语言学Exercises
语言学Chapter-4--Exercises-含答案
语言学C h a p t e r-4--E x e r c i s e s-含答案(总10页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Chapter 4 From Word to TextI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, butthere is no limit to the number of sentences nativespeakers of that language are able to produce andcomprehend.3. An endocentric construction is also known as headedconstruction because it has just one head4. Constituents that can be substituted for one another withoutloss of grammaticality belong to the same syntacticcategory.5. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories arecommonly recognized and discussed, namely, nounphrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliaryphrase.6. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.7. Word order plays an important role in the organization ofEnglish sentences.8. Like English, modern Chinese is a SVO language.9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.( 1-5 TTFTF 6-10 TTTTT )II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 A s________ is a structurally in dependent unit that usuallycomprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command2. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at thesame time structurally alone is known as an f__________clause3. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or averb phrase and which says something about the subjectis grammatically called p_________.4. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, oneof which is incorporated into the other.5. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinateclause is normally called an e_______ clause.6. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sensethat new words are constantly added.7. G_________ relations refer to the structural and logicalfunctional relations between every noun phrase andsentence8. A a__________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.9. A s__________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.10. A s__________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Answers:1. sentence2. finite3. predicate4. complex5. embedded6. open7. grammatical8. simple9. sentence 10. subjectIII. There are four given choices for each statement below.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1 The head of the phrase “the city Rome”is__________A the cityB RomeC cityD the city and Rome 2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. PrepositionD. subordinator3 Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand_____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.5 The phrase “on the half” belongs to ________constructionA endocentricB exocentricC subordinateD coordinate6 . The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that__________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.7 The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. compelD. both linear and hierarchical8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrasesto form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational10 The sentence “They were wan ted to remain quiet and notto expose themselves” is a ____________sentenceA simpleB coordinateC compoundD complex Answers:1 D2 D 3. A 4 D 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 C 9 D 10 AIV. Explain the following terms, using examples.1. Syntax2. IC analysis3. Hierarchical structureAnswers :1.Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way wordsare combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.2. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis forshort, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of itsimmediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake ofconvenience.3. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure thatgroups words into structural constituents and shows thesyntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.V. Answer the following questions:1. What are the major types of sentences Illustrate them with examples.2. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?3. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The child asked for a new book4. What are the major types of sentences according to traditional approach Illustrate them with examplesAnswers :1. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences.They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of asingle clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John readsextensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clausesjoined by a linking word that is called coordinatingconjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for herhistory exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in linguistics.2. An endocentric construction is one whose distribution isfunctionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to oneof its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small childrenwith children as its head. The exocentric construction,opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as aconstruction whose distribution is not functionallyequivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.3.略4. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. Theyare simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a singleclause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John readsextensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clausesjoined by a linking word that is called coordinatingconjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. Thetwo clauses in a complex sentence do not have equalstatus, one is subordinate to the other. For exam­ple:Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin­guistics.。
语言学教程各章节练习及答案
Exercises to Linguistics外语系黄永亮Chapter 1 Invitation to Linguistics1.Define the following terms:Langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members ofa speech community.Parole:parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Prescriptive: Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct andstandard”behaviour in using language, i.e. to tell people what they shouldday and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Descriptive: Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language peopleactually use, it is said to be descriptive;competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance: Chomsky defines performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Synchronic: The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study;Diachronic: The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.Linguistics：Linguistics may be defined as the systematic (or scientific) study of language.language： Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of symbols principally transmitted by vocal sounds.”2.Does the traffic light system have duality, why?No. No discrete units on the first level that can be combined freely in the second level to form meaning. There is only simple one to one relationship between signs and meaning, namely, re-stop, green-go and yellow-get ready to go or stop.munication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facialexpression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language?Less arbitrary, lack duality, less creative, limited repertoire, emotional-oriented.4.Why is competence and performance an important distinction in linguistics?According to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite numbers of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker’s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. Thus, Chomsky proposed that linguists should focus on the study of competence, not performance. The distinction of the two terms “competence and performance”represents the orientation of linguistic study. So we can say competence and performance is an important distinction in linguistics.5.In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in the following basic ways: Firstly, priority is given, as mentioned earlier, to spoken language. Secondly, focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language. Thirdly, modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature. Linguists endeavor to state objectively the regularities of a language. They aim at finding out how a language is spoken: they do not attempt to tell people how it should be spoken. Fourthly, modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented. Modern linguists strive to construct theories of language that can account for language in general. These features distinguished modern linguistics from traditional grammar. The two are complementary. Not contradictory. Knowledge of both is necessary for a language teacher: knowledge of the latter is necessary for a language learner.Chapter 2 Phonetics1. Give the description of the following sound segments in English1)[❆] voiced dental fricative2)[☞] voiceless alveolar fricative3)[☠] velar nasal4)[♎] voiced alveolar stop5)[☐] voiceless bilabial stop6)[ ] voiceless velar stop7)[●] (alveolar) lateral8)[♓] high front lax unrounded vowel9)[◆:] high back tense rounded vowel10)[ ] low back lax rounded vowel2. How is the description of consonants different from that of vowels?Consonants are described according to manner and place of articulation while vowels are described with four criteria: part of the tongue that is raised; extent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palate; kind of opening made at the lips; position of soft palate.3. Which sound may be described asa voiced bilabial plosive [♌]a voiced labio-dental fricative [ ]a voiceless velar plosive [ ]4. Why might a photographer ask the person she is photographing to say cheese?The vowel of the word cheese [♓:] is produced with the lips spread, this resemblinga smile.5.Account for the difference in articulation in each of the following pairs of words:coast ghost; ghost boastboast most; ghost mist;The words coast and ghost are distinguished by the fact that the initial segment is voiceless in the case of the former and voiced in the case of the latter.The word ghost and boast are distinguished by the place of articulation of the initial segment, [♑] being velar while [♌] is bilabial.Boast and most are distinguished by the manner of articulation of the initial segment, [❍] being nasal.Most and mist are distinguished by the fact that the former has a rounded back vowel shile the latter has a spread front vowel.Chapter 3 Phonology1.Define the following termsPhonology: Phonology is concerned with the sound system of languages. It is concerned with which sounds a language uses and how the contribution of sounds to thetask of communication.Phone: A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phonesPhoneme: Phoneme is the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive ina particular language.Allophone: Allophone refers any of the different forms of a phoneme is an allophone of it in English. Compare the words peak and speak, for instance. The /☐/ in peak is aspirated; phonetically transcribed as [☐♒] while the /☐/ in speak is unaspirated, phonetically [☐＝ ]. [☐,☐♒] are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /☐/. Such variants of a phoneme are called Allophone of the same phoneme.Suprasegmental features:.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called Suprasegmental features. Suprasegmental features include: stress, tone and intonation.2.Transcribe the realization of the past tense morpheme for each of the following words:Waited waved wiped waded. account for the differences.[id] in “waited”and “waded”follows another alveolar plosive. [d] in “waved”follows voiced consonants.[t] in “wiped” follows voiceless consonants, there being voicing assimilation. 3. which of the following would be phonologically acceptable as English words?Thlite grawl dlesher shlink tritch sruck stwondle“grawl” and “tritch”4.Why can we not use the sequence [☠kl] in twinkle as an example of a consonant cluster?The sequence [☠kl] bridges two syllables.5.For each of the following pairs compare the position of the stress. Comment.Economy/economic wonder/wonderfulBeauty/beautiful acid/acidicIn adjectives ending in –ic the stress moves to the following syllable, in adjectives ending in –ful it does not.6.Explain why somebody might choose to stress the following utterances as indicated bythe bold type:a) John want ed to do this today. b) John wanted to do this today. c) John wantedto do this to day.The first utterance implies that John was unable to do what he wanted.The second implies that he was only able to do something else.The third implies that he was only able to do it some other day.Chapter 4 Morphology1.Define the following terms:Morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that can not be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Compound:Polymorphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snowwhite, etc.Allomorph: any of the different form of a morpheme. For example, in English the plural morpheme -‘s but it is pronounced differently in different environments as /s/ in cats, as /z/ in dogs and as /iz/ in classes. So /s/, /z/, and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.Bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the word it is added to, e.g. the plural morpheme in “dogs”.Free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.plete the words with suitable negative prefixesa. ir removable g. in humanb. in formal h. ir relevantc. im practicable i. un evitabled. in sensible j. im mobilee. in tangible k. il legalf. il logical l. in discreet3. “Morpheme” is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationshipbetween expression and content. Then is morpheme a grammatical conceptor a semantic one? What is its relation to phoneme?Since morpheme is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, it at the same time covers the grammatical and semantic aspect of linguistic unit. A morpheme may overlap with a phoneme, such as I, but usually not, as in pig, in which the morpheme is the whole word, i.e. and independent, free morpheme, but the phonemes are /p/, /i/ and /g/.4. Identify in the following sentence four bound morphemes. State the function ofeach and say whether each is derivational or inflectional.The teacher’s brother considered the project impossible.The –er and the –‘s of teacher’s are bound morphemes, the former being derivational, as it produces a lexeme that denotes the person who does an action, the latter being an inflectional morpheme, as it indicates possession.The –ed of considered is inflectional, indicating that the action took place in the past. The im- of impossible is derivational, producing a new lexeme that denotes the opposite of possible.Chapter 5 Syntax1.Define the following terms:Category: parts of speech and functions, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate, etc.Concord:also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more wordsin a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of somecategoriesSyntagmatic relation:. Syntagmatic relation is a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present. Paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element presentand the others absent.Deep structure: is defined as the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i. e. the underlying level of structural relationsbetween its different constituentsSurface structure: is the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of aconstruction people actually produce and receive.Theme: The Theme is the first constituent of the clause.Rheme: All the rest of the clause is simply labeled the Rheme.2.Why is it important to know the relations a sign has with others, such as syntaxgmaticand paradigmatic relations?As the relation between a signifier and signified is arbitrary, the value of a sign can not be determined by itself. To know the identity of a sign, the linguist will have to know the signs it is used together with and those it is substitutable for.The former relation is known as syntagmatic and the latter paradigmatic.3.In what ways is IC analysis better than traditional parsing?In traditional parsing, a sentence is mainly seen as a sequence of individual words, as if it has only a linear structure. IC analysis, however, emphasizes the hierarchical structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.In this way the internal of structure of a sentence is shown more clearly, hence the reason of some ambiguities may be revealed.4.What are the problems in IC analysis?There are some technical problems caused by the binary division and discontinuous constituents. But the main problem is that there are structures whose ambiguities cannot be revealed by IC analysis, e.g. the love of God. In terms of both the treediagram and the label, there is only one structure, but the word God is in two different relations with love, i.e. either as subject or object.5.Clarify the ambiguity in the following sentence by tree diagrams:Old teachers and priests fear blackbirds.SNP VPAdj. NP V NOld fear blackbirds.N Conj. Nteachers and priestsSNP VPNP Conj. N V NAdj. N and priests fear blackbirds.Old teachersChapter 6 Semantics1. defining the following terms:semantics: The subject concerning the study of meaning is called semantics. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistics units,words and sentences in particular.Denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world.Connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the entitya word denotes.Sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situational context.Reference: the use of language to express a proposition, i.e. to talk about things in context.Synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.Antonymy: is the name for oppositeness relation:hyponymy: a relation between two words, in which the meaning of one word (the superordinate) is included in the meaning of another word (the hyponym) semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g. [+human].2. Some people maintain that there are no true synonyms. If two words mean really thesame, one of them will definitely die out. An example often quoted is the disuse of the word “wireless”, which has been replaced by “radio”. Do you agree? In general what type of meaning we are talking about when we say two words aresynonymous with each other?It is true that there are no absolute synonyms. When we say two words are synonymous with each other, we usually mean they have the same conceptual meaning.3. For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they maynot be considered to be synonyms:man boy toilet loo determined stubbornpavement sidewalk walk runThe words man and boy are principally distinguished be age, the words walk and run by speed. The principal distinction between the words toilet and loo is one of social register. Determined and stubborn are largely distinguished by attitude—a person reluctant to give up is described as determined by those who sympathize and as stubborn by those who do not. The difference between the words pavement and sidewalkis a matter of geography, the former being used in Britain and the latter in America.Chapter 7 Pragmantics1. defining the following terms:Performative:an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed toa constative, by which makes a statement which may be true or false. Constative:an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.Locutuonary act: the act of saying something; it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely, the utterance of asentence with determinate sense and reference.Illocutuonary act: the act performed in saying something; its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.Perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something, it’s the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance. Cooperative principle:in making conversation, there is, as Grice holds, a general principle which all participants are expected to observe. He calls this guidingprinciple the Cooperative Principle, CP for short.. It runs as follows:"make your conversational contribution such as is required, at thestage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of thetalk exchange in which you are engaged.”Conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’sknowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one ofthe four maxims of the Cooperative Principle (CP)2. Consider the following dialogue between a man and his daughter. Try to explain the illocutionary force in each of the utterances.[The daughter walks into the kitchen and takes so e popcorn.]Father: I thought you were practicing your violin.Daughter: I need to get the violin stand.Father: Is it under the popcorn?The illocutionary force of “I thought you were practicing your violin”is a criticism of the daughter for her not practicing the violin. That of the daughter’s answer is a defense for herself—I’m going to do that. And that of the father’s retort is a denial of the daughter’s excuse.3.If you ask somebody “Can you open the door?”he answered “Yes”but does not actuallydo it, what would be your reaction? Why? Try to see it in the light of speech act theory.I would be angry with him. “Can you open the door”is normally a request of the hearer to do it rather than a question about his ability. The fact that he answers “Yes” but does not actually do it shows that he declines my request.4. A is reading the newspaper. When B asks “What’s on television tonight?” he answers “Nothing.” What does A mean in normal situations? Think of two situations in which this interpretation of “Nothing” will be cancelled.Normally “Nothing” here means “Nothing interesting”. If A adds after “Nothing” “The workers are on strike today” or “There’s going to be a blackout tonight”, then the interpretation of “Nothing interesting’ will be cancelled.。
语言学练习Exercise2
Chapter 2 5
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks. 11. _____ is the smallest linguistic unit. Phoneme 12. According to _____, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. the maximal onset principle
Chapter 2 7
Exercises
II. Choose the best answer. 15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _____ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones D 16. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as _____. A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula A
Chapter 2 14
Exercises
III. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]. __ 29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T __ 30. [p] is voiced bilabial stop. F
语言学练习（一,二）
