses expresses the the the membership membership membership function of function of a fuzzy set set in in in a a a functional functional functional form, form, form, typically typically typically a a a bell bell shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic. l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis. l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if the" rule. 。
英语议论文常用句型及例句
英语议论文常用句型及例句篇一:英语议论文常用句型英语议论文常用句型I. 开篇1)Many nations have been faced with the problem of …… 2)Recently the problem has been brought into focus.3)Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.4)Recently the issue has aroused gre at concern among …… 5)Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……6)Never in our history has the idea that …… been so popular.7)Faced with ……, quite a few people argue that ……8)According to a recent survey, ……9)With the rapid development of ……,10) When it comes to…, (当说到…)二、列举观点I.Some people think/believe that…,Other argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true1.Obviously television has both advantages anddisadvantages.2.Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages.3.Compared with cars,bikes have their advantages and disadvantages.,4.Although computers bring people a lot of convenience,they have many disadvantages.5....has many advantages.For example,…6. However,just as every coin has two sides,…has it’s disadvantages.II…play(s)an important role/part in……1.Computers play an important role in science and technology.2.Computers play a more and more important role in our life.3.Computers play an increasingly important role in our studies.4.Education plays an important part in developing our mind.5.Addiction to alcohol and drugs plays a role in homelessness.6.Advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life. 7.In the past,letters played a decisive role in long-distance communication.But now,telephone,email,and fax have takentheir place.III.With the development of…1.With the development of our economy,many Chinese families can afford a car.2.With the development of our economy and society,pollution is more and more serious.3.With the rapid development of Science and technology,people can get a college degree by taking online-courses at home.4.With the current social and technological developments,employees with more knowledge and higher academic degrees are needed.5.With the rapid increase of China's population,housing problem is becoming more and more serious.6.With more and more women entering the society,people's attitude towards women is changing.7.With the deepening of Chinese reform and opening up, an increasing number of (a growing number of,a significant number of )families can afford a car.三、陈述自己观点There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements,but…四、批驳1)It is true that ……, but one vital point is being left out.2)There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.3)Some people say ……, but it does not hold water.4)Many of us have been under the illusion that……5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.6)It makes no sense to argue for ……7)Too much stress placed on …… may lead to ……8)Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that …… 9)Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that …… 10)No one can deny the fact th at ……11)The idea is hardly supported by facts.12)Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ……13)Recent studies indicate that ……14)There is sufficient evidence to show that ……15)According to statistics proved by ……, it can be seen that ……五、结尾句型:英语议论文多以简要总结全文或对所讨沦的问题提出解决办法来结尾。
论文写作常用句型
论文写作常用句型在论文写作中,使用一些常用句型可以帮助提升文章的表达能力和逻辑结构。
下面将介绍一些常用的论文写作句型,并提供实例来说明其用法和适用场景。
1. 引言句型引言部分是论文开篇的重要部分,可以使用以下句型引入话题和背景:- "In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in..."- "With the rapid development of technology, ..."例如:"In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the effects of social media on teenagers' mental health."2. 提出观点句型在论文中,我们需要明确提出自己的观点或假设。
下面是一些常用的提出观点的句型:- "It can be argued that..."- "One possible explanation for this phenomenon is..."- "It is widely believed that..."例如:"It can be argued that the implementation of stricter gun control laws can help reduce gun-related crimes."3. 支持观点句型在论文中,我们需要提供证据或理由来支持我们的观点。
以下是一些常用的支持观点的句型:- "Research has shown that..."- "According to a survey conducted by..."- "Numerous studies have demonstrated that..."例如:"Research has shown that regular exercise can improve cognitive function and reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease."4. 引用他人观点句型在论文中,引用他人观点可以增强论证的力度,以下是一些常用的引用他人观点的句型:- "According to (author's name),..."- "(Author's name) argues that..."- "In the words of (author's name),..."例如:"According to John Smith, a renowned economist, the implementation of sustainable development practices is crucial for long-term economic growth."5. 举例句型在论文中,举例可以帮助读者更好地理解和接受论点。
英语学术论文常用句型总结版
英语学术论文常用句型总结版1. According to previous studies, ...根据之前的研究,...2. The purpose of this study is to...本研究的目的是...3. The results indicate that...结果表明...4. Furthermore, it should be noted that...此外,值得注意的是...5. This study provides valuable insights into...本研究为...提供了有价值的见解。
6. The findings of this study have important implications for...本研究的发现对...有重要的意义。
7. It is worth mentioning that...值得一提的是...8. The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.应该承认本研究的局限性。
9. Future research should focus on...未来的研究应该关注...10. In conclusion, ...总之,...11. It can be concluded that...可以得出结论...12. This paper aims to explore...本文旨在探讨...13. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that...这一现象的可能解释是...14. The results are consistent with previous research, indicating...结果与之前的研究一致,表明...15. The present study contributes to the literature by...本研究通过...对文献做出了贡献。
学术论文常用句型示例
学术论文常用句型示例引言部分:在学术论文撰写中,使用适当的句型和表达方式可以增强文章的表达力和逻辑性。
本文将介绍一些常用的学术论文句型示例,帮助读者更好地理解和运用。
