西方文明史ppt

British Colonialism
• • • • • • • • America Africa Australia Canada India/Pakistan Malaysia Hong Kong Gibraltar
The British Empire, established over the course of three centuries, began in the late 16th century with chartered commercial ventures in sugar and tobacco plantations, slave trading, and missionary activities in North America and the Caribbean Islands. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the British Empire reached the height of its power, ruling over large parts of Africa, Asia, and North America.
Colonialism
Context
• The general introduction about colonialism • The colonial policy of different countries
The earlier period: Spain and Portugal The latter period: British and France
Portuguese Empire
• Its biggest colony was Brazil • Brazil had perfect spoil for agriculture, had wood (brazil wood), sugar, and gold. • Portuguese brought African slaves and used natives as labor • Justified conquest of Brazil with Christianization of the people
Declaration of Peruvian Independence
• Argentine soldier José de San Martí n took charge of Peru’s struggle for independence in 1820. The following year he occupied Lima and on July 28, 1821, he proclaimed Peru’s independence from a balcony in the center of Lima.
Spanish Empire
By colonizing the Americas, Spain became one of the richest and most powerful countries of the 16th century. At the height of its power in 1588, the Spanish Empire included the West Indies, Cuba, Florida, Mexico, Central America, much of South America, and the Philippines.
Simó n Bolí var
• Simó n Bolí var helped win independence from Spain for Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Revered throughout South America, Bolí var earned the name The Liberator.
Jesuits
• Spain and Portugal are very Catholic • They used their Jesuit priests to convert the natives • Their churches were called missions • They also served as mini-hospitals
The Philippines
• In the mid-16th century, Spaniards settled some of the many islands in the Philippines, which were named in honor of Spanish King Philip II. This photo shows a village on northern Luzon, the largest island and the second settled by Spain.
Manila, Philippines
• Manila is the capital and largest city of the Philippines. The Pasig River divides Manila between the original city, on its southern bank, and the more modern section, on its northern bank. Spanish colonists founded the city in 1571, and Spanish influence is apparent in the old district’s architecture.
Portuguese Empire
• Portugal was always the smaller brother to Spain • Very wealthy through trade • It was too small to defend such a big empire (African and South America) • England, Holland & France easily captured many Portuguese territories
Joséde San Martí n
• Argentine general Joséde San Martí n helped lead South America to freedom from Spanish rule. San Martí n is regarded as one of Argentina’s foremost heroes.
European expansion
Motivated by:
– Need to settle excess population – Search for wealth (trade、mineral sources) – The description about the outside world in literary works – Intellectual curiosity, the spirit of adventure – Struggle for dominance of the sea – Religious reasons
• The triangularபைடு நூலகம்trade • Impacts
Definition:
• Colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. It is a process where a foreign state claims sovereignty over the colony and the social structure, government, and economics of the colony are changed by colonizers. Colonialism is a set of unequal relationships between the metropole (hub state) and the colony and between the colonists and the indigenous population.
Rise of the British Empire
• Late 16th –early 17th Centuries, England dominated • 17th -18th Centuries: Defeated France and Holland in a series of wars to become the main colonizer
• Modern colonialism started with the Age of Discovery. Portugal and Spain discovered new lands across the oceans and built trading posts. For some people, it is this building of colonies across oceans that differentiates colonialism from other types of expansionism. • This period is also associated with the Commercial Revolution. The late Middle Ages saw reforms in accountancy and banking in Italy and the eastern Mediterranean. These ideas were adopted and adapted in western Europe to the high risks and rewards associated with colonial ventures.
Religious Freedom
• After the fall of the Roman Empire, many parts of Europe began to become less civilized again (especially in the north). • The Church retained much control through religion, and churches were often strongholds against marauders(抢劫者). • After the separation of the Church into Roman Catholicism and Protestant， many bloody wars and persecution happened within countries. • Spanish Inquisition
Types of colonialism
• Settler colonialism
• Exploitation colonialism • Plantation colonialism
• Surrogate colonialism
• Internal colonialism
Age of Discovery
European expansion
Premises:
– Monarchy centralized (money support) – The development of technology and science (shipping) – The appearance of “ptolemy map” (15th Europe, 8th Arab) – More resources, a larger population and strategic locations increased potential military and political strength