语言学练习（一,二）Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 2Multiple choices (3*15=45?)1. Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe English consonants?A. voicelessB. oralC. alveolarD. lateral2. Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?A. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeB. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.C. Allophones distinguish meaning.D. Allophones are language-specific.3. The word _____ contains a high vowel.A. matB. mudC. dotD. boot4. Phoneticians adopt the following standards in describing English consonants. Which of the following is NOT correct about [s] sound?A. fricativeB. voicelessC. alveolarD. affricate5. The syllabic structure of “blade” can be described as______.A. CCVCB. CCVCVC. CVCD. CVCV6. _______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. AssimilationD. Metathesis7. Assimilation includes the following phenomena except________.A. nasalizationB. palatalizationC. dentalizationD. transmutation8. Which of the following statements is correct? ( )A. Diacritics added to letter-symbols bring out finer distinctions than the letters alone can do.B. The lips are the most flexible part in articulation, only secondary to tongue.C. The [e] sound in English is a front, semi-close, unrounded, tense vowel.D. Minimal pairs are created in order to show the distinctive value of one phone.9. Which is not a suprasegmental feature? ( )A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. conjuncture10. About phone, phoneme and allophone, which statement is wrong? ( )A. Phones are speech sounds we actually hear and produce during linguistic communication.B. Phones do not necessarily have distinctive values but phonemes do.C. Allophones in some cases also have distinctive values.D. Phones in complementary distribution are not necessarily allophones.11. Which one is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [?]C. [e]D. [I]12. _____ doesn?t form a minimal pair.A. meter-metreB. ill-isC. pad-patD. ton-tongue13. Conventionally, a ____ is put in slashes (/ /). A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme14. In the word______, [l] is velarized.A. leadB. stealC. lethalD. glide15. There are ____ syllables and _____ phonemes in the wordgentlemanly.A. 4, 9B. 3, 10C. 4, 10D. 3, 9Blank-filling (2*10=20?)16. If a sound can be a substitute for the other in a word in the same environment without changing the meaning, the two sounds are in__________ _________ (two words).17. The maximal numbers of consonants in coda position and onset position are respectively _____ and_____ (e.g. ________ and _______).18. The [g] sound is silent in design and paradigm but present in their corresponding forms signature and paradigmatic. This is due to a _______ rule which could be stated as: when occurring before a final consonant, a[g] sound is not pronounced.19. In terms of places of articulation, [θ] and [e ] can be classified into the category _______.20. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit which has distinctive value.21. When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be _______. True or false (T for true and F for false 1*10=10?)22. Linguists are concerned with all the sounds produced by the human speech organs. ( )23. English has four basic types of intonation. ( )24. Suprasegmental features cannot distinguish meaning. ( )25. Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not. ( )26. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception ofspeech sounds. ( )27. The stress can be laid on different syllables of a word, resulting in different meanings. ( )28. Because of assimilation, the negative forms of legal and possible are illegal and impossible. ( )29. All vowels are voiceless. ( )30. [m] sound is both a labiodental and a nasal. ( )31. The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. ( )Brief definitions (3*5=15?)32. phonology33. articulatory phonetics34. complementary distributionSound Description (2*5=10?)Describe the following speech sounds according to the criteria that we have learnt.35. [Λ]____________________________________________36. [ j ]____________________________________________37. [d?]____________________________________________38. [ h ]____________________________________________39. [ I ]____________________________________________Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 1Multiple choices (4*10=40?)1.Which of the following does not fall into the core of linguistics?A. phoneticsB. syntaxC. sociolinguisticsD. semantics2.Of the following statements, which is incorrect?A.Applied linguistics in a narrow sense refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching.B.The study of language variation in terms of gender and psychology belongs to the category ofpsycholinguistics.C.Modern linguistics takes a descriptive attitude rather than a prescriptive one in language study.D.The ultimate goal of language is not just to generate grammatically well-formed sentences but to createmeaningful sentences.3.Which of the following statements are problematic?A.Modern linguistics is supposed to be scientific and objective, which seeks to describe the language people actually use.B.According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of acommunity, while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.C. A diachronic approach in modern linguistics is given priority over a synchronic one.D.N. Chomsky thinks what a linguist should study is an ideal speaker’s performance instead of his competence.4.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in some different ways except ____.A.Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is laying down rules of “correctness”.B.Spoken language is given prominence, not the written language in modern linguistics. The situation wasreverse in traditional grammar.C.Traditional grammar only examined one aspect of language while modern linguistics studies language in a comprehensive way.D.Modern linguists are opposed to the notion that any one language can provide an adequate framework for all others while traditional grammarians proposed a universal framework.5.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”--The famous quotation from Shakespeare's playRomeo and Juliet demonstrates that language and objects in physical world are associated by _____.A. conventionB. rulesC. arbitrarinessD. symbols6.Choose correct statements about arbitrariness of language.______/doc/fd6908020.html,nguage is not entirely arbitrary.B.Onomatopoeic words in language are motivated.C.Some compounds in language are not formed entirely arbitrarily.D.Different sounds may refer to the same object in different languages.7. A professor is employing the _____ function when he says, “Next, I will explain what …Paleozoic? means.”A. referentialB. conativeC. metalinguisticD. poetic8.Human language can be used to refer to situations removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.This design feature is called _____.A. productivityB. displacementC. discretenessD. duality 9.According to Halliday, when we use language to organize our experience of the real or imaginary world, we are performing the _____ function of language.A. textualB. interpersonalC. ideationalD. evaluative10.We can understand abstract words like happiness and motivation. This shows language has the propertyof _______.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacementTrue or false (T for true and F for false) (4*6=24?)11. Recursiveness, as seen in some sentences, well illustrates the creativity of language. ( )12. Some animal communication systems do show the feature of duality. ( )13. The sentence “I like the idea that Joseph proposed at the conference” shows referential function of language.( )14. Human child must learn a specific language after s/hewas born though genetically endowed with the ability to learn. ( )15. The distinction between syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation was made by N. Chomsky. ( )16. A linguistic study is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language. ( )Brief Definitions17. What is language? (6’)18. What is called general linguistics? (10’)Thought-provoking Question (20’)19. Is it necessary to make a distinction between speech and writing in linguistic study? Why?。
Exercise 语言和语言学学习资料
Exercise 11 Language and Linguistics语言和语言学1. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. PerformanceC. langueD. Language2. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ andmeanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas3. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission4. The study of language as a whole is often called _______________.A. general linguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. psycholiguisticsD. apllied linguistics5. The descriptiong of a language at some point in time is a study___________A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descrpitveD. prescriptive6. Findings in linguistics studies can often be applied to the solutions of some practicalproblems, the study of such applications is known as __________.A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics7. Which of the following isn’t a major branch of linguistics?A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. Speech8. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and notto lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behaviour, it is said to be ____.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. Psycholinguistic9. The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any othername would smell as sweet’ well illustrates ________.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communication10. Chomsky uses the term _________ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’sknowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance11. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue12. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary13. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is________.A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative14. What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual15. The function of the sentence “What a beautiful day!” is ____________.A. performativeB. emotiveC. informativeD. phatic16. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD. semantic…linguistic17. The study of _________ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. computer- linguisticsD. phonology18. __________ is regarded as the “ father of modern linguistics”?A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Whorf19. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?A. bangB. headacheC. roseD. impolite20. _________ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. Morphology and semanticsB. Morphology and syntaxC. Syntax and semanticsD. Morphology and phonology21. The term ________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach whichstudies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative22. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that ________.A. language is arbitraryB. language is used for communicationC. language is basically vocalD. language is productive23. Which of the following is one of the two core branches of linguistics.A. MorphologyB. sociolinguicticC. psycholinguisticsD. anthropology24. The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by ______.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. the Prague School25. What are the dual structures of language?A. sounds and lettersB. sounds and meaningsC. letters and meaningD. sounds and symbolsExercise 12 Phonetics语音学1. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonant2. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. [z]B. [d]C. [k]D. [b]3. The sound [f] is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative4. A _______ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining thehighest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle5. Liquids are classicified in the light of __________.A. manners of articulationB. place of articualtionC. place of tongueD. non of the above6. In English , there is only one glottal, it is _________.A. [l]B.[h]C. [k]D. [f]7. The differnce between [u] abd [u:] us caused by _________.A. the openess of the mouthB. the shape of the lipsC. the length of the vowelsD. none of the above8. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords9. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, EXCEPT________.A. [a:]B. [u:]C. [ æ]D. [u]10. ____________ is the study of all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.A. MorphologyB. PhoneticsC. PhonologyD. Syntax11. Which of the following sounds is a back vowel?A. [i]B.[w]C.[e]D.[u]12. [p] is different from [k] in ___________.A. the manner of articulationB. the shape of lipsC. the vibration of the vocal cordD. the place of articulation13. In terms of the place of articulation，the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of_______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental14. V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of_______.A. the velumB. the vocal cordsC. the glottisD. the uvula15. [e] is different from [a] in _________.A. the shape of the lipsB. the height of the tongueC. the part of the tongue that is raisedD. the position of the soft place16. Where are the vocal cords?A. In the mouthB. In the nasal cavityC. Above the tongueD. Inside the larynx17. Which of the following does NOT belong to the three resonating cavities?A. the pharynxB. the nasal cavityC. the larynxD. the oral cavity18. “The Adam’s Apple” is ____________.A. a kind of appleB. related to AdamC. the front part of larynxD. on the top of larynx19. Which of the following is NOT true for vowels?A. V owels are sonorants.B. In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air.C. Tongue height is one criterion to distinguish vowels.D. V owels are also called obstruents.20. Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial?A. [b]B. [m]C. [n]D.[p]Exercise 13 Phonology音位学1. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair2. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features3. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme4. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones5. Which of the following is a typical tone language?A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above6. Usually, suprasegmental features include________, length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress7. _________ studies the sound system in a certain language.A. PhoneticsB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Phonology8. __________ are used to find the phonemes of a language.A. Minimal pairsB. Free variationC. Constrastive distributionD. Complementary distribution9. If the two similar sound segments never occur in the same phonetic enviornment, then theyare ________.A. two separate phonemesB. two allophones of a phonemeC. two free variations of a phonemeD. a minimal pair10. Which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone11. Where is the primary stress of the word “phonology”?A. phoB. noC. loD. gy12. Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to thesequential rules in English.( )A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk13. Which of the following groups of words ia a minimal pair?A. but – pubB. wet – whichC. pin-penD. fail- find14. _______ is an indispensible part of a syllable.A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak15. Among the following, the parts of speech that is normally unstressed in an English sentenceare __________.A. NounsB. VerbsC. AdverbsD. Prepositions16. Which of the following is NOT a minimal pair?A. cat / batB. put / butC. jig / pigD. sit / bit17. If two sounds are in complenetray distribution, they are _______ of the same phoneme.A. symbolsB. allophonesC. phonesD. signs18. In the production of a consonants at least ________ articualtiors are involved.A. twoB. oneC. threeD. four19. _________ involve more than one manners of articulation.A. StopsB. FricativesC. AffricatesD. Laterals20. V oiceless sounds are produced when the vocal folds are __________.A. closedB. apartC. totally closedD. completely openExercise 14 Morphology形态学1. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rulesby which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme2. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root4. The word “simplifications” has ______ morphemes in it.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 55. The words that contain only one morpheme are called_________.A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots6. Which of the following is NOT a free morpheme?A. bookB. boyishC. betD. child7. The word “sitcom” is a(n)______________.A. blended wordB. abbreviated wordC. compound wordD. clipped word8. Of all the following affixes, which is different from others?A. –fulB.-lyC.-edD. -ity9. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. gas stationB. town-planningC. headacheD. medicare10. The word “fridge” is formed through_________.A. compoundingB. blendingC. clippingD. back formation11. Which of the following is a typical example of back formation?A. editB. writeC. putD. cook12. Which of the following is NOT invented by way of acronym?A. NATOB. APECC. AIDSD. smog13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme?A. [s]B.[z]C. [ei]D.[is]14. Of all the following four words, which one is different from the other three in terms ofword-formation?A. NationalB. E-mailC. BrunchD. Medicare15. How many bound morphemes are there in the word “internationalism”?A. 2B. 4C. 3D. 116. The two aspects to the meaning of a word are denotation and ___________.A. indicationB. connotationC. conversationD. implication17. A ________ word is a combination of two or more words which functions as a single word.A. compoundB. blendC. shortenedD. clipped18. The word “ typhoon” originated in ________.A. JapaneseB. FrenchC. ChineseD. Spanish19. In terms of lexicology, a word is a combination of sound and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. pronunciation20. The different forms of a morpheme are called ________.A. morphsB. free formsC. allomorphsD. roots21. ___________ are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words.A. clipped wordsB. compoundsC. blendsD. acronyms22. In the word “internationalism”, _________ is the root.A. interB. nationC. alD. ism23. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. pencil boxB. friedlinessC. deadlineD. upstair24. The basic unit in the study of morphology is ________.A. the internal strucutreB. wordC. the rules by which words are formedD. morpheme25. When the suffix ________ is added to a noun, it usually changes this noun into an adjective.A. lessB. nessC. fullyD. erExercise 15 Syntax句法学1. ________mainly deals with how words are combined to form sentences and the rules thatgovern the formation of sentences.A. PragmaticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Phonetics2. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in themind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical3. ________ put forward the idea that sentence can be defined as the maximum free form.A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure4. What does LAD stand for?A. Language associative districtB. Language associative deviceC. Language aquisicion deviceD. Language aquisicion district5. The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite6. The two clauses in a _______ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. complexC. completeD. corordinate7. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ____ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD. M. A. K. Halliday8. Transformational rules do not change the basic _______ of sentences.A. meaningB. formC. positionD. structure9. According to ICAnalysis, how many ultimate constituents are there in the sentence “John leftyesterday”?A. 2B.3C.4D. 110. TG Grammar studies the relationship between language and __________.A. societyB. cultureC. psychologyD. acquisition11. Which of the following does NOT belong to the key concepts of TG Grammar?A. Deep and surface structureB. Universal grammarC. Language acquisition deviceD. Psychological factors12. __________ proposed the theory of Systemic-functional Grammar.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. SaussureD. Bloomfield13. Different from Chomsky, Halliday studies language from a ________ perspective.A. sociologicalB.psychologicalC. culturalD. conventional14. Chomsky holds the view that language is a form of _______; while Halliday regardslanguage as a form of ___________.A. knowing, thinkingB. knowing, doingC. thinking, doingD. doing, knowing15. A speaker’s actual utteranc e in Chomsky’s terminology is called ___.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure16. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consist of ____________elements.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 517. Halliday’s Systemic-functional Grammar takes _______ as the object of study.A. actual uses of languageB. ideal speaker’s linguistic compete nceC. children’s languageD. adult’s language18. If we use IC Analysis to analyze the sentence I bought the book at the price of 25 yuanyesterday,, where is the first cut?A. Between yuan and yesterdayB. Between I and boughtC. Between book and atD. Between bought and the19. __________ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, etc) and verb(tense,aspect, etc).A. Parts of speechB. Word classC. Grammatical categoriesD. Functions of words20. What does “IC” stand for as a syntatic notion and anlytical technique?A. Inferntial Connective.B. Immediate Constituent.C. Inflexional Component.D. Implecative Communication.Exercise 16 Semantics语义学1. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong iscalled _____ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational2. The relationship between “fruit” and “apple” is ______.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy3. “Interviewer” and “interviewee” are a pair of ______ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. relational4. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above5. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms6. _______ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. "Fair" (lovely) and "fare" (money charged for a journey by bus, ship, taxi, etc)B. "Flea" (any of various small, wingless, bloodsucking insects) and "flee" (to escape)C. "Lead" (to guide) and "lead" (metal of a dull bluish-grey colour that melts easily)D. "compliment" (an expression of praise, admiration, or congratulation) and "complement"(something that completes, makes up a whole, or brings to perfection)7. “Clear” and “V ague” are a pair of _____.A. relative antonymsB. derivative antonymsC. root antonymsD. free antonyms8. In the sentence: “ We have courses to make grown man young and young man groan.”________ are used to create an impressive effect.A. homophonesB. homographsC. perfect homonymsD. polysemants9. The group of words _____ make up a semantic field.A. rose, lily, tulip violetB. shoes, socks, glasses, booksC. red, white, rose, milkD. father, teacher, dog, son10. “ Hopeful” and “ hopeless” are called ______ on the basis of morphological structure.A. absolute antonymsB. root antonymsC. derivative antonymsD. contraries11. _______ are used in the sentence “With IBM we have the power to manage the power”.A. homophonesB. homographsC. full homonymsD. polysemants12. _________ is the study of meaning.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. PhoneticsD. Phonology13. _________ put forward the famous classic semantic triangle in semantics.A. Chomsky & HallidayB. Ogden & RichardsC. Austin & LabovD. Wittgenstein & Austin14. In the semantic triangle, “referent” refers to __________.A. conceptB. the thoughtC. the real worldD. meaning15. “Woman” in “ The woman in the room is pretty” refers to _______, according to semantictriangle.A. thoughtB. referenceC. referentD. linguistic form16. “Politician” and “statesman” are a pair of _____________.A. collocational synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD.dialectal synonyms17. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate，+male，+human，-adultB. +animate，+male，+human，+adultC. +animate，-male，+human，-adultD. +animate，-male，+human，+adult18. A word with several meanings is called ________.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple19. “Dog” and “pig” are ________.A. co-hyponymsB. superordinateC. hyponymsD. antonyms20. The color “yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its__________.A. conceptual meaningB. cognitive meaningC. associative meaningD. stylistic meaning21. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of ________.A. humorB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all of the above22. ________ is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical terms, suchthat the former is included in the latter.A. SynonymyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Polysemy23. ________ refers to the semantic phenomenon that a word may have than one meaning.A. HyponymyB. HomonymyC. SynonymyD. Polysemy24. “ Surprise” and “amaze” are a pair of ____________.A. dialectal synonymsB. emotive synonymsC. semantically different synonymsD. stylistic synonyms25. The ambiguity in “pass the port” is caused by _________.A. lexical itemsB. a grammatical structureC. homonymyD. polysemy26. ________ are used in “There is a beautiful sight at our site”.A. homographsB. homophonesC. antonymsD. synonyms27. Which of the following is different from the other three according to the classification ofantonyms on the basis of morphological structure?A. large & smallB. clear & vagueC. buy & sellD. useful & useless28. Antonyms are used to make a(n) ____ in the saying “ Easy come, easy go”.A. contrastB. cohesionC. ironyD. emphasis29. Sources of homonyms include_____.A. changes in sound and spellingB. borrowingC. shorteningD. all of the above30. Which of the following are contraries?A. old and youngB. dead and aliveC. buy and sellD. west and eastExercise 17 Pragmatics语用学1. A _____ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical2. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning_________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context4. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ________.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs6. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures7. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20th centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century8. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle9. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to theconversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner10. If a sentence is regraded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, itbecomes ________.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance11. A: How are you today?B: Fine, and my family is also fine.This conversation flouts the maxim of __________.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. maxim12. The utterance “We’re already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.” Obviously viol atesthe maxim of ________A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the five types of illocutionary acts classified bySearle?A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. initiative14. “Would you like to go to the cinema with me?” is a(n) ____________.A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive15. “I now declare the meeting open” is a(n)__________.A. declarationB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive16. “I promise to come.” is a(n) _________.A. expressiveB. directiveC. declarationD. commissive17. “ I have never seen the man before.” is a(n) _________.A. directiveB. declarationC. representativeD. commissive18. Locutionary act is ___________.A. the act of expressing the speaker’s intentionB. the act of conveying literal meaningC. the act of resulting from the utteranceD. the effect of the speech19. According to Austin, which of the following can be considered as a performative?A. The earth is round.B. I claim that is my watch.C. He isn’t here.D. It’s Wednesday.20. The meaning of an utterance is considered as __________.A. abstarctB. context-dependentC. decontextualizedD. concrete21. “We do things with words”—this is the main idea of __________.A. the Speech Act theoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics22. __________ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “ Could you close the door?”B. “ I hereby declare Mr. Clinton elected.”C. “ Good morning.”D. “I command you to report at 6 p.m.”23. For the following conversation:A: Did you go to the cinema last night?”B: I stayed at home.________ is the conversational implicature.A. B. went to the cinema. B. A went to the cinema.C. B. did not go to the cinema.D. A and B went to the cinema together.24. In the following conversation:A: Beirut is in Peru, isn’B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. Quanlity25. In the conversation:A: Where is Mr. Wang?B: Somewhere in Bejing.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. QuanlityExercise 18 Semantic Change词义演变1. The four major ways of semantic change are ________.A. narrowing, extension, elevation and degradationB. specialization, extension, narrowing and degradationC. narrowing, extension, generalization and degradationD. degradation, extension, elevation and degeneration2. ___________ refers to the stretch of meaning.A. SpecializationB. GeneralizationC. DegradationD. Elevation3. Generalization can be illustrated by the following examples EXCEPT________.A. holidayB. orientationC. sancturyD. shroud4. Which of the following means the shrinking of meaning?A. GeneralizationB. DegradationC. SpecializationD. Elevation。
英语语言学练习
英语语言学练习### English Linguistics ExercisesExercise 1: Phoneme IdentificationIdentify the phonemes in the following words. Write the phonetic transcription using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).1. cat2. dog3. tree4. sheep5. fishExercise 2: Morpheme AnalysisAnalyze the following words into their constituent morphemes.1. unbelievable2. rebuild3. understand4. unseen5. multicoloredExercise 3: Word Class IdentificationDetermine the word class (part of speech) of the underlinedword in each sentence.1. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.2. She is very interested in linguistics.3. The children were playing in the park.4. He gave her a beautiful gift.5. They are working on the project.Exercise 4: Sentence Structure AnalysisAnalyze the sentence structure by identifying the subject, verb, and object in the following sentences.1. The linguist is studying the syntax of the English language.2. A new theory has been proposed by the researchers.3. What she said surprised everyone in the room.4. To learn a new language is an exciting challenge.5. The book, which was published last year, is a bestseller.Exercise 5: Tense and AspectIdentify the tense and aspect of the verbs in the following sentences.1. She is reading a book.2. They have been working on the project for two years.3. He had finished his homework before the class started.4. We were playing tennis when it started to rain.5. The company will be launching a new product next month.Exercise 6: Passive Voice TransformationTransform the following active voice sentences into passive voice.1. The chef cooks the meal every evening.2. Someone left the door open.3. The teacher assigns homework every week.4. The company produces high-quality products.5. They will build a new bridge over the river.Exercise 7: Modal VerbsFill in the blanks with the correct modal verb to complete the sentences.1. You must be careful when crossing the street.2. She might be at the library.3. We could go for a walk if it doesn't rain.4. He should study harder for the exam.5. They may have already left the building.Exercise 8: Conditional SentencesFormulate the second conditional sentences based on the given situations.1. If she had enough money, _____________ (buy) a new car.2. If it were not for the rain, _____________ (go) for a picnic.3. If he had studied harder, _____________ (pass) the exam.4. If they had known the truth, _____________ (tell) us.5. If you had been there, _____________ (see) the accident.Exercise 9: Direct and Indirect SpeechConvert the following direct speech into indirect speech.1. "I am going to the library," she said.2. "We have finished our homework," they told me.3. "I saw him yesterday," he explained.4. "She will be late," they warned us.5. "I can speak three languages," she boasted.Exercise 10: CollocationMatch the words in the left column with their collocations in the right column.- Left Column:1. make2. take3. give4. have5. leave- Right Column:a. a decisionb. a breakc. a messaged. a vacatione. a mistakeAnswers:1. make a decision2. take a break3. give a message4. have a vacation5. leave a mistake。
英语语言学练习题(8页)
Linguistics supplementary exercisesChapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not inisolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics. 29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language froma ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45.Psycholinguistics46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49. Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58. Performance 59. Langue 60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu- nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 PhonologyⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness 双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。
语言学概率习题库
Exercises1. The following two sentences are said to be ambiguous in meaning. How many interpretations would you give to either of them? What can you do to solve such ambiguity?a. He turned in his grave.b. They gave preference to young men and women.2. Identify the units that have reference and the units that indicate structure:I saw May when I went to the library.3. How would you judge the following two sentences? Are they good or bad sentences?a. The moon is made of brown eggs.b. Moon brown the is of made eggs.c. 慢走，您。
d. 为了安全，给您。
4. How would you classify the following signs? What will these signs mean to you and how do you come to know their meanings? (a)(b) (c)5. When you see smoke coming out of a house, what conclusion will you drawand how do you come to such a conclusion ？6. What does a flushed complexion signify for the physician?7. Onomatopoetic words [拟声词]are said to be iconic by some people. Forthe cuckoo, the sequence of English sounds is /kuku:/, and the sequence ofChinese sounds is "bùgǔ". Do you think both w ords are onomatopoetic?8. A Chinese father names his son Xiao Long (Little Dragon). How wouldyou use the concept of arbitrariness of account for this?9. If you have developed a new shampoo and wanted to put it into themarket, would you name it Pig Hair Shampoo? Why?10. Discuss the relation of arbitrariness andrules.11. When you do shopping in a supermarket,which do you prefer to use, the spokenlanguage or the written? Why?12. In foreign language learning, which one do you think should comefirst, listening and speaking, or reading and writing? Why?13.Some people say that humans and dogs can communicate with eachother. Do you agree?14.In what way do you think is a parrot talking?15.You can tell your cat to lie down. What do you think has happened?16.Please explain the primacy of human language over animal communication.17.Please explain the roles of technology in human communication.18.Sometimes communication may break down. What do you think are the causes for suchbreakdowns?19.What do you think we should pay attention to in intercultural communication?20. Identify the functions of the following sentences.a.I like your house very much.b.I now declare the meeting closed.c.Nice to meet you.d.I met Mary in the library this morning.21. Please explain why some people like poetry.22. When you get hit by a desk in the classroom, what would you do?23.What is the difference between the general functions and the metafunctions?24.Do you agree to the claim that one utterance performs only one function? Why?25.What are the differences be tween Halliday‟s functional theory and the traditional grammar?26. Which theory of the origin of language would you agree to? Why?27. Please list five Chinese onomatopoetic words.28. What are the functions of onomatopoetic words?29.What criteria can be used when we are classifying languages into families?30.Do you agree to the claim that all languages in the world derived from one common ancestor?31.What do you think are the major causes for the language diversity in the world?32. What is difference between the following two sentences? What factors should we take into account when we are decoding them?(a)Open the window.(b)Would you open the window, please?33.How can we conduct a study of language scientifically?34.What is the real object of linguistics?35.What is the importance of studying speech in linguistics?36.What‟s your opinion of correctness in language use?37.Is a standard language possible? Why?38.What do you think are the external factors related to language?39.There have been many translation softwares in the market. Do you think machine translationof texts will be possible?40.What factors are involved in foreign language learning and teaching?41.What changes have you found in linguistic studies?42.What do you think is the proper way to study language?43.Do you think a corpus is always needed in linguistics? Why?44.Please express the distinction between acoustic phonetics and articulatory phonetics.45.How many stages does the speech chain consist of? What activities are involved in the speechchain?46.Do you think spelling is the same as pronunciation in English? If not, give three examples andthen make a comment.47.How does the vocal tract work in the articulation of speech sounds?48.How many types can speech sounds be classified into? What are they?49.Explain the differences among bilabial, dental and labiodental.50.Write the symbols for the vowel in the following words:a) cough b) rough c) friend d) bread e) eat f) call51.Transcribe the following words phonemically:a) symbol b) nineteen c) square d) keyboard e) sofa f) bought52.What are the major differences between vowels and consonants?53.How is broad transcription different from narrow transcription?54.Transcribe the following sentences into IPA:a)Small numbers of adjectives and prepositions also occur in transcripts of early childspeech.b)These two sentences are differently interpreted, yet each of them contains exactly thesame words.55.What is a phoneme? And what is an allophone?56.Transcribe the following words:a) achieves b) sixth c) others d) classes e) measure57.Why do say that [p] and [b] are different phonemes?58.What is a minimal pair?59.For each of the following pairs of consonants supply a minimal pair of English words inwhich the contrast is made in the place indicated: initially, medially, and finally.a) /p/ - /b/ b) /k/ - /g/ c) /f/ - /v/ d) /m/ - /n/ e) /r/ - /l/60.Give phonemic symbols for the underlined part of the following words.a) bought b) ghost c) phases d) ether e) bathe f) northern61.What does the word …distinctive‟mean in the term …distinctive features‟?62.Try to work out the distinctive features for each group of sounds:a) [p, t, b, d] b) [j, w, i, u]63.Describe the similarities and differences between the sounds represented by the underlineletters:a) life, lives b) choice, choose c) deduce, deduction64.The pronunciation of words may be influenced by their spelling. Identify the words in whichpronunciation does not match the spelling.a) Edinburgh b) Wednesday c) Thames d) tortoise e) clothes65.Do you think the following words are permissible in English? Why?a) tpray b) btry c) tgharg66.What does complementary distribution mean?67.Listen carefully to the following two sentences and then try to work out a phonological rule.a)石头很硬。
胡壮麟语言学Exercise 12
II. Choose the best answer.
12.
The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of _____. A. function B. meaning C. signs D. system A
Exercises
Exercises 12
1
I. Fill in the blanks.
1.
The Prague School practiced a special style of _____ Linguistics. synchronic 2. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between _____ and phonology. phonetics
Exercises 12 12
II. Choose the best answer.
16. _____ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages. A. Traditional B. Structural C. Functional D. Generative A
Exercises 12
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II. Choose the best answer.
语言学chapter3课后答案
语⾔学chapter3课后答案Chapter 3Revision exercises reference1.Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+”between each morpheme and the next:a. micro + film e. tele + com + muni + cat + ionb. be + draggle + d f. fore + fatherc. announce + ment g. psycho + physicsd. pre + digest + ion h. mechan + ist2.Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the typesof stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.suffix: -mentmeaning: added to some verbs to form nouns that refer to actions, processes, or statesstem type: added to verbsexample: statement, “something you say or write, especially publicly or officially, to let people know your intentions or opinions, or to record facts” enjoyment, “the feeling of pleasure you get from having or doing something, or something you enjoy doing”suffix: -nessmeaning: added to adjectives to form nouns which often refer to a state or quality stem type: added to adjective example: happiness, “the state of being happy”Kindness, “kind behavior towards someone”suffix: -shipmeaning: added to some nouns to form nouns which often denote a state, status, or skillsstem type: added to nounsexample: friendship, “a relationship between friends”readership, “all the people who read a particular newspaper ormagazine regularly”3.Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify thetypes of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.in-: when added to adjectives, it means not; when added to nouns, it means without, lack of; it can also be spelt as il- before l, im- before b, m, p, and ir- before r. e.g.inability inaccuracy inaction inconsistencyinconvenience indeterminacy indiscretion inequityinhuman inapt infrequent infiniteingenuous infiltrate inhospitable immuneimmortal imperceptible imperfectde-: This prefix can form verbs and their derivatives meaning down, away; when added to the verb and their derivatives, it denotes removal or reversal. e.g.decaf decipher decolour descenddebase deform defrost defocusdegrade debrief debug deactivatedehydrate defoliate delimit dematerialize re-: This prefix means 1) once more, afresh, anew as in the world reaccustom; 2) returning to a previous state as in restore; or 3) in return, mutually as in react etc.E.g.recap reanimate rearm reassemblereassessing reattach reapply reappear Note: There is an exception to the rule when the word to which re- attaches begins with e. In this case a hyphen is often inserted for clarity, e.g. re-examine, re-enter, re-enact. A hyphen is sometimes also used where the world formed with the prefix would be identical to an already existing words, e.g. re-cover (meaning cover again), nor recover (meaning getting better in health).4.The Italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectionalmorpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.●Sue moves in high-society circles in London.-s, third person singular, present simple tense● A traffic warden asked John to move his car.-ed, past tense●The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.has -ed, present perfect●The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.are + v-ing, present continuous (plural).5.Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related toone another by processes of inflection or derivation.a)go, goes, going, gone (inflection)●go, the root form●go + -es, present participle●go + -ing, present participle●gone, past participleb)discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability (derivation)●dis-, prefix ( added to the nouns to form verbs) meaning reversal●-y, suffix (added after the verbs form nouns) denoting a state or an actionor its result●-er, a noun suffix added to the verbs, meaning a person or thing thatperforms a specified action or activity●-able, an adjective suffix added to the verbs meaning able to be●-ability, a noun suffix, or a derivative suffix of -able. It can also spell as-ibility, meaning having the quality as in manageability (可处理性) and suitability (适合性).c)inventor, inventor`s, inventors, inventors` (a mixture of inflection or derivation)●derivation: invent + -or●inflection: inventor`s, inventors`, `s indicating possessive cased)democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize (derivation)●-cy, added to the nouns ending with t to form another noun denoting astate governed in such a way●-ic, an adjective suffix, added to the nouns to form adjectives meaningrelated to or in resemblance with...●-ize, a suffix added to the nouns to form verbs denoting the conversion,or transforming.6.The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a)b)c)d)e)The strongest rower continued.f)g)h)Supplementary ExercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.2.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.3.Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.4.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.5.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.6.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while thesecond element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:7.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.8.The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.9.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.10.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words tocreate new words.11.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form anew word are called m___________ rules.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:12.The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme13.The compound word “bookstore” is the place wh ere books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.14.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part ofspeech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.15._______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combinedwith other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words16.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semanticIV. Answer the following question(s):17.Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.。
《英语语言学概论》题与答案
《英语语⾔学概论》题与答案ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affixB. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morpheme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of EnglishA. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardrobe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In t he phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonymsA. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographsA. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonymsA. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He has been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrowcan be read as______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversation violates themaxim of ______.X: When is Susan’s f arewell partyY: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in thesense relation ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymyA. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ ofsentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____./doc/317b6bc9f321dd36a32d7375a417866fb84ac087.html missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.B. expressives/doc/317b6bc9f321dd36a32d7375a417866fb84ac087.html missivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange viola tes the maxim of ______.X: Who was that you were with last night？Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks？A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are g radable_ because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds ina particular language are called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.7. A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words, . –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes.10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asintonation./doc/317b6bc9f321dd36a32d7375a417866fb84ac087.html nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separationin time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached tocreate amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they are known as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory in semantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A word’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture”in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student”belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the categoryof the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring orcollocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution,and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply in context.( F ) , suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.。
语言学Exercise 3