论点句型:1. 根据统计数据/调查结果/实证研究,可以看出...2. 近年来,普遍认为...3. 研究表明...4. 有理论和实证研究支持,得出结论...5. 鉴于这些证据,我们可以得出结论...阐述评论句型:1. 据观察,...2. 从全球的趋势来看,...3. 事实上,...4. 逐渐引起了人们的关注...5. 不可否认的是...展示数据句型:1. 图表显示了...2. 数据表明...3. 结果显示...4. 从统计数据中可以看出...5. 通过对样本的分析,我们可以得到以下结论...解释原因句型:1. 有几个因素可以解释...2. 影响这一现象的原因主要有...3. 主要的原因之一是...4. 原因是多方面的,包括...5. 造成这种现象的原因是...提出观点句型:1. 最新的研究支持了这一观点...2. 这一观点值得进一步探讨...3. 高度认同/支持这一理论...4. 提出这一观点的背景是...5. 这一观点得到了广泛的关注和讨论...对比分析句型:1. 与A不同,B则...2. 相比之下,A更加...3. A和B之间的差异在于...4. 与此同时,A也有一些相似之处...5. 尽管有些相似之处,A和B在某些方面仍然存在差异...总结句型:1. 综上所述,我们可以得出结论...2. 因此,我们可以得出这样的结论...3. 总体来说,这一研究表明...4. 这些发现有助于我们更好地理解...5. 在未来的研究中,我们需要进一步探讨...结语:通过运用以上学术论文常用句型示例,读者可以在撰写学术论文时更好地表达自己的观点和论证。
当然,在实际写作中,灵活运用这些句型,并结合具体的研究内容和实证材料,能够使论文更具说服力和可读性。
英语学术论文常用句型(大全)(免费)
英语学术论文常用经典句型(1)Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole modelof human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical studycurrently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. 英语学术论文常用经典句型(2)Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex1.problem.1. There are several ways to get around this problem.2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx.5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem.6. Several problems are associated with them.7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized.8. Most problems in practice are complicated9. More problem surface here.10. Hamper effort toward a xx system11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination.14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems.15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx.Chapter 3. Proposed methodologyAssumption1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied.2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature.3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress.4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent.5. Main simplifying assumptions are:6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption.Outline / Structure / Module1. An outline of the research2. Information is incorporated within the scheme3. Is built into ... structure4. A nice modular structure.5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteriaClassification1. A xx system comprises three main components:2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of ..3. Consists of the following steps:4. This is summarized in the following steps:5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas:l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing thel Can allow further breadth of application of ...into morel The following steps should be followedl xx can be classified by a different ways.l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following:l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing.Systeml Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer.l The system consists of both ... and ...l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels.l expert system domains are area of expertisel To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered:l The system has been developed / designed to determinel The system has proven to be able tol The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domainl The system comprises a ... withl The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... techniquel The system environment must be relatively stablel The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ...l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage.l The most essential part of .. system is the ...l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development ofl An automated system was developed for英语学术论文常用经典句型(3)l In this case, the system can be considered to be generative.l An interactive automatic ... systeml A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. systeml Should be capable of being generated from a ... systeml xx is an important part of the integrated system.l The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision.l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base.l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule.Computer Systeml The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an MS DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WA TFOR77 results in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on aXX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem.l Time consuming procedures have been implemented in C language and directly linked to the Prolog environment.l The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds.l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co processor.l The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx method and the other based on the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co processor.l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time.l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer.l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this studyl Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations.l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min.l This combination is being implemented in an objected oriented programming environment (Smalltalk 80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx.Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Techniquel A discussion is presented of a problem-solving systeml To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied.l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of thel Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally acceptedl This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report.l This can be accomplished byl This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows:l The above preliminary analysis has provided important informationl Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum...l These concepts have been applied tol On the basis of the concept mentioned above,l This can be achieved byl This fact suggests that a new conceptl This was accomplished by taking ...l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process.l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibilityl There is little hope of achieving successful ...l There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception ofl Only a few studies can be found.l It is a very tedious process to go throughl It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effectedl The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head.l These approaches are sometimes very tedious.l Several techniques can be usedl A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]:l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx.l A xx model represents an xx by its xx.l A process decision model captures the logic essential tol From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ...l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula.l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ...l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system.l A number of heuristic rules have been developed forl Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so thatl An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determinel Euler's formula states the following:l The completed model should agree with the formula.l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessaryl Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore,To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful.Point of Viewl from an implementation standpoint,l From the point of view of this application,l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short).l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions.l From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm.l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129]Justificationl We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and canl Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate.l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement.l A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis.l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if the" rule.Chapter 4. ExamplesExample/ Datal The data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx technique.l The data consists of over xx measurements.l An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared with a xxl Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be applied are xx, xx, etc.l The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the computational procedure discussed. l This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods.l There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those wishing this level of detail.l Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper.Comparisonsl As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view will be discussed.l The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitablel As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously],英语学术论文常用经典句型(4)as shown in Table 1 and 2l This concept is illustrated in Figure 2l At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data.l Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as row headings,xx through xx as column headings.l A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are made.CONJUGATIONTo Indicate Additionl additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, besides, equally important, especially, finally, for the same reason, first, further, furthermore, in addition, last, likewise, moreover, next, second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, broadly speakingTo Indicate Cause and Effectl accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in short, otherwise, then, therefore, thus, trulyTo indicate Comparisonl in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternativelyTo Indicate Concessionl after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, even so , I admit, naturally, of courseTo Indicate Contrastl and yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in contrast, in the real life, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, traditionally, rather, unfortunately,To Indicate Time Relationships:after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon as, at last, at length, at the moment, at that time, at the same time, before, earlier, currently, immediately, in the meantime, in recent years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, whileTo Indicate Special Features or Examples:for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, in particular, in practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this respect, theoretically, as mentioned before / aboveTo Indicate Summary:in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to conclude, in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately,VERB PHASEl build a .. modell build up the key linkl began a new era in ...l can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained throughl can result inl carries out ... tasksl production information in order to simultaneouslyl contains all information necessary to describel do not make use of production informationl deals withl end with failurel fetch the information from the model directlyl has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the development of /been recognized asl BE aimed at / built up / carried out by / essentially concerned with / considered to be the key technology / associated with each feature of a composite component / cable of / currently implemented for / demonstrated by an example / finally reached / made equal to / equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / interpreted as / pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / shown in / used to effectively guide the searchl makes use ofl make upl meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands placed upon itl must be justifiedl point outl play an important role。
议论文必须掌握的十种句型
10. 原因句
For, because, in that, since, now that, with
3. 疑问句
Do movies and television affect our behavior? Isn’t that better than worrying about who wins and who loses all the time?