杨嘉美E111 1125110301Exercise 3I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. (20%)( F ) 1. A morpheme must convey a lexical meaning.( T ) 2. All words can be said to contain a root morpheme.( F ) 3. Free morphemes can be further classified into inflectional and derivational morphemes.( T ) 4. Inflectional affixes often only add a minute grammatical function to the stem.( F ) 5. Derivational morphemes never change the class of words to which they are attached.II. Analyze and then tell how many morphemes each of the following words contain. (30%)(1) unselfishness ( 4 ) (2) justifiable ( 3 ) (3) circumstances ( 3 )(4) crowded ( 2 ) (5) descendent ( 3 ) (6) overdeveloped ( 3 )(7) naturalistically ( 5 ) (8) friendships (3 ) (9) subdivision ( 3 )(10) uninvitedly ( 4 )III. Distinguish between inflection and derivation. (25%)Inflection indicates grammatical relations by adding inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case; the adding of inflectional affixes will not change the grammatical class of the stems.Derivation shows a relationship between roots and affixes. A new word can be derived by adding an affix to a word. The word which the affix is adding is referred to in linguistics as a base or root.Distinguish:First, inflectional affixes are generally less productive than derivational affixes. They serve to produce different forms of a single lexical item. However, derivational affixes are very productive in making new words.Second, inflectional affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to. While derivational affixes might or might not change the word class, but they are often change the lexical meaning.Third, that whether one should add inflectional affixes or not depends very often on other factors within the phrase or sentence at stake. However, derivationalaffixes are more often based on simple meaning distinctions.In English, most inflectional affixes are suffixes, which are always word final. However, derivational affixes can be either prefixes, suffixes, or both at the same time..IV. What constitutes the internal structure of words? (25%)Words are complex symbols; not only do they have one or more meanings, they also have multiple forms including an associated sound pattern and, in literate individuals, a visual form. Words can be decomposed into separate components, called morphemes, also contain internal structure (morphology).Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of wo rds and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology is divided into two sub-b ranches: inflectional morphology, which studies the inflections and lexical or deriva tional morphology, which studies the word formation.Word formation can be divided into compound and derivation. Compound can be further divided into two kinds: the endocentric compound and the exocentric compound. Derivation can be made into word class changed and word class unchanged.Morphology can work out a rule: a new form of verb can be created by adding –ify to an adjective. This is a morphological rule that may function to account for the existence, or the formation, of a set of verbs ending with –ify. These constitutive parts in each of these verbs are morphemes.。
英语语言学知识要点
Exercises for Lecture 1 Introduction2009年09月20日15:05I. <blank filling>1. By ‘scientific’ is meant linguistics is based on the s ystematic investigation oflinguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of languagestructure.2. In his study of a language a linguist usually tries to collect and observe languagefacts, make generalizations, formulate hypotheses, and fully prove the validity of these hypotheses.3. General linguistics deals with the study of language as a whole.4. General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models andmethods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics to the research of other areas.5. The difference between general linguistics and a linguistic branch such assemantics lies in the fact that general linguistics studies language as a whole,whereas a linguistic branch such as semantics deals with the particular area. For instance, semantics studies the particular aspect of language, or meaning.6. Linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics,pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and applied linguistics and so on.7. There are different independent branches of linguistics because language is acomplicated entity with multiple layers and facets, so it is hardly possible for the linguists to deal with it all at once. They have to concentrate on one aspect of it at a time.8. Phonetics is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.9. Phonology deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning incommunication.10. Morphology is the study of the way in which linguistic symbols are arranged and combined to form words.11. Syntax is the study of the rules of the combination of words to form grammaticallypermissible sentences in languages.12. Semantics is the study of meaning.13. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context of language use.14. Sociolinguistics is the study of the social aspects of language and its relation withsociety.15. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relation of language to psychology.16. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practicalproblems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications isgenerally known as applied linguistics. But in a narrow sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.17. Descriptive linguistics is a linguistic study which aims to describe and analyze thelanguage people actually use.18. Prescriptive linguistics is a linguistic study which aims to lay down rules for“correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say.19. Modern linguistics is mainly descriptive.20. The aim of prescriptive linguistics is to lay down rules for “c orrect and standard”behavior in using language, or to set models for language users to follow.21. The task of modern linguistic is to describe the language people actually use,whether it is “c orrect” or not.22. The difference between prescriptive and descriptive linguistics is that prescriptive linguistics is to lay down rules for language users, whereas descriptive linguistics is to describe the language phenomena as they are. Therefore, the former is subjective, while the latter is objective and more scientific.23. Modern linguistics is supposed to be objective, because it aims to describelanguage as it is.24. Synchronic linguistics is the description of a language at some point of time inhistory.25. Diachronic linguistics is the description of a language as it changes through time. Itis also termed historical linguistics.26. The difference between synchronic and diachronic linguistics is that the formerdeals with language at some point of time in history, while the latter over a period of time.27. Modern linguistics favors synchronic approach because it is less difficult andconcerned with the current existence of language.28. The two major media of linguistic communication are speech and writing.29. Modern linguistics regards as primary speech, or the spoken language.30. F. de Saussure is regarded as the founder of modern linguistics.31. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community. It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.32. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is the concrete use of theconventions and the application of the rules, or the naturally occurring language events.33. Langue is the abstract linguistic system whereas parole is concrete and is therealization of langue in actual use. Langue is relatively stable, while parole varies from person to person and from situation to situation.34. According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal user’s knowl edge of the rules of hislanguage.35. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of the ideal user’sknowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.36. N. Chomsky proposed the distinction between competence and performance.37. Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, who is famous for his syntactic studies allover the world, and who focuses on the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.38. Saussure’s langue and parole and Chomsky’s competence and p erformance differin that the former takes a sociological view of language, whereas the latter apsychological perspective.39. The difference between traditional grammar and modern linguistics is thattraditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive, that traditional grammar tended to emphasize the importance of writing while modern linguistics gives priority to speech, and that traditional grammar forced languages into a Latin-based framework while modern linguistics does not.40. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.41. According to Sapir, language is a purely human and non-instinctive method ofcommunicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily producedsymbols.42. According to Hall, language is ‘the institution whereby humans communicate andinteract with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory symbols.’43. According to Chomsky, language is ‘a set (finite or infinite) of s entences, eachfinite in l ength and constructed out of a finite set of elements.’44. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguishit from any animal system of communication.45. Productivity refers to the fact that language makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals by its users, which is why they can produce andunderstand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. This feature is unique to human language.46. Displacement is the property that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. This feature provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.47. Double articulation refers to the duality of structure, the fact that language is asystem, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.II. <true or false>Identify whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1. Linguistics is the systematic study of language.True.2. Linguistics deals with a particular language.False.Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g. English, Chinese, Russian, Arabic, and Latin, but it studies languages in general.3. Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use.False.Linguistics is scientific because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.4. The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system.True.5. Linguistics is generally divided into general and specific linguistics.False.We have general linguistics and applied linguistics. We do not have specific linguistics.6. General linguistics deals with the general aspects of language application.False.General linguistics deals with language as a whole, not with language application in particular.7. General linguistics does not study theories of language.False.General linguistics does study theories of language.8. Phonetics studies human sound patterning and the meaning of sounds in communication.False.Phonetics studies the way human sounds are produced.9. Phonology studies how a sound is produced.False.Phonology studies human sound patterning and the meaning of sounds in communication.10. Morphology is the study of sentences.False.Morphology is the study of the rules of word formation.11. Syntax is the study of the rules of words.False.Syntax is the study of the rules of the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages.12. Semantics is the study of word meaning.False.Semantics is the study of meaning.13. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context of language use.True.14. Sociolinguistics deals with the relation between language and society.True.15. Psycholinguistics deals with the relation of language to psychology.True.16. Applied linguistics means the language application to specific areas.False.It means the application of findings in linguistic studies to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability, or, in a narrow sense, the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.17. Modern linguistics aims at prescribing models for language users to follow.False.Modern linguistics aims at describing language as it is.18. Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time.False.It deals with language phenomena over a period of time.19. Diachronic linguistics is also called historical linguistics.True.20. Langue means competence.False.They are similar, but differ in that the former is related to sociology and is a matter of social conventions, while the latter is concerned with psychology and is a property of the mind of each individual.21. Parole is a French word; it means the concrete language events.True.22. F. de Saussure was a Swiss linguist.True.23. N. Chomsky is an American linguist.True.24. According to Chomsky, the internalization of a set of rules about his language enables a speaker to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.True.25. Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence.False.He regards it as an internalized set of rules of the learner’s language.26. Performance is the focus of Chomsky’s linguistic study.False.Competence, instead.27. Details of language system are genetically transmitted.False.They are not transmitted, but have to be taught and learned instead.28. Displacement of language means language use in a far-away place.False.Displacement of language means language use not subject to time and place.29. Arbitrariness of language means language can be used freely.False.Arbitrariness means language is arbitrary by nature, i.e. there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. But language is not entirely arbitrary; certain words are motivated, which make up only a small percentage of the vocabulary of a language, though.30. Duality of language means language is a two-level system.True.。
语言学3词汇练习
A. derived morphemes B. inflected morph.
C. bou16. Which is variable word?
D. free
9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dog→dogs”, “cat→cats” “mouse→mice” ,which are called_____.
A. bound morpheme
A. Affix
B. Inflection
C. Allomorph D. Morphology
18. Which word is created through the process of acronym?
A. ad B. edit C. AIDS D. Bobo
19. The word “math” is formed through ____.
A. back formation B. clipping
13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have to
be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free B. Bound C. Root D. Affix
D. +animate, +human, -male, +adult
3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “desk and furniture”?
语言学exercises
Chapter 1Exercises:I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:1. A symbol consists of two parts: 1) a concrete ______ and 2) the ______ which it conveys.2. By saying language is ______ we mean we can‘t give a sound reason why such a form is pr onounced in this way rather than in that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form.3. Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.4. Human languages have such design features as ________, ________, _________, ________, ________, _________ and __________.5. Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules which underlie people‘s actual speech or writing.6. By saying language is ________ we mean that every language contains an infinite number of sentences, which, however, are generated by a small set of rules and a finite set of words.II. True or false questions:1. Every language contains a finite number of sentences; however, it has an infinite set of words and a large set of rules, so language is creative.2. Language is primarily speech, and not the written form.3. In theory, the length of sentences is limited.4. Change is not natural for living languages and such a change is a sign of corruption and decay.5. The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.6. According to Chomsky, langue refers to the system of a language.7. Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.8. Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.9. Every language has two levels: grammatically — meaningless and sound — meaningful.10. Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiate human languages from animal communicative systems.III. Explain the following terms:1. design feature2. productivity3. arbitrariness4. symbol5. discreteness6. displacement7. duality of structure 8. cultural transmission 9. interchangeabilityIV. Answer the following questions:1. What is language?2. What are the design features of language?3. Why do we say language is a system?4. According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children‘s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language?Chapter2Exercises:I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:1. According to John Lyons, ______ deals with language in general and ______ is concerned with one particular language.2. In de Saussure‘s term, ______ refers to the system of language and ______ refers to the speaker‘s speech.3. ______ is the science that deals with the sound system.4. Syntax studies two kinds of rules: ______ rules and ______.5. According to Chomsky, ______ is ―the speaker-hearer‘s knowledge of his language‖, while ______ is ―the actual use of language in concrete situations‖.6. Langue or competence is ______ and not directly observed, while parole or performance is ______ and directly observable.7. The scientific method involves four stages: ________, ________, ________ and ________.8. ________ is the father of modern linguistics.9. The ________ study of a language is concerned with a ―state‖ of a language at a particular point of time.10. A ________ relation refers to the sequential characteristic of speech.11. ______ knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of his language.12. ______ knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about how a word is formed.13. ______ knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.14. ______ knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about the meaning of language, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.15. ______ is the study of speech sounds of all human languages.16. ______ examines word formation and the internal structure of words.17. ______ is concerned with how words are combined to form phrases and how phrases are combined by rules to form sentences.18. ______ is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.19. A ______ study is concerned with the historical development of a language over a period of time.20. A ______ relation is a relation between a linguistic element in an utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging to the same sub-system of the language.II. True or false questions:1. General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of a particular language.2. English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.3. Competence is more concrete than performance.4. Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory which accounts for the rules of language in general.5. Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is not directly observable.6. General linguistics deals with the whole human language.7. All the English words are not symbolic.8. All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols.9. Language is arbitrary, which means that any individual speaker has the freedom to determine the pronunciation of a word.10. Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.11. Some languages are primitive and some languages are advanced.12. Morphological knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about how a sentence is formed.13. Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.14. A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state of a language at a particular point of time.III. Explain the differences between each of the following pairs:1. general linguistics and descriptive linguistics2. synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics3. theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics4. microlinguistics and macrolinguistics5. langue and parole6. competence and performance7. speech and writing8. linguistic behaviour potential and actual linguistic behavior9. syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation10. verbal communication and non-verbal communicationIV. Answer the following questions:1. How does John Lyons classify linguistics?2. Explain the three principles by which the linguist is guided: consistency, adequacy and simplicity.3. What are the sub-branches of linguistics within the language system?Chapter3Exercises:I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:1. Phonetics has three sub-branches: ______ phonetics, ______ phonetics and ______ phonetics.2. The vocal tract can be divided into two parts: the ______ and the ______.3. A consonant is a speech sound in which the air-stream from the lungs is either ______, or ______ or where the opening is so narrow that the air escapes with ______. A vowel is usually produced with ______ of the vocal cords.4. ______ phonetics is concerned with how a sound is produced by the vocal organs.5. ______ phonetics deals with how a sound is transmitted from the speaker‘s mouth to the listener‘s ears.6. ______ phonetics investigates how a sound is perceived by the listener.7. According to the position of the velum, consonants are divided into ______ and ______.8. The production of a stop consists of three stages: 1) ______ stage, 2) ______ stage and 3) ______ stage.9. The ______ of the soft palate causes the production of oral consonants while the ______ of the soft palate brings about the production of nasal consonants.10. In English, there are ______ nasal consonants. They are [__, ___, ___].11. According to the presence or absence of vocal-cord vibration, the English consonants can be classified into two groups: ______ and ______.12. In terms of lip rounding, vowels are classified into ______ and ______.13. The space between the vocal cords is called ______.14. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air-stream is not blocked at the glottis and it passes freely into the vocal tract without vocal-cord vibration. The sounds produced in this way are called ______.15. When the vocal cords are nearly touching each other but not completely closed, the air-stream passing through the glottis has to cause vibration. The sounds made in this way are called ______.16. Stops can be divided into two types: ______ and ______.17. According to the state of the velum, vowels are divided into ______ and ______.18. In English, nasal vowels occur only before ______, and oral vowels before ______ or at the end of words.19. In English, all the back vowels except ______ are ______.20. In terms of ______, vowels can be classified into front, central, back, high, mid and low vowels.II. True or false questions:1. Phonology is the study of speech sounds of all human languages.2. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with how a sound is produced by the vocal organs.3. All consonants are produced with vocal-cord vibration.4. The spelling of words is not a reliable means of describing the English sounds.5. There are 72 symbols for consonants and 25 for vowels in English.6. Bilabials are different from alveolars in terms of manner of articulation.7. When two articulators are brought together to form a complete closure which is followed by a sudden release, the sounds are calledaffricates.8. [z] is an oral voiced post-alveolar fricative.9. In terms of tension of the muscles at pharynx, vowels are grouped into tense vowels and lax vowels.10. All the back vowels are rounded vowels.11. Triphthongs are produced by a glide from one vowel to another rapidly and continuously.12. [e] may be marked with [-high], [+low], [+front], [-back], [-rounded] and [-tense].III. Explain the following terms:1. articulatory phonetics2. acoustic phonetics3. auditory phonetics4. consonant5. vowel6. bilabials7. affricates 8. glottis 9. rounded vowels 10. diphthongs 11. triphthongs 12. lax vowelsIV. Answer the following questions:1. How are consonants classified in terms of different criteria?2. How are vowels classified in terms of different criteria?3. What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other?4. What are the commonly used phonetic features for consonants and vowels respectively?V. Practical Work1. Describe the consonants using the chart below:2. Describe the vowels using the chart below:Chapter4Exercises:I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:1. English phonology investigates the ______ of English. It‘s different from English phonetics, which is concerned with ______ that occur in the English language. English phonology studies the abstract aspects: ______ and ______.2. A phoneme is defined as a ______ ______ unit in the ______ system of a language.3. Two forms are a minimal pair when they meet three conditions: 1) they are different in ______, 2) they differ only in one ______, 3) the different sounds occur in the same ______ in the strings. When a group of words meet all the three conditions, they are called a ______.4. There are three types of distribution: _______, ______ and ______.5. If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another brings about a change of meaning, they are in ________.6. If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment, they are said to be in ________.7. If two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for the other does not cause a change of meaning, then they are said to be in ________.8. The ______ features are the features that can contrast words.9. ______ features are used to describe phonemes, while ______ features are used to describe their allophones.10. The distinctive features which can only have an effect on one sound segment are called ______ features.11. The distinctive features that can affect more than one sound segment and can also contrast meaning are called ________ features. There are three kinds of them: ______, ______ and ______.12. The position of ______ can bring about a change of meaning in a word.13. ______ languages are languages that use pitch to contrast meaning at word level, whereas ______ languages are languages that use pitch to distinguish different meanings at phrase level or sentence level.14. ______ refers to the phonetic boundary features that may mark grammatical units such as word and clause.15. If we are interested in the phonetic units of a word, the resulting transcription is ______; if we are only interested in its distinctive features, the resulting transcription is ______.16. The function of phonological rules is to change a ______ transcription into its ______ transcription.II. True or false questions:1. A phoneme is an abstract element in the sound system of a language while allophones are variants of a single abstract element.2. The sounds that are in contrastive distribution are different phonemes.3. In general, a set of distinctive features that define and characterize a phoneme is much larger than a set of phonetic features that characterizes any one of its allophones.4. Two plosives cannot go together at the beginning of words.5. Only short vo6.7.8. The sounds that are in free variation are allophones of the same phoneme.9. The sounds that are in complementary distribution and also phonetically similar are allophones of the same phoneme.10. All languages have sequential constraints.11. English is a tone language.12. No word begins with more than three consonant phonemes and no word ends with more than three consonant phonemes.13. All consonant phonemes can occur initially and all consonant phonemes can occur finally.14. If the initial sound is an affricate, the next sound must be a vowel.15. Chinese is an intonation language.16. Phonetic transcriptions include all the linguistically relevant features of sounds; phonemic transcriptions only record distinctive qualities of sounds which can differentiate the meanings of words.17. A phoneme is defined as a minimal meaningful unit in the sound system of a language.18. The two words ‗bit‘ and ‗bought‘ form a minimal pair.19. Allophones are the realizations of phonemes in general.20. Phones are the realizations of a specific phoneme.21. If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another brings about a change of meaning, they are in free variation.22. If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.23. If two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for the other does not cause a change of meaning, then they are said to be in complementary distribution.24. The phonemes /p t k b d/ do not form a natural class.25. In English, the suprasegmental features include stress, tone, and juncture.26. A palatal plosive appears before or after a front vowel.III. Explain the following terms:1. phonemes2. allophones3. phones4. minimal pair5. contrastive distribution6. complementary distribution7. free variation 8. distinctive features 9. suprasegmental features10. tone languages 11. intonation languages 12. junctureIV. Answer the following questions:1. What are the differences between English phonetics and English phonology?2. Give examples to illustrate the relationship between phonemes, phones and allophones.3. How can we decide a minimal pair or a minimal set?4. Use examples to explain the three types of distribution.5. What‘s the difference between segmental features and su prasegmental features? What are the suprasegmental features in English?6. What‘s the difference between tone languages and intonation languages?7. What‘s the difference between phonetic transcriptions and phonemic transcriptions?V. Practical Work1. Which of the following is a minimal pair?1) 2)3) /bet/ /pet/ 4) beat bought5) /li:v/ /fi:l/ 6) /beit/ /bet/2. Judge according to the data whether the two sounds [s] and [h] are separate phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme:[s] [sei] [mes] [bi‘said][sit][h] [hai] [hit] [hen] [bi‘haind]3. List all those forms from the following which you consider acceptable in English:1) /fsem/ 6) /griz/2) /mdik/ 7) /sbit/3) /aid/ 8) /lriz/4) /si:/ 9) /ka:/5) /tne/ 10) /prem/4. Change the following phonemic transcriptions into phonetic transcriptions:1) /'k/ 2) /'ritn/ 3) /fi:l/ 4)5) 6) /skin/ 7) /kis/ 8) /'9) /'10) 11) 12) /'13) /spit/ 14) /'piti/ 15) 16) /hen/17) /'18) '/ 19) /nait/ 20) /rent/Chapter5Exercises:I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:1. Semantically, morphemes can be grouped into ______ and ______.2. ______ is a science that examines word formation and the internal structure of words.3. A morpheme is defined as a ______ ______ unit in the ________ system of a language.4. Structurally, morphemes fall into two kinds: ______ and ______.5. The ______ is the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning.6. ______ are lexically dependent on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.7. ______ morphemes are those that can stand by themselves as individual words.8. ______ morphemes are never found alone as words, but are always joined with other morphemes.9. In terms of position, we may divide affixes into ______, ______ and ______.10. According to function, we can classify affixes into ______ and ______.11. ______ are related to morphemes in general, while ______ are always related to a specific morpheme.12. If two or more morphs are ________ and also in ______ distribution, they are said to be allomorphs of the same morpheme.13. A morph that has form but no meaning is called a(n) ______ morph while a morph that has meaning but no form is called a(n) ______ morph.14. There are two kinds of relations between the morphemes within a word: ______ order and ________ order.15. In the IC analysis of a word, the forms at the bottom of the tree-branch diagram are called ________, which are individual morphemes and therefore cannot be further divided into smaller parts.16. All the forms in a tree-branch diagram, except the word itself at the top, are the _______ of the word.17. The constituents which are involved directly in forming a larger constituent are called the ___________ of the larger form.18. ______ rules are the rules that determine how morphemes are combined to form new words.19. When a new word is formed by putting an affix to the base, the process involved is called ______.20. Free morphemes can be further grouped into ______ morphemes and ______ morphemes.21. Generally, affixation in English may be further divided into two types: _______ and _______.22. Some new words are created simply by changing their parts of speech. The process involved is called ______.23. If two or more separate words are conjoined to produce a form which is used as a single word, the combining process is known as ________.24. ________ is a process in which a compound is made by blending parts of two words.25. ______ refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning and in the part of speech.26. ______ is the process by which words are formed by putting the initial letters of several words together.27. By ______, we delete a suffix from an apparently complex form instead of adding a suffix. It may be regarded as the opposite case of suffixation.28. Inflectional affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations, such as _______, ________, _______, _______, _________ and ________.II. True or false questions:1. A morpheme is not equated with a syllable.2. A morpheme is a minimal distinctive unit in the grammatical system of a language.3. Morphs are obtained on the basis of spelling forms of words.4. All free morphemes are roots.5. IC analysis is arbitrary segmentation.6. All roots are not free morphemes.7. When a new word is formed by putting an affix to the base, the process involved is called affixation. Here the term base refers to the root.8. All bound morphemes are affixes.9. In IC analysis, divisions should conform to meaningful relationships.10. Not all affixes are bound morphemes.11. Inflectional affixes serve to create new words.12. Derivational affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations.13. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are identical in both form and meaning, then they are regarded as one morph.14. When a new word is formed by putting an affix to the base, the process involved is called affixation. Here the term affix refers to both inflectional and derivational affix.15. Inflectional affixes never cause a change in grammatical class.16. In IC analysis, divisions should be compatible with morphological rules.17. Derivational affixes cause a change in grammatical class.18. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are the same in meaning but different in form, then there are as many morphs as there are forms.19. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are the same in form but different in meaning, then they are regarded as one morph.20. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are different both in form and in meaning, then there are as many morphs as there are different forms and meanings.21. -ing and -ed are both inflectional affixes.22. If both inflectional and derivational affixes occur in the same word, derivational affixes always appear before inflectional affixes.23. Phonemes are said to be minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.24. Morphemes are defined as minimal meaningful units in the grammatical system of a language.25. Phones are the realizations of a particular morpheme.26. Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general.27. The word SARS (from severe acute respiratory syndrome) is formed by the process of acronymy.28. Allophones are the realizations of a specific phone.29. Some new words are created simply by changing their parts of speech. The process involved is called blending.30. Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morph.31. Some new words are created simply by changing their parts of speech. The process involved is called affixation.32. If two or more separate words are conjoined to produce a form which is used as a single word, the combining process is known as blending.33. Compounding is a process in which a compound is made by blending parts of two words.34. Clipping refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning and in the part of speech.35. Acronymy is the process by which words are formed by putting the initial letters of several words together.36. By prefixation, we delete a suffix from an apparently complex form instead of adding a suffix. It may be regarded as the opposite case of suffixation.III. Explain the following terms:1. morphemes, allomorphs, morphs2. roots, affixes, free morphemes, bound morphemes3. inflectional affixes, derivational affixes4. empty morph, zero morph5. IC Analysis6. immediate constituents, ultimate constituents7. morphological rules8. word-formation processIV. Answer the following questions:1. What is IC analysis?2. How are morphemes classified?3. Explain the interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes.4. What‘s the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph?5. Explain the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes in terms of both function and position.6. What are morphological rules? Give at least four rules with examples.V. Practical Work:Divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a + between each morpheme and the next:allomorph enrich television basically holidayreceiving illogical incorruptible unsuccessfully weakeneddisagreed invisible endearment window manageofficer children tourists decentralizedAnalyze the following words by IC analysis:replacements decentralized untruly disapproval unmanlydisgraceful dislikes untouchable inspector unknowingunacceptable typewriter enlargement tastelessnesschapter6Exercises:I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:1. Sentences can be studied in two ways: ______, we make structural descriptions of sentences to illustrate the parts of sentences and the relationships among them; ______, we examine the process by which sentences are generated by syntactic rules.2. ______ is a science that is concerned with how words are combined to form phrases and how phrases are combined by rules to form sentences.3. The ________ relation refers to the linear ordering of the words and the phrases within a sentence.4. The ________ relation is a kind of relation between linguistic forms in a sentence and linguistic forms outside the sentence.5. The linguistic forms that have _______ relations belong to the same ________.6. Syntactic categories can be further divided into two groups: ________ category, such as Noun and Verb; ________ category, such as Sentence, Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase.7. The ________ relation shows us the inner layering of sentences.8. In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence, there are three distinct levels or hierarchies: ________ which is the highest; ________ which is the lowest; ________ which is in between.9. In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence, the forms at the word-level are ________ of the sentence; the forms at the word-level and the phrase-level are the ________ of the sentence; the constituents connected by the two lines that are branching from the same point are called the ________ of the form above that point.10. The same phrase or sentence may have two or more interpretations depending on the hierarchical arrangement of its constituents. Such a case is called ________.11. Each branching point in a phrase marker is called a ________.12. TG Grammar claims that the static study of sentences is only concerned with one level of structure, i.e. ________ structure, but the dynamic study of sentences deals with two levels of structure: both ________ structure and ________ structure.13. TG Grammar has assumed that to generate sentences, we start with ______ structures and then transform them into ________ structures.14. Deep structures are generated by ______ rules, and surface structures are derived from their deep structures by ________ rules.15. A surface structure corresponds most closely to the ________ of words as they are pronounced.16. A deep structure corresponds most closely to the ________ of words.17. A surface structure is relatively concrete and gives the ______ of a sentence as it is used in communication.18. A deep structure is abstract and gives the ________ of a sentence.19. The constituent which is always present on the right side of the arrow in a PS rule is called a(n) ________ constituent.20. In the deep structure, verbs always take the ______ form. That is to say, at the level of deep structure, the inflectional endings do not occur together with the verbs. They are separated from the verbs and are part of an ________ phrase.21. The verbs in verb phrases are called ______ verbs; the other verbs are ________ verbs.22. In TG Grammar, an auxiliary phrase consists of four components: ______, ______ verbs, the _______ aspect and the ________ aspect.23. To generate the deep structure of an English sentence, we always start with the rule: __________.24. All transformational rules perform three kinds of operations: ______ the sentence elements; ______ a new element to the phrase。
语言学Chapter4课后练习答案(20200602074319)
Chapter 4 Revision Exercises1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP→(Det) N (PP) ...VP→(Qual) V (NP) ...AP→(Deg) A (PP) ...PP→(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement)3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure.It has four important properties:1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appearprior to the conjunction.2) a category at any level a head or an entire XP can be coordinated.3)coordinated categories must be of the same type.4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the categorytype of the elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Advb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.a) rich in mineralsAPA PPrich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPoften read detective storiesc) the argument against the proposalsNPDet N PPthe argument against the proposals d) already above the windowPPDeg P NPalready above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentences, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree sentences.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution. Modifiers: crippled(AdjP), with extreme caution(PP)SNP Infl VPAPDet A N Pst V NPDet N PPP NPAP NAA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme cautionb) A huge moon hung in the black sky.Modifiers: huge(AdjP), in the black sky(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N Pst V PPA P NPDet AP NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Modifiers: carefully(AdvP), yesterday(AdvP)SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V NP AdvPDet N AdvP AdvAdv The man examined his car carefully yesterdayd) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Modifiers: wooden(AdjP), in the storm(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N PP Pst V PPA P NP P NPDet N Det NA wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.SNP Infl VPN V NPDet AP N Con NAJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNP Infl VPN Pst V PP Con V PPP NP PDet NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNP Infl VPN Pre V AP Con APA PP A PPP NP P NPN N Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPCPC SNP Infl VPNP N Pre V NPN You know that I hate war b) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPDet N CP-C SNP Infl VPNP N Pst V NPDet AP NAGerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English examc) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP Infl VPN Pst V APA CPC SNP NP Infl VPDet N Pst V NPN Det N Chris was happy that his father bought him aRoll-Royced) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V PPP CPC SNP Infl VPN Plu V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings 12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure for each of these sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP Infl VPN Pst V NPNThe essay he wrote that was excellent Surface Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPNThe essay that he wrote e was excellentb) Herbert bought a house that she loved.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN Herbert bought a house she loved thatSurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPN Herbert bought a house that she lovedec) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPC S P NPNP Infl VP NN Pre V NPNThe girl he adores whom majors in linguisticsSurface Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPNP C S P NPNP Infl VP NN N Pre V NPNThe girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each sentence.a) Would you come tomorrow?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Aux V AdvPAdvYou would come tomorrowSurface Structure:CPC SInfl NP Infl VPAux N Aux V AdvPAdvWould You e come tomorrowb) What did Helen bring to the party?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN PPP Det NPNHelen did bring what to the party Surface Structure: CPC SNP Infl NP Infl VPN Pst N Pst V NPN PPP Det NPN What did Helen e bring e to the partyc) Who broke the window?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet NWho broke the windowSurface Structure: CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPDet N Who e broke the window。
语言学Exercises to Chapther Two(1)
Exercises to Chapter TwoI. Define the following terms.1. V owels (中山大学2003)2. Phoneme (中国人民大学, 2006, 3 points; 首师, 2009, 2 points; 北外, 2010, 5 points)3. Narrow transcription (复旦大学1996，浙江大学2001)4. Diphthong (上海交通大学2003)5. Illustrate the term “allophone” with at least one appropriate example. (南开大学2003)6. Suprasegmental (南开大学2003; 2009, 2 points)7. Allophone (北京师范大学2004, 4 points; 川大, 2008, 2 points; 北航, 2010, 2 points; 武大, 2010, 4 points; 首师, 2011, 2 points)8. Distinctive features of speech sounds (北京师范大学,2003, 4 points; 中山, 2008, 5 points)9. Minimal pair (北二外,2006, 3 point; 北航, 2008,2 points; 武大, 2009, 4 points; 川大, 2009, 2 points)10. Place of articulation (南开大学, 2 points, 2008)11. manner of articulation (南开, 2009, 2 points; 武大, 2010, 4 points)12. Tone (同上)13. Coarticulation (4 points, 武大, 2008; 南开, 2010, 2 points)14. Cardinal V owels (大外, 5 points, 2008; 中山, 2010, 5 points)15. complementary distribution (北航, 2 points, 2009; 南开, 2010, 2 points)16. assimilation (中山, 2009, 5 points; 武大, 2011, 2.5 points)17. fricative consonant (川大, 2010, 2 points)18. acoustic phonetics (南开, 2011, 2 points)19. allophonic variation (同上)20. free variation (天外, 2011, 3 points):II. Multiple Choice1. Of the three cavities, ____ is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds. (北京第二外国语学院2004年考研试题)A. nasal cavityB. pharynx cavityC. oral cavity2. All syllables contain a ____. (北京第二外国语学院2004年考研试题)A. nucleusB. codaC. Onset3. A sound which capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language is a ____. (北京第二外国语学院2003年考研试题)A. allophoneB. phoneC. phoneme4. ____ is one of the suprasegmental features. (东南大学2002年考研试题)A. StopB. V oicingC. DeletionD. Tone5. Narrow transcripion is the phonetic transcription with ____. (东南大学2001年考研试题)A. diacriticsB. distinctive featuresC. voicingD. Articulation6. Velar refers to ____. (东南大学2001年考研试题)A. larynxB. soft palateC. alveolarD. Pharynx7. Which of the following consonants does not exist in English? (东南大学2000年考研试题)A. dental stopB. bilabial stopC. alveolar stopD. velar stop8. ____ is not a distinctive feature in English phonology. (东南大学2000年考研试题)A. NasalityB. V oicingC. AspirationD. Rounding9. ____ is not an English consonant. (东南大学2000年考研试题)A. Labio-dental plosiveB. Alveolar nasalC. Velar stopD. Dental fricative10. The choice of an allophone in a given phonetic context is ____. (东南大学2000年考研试题)A. randomB. predictableC. variableD. Independent11. V oicing of explosives is a distinctive feature in ____. (东南大学1999年考研试题)A. ChineseB. EnglishC. both Chinese and EnglishD. neither Chinese nor English12. Which of the following is not a minimal ____? (对外经济贸易大学, 2006, 1 point)A. [li:f] [fi:l]B. [sip] [zip]C. [sai] [sei]D. [keit] [feit]13. Which of the following is true of an allophone ____? (对外经济贸易大学, 2005, 1 point)A. A phone can be the allophone of all English vowel phonemes.B. There are no restrictions on the distribution of an allophone.C. There is no possibility of an allophone becoming a phoneme.D. An allophone changes the meaning of the word.14.Choose the different one and explain the reason in ONE sentence. (南京大学, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2 points for each)1)A. /f/ B. /z/ C. /k/ d. / / [focus on manner of articulation]2)A. / / B. /a:/ C. / / D. /u/ [focus on place of articulation]3)A. /p/ B. /b/ C. /d/ D. /m/ [focus on state of voicing]4)A. Aware B. Ignore C. Relay D. Pertain [focus on the structure of the underlined syllables]5)A. expensive B. repeat C. spring D. conspiracy [focus on the pronunciatin of “p”]6)A. considerate B. tonicity C. pointless D. inconsistency [focus on the pronunciation of “n”]7)A. numbers B. classrooms C. islands D. laptops [focus on the pronunciation of “s”]8)A. competent B. principal C. individual D. animate[focus on the location of the stress]9)A. /f/ B. /p/ C. /d/ D. /g/ [focus on the classification of consonants]15. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with ______.(大外, 2008, 1 point)A. articulatory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. auditory phonetics16. The categories of consonant are NOT established on the basis of ______.(同上)A. manners of articulationB. place of articulationC. narrow transcription17. Which of the following CANNOT be considered as a minimal pair______? (同上)A. /ai/--/ci/B. /p/--/b/C. /s/--/ /18. Which of the following is NOT the instance of ASSIMILATION____?(同上)A. NasalizationB. OnsetC. Coda19. A voiceless post alveolar fricative is ______. (天外, 2009)A. [ʃ]B. [tr]C. [tʃ]D. [w]20. Which of the following is the most sonorous____? (同上)A. FricativesB. NasalsC. ApproximantsD. V owels21. Which of the following is a sonorant______? (同上)A. bB. dC. gD. m22. Which of the following phonological processes is NOT the demonstration of the assimilation between neighboring sounds______? (同上)A. devoicingB. dentalizationC. epenthesisD. verlarization23. English vowels can be classified into front, central and back vowels according to _____. (同上)A. places of articlationB. manners of articulationC. The position of the lowerst part of the tongueD. The position of the highest part of the tongue24. Pair _____ doesn’t form a minimal pari. (大外, 2009)A. gap and capB. pat and padC. tip and dipD. map and tam25. Pair ______ is not in complementary distribution. (同上)A. spot and potB. stop and topC. school and coolD. light and glad26. The phenomenon that Americans and British people pronounce some words differently can be interpreted in terms of ______. (同上)A. phonetic similatiryB. free variationC. complementary distributionD. allophones27. In a syllable, a vowel often serves as ______. (同上; 大外, 2010)A. Peak or NucleusB. OnsetC. CodaD. stress28. In terms of the place of articulation, the following words [t] [n] [z] share the feature of ____. (同上, 2010)A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. velar29. ______ is not the term used to classify the English consonants in terms of manner of articulation. (同上)A. ApproximantB. LateralC. PlosiveD. Bilabial30. ______ is a central vowel. (天外, 2011)A. [e]B. [i]C. [u]D. [Ə]31. Which of the following statements is true? ____ (同上)A. Larynx is what we sometimes call “Adam’s apple”.B. The IPA uses narrow transcription.C. There are two nasal consonants in English.D. It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.32. Match the sounds under column A with one or more phonetic properties from column B as illustrated in the first one. (大连外国语学院2002年考研试题)A Ba. [k] 1,9,6 1. velarb. [θ] 2. nasalc. [s] 3. dentald. [b] 4. fricativee. [l] 5. voicedf. [t] 6. voicelessg. [m] 7. bilabialh. [h] 8. alveolar9. plosive10. glottalIII. Blank Filling1.__________ studies how the speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received, and__________ studies the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. (2 points, 中国人民大学, 2006)2.Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are most convenientlydescribed in terms of place and __________ of articulation. (1 point, 北二外, 2008)3.The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do notmake one word different from another in meaning, are __________ (1 point, 北二外, 2007) 4.The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are __________, ___________, and__________. (大连外国语学院2001年考研试题) five of English front vowels: __________, __________, ___________, __________,__________. (大连外国语学院2000年考研试题)6.The sound [p] can be described with “ __________, bilabial, stop”. (北京第二外国语学院2007年考研试题)7.In the production of a __________ sound, the back of the tongue is raised so that it touchesthe soft palate to form a kind of obstruction. (武汉大学2000年考研试题)8.By the position of the __________ part of the tongue, vowels are classified as front vowels,central vowels and back vowels. (武汉大学2000年考研试题)9.In English, the sound [b] has the same phonetic features as the sound [p] except the feature of__________. (武汉大学2002年考研试题)10.The oral stops in English are __________, __________, ___________, ___________,__________ and __________. (大连外国语学院2001年考研试题)11.The difference between a __________ and a vowel lies in whether there is air obstruction inthe production of them. (大连外院,2008)12. The present system of the __________ derives mainly from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967), and his colleagues at University of London.(中山, 2008, 1 point)13. The sound [p] can be described with “__________, bilabial, stop”. (北二外, 2009, 1 point)14. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are __________. (同上)15. Because voicing can distinguish one phoneme from another, it is a distinctive feature for English o__________. (大外, 2009)16. When producing the English sound [h], the vocal cords are brought momentarily together to creat the g__________ obstruction. (同上)17. In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initial sounds and the two sounds are two different _________ and the two words are a _________ pair. (北二外, 2010)18. _________ is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. (大外, 2010)19. V________ is made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate. An example in English is [k] as in cat. (同上)20. The IPA chart has been revised and corrected several times and is widely used in dictionaries and textbooks thoughout the world. The latest version was revised in 1993 and updated in 1996 and ______. (中山, 2010)21. __________ refers to a sound produced with the obstruction of the air stream caused by two lips, such as in the production of [p]. (北二外, 2011)22. Tone refers to the pitch on a syllable of a word. When pitch is related to a sentence, it is called __________. (中山, 2011)23. Name each of the following IPA symbols. (北京师范大学2002, 南开大学2003)[s]: [g]:[ʧ]: [ð ]:[f]: [z]:[j]: [ŋ ]:[θ]24. Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs and minimal sets? (广东外语外贸大学2004年考研试题)pat, pen, more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, pit, heel, ten, men, put, main, hit, eat, man25. Divide the syllable of each of the following English words. Example: discuss: dis+cuss (吉林大学2000年考研试题)pushy; second; punish; people; logic; plantation.IV. T or F Questions.1. A phoneme in one language or one dialect may be an allophone in another language ordialect. (清华大学, 2001)2.English consonants can be classified into two categories: voiced and voiceless consonants.(对外经济贸易大学, 2006, 1 point)3.Bilabial consonant is produced when the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through anarrow passage. (同上)4.The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communications are all phonemes.(同上)5.The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are definitely allophones of thesame phoneme. (北二外, 2008, 2010, 1 point)6.The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are not always allophones of thesame phoneme. (北二外, 2009, 1 point)7.The last sound of “top” can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. Thesedifferent realization of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution. (北二外, 2007, 1 point)8.The last sound of “sit” can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These differentrealizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution. (北二外, 2009, 1)9.The sound [z] is shared by “boys” and “moves” as a common morpheme. (同上)10.Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not. (同上)11.When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is saidto be voiced. (大外, 2008, 1 point)12.The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. (同上)13.Uvular is made with the back of the tongue and the uvula. (同上)14.Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some morphologicalresemblance. (同上) (中山, 2011, blank-filling)15.A syllable can be divided into two parts, the NUCLEUS and the CODA. (同上)16.A phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonetics. (大外, 2009)17.Narrow transcription is the transcription of sounds with letter-symbols. (同上)18.The unexploded plosive [k。
Exercise_语言和语言学
Exercise 11 Language and Linguistics语言和语言学1. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. PerformanceC. langueD. Language2. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ andmeanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas3. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission4. The study of language as a whole is often called _______________.A. general linguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. psycholiguisticsD. apllied linguistics5. The descriptiong of a language at some point in time is a study___________A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descrpitveD. prescriptive6. Findings in linguistics studies can often be applied to the solutions of some practicalproblems, the study of such applications is known as __________.A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics7. Which of the following isn’t a major branch of linguistics?A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. Speech8. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and notto lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behaviour, it is said to be ____.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. Psycholinguistic9. The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any othername would smell as sweet’ well illustrates ________.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communication10. Chomsky uses the term _________ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’sknowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance11. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue12. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary13. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is________.A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative14. What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual15. The function of the sentence “What a beautiful day!” is ____________.A. performativeB. emotiveC. informativeD. phatic16. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD. semanti c…linguistic17. The study of _________ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. computer- linguisticsD. phonology18. __________ is regarded as the “ father of modern linguistics”?A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Whorf19. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?A. bangB. headacheC. roseD. impolite20. _________ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. Morphology and semanticsB. Morphology and syntaxC. Syntax and semanticsD. Morphology and phonology21. The term ________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach whichstudies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative22. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that ________.A. language is arbitraryB. language is used for communicationC. language is basically vocalD. language is productive23. Which of the following is one of the two core branches of linguistics.A. MorphologyB. sociolinguicticC. psycholinguisticsD. anthropology24. The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by ______.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. the Prague School25. What are the dual structures of language?A. sounds and lettersB. sounds and meaningsC. letters and meaningD. sounds and symbolsExercise 12 Phonetics语音学1. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonant2. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. [z]B. [d]C. [k]D. [b]3. The sound [f] is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative4. A _______ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining thehighest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle5. Liquids are classicified in the light of __________.A. manners of articulationB. place of articualtionC. place of tongueD. non of the above6. In English , there is only one glottal, it is _________.A. [l]B.[h]C. [k]D. [f]7. The differnce between [u] abd [u:] us caused by _________.A. the openess of the mouthB. the shape of the lipsC. the length of the vowelsD. none of the above8. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords9. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, EXCEPT________.A. [a:]B. [u:]C. [ æ]D. [u]10. ____________ is the study of al l the sounds that occur in the world’s language.A. MorphologyB. PhoneticsC. PhonologyD. Syntax11. Which of the following sounds is a back vowel?A. [i]B.[w]C.[e]D.[u]12. [p] is different from [k] in ___________.A. the manner of articulationB. the shape of lipsC. the vibration of the vocal cordD. the place of articulation13. In terms of the place of articulation，the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of_______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental14. V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of_______.A. the velumB. the vocal cordsC. the glottisD. the uvula15. [e] is different from [a] in _________.A. the shape of the lipsB. the height of the tongueC. the part of the tongue that is raisedD. the position of the soft place16. Where are the vocal cords?A. In the mouthB. In the nasal cavityC. Above the tongueD. Inside the larynx17. Which of the following does NOT belong to the three resonating cavities?A. the pharynxB. the nasal cavityC. the larynxD. the oral cavity18. “The Adam’s Apple” is ____________.A. a kind of appleB. related to AdamC. the front part of larynxD. on the top of larynx19. Which of the following is NOT true for vowels?A. V owels are sonorants.B. In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air.C. Tongue height is one criterion to distinguish vowels.D. V owels are also called obstruents.20. Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial?A. [b]B. [m]C. [n]D.[p]Exercise 13 Phonology音位学1. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair2. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features3. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme4. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones5. Which of the following is a typical tone language?A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above6. Usually, suprasegmental features include________, length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress7. _________ studies the sound system in a certain language.A. PhoneticsB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Phonology8. __________ are used to find the phonemes of a language.A. Minimal pairsB. Free variationC. Constrastive distributionD. Complementary distribution9. If the two similar sound segments never occur in the same phonetic enviornment, then theyare ________.A. two separate phonemesB. two allophones of a phonemeC. two free variations of a phonemeD. a minimal pair10. Which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone11. Where is the primary stress of the word “phonology”?A. phoB. noC. loD. gy12. Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to thesequential rules in English.( )A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk13. Which of the following groups of words ia a minimal pair?A. but – pubB. wet – whichC. pin-penD. fail- find14. _______ is an indispensible part of a syllable.A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak15. Among the following, the parts of speech that is normally unstressed in an English sentenceare __________.A. NounsB. VerbsC. AdverbsD. Prepositions16. Which of the following is NOT a minimal pair?A. cat / batB. put / butC. jig / pigD. sit / bit17. If two sounds are in complenetray distribution, they are _______ of the same phoneme.A. symbolsB. allophonesC. phonesD. signs18. In the production of a consonants at least ________ articualtiors are involved.A. twoB. oneC. threeD. four19. _________ involve more than one manners of articulation.A. StopsB. FricativesC. AffricatesD. Laterals20. V oiceless sounds are produced when the vocal folds are __________.A. closedB. apartC. totally closedD. completely openExercise 14 Morphology形态学1. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rulesby which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme2. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root4. The word “simplifications” has ______ morphem es in it.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 55. The words that contain only one morpheme are called_________.A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots6. Which of the following is NOT a free morpheme?A. bookB. boyishC. betD. child7. The word “sitcom” is a(n)______________.A. blended wordB. abbreviated wordC. compound wordD. clipped word8. Of all the following affixes, which is different from others?A. –fulB.-lyC.-edD. -ity9. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. gas stationB. town-planningC. headacheD. medicare10. The word “fridge” is formed through_________.A. compoundingB. blendingC. clippingD. back formation11. Which of the following is a typical example of back formation?A. editB. writeC. putD. cook12. Which of the following is NOT invented by way of acronym?A. NATOB. APECC. AIDSD. smog13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme?A. [s]B.[z]C. [ei]D.[is]14. Of all the following four words, which one is different from the other three in terms ofword-formation?A. NationalB. E-mailC. BrunchD. Medicare15. How many bound morphemes are there in the word “internationalism”?A. 2B. 4C. 3D. 116. The two aspects to the meaning of a word are denotation and ___________.A. indicationB. connotationC. conversationD. implication17. A ________ word is a combination of two or more words which functions as a single word.A. compoundB. blendC. shortenedD. clipped18. The word “ typhoon” originated in ________.A. JapaneseB. FrenchC. ChineseD. Spanish19. In terms of lexicology, a word is a combination of sound and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. pronunciation20. The different forms of a morpheme are called ________.A. morphsB. free formsC. allomorphsD. roots21. ___________ are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words.A. clipped wordsB. compoundsC. blendsD. acronyms22. In the word “internationalism”, _________ is the root.A. interB. nationC. alD. ism23. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. pencil boxB. friedlinessC. deadlineD. upstair24. The basic unit in the study of morphology is ________.A. the internal strucutreB. wordC. the rules by which words are formedD. morpheme25. When the suffix ________ is added to a noun, it usually changes this noun into an adjective.A. lessB. nessC. fullyD. erExercise 15 Syntax句法学1. ________mainly deals with how words are combined to form sentences and the rules thatgovern the formation of sentences.A. PragmaticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Phonetics2. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in themind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical3. ________ put forward the idea that sentence can be defined as the maximum free form.A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure4. What does LAD stand for?A. Language associative districtB. Language associative deviceC. Language aquisicion deviceD. Language aquisicion district5. The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite6. The two clauses in a _______ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. complexC. completeD. corordinate7. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ____ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD. M. A. K. Halliday8. Transformational rules do not change the basic _______ of sentences.A. meaningB. formC. positionD. structure9. According to ICAnalysis, how many ultim ate constituents are there in the sentence “John leftyesterday”?A. 2B.3C.4D. 110. TG Grammar studies the relationship between language and __________.A. societyB. cultureC. psychologyD. acquisition11. Which of the following does NOT belong to the key concepts of TG Grammar?A. Deep and surface structureB. Universal grammarC. Language acquisition deviceD. Psychological factors12. __________ proposed the theory of Systemic-functional Grammar.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. SaussureD. Bloomfield13. Different from Chomsky, Halliday studies language from a ________ perspective.A. sociologicalB.psychologicalC. culturalD. conventional14. Chomsky holds the view that language is a form of _______; while Halliday regardslanguage as a form of ___________.A. knowing, thinkingB. knowing, doingC. thinking, doingD. doing, knowing15. A speaker’s actual utteranc e in Chomsky’s ter minology is called ___.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure16. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consist of ____________elements.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 517. H alliday’s Systemic-functional Grammar takes _______ as the object of study.A. actual uses of languageB. ideal speaker’s linguistic compete nceC. children’s languageD. adult’s language18. If we use IC Analysis to analyze the sentence I bought the book at the price of 25 yuanyesterday,, where is the first cut?A. Between yuan and yesterdayB. Between I and boughtC. Between book and atD. Between bought and the19. __________ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, etc) and verb(tense,aspect, etc).A. Parts of speechB. Word classC. Grammatical categoriesD. Functions of words20. What does “IC” stand for as a syntatic notion and anlytical technique?A. Inferntial Connective.B. Immediate Constituent.C. Inflexional Component.D. Implecative Communication.Exercise 16 Semantics语义学1. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong iscalled _____ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational2. The relationship between “fruit” and “apple” is ______.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy3. “Interviewer” and “interviewee” are a pair of ______ oppo sites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. relational4. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above5. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms6. _______ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. "Fair" (lovely) and "fare" (money charged for a journey by bus, ship, taxi, etc)B. "Flea" (any of various small, wingless, bloodsucking insects) and "flee" (to escape)C. "Lead" (to guide) and "lead" (metal of a dull bluish-grey colour that melts easily)D. "compliment" (an expression of praise, admiration, or congratulation) and "complement"(something that completes, makes up a whole, or brings to perfection)7. “Clear” and “V ague” are a pair of _____.A. relative antonymsB. derivative antonymsC. root antonymsD. free antonyms8. In the sentence: “ We have courses to make grown man young and young man groan.”________ are used to create an impressive effect.A. homophonesB. homographsC. perfect homonymsD. polysemants9. The group of words _____ make up a semantic field.A. rose, lily, tulip violetB. shoes, socks, glasses, booksC. red, white, rose, milkD. father, teacher, dog, son10. “ Hopeful” and “ hopeless” are called ______ on the basis of morphological structure.A. absolute antonymsB. root antonymsC. derivative antonymsD. contraries11. _______ ar e used in the sentence “With IBM we have the power to manage the power”.A. homophonesB. homographsC. full homonymsD. polysemants12. _________ is the study of meaning.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. PhoneticsD. Phonology13. _________ put forward the famous classic semantic triangle in semantics.A. Chomsky & HallidayB. Ogden & RichardsC. Austin & LabovD. Wittgenstein & Austin14. In the semantic triangle, “referent” refers to __________.A. conceptB. the thoughtC. the real worldD. meaning15. “Woman” in “ The woman in the room is pretty” refers to _______, according to semantictriangle.A. thoughtB. referenceC. referentD. linguistic form16. “Politician” and “statesman” are a pair of _____________.A. collocational synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD.dialectal synonyms17. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate，+male，+human，-adultB. +animate，+male，+human，+adultC. +animate，-male，+human，-adultD. +animate，-male，+human，+adult18. A word with several meanings is called ________.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple19. “Dog” and “pig” are ________.A. co-hyponymsB. superordinateC. hyponymsD. antonyms20. The color “yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its__________.A. conceptual meaningB. cognitive meaningC. associative meaningD. stylistic meaning21. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of ________.A. humorB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all of the above22. ________ is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical terms, suchthat the former is included in the latter.A. SynonymyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Polysemy23. ________ refers to the semantic phenomenon that a word may have than one meaning.A. HyponymyB. HomonymyC. SynonymyD. Polysemy24. “ Surprise” and “amaze” are a pair of ____________.A. dialectal synonymsB. emotive synonymsC. semantically different synonymsD. stylistic synonyms25. The ambiguity in “pass the port” is ca used by _________.A. lexical itemsB. a grammatical structureC. homonymyD. polysemy26. ________ are used in “There is a beautiful sight at our site”.A. homographsB. homophonesC. antonymsD. synonyms27. Which of the following is different from the other three according to the classification ofantonyms on the basis of morphological structure?A. large & smallB. clear & vagueC. buy & sellD. useful & useless28. Antonyms are used to make a(n) ____ in the saying “ Easy come, easy go”.A. contrastB. cohesionC. ironyD. emphasis29. Sources of homonyms include_____.A. changes in sound and spellingB. borrowingC. shorteningD. all of the above30. Which of the following are contraries?A. old and youngB. dead and aliveC. buy and sellD. west and eastExercise 17 Pragmatics语用学1. A _____ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical2. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning_________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context4. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ________.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs6. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures7. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20th centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century8. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle9. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to theconversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner10. If a sentence is regraded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, itbecomes ________.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance11. A: How are you today?B: Fine, and my family is also fine.This conversation flouts the maxim of __________.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. maxim12. The utterance “We’re already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.” Obviously violatesthe maxim of ________A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the five types of illocutionary acts classified bySearle?A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. initiative14. “Would you like to go to the cinema with me?” is a(n) ____________.A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive15. “I now declare the meeting open” is a(n)__________.A. declarationB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive16. “I promise to come.” is a(n) _________.A. expressiveB. directiveC. declarationD. commissive17. “ I have never seen the man before.” is a(n) _________.A. directiveB. declarationC. representativeD. commissive18. Locutionary act is ___________.A. the act of expressing the speaker’s intentionB. the act of conveying literal meaningC. the act of resulting from the utteranceD. the effect of the speech19. According to Austin, which of the following can be considered as a performative?A. The earth is round.B. I claim that is my watch.C. He isn’t here.D. It’s Wednesday.20. The meaning of an utterance is considered as __________.A. abstarctB. context-dependentC. decontextualizedD. concrete21. “We do things with words”—this is the main idea of __________.A. the Speech Act theoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics22. __________ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “Could you close the door?”B. “ I hereby declare Mr. Clinton elected.”C. “ Good morning.”D. “I command you to report at 6 p.m.”23. For the following conversation:A: Did you go to the cinema last night?”B: I stayed at home.________ is the conversational implicature.A. B. went to the cinema. B. A went to the cinema.C. B. did not go to the cinema.D. A and B went to the cinema together.24. In the following conversation:A: Beirut is in Peru, isn’B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. Quanlity25. In the conversation:A: Where is Mr. Wang?B: Somewhere in Bejing.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. QuanlityExercise 18 Semantic Change词义演变1. The four major ways of semantic change are ________.A. narrowing, extension, elevation and degradationB. specialization, extension, narrowing and degradationC. narrowing, extension, generalization and degradationD. degradation, extension, elevation and degeneration2. ___________ refers to the stretch of meaning.A. SpecializationB. GeneralizationC. DegradationD. Elevation3. Generalization can be illustrated by the following examples EXCEPT________.A. holidayB. orientationC. sancturyD. shroud4. Which of the following means the shrinking of meaning?A. GeneralizationB. DegradationC. SpecializationD. Elevation。
AfterclassExercises--语言学1
AfterclassExercises--语言学1(1.5%×30=45%)1. If you put a finger in each ear and say ―z-z-z-z‖, you can feel the vibrations of the __________.A. glottisB. windpipeC. larynxD. vocal cords √声带P182. In the word suitable, ―-able‖ is a __________ morpheme.A. derivational √派生P48B. inflectionalC. rootD. stem3. The rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences are called __________ rules.A. recursiveB. structuralC. doubleD. combinational √P764. Once the notion of __________ was taken into consideration, semantics 语义学spilled into pragmatics语用学.A. meaningB. context √P113C. formD. content5. Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisition? __________.A. cerebral cortex大脑皮层B. neurons神经元C. eyes √P212、219D. angular gyrus 有角的脑回(1%×20=20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary任意的vocal声音symbols used for human communication. (T) P92. Only words of the same（various）parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. (F) P553. When two words are identical in sound, they are homographs同形异义字. (F) sound—homophones同音字spelling--homographs P1014. The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.(F)conventional惯例的and arbitrary任意的、独裁的P1275. Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene淫秽的; but it can connote意味着sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos禁忌or racism种族. (T)Define the following terms. (3%×5=15%)1. arbitrariness 任意、霸道(P11)Arbitrariness is one of the major design features of human language, which means there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.2. fricative摩擦音的(P23-24)A fricative refers to the speech sound produced when the obstruction阻碍is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite friction at the point. The fricatives in English are [f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ ] [?] [ ] [h].Answer the following questions. (10%×2= 20%)1. Do you think that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components? Support your argument with examples. (P56-57)No. The meaning of a compound is not always the sum total of the meanings of its components. The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic合乎语言习惯. For instance, the compound ―greenhouse‖ is not a house that is green, and a ―Red coat‖ is not a coat at all. So, from these examples, we can see that the meaning of a compound is by no means the sum total of the meanings of its components although the meaning of some of the compound words does seem to be the meanings of th eir components such as ―classroom‖, ―red flag‖, etc.2. How can we distinguish the complete homonyms同音异义字from the polysemic words? (P101-102)We can depend on the etymology语源学of the words to distinguish a polysemic word from the complete homonyms.(1) A polysemic word is the result of the of the primary meaning of the word, such as the word ―table‖. Its primary meaning is ―a thin piece of stone or wood‖, since in the ancient tim e,people used a piece of stone or wood as table, it gets the meaning of ―a piece of furniture with a flat top supported by one or more upright legs‖. The various meanings of the word are related to some degree.(2) Complete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence一致. ―ball‖ meaning ―a round object used in games‖ and ―ball‖ meaning ―a large formal social event at which people dance‖ are complete homonyms. The word ―ball‖ bearing the first meaning is a native English word. It originally existed inEnglish. It so happened that in French there existed a word, spelt in the same way, bearing the second meaning. And this word somehow found its into the English vocabulary. The result is that in English today we have two complete homonyms ―ball‖ and ―ball‖.After-class Exercises for Lecture OneI. Directions★1. Linguistics语言学is the scientific study of __________.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in general √P1D. the system of a particular language.★2. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for ―correct‖ linguistic behavior, it is said to be __________.A. prescriptive说明性B. Sociolinguistic社会语言学C. descriptive 描述性√P4D. Psycholinguistic心理语言学★3. The __________ study of language studies the historical development of language over a period of time, and it is a historical study.A. prescriptiveB. synchronic限于一时的，不考虑历时演进的C. descriptiveD. diachronic历时的√P54. Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a __________ point of view.A. prescriptiveB. synchronic √P5C. descriptiveD. diachronic★5. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is __________.A. arbitrary任意的独裁的√P10B. non-arbitraryC. logicalD. non-productive非生产性的6. The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play ―Romeo and Juliet‖ ―A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‖ well illu strates __________.A. the conventional惯例de nature of language √P10B. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communication7. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness任意B. Displacement转移、取代productivity生产C. Duality二元性cultural transmission文化传递D. Meaningfulness√P11-138. Modern linguistics regards the written language as __________.A. primary—spoken languagesB. correctC. secondary √P5D. stable9. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basicthan writing, because __________.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing P5 .precedes领先、在之前B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. P6C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue.D. All of the above.10. Saussure took a(n) __________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a __________ point of view.A. sociological社会/psychological心理√P7B.psychological/sociologicalC. applied应用/pragmatic实际D.semantic语义/linguistic语言11. Chomsky uses the term __________ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. Competence能力C. parole 诺言D. Performance执行、性能√P7★12. According to F. de Saussure, __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langue √P6D. Language13. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called__________.A. displacement √P13B. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission14. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through __________, rather than by instinct 本能.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and B √P1315. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. Psycholinguistics √P3B. Anthropological linguistics人类学的C. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguisticslI. Directions1. Linguistics studies (not any ) particular language, not(but) languages in general. F P1★2. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks (the systematic investigation of data). F P1 ★3. Both semantics语义学and pragmatics语用学study meanings. T P3★4. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive（descriptive描述）, but sometimes descriptive （prescriptive说明）. F P45. The distinction区别特性between langue and parole 诺言誓言was proposed by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract抽象linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community while parole refers to the concrete具体use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person. T P6★6. Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approaches areequally favored by modern linguists. Synchronically study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study F P57. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken. F P58. Speech and writing are the two major media of language. All languages in the world today can be both spoken and written.F P6 there are still many languages that have only the spoken form ★9. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.T P610. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis遗传基础, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are (not) genetically 遗传transmitted, (but instead have to be taught and learned .) F P13 III. Directions: Define the following terms.★1. prescriptive vs. descriptive (P4)If a linguistic aims to lay down rules for ―correct‖ behavior, i.e., to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.★2. synchronic vs. diachronic (P5)The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study.限于一时的The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.历时的★3. langue and parole (P6)Langue refers to the abstract抽象的linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Parole is the concrete具体use of conventions and the application of the rules.★4. competence and performance (P7)Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.★5. language (P9) is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.IV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2= 20%)★1. What makes mod ern linguistics different from traditional grammar? (P4)Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoke language data.Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on ―high‖ written language.★2. Discuss the design features of human language that distinguish it from animal communication systems. (P11-13) Arbitrariness—a sign of sophistication only humans are capable ofCreativity—animals are quiet limited in the messages they are able to sendDuality—a feature totally lacking in any animalcommunicationDisplacement—no animal can ―talk‖ about things removed from the immediate situation Cultural transmission—details of human language system are taught and learned while animals are born with the capacity to send out certain signals as a means of limited of limited communication.After-class Exercises for Lecture Two PhoneticsI. Directions★1. The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is of great interest to those working in the area of __________.A. phonology 音韵学B. articulatory phonetics √P16C. auditory phonetics 听觉D. acoustic phonetics 声学的2. Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the _________ properties特性of the stream气流of sounds which a speaker issues发出.A. oralB. mentalC. physical √P17D. recorded★3. Of all the speech organs, the __________ is or are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongue 舌头√P19D. vocal cords声带★4. V oicing浊音as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of __________ .A. the lipsB. the vocal cords √P18C. the glottis 声门D. the uvula小舌★5. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of __________.A. all consonantsB. all consonants and some vowelsC. vowels onlyD. all vowels元音and some consonants子音√P186. __________ transcription抄录is the one required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.A. BroadB. DetailedC. WideD. Narrow √P21★7. In terms of the place of articulation发音, the following sounds [t], [d], [s], [z], [n] share the feature __________.A. palatalB. Alveolar齿槽音√P25C. bilabialD. dental8. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.A. voiceless bilabial stopB. voiceless清音labiodental唇齿音fricative摩擦音√ P18、26C. voiced bilabial stopD. voiced labiodental fricative9. The vowel [u:] in English has all the following features EXCEPT __________.A. longB. roundedC. closedD. central √P27-2810. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded lips except __________.A. [A?]B. [u:]C. [∈?]D. [a：] √P2811. The following four vowels are all close vowels, but only __________ has the features of ―front‖ and ―short‖.A. [i:]B. [i] √P28C. [u:]D. [a：]12. __________are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.A. VowelsB. ConsonantsC. Diphthongs 双重元音√P29D. Lax vowelsII. Directions1. Phonetics is concerned with the speech sounds（all the sounds）which distinguish meaning. F P162. Of the three branches of phonetics语音学, acoustic声响phonetics（articulatory音节phonetics）is the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed. F P163. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity口腔. T P184. All the English nasal鼻音consonants are voiced. P24 ？5. The orthographic representation of speech sounds with diacritics is normally not used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks. ？6. Although the [l] sound is represented by the same symbol in the two combinations of [li:f] and [fi:l], it is actually pronounced differently. T P22、297. When the soft palate is lowered, the air cannot escape through the nose and a nasal sound cannot be made. ？8. The three voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated送气音when preceded先于by /s/ and followed by a vowel. T P22 ？★9. The classification of English consonants involves both manner of articulation and place of articulation. T P23 ★10. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a fricative.（stop or plosive） F p23★11. The English stops include [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [f], [v].F P23★12. In producing a vowel, the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever while the production of a consonant it is obstructed in one way or another. T P23★13. With no exception all the front vowels in English are unrounded. T P28★14. With no exception all the back vowels in English are rounded. F P28 [a:]15. In English, the long vowels are all tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension. T P28III. Directions: Define the following terms.★voicing (P18)—vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds★broad transcription (P21)—is the transcription with letter-symbols onlyNarrow transcription—is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics区别的★vowel (P23) –are modifications of the voice-sound that involve no closure, friction, or contact of the tongue or lips. Bloomfield--a vowel is defined as a voices sound in forming which the air issues in a continuous stream through the pharynx and mouth, there being no audible friction. Jones★★fricative (P23-24) 复习课中有IV. Answer the following questions1. How are the English consonants classified? (P23-25)English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation (the manner in which obstruction is created) and the other is in terms of place of articulation (the place where obstruction is created).In terms of manner of articulation, the English consonants can be classified into the following types: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides.In terms of place of articulation: bilabial, labiodentals, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal.2. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels? (P27-29)Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors: the position of the tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.Vowels may be distinguished as front, central, and back.According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.A third criterion that is often used in the classification of vowels is the sharp of lips. in English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels, all the back vowels with the exception of [a:] are rounded.According to the length of the sound, those marked with a colon冒号are the long vowels, and those without are the short vowels.V. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:(P26 table, P27 diagram)VI. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:(P26 table, P27 diagram)After-class Exercises for Lecture Three Phonology音韵学I. Directions1. Of the following four pairs of sound combinations, only __________ meets the requirements of what is called a minimal pair.最小对立体A. /laik/, /leik/ √P36B. /pen/, /penz/C. /fi:l/, /fi: /D. /reik/, /breik/2. Of the following sound combinations, only __________ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.A. kibl blik bilk kilb √P36B. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk3. To form the present tense, 3rd person singular, of the verb ―teach‖, we have to add ―-es‖, instead of just ―-s‖ to it. This is required by the __________ of English.A. assimilation同化ruleB. sequential rule √P37C. deletion ruleD. morphological 形态学rule4. The negative prefix ―in-‖ in English, when added to the adjective ―possible‖, is actually pronounced /im/, and spelt as ―im-‖. This is the res ult of the __________ rule at work.A. deletionB. assimilation 吸收、同化√P39C. phoneticD. sequential5. The tone, defined as pitch程度、斜度variation变调, is an important suprasegmental feature oftone languages such as __________.A. Chinese √P43B. EnglishC. Chinese and EnglishD. English and FrenchlI. Directions1. A general difference between phonetics语音学and phonology音韵学is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish区别meaning. （a particular language, how speech sounds in a language form patterns, convey 表达meaning）T P292. If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in /fi:l/ notas a dark [?], but as a clear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else. F P303. Voicing is a phonological feature that d istinguishes meaning i n both Chinese and English. F P314. Nasalization is (not) a phonological feature in English. F P345. A phone is a phonetic语音segment音节（unit）while a phoneme is a phonological unit. T P326. Distinctive与众不同features are the same to any language.F P347. Clear [l]and dark [→] form the relation of complementary distribution互补分配for they never occur in the same position in sound combinations and so do not distinguish meaning. F P358. /p/ and /b/ in [pit] and [bit] are in contrastive distribution (phonemic contrast). T P359. Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they can be applied to all languages. F P3010. In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], the next must be a vowel. T P3611. The affricates [τ∑] [δZ] can (not) be followed by another sibilant[s][z]. F P3712. Depending on the context in which stress is considered there are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress. T P4013. Usually in the two-syllable音节words, the noun has the stress on the first syllable and the corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable. T P4014. The assimilation rule吸收同化assimilates one sound to another by ―copying‖a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phone similar. T P3815. English（Chinese）is a typical tone language. F P43III. Directions★phonetic contrast (P35) [p h] and [b] contrast each other in initial position, as in pin and bin, contrast in final position, as in rope and robe,. So we come to the conclusion that /p/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning; therefore they are in phonemic contrast.★complementary distribution (P35) I f the sounds are allophones of the same phoneme, then they do not distinguish meaning, but complement each other in distribution, i.e. they occur in different phonetic environments. These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.★a minimal pair (P36)When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. So in English, pill and bill are a minimal pair, and so are pill and till, till and kill, kill and dill, and dill and gill.IV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2= 20%)1. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule? (P36-39) Sequential rules refers to the ones that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by ―copying‖ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the ending for the plural, the third person singular, and the past tense take the voicing feature from a preceding consonant.The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. The rule can be stated as: Delete a [ ] when it occurs before a final nasalconsonant.2. Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related. (P32) Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language, i.e., the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phone is a phonetic unit.The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a phonological unit that is of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones (音位变体) of that phoneme.3. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning. (P40-46)Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress.Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tone languages.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.Lecture Four Morphology词法、词态学I. Directions1. The morpheme词素―vision‖ in the common word ―television‖ is a(n) __________.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme √P512. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix ―-ed‖ in the word ―learned‖ is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational派生morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional变化morpheme √P52D. free form3. The words that contain only one morpheme are called __________.A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemes √P51D. roots4. The stress of the compound noun ―armchair‖ falls on __________.A. the second syllableB. the first syllable √P41 ？C. both the first and second syllablesD. either the first or the second syllable5. The w ord ―hydroplant‖ is a two-morpheme cluster that contains __________.A. two rootsB. a root and a suffixC. a root and a free morpheme√P51D. a prefix and a root ？6. The part of speech of the compound word ―highway‖ is determined by its __________.A. first elementB. stressC. second element √P56D. meaning.7. The word ―bo y ish‖contains two __________.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemes 词素√P49D. allomorphs8. Inflectional __________ studies inflections.A. derivationB. inflectionC. phonologyD. morphology词态学√P529. __________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. Bound √P51C. RootD. Affix10. There are rules that goven which affix can be added to what type of __________ to form a new word.A. rootB. affixC. stem词干√P54D.wordlI. Directions1. In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are open classes. F PPT1362. Such endings as ―-ed‖ and ―-ing‖ are called derivational （inflectional）morphemes because new grammatical forms are derived by adding them to existing words. F P523. A compound is the combination of only two words. F P4. The word ―microphone‖ consists of two morphemes, of which ―micro-‖ is a root, and ―phone‖ is an affix. F P5. The word ―carelessness‖ is a three-morpheme word formed by a free morpheme ―care‖ + affix ―-less‖ + affix ―-ness‖.T6. The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic合乎语言习惯的, not always being the sum total of the meanings of its components. T P567. The compound word ―bookstore‖ is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components. F P ？8. Only words of the same(various) parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. F P559. The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.F P5610. A compound can be written as one word with or withouta hyphen between its components, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention. T P56III. Directions1.Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rulesby which words are formed.2. morpheme-- The meaningful components at the lowest level of a word are called ―morphemes.‖So ―boy‖ and ―-ish‖ are morphemes.3. stem--The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem. A stem can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.4. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to createa word. This is a very common way to create new words in English. According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.5. A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.6. Inflectional affixes or inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.IV. Answer the following questions.1. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, and modify the meaning of a stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. Do you think it is true? Support your answer with examples.No. e.g.,dis-: dislike, disagree; un-: unconscious, unfavorable, unlock; in-: incorrect, inconvenient;Exceptions are the prefixes ―be-‖, and ―en(m)-.‖ Adde d to adjectives or nouns they turn the words into verbs, e.g. little - belittle, large - enlarge, rich - en - rich, body - embody.2. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically, a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen in between, or as two separate words, e.g., armchair, follow-up, thunder bird. How a compound is written is simply a matter of convention, and convention should be respected in this case as it always is. Syntactically, the part of speech of the compound is generally determined by the part of。
语言学ExercisestoChaptherTwo1
语言学ExercisestoChaptherTwo1Exercises to Chapter TwoI. Define the following terms.1. Vowels （中山大学2003）2. Phoneme 中国人民大学,2006, 3 points;首师,2009, 2 points;北外,2010, 5 points）3. Narrow transcription （复旦大学1996,浙江大学2001）4. Diphthong （上海交通大学2003）5. Illustrate the term “allophone ” with at least one appropr 南开大学m2?0 3）6. Suprasegmental 南开大学2003; 2009, 2 points）7. Allophone （北京师范大学2004, 4 points;川大，2008, 2 points;北航，2010, 2 points;武大，2010, 4 poi nts;首师，2011,2 poi nts）8. Disti nctive features of speech sou nds 北京师范大学,2003, 4 poi nts;中山，2008, 5 poi nts）9. Minimal pair （北二外,2006, 3 point;北航，2008,2 points;武大，2009, 4 points;川大，2009, 2 poi nts）10. Place of articulation （南开大学，2 points, 2008）11. mann er of articulatio n （南开，2009, 2 poi nts;武大，2010, 4 poi nts）12. Tone 同上）13. Coarticulati on （4 poi nts,武大，2008;南开，2010, 2 poi nts）14. Cardinal Vowels （大外，5 points, 2008;中山，2010, 5 points）15. compleme ntary distribution （北航，2 poi nts, 2009;南开，2010, 2 poi nts）16. assimilation 仲山，2009, 5 points;武大，2011,2.5 points）17. fricative consonant 川大,2010, 2 poi nts）18. acoustic pho netics 南开,2011,2 poi nts）19. alloph onic variati on （同上）20. free variation 伏外,2011,3 poi nts）:II. Multiple Choice1. Of the three cavities, ___ is the most variable and active in amplifyi ng and modifyi ng speech sou nds.北京第二外国语学院2004年考研试题）A. n asal cavityB. phary nx cavityC. oral cavity2. All syllables contain a ___ . 北京第二外国语学院2004年考研试题）A. nu cleusB. codaC. On set3. A sound which capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given Ianguage is a ___ .北京第二外国语学院2003年考研试题）A. allopho neB. phoneC. phon eme4. __ is one of the suprasegmental features.东南大学2002 年考研试题）A. StopB. Voici ngC. DeletionD. Tone5. Narrow transcripion is the phonetic transcription with____ .（东南大学2001 年考研试题）A. diacriticsB. disti nctive featuresC. voici ngD. Articulatio n6. Velar refers to ___ .东南大学2001年考研试题）A. lary nxB. soft palateC. alveolarD. Phary nx7. Which of the followi ng con so nants does not exist in En glish?东南大学2000 年考研试题）A. den tal stopB. bilabial stopC. alveolar stopD. velar stop8. __ is not a disti nctive feature in En glish pho no logy.东南大学2000 年考研试题）A. NasalityB. Voic ingC. Aspirati onD. Rounding9. __ is not an En glish con so nant.东南大学2000 年考研试题）A. Labio-de ntal plosiveB. Alveolar n asalC. Velar stopD. Den tal fricative10. The choice of an alloph one in a give n pho netic con text is _ .（东南大学2000 年考研试题）—A. ran domB. predictableC. variableD. In depe ndent11. Voicing of explosives is a distinctive feature in ___ .东南大学1999 年考研试题）A. Chin eseB. En glishC. both Chin ese and En glishD. n either Chin ese nor En glish12. Which of the following is not a minimal ___ ?（对外经济贸易大学,2006, 1 point）A. [li:f] [fi:l]B. [sip] [zip]C. [sai] [sei]D. [keit] [feit]13. Which of the following is true of an allophone ____ ?对外经济贸易大学，2005, 1 point）A. A phone can be the alloph one of all En glish vowel phon emes.B. There are no restrictions on the distribution of an allophone.C. There is no possibility of an alloph one beco ming a phon eme.D. An alloph one cha nges the meaning of the word.14. Choose the different one and explain the reason in ONE sentence.（南京大学,2008, 2009, 2010, 2 points for each）1） A. /f/ B. /z/ C. /k/ d. / / [focus on manner of articulation] 2） A. / / B. /a:/ C. / / D. /u/ [focus on place of articulation] 3） A. /p/ B. /b/ C. /d/ D. /m/ [focus on state of voicing]4） A. Aware B. Ignore C. Relay D. Pertain [focus on thestructure of the underlinedsyllables]5） A. expensive B. repeat C. spring D. conspiracy [focus on the pronunciatin of p”6） A. considerate B. tonicity C. pointless D.inconsistency [focus on the pronunciation of n”7） A. numbers B. classrooms C. islands D. laptops [focus on the pronunciation of §”]8） A. compete nt B. prin cipal C. i ndividual D. an imate[focus on the locati on of the stress]9） A. /f/ B. /p/ C. /d/ D. /g/ [focus on the classification of consonants]15. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely conn ected with .（大外,2008, 1 poi nt）A. articulatory pho neticsB. acoustic pho neticsC. auditory pho netics16. The categories of consonant are NOT established on the basis of ____ .上）A. manners of articulatio nB. place of articulati onC. n arrow tran scriptio n17. Which of the followi ng CANNOT be con sidered as a mi ni mal pair ___ ?同上）A. /ai/--/ci/B. /p/--/b/C. /s/--/ /18. Which of the following is NOT the instanee of ASSIMILATION __ ?（同上）A. Nasalizati onB. On setC. Coda19. A voiceless post alveolar fricative is _____ .天外，2009）A. [?|B. [tr]C. [t?D. [w]20. Which of the followi ng is the most sonorous __ ?同上）A. FricativesB. NasalsC. Approxima ntsD. Vowels21. Which of the followi ng is a sonorant ____ ?同上）A. bB. dC. gD. m22. Which of the followi ng pho no logical processes is NOT the dem on strati on of the assimilatio nbetwee n n eighbori ng sounds __ ?同上）A. devoici ngB. den talizatio nC. epe nthesisD. verlarizati on23. En glish vowels can be classified into front, cen tral and back vowels accordi ng to __ .同上）A. places of articlatio nB. manners of articulatio nC. The positi on of the lowerst part ofthe ton gue D. The positi on of the highest part of the tongue24. Pair ____ does'form a minimal pari.（大外,2009）A. gap and capB. pat and padC. tip and dipD. map and tam25. Pair _____ is n ot in compleme ntary distributi on.同上）A. spot and potB. stop and topC. school and coolD. light and glad26. The phe nomenon that America ns and British people pronounce some words differe ntly can be in terpreted in terms of _____ .同上）A. phon etic similatiryB. free variati onC. compleme ntary distributio nD. alloph ones27. In a syllable, a vowel often serves as _____ .同上;大外,2010）A. Peak or NucleusB. On setC. CodaD. stress28. I n terms of the place of articulatio n, the followi ng words [t] [ n] [z] share the feature of _ . （同上,2010）A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. velar29. ____ is not the term used to classify the Englishconsonants in terms of manner of articulati on.（同上）A. Approxima ntB. LateralC. PlosiveD. Bilabial30. ____ is a cen tral vowel.天外，2011）A. [e]B. [i]C. [u]D. [?]31. Which of the follow ing stateme nts is true? __ 同上）A. Larynx is what we s ometimes call Adam'sapple”.B. The IPA uses n arrow tran scriptio n.C. There are two n asal consonants in En glish.D. It is sounds by which we make com muni cative meaning.32. Match the sounds un der colu mn A with one or more pho netic properties from colu mn B as illustrated in the first one.（大连外国语学院2002年考研试题）A Ba. [k] 1,9,6 1. velarb. [ q 2. n asalc. [s] 3. dentald. [b] 4. fricativee. [l] 5. voicedf. [t] 6. voicelessg. [m] 7. bilabialh. [h] 8. alveolar9. plosive10. glottalIII. Blank Filling1. _________ studies how the speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received, and_________ studies the rules gover ning the structure, distributi on and seque ncing of speech sou nds and the shape of syllables. （2 poi nts 中国人民大学，2006）2. Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel, and asa result are most convenientlydescribed in terms of place and __________ of articulation. （1 point, 北二夕卜，2008）3. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are _________ （1 point北二夕卜，2007）4. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are ______________ , ___________ , and__________ .大连外国语学院2001年考研试题）5. Name five of English front vowels: __________ , __________ , ___________ , __________ ,__________ .大连外国语学院2000年考研试题）6. The sound [p] can be described with “__________ , bilabia 北Stop!二外国语学院2007年考研试题）7. In the product ion of a _________ s ound, the back of the ton gue is raised so that it touchesthe soft palate to form a kind of obstruction.武汉大学2000 年考研试题）8. By the position of the __________ p art of the tongue, vowels are classified as front vowels,central vowels and back vowels.武汉大学2000 年考研试题）9. In English, the sound [b] has the same phonetic features as the sound [p] except the feature of.武汉大学2002年考研试题）10. The oral stops in English are _____________ , ___________ , ___________ , __________ ,_________ and __________ .大连外国语学院2001年考研试题）11. The differenee between a _________ and a vowel lies in whether there is air obstruction inthe production of them. 大连外院,2008）12. The prese nt system of the ________ derives main ly from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones （1881-1967）, and his colleagues at University of London.（中山,2008, 1 point）13. The sou nd [p] can be described with “ ________ , bilabial, stop'.（北二外，2009, 1 poi nt）14. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word differe nt from ano ther in meaning, are ________ .同上）15. Because voicing can distinguish one phoneme from another, it is a distinctive feature forEn glish o ________ .大外，2009）16. Whe n produc ing the En glish sound [h], the vocal cords are brought mome ntarily together to creat the g _________ obstructi on.同上）17. In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initial sounds and the two soundsare two differe nt ________ and the two words are a _________ pair 北二夕卜，2010）18. ________ is the descripti on of the systems and patter ns of speech sounds in a Ian guag大（外,2010）19. V ______ is made with the back of the ton gue and the softpalate. An example in En glishis [k] as in cat.（同上）20. The IPA chart has bee n revised and corrected several times and is widely used in dicti on ariesand textbooks thoughout the world. The latest versi on was revised in 1993 and updated in 1996 and ______ .中山,2010）21. ________ refers to a sound produced with the obstructio n of the air stream caused by two lips, such as in the production of [p].北二外，2011）22. Tone refers to the pitch on a syllable of a word. When pitch is related to a sentence, it is called __________ .中山,2011）23. Name each of the following IPA symbols.北匕京师范大学2002,南开大学2003）[s]：[g]：[?]: [e ]：[f]：[z]：[j]：[?]：[0]24. Which of the followi ng words would be treated as mi ni mal pairs and mi ni mal sets?（广东夕卜语外贸大学2004年考研试题）pat, pen, more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, pit, heel, ten, men, put, main, hit, eat, man25. Divide the syllable of each of the follow ing En glish words. Example: discuss: dis+cuss 吉林大学2000年考研试题）pushy; sec ond; puni sh; people; logic; pla ntati on.IV. T or F Questions.1. A phoneme in one Ianguage or one dialect may be an allophone in another Ianguage ordialect.（清华大学,2001）2. English consonants can be classified into two categories: voiced and voiceless consonants.（对外经济贸易大学，2006, 1 point）3. Bilabial consonant is produced when the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through anarrow passage.同上）4. The speech sounds we hear and produce duri ng lin guistic com muni cati ons are all phonemes. （同上）5. The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are definitely allophones of thesame phoneme.北二外,2008, 2010, 1 point）6. The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are not always allophones of thesame phoneme. 北二夕卜，2009, 1 point）7. The last sound of “ top can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. Thesedifferent realization of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.（北二夕卜, 2007, 1 poi nt）8. The last sound of sit” can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. Thesedifferent realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution北二夕卜,2009, 1）9. The sound [z] is shared by boys” and moves” as a com mon morpheme.同上）10. Phono logy is Ian guage specific but pho netics is not.同上）11. When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is saidto be voiced.（大外，2008, 1 poi nt）12. The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowel同上）13. Uvular is made with the back of the tongue and the uvula.同上）14. Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some morphologicalresemblanee.同上）（中山,2011, blank-filling）15. A syllable can be divided into two parts, the NUCLEUS and the CODA.（同上）16. A phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonetics.大夕卜,2009）17. Narrow transcription is the transcription of sounds with letter-symbols.同上）。
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语言学Exercises1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed ___Creativity_______.5. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is _____Metalingual function_____.6. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole7. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics8. Modern linguistics is __descriptive________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.9. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __diachronic________ study.10. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __Langue________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.11. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __competence________.12.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.（1） Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F（2） F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French(Swiss) linguist. F（3）All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms(有的有有的没有). F（4）A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic(synchronic) study of language. F（5）Speech and writing came into being at much the same time不对in human history. F13. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above14. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n] （alveolar）B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]15.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant16. Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords17.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share thefeature of ( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental18.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1). [p] is a voiced (voiceless) bilabial stop. F(2). Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. F 19.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth arebrought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _frication_________.20.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without____obstruction______.21.Answer the following questions. (20%)(1) What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.还得加上例子(2) What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.22. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant23. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics ofvowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]24.Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme25. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones26. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1)When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.T(2)Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people. F(3)According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be dividedinto tense vs. lax or long vs. short. T27. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ____tongue______ and the lips.28. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the ___height_______ to which that part of the tongue is raised.29. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __minimal pair________.30.____Phoneme______ is the smallest linguistic unit.31.__Coarticulation________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually showthe influence of their neighbors.32.In English there are a number of ____vowels glides______, which are producedby moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. 33.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions;then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop[d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop [p=](2) low front vowel [æ](3) lateral [l](4) velar nasal [ŋ](5) voiced interdental fricative []34. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice35. Decide whether the following statements are true or false(1) All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and acoda. T(2) The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where toplace a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset. F36. _______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.（2007）A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Sociolinguistics37. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words38. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational39. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six40. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems41. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation42. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement43. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorph44.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme. T(2) Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes areremoved. F(3) In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixeschange the word-class of the base. T(4) In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number ofmorphemes. F(5) Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. F45.Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: ___solid_______,____hyphenated______ and ___open_______.46.All words may be said to contain a root __morpheme________.47.A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to__close________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to ____open______ class.48.Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ____affix______ and_____root_____.49.How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they?（厦门大学，2003）Free morpheme and bound morphemeRoot, affix and stemInflectional affix and derivational affix50.__________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existingwords by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition51.The word TB (tuberculosis )is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending52.The words like sitcom is formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy53.The word “motel” comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an example of ________inmorphology.A backformationB conversionC blendingD acronym54.The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “thetail of any animal.” This is an example ofA. widening of meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD. loss of meaning55. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ ispronounced as a word.56.__________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process ofshortening.57.__________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of itsinflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the useof words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.58.Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II（武汉大学，2004）I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculation(UNESCO :United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization )58. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?A. A simple sentence.B. A coordinate sentence.C. A complex sentence.D. None of the above.59. Syntax is the study ofA. language functions.B. sentence structures.C. textual organization.D. word formation.60.60. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome61. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate62. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a numberof words to form a complete statement, question or command.63. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means ofIC analysis. （北京第二外国语大学，2004）。