4. 并列句
By critical thinking, one is capable of analyzing insightfully, concentrating on the right target, thereby making a wise decision. Skimming helps double your reading speed and improves your comprehension as well. Every college graduate is confronted with two alternatives: one is to keep on learning for Master, and the other is to look for a job. On one hand,… on the other hand…. The former …, the latter…. The more…, the more…. both …, and ….
2. 强调句
Only in this way can we solve this problem. It was in a different way that he did it. A computer is the very thing I need at present. The mower is indeed useful if your lawn is pretty big. It is no exaggeration to say that ____ (毫不夸张地 毫不夸张地 说)
英语议论文常用句型
英语议论文常用句型一、段首句1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。
一些人认为……There are different opinions among people as to …….Some people suggest that…….2. 俗话说(常言道)……,它是我们前辈的经历,但是,即使在今天,它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying……. It’s the experience of our forefathers,however,it is correct in many cases even today.3. 现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。
首先,……;其次,……。
更为糟糕的是……。
Today,……,which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First,……Second……,What makes things worse is that……t.4. 现在,……很普遍,许多人喜欢……,因为……,另外(而且)……。
Nowadays,it is common to ……. Many people like……because……. Besides,…….5. 任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外。
它既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and……is not an exception,it has both advantages and disadvantages.6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同,一些人认为(说)……,在他们看来,……People’s opinions about ……vary from person to person. Some people say that……. To them,…….7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……,这个问题变得越来越严重。
英文学术论文写作常用句型
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词+ 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)Lack of interpersonal skills is one of the most serious defects that we have ever kn own about today’s college stude nts.缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + VNothing is + more + 形容词+ than to + V例句:For parents, nothing is more important than to educate children in a proper way.没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。
)例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting celebrities’ privacy too much.我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...)例句:There is no denying that the practical ity of our higher education has gone from bad to worse.不可否认的,我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。
盘点英语议论文作文常用句型
盘点英语议论文作文常用句型下面是店铺整理的英语议论文作文的常用句型,以供大家学习参考。
一、用于驳性和比较议论文1. In general, I don’t agree with2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold water。
3. The chief reason why… is that…4.There is no true that…5. It is not true that…6. It can be easily denied than…7. We have no reason to believe that…8. What is more serious is that…9. But it is pity that…10. Besides, we should not neglect that…11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore…12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that…13. Perhaps I was question why…14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still havea problem with regard to…15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but16. What seems to be the trouble is…17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that…19. There is in fact on reason for us so believe that…20. What these people fail to consider is that…21. It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that …22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantagestoo。
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如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在叙述了前人成果之后,用However来引导不足,比如However, little information..little attention...little work...little datalittle researchor few studiesfew investigations...few researchers...few attempts...or nonone of these studieshas (have) been lessdone on ...focused onattempted toconductedinvestigatedstudied(with respect to)Previous research (studies, records) has (have)failed to considerignoredmisinterpretedneglected tooverestimated, underestimatedmisleadedthus, these previus results areinconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial.. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...这种引导一般提出一种新方法,或者一种新方向。
如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样,可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用:However, data is still scarcerareless accuratethere is still dearth ofWe need toaim tohave toprovide more documentsdatarecordsstudiesincrease the datasetFurther studies are still necessary...essential...为了强调自己研究的重要性,一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面,另一方面等等比如:1)时间问题如果你研究的问题时间上比较新,你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性,然后说(However),对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足2)物性及研究手段问题如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向,你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质,然后说对你所研究的方向和方法,研究甚少。
3)研究区域问题首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究,然后强调这一区域研究不足4)不确定性虽然前人对这一问题研究很多,但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点,这种uncertanties, ambiguities,值得进一步澄清5)提出自己的假设来验证如果自己的研究完全是新的,没有前人的工作进行对比,在这种情况下,你可以自信地说,根据提出的过程,存在这种可能的结果,本文就是要证实这种结果。
We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the ...It is hoped that the qutestion will be resolved (fall away) with our proposedmethod (approach).提出自己的观点We aim toThis paper reports onprovides resultsextends the method..focus onThe purpose of this paper is toFurthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we will also discuss...c) 圈定自己的研究范围前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。
如果处理不好,reviewer会提出严厉的建议,比如你没有考虑某种可能性,某种研究手段等等。
为了减少这种争论,在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围:1)时间尺度问题如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序,你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时间范围的问题。
We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)...或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short term),你可以说两者都重要,但是本文只涉及其中一种2) 研究区域的问题和时间问题一样,明确提出你只关心这一地区d) 最后的原场在前言的最后,还可以总结性地提出,这一研究对其它研究的帮助。
或者说,further studies on ... will be summarized in our nextstudy (or elsewhere)总之,其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。
减少争论(arguments).关于词汇以及常用结构,要经常总结,多读多模仿才能融会贯通。
以上是常见的语言结构,不算抄袭。
怎样提出观点在提出自己的观点时,采取什么样的策略很重要。
不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer的置疑。
1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的,通常要用We confirm that...2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用We believe that...3)在更通常的情况下,由数据推断出一定的结论,用, Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...4) 在及其特别的情况才可以用We put forward(discover, observe..) .. "for the first time".来强调自己的创新。
5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定,可用We tentatively put forward (interrprete this to..)Or The results may be due to (caused by) attributed torsulted from..Or This is probably a consequence ofIt seems that .. can account for (interpret) this..Or It is pisible that it stem from...连接词与逻辑写英文论文最常见的一个毛病就是文章的逻辑不清楚。
解决的方法有:1)句子上下要有连贯,不能让句子之间独立常见的连接词语有, However, also, in addition,consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore,further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly,Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results,In order to, despite, For example, Compared withother results, thus, therefore...用好这些连接词,能够使观点表达得有层次,更加明确。
比如,如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献,最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.接下来,可用Then BB further demonstrated that..再接下来,可用Afterwards, CC..如果还有,可用More recent studies by DD..如果叙述两种观点,要把它们截然分开AA pput forward that...In contrast, BB believeor Unlike AA, BB suggestor On the contrary (表明前面的观点错误,如果只是表明两种对立的观点,用in contrast), BB..如果两种观点相近,可用AA suggestSimilarily, alternatively, BB..Or Also, BBor BB allso does ..表示因果或者前后关系,可用Consequently, therefore, as a result,表明递进关系,可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition,当写完一段英文,最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用了这些连接词。
2) 段落的整体逻辑经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。
这种情况下,一定要注意逻辑结构。
首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problen have tobe addressed.The first questuon involves...The second problem relates toThe thrid aspect deals with...上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。
Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third...Finally,..当然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。
3) 讨论部份的整体结构小标题是比较好的方法把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。
一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。
补充说明的部份可以放在最后一个片段。
一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。
文章除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外,一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。
所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份,一部份提出观点,另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。
这样专业外的人士可以了解文章的主要观点,比较专业的讨论他可以把它当成黑箱子,而这一部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。
为了使文章清楚,第一次提出概念时,最好加以个括弧,给出较为详细的解释。
如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决1) 在文章最好加上个Appendix,把所有Abreviation列表2) 在不同的页面上,不时地给出Abbreciation的含义,用来提醒读者。
总之,写文章的目的是要让读者读懂,读得清晰,并且采取各种措施方便于读者。
一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果,即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。
这是前人工作最起码的尊重,英文叫做给别人的工作credits.所以文章不要出现非常negative的评价,比如Their resultsare wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc.遇到这类情况,可以婉转地提出:Their studies may be more reasonable if they hadconsidered this situation.Their results could be better convinced if they ...Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties.讨论部份还包括什么内容?1. 主要数据特征的总结2. 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比3. 本文的不足第三点,在一般作者看来不可取。