商务英语阅读名词解释
商务英语考试名词解释（共五篇）
商务英语考试名词解释（共五篇）第一篇：商务英语考试名词解释Explanation(1)Brand:is a product, service, or concept that is publicly distinguished from other products,services, or concepts so that it can be easily communicated and usually marketed.(2)Protection: the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relativelyinefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.(3)Corporate culture-It represents a common perception held by the organization’s members.It communicates how people in an organization should behave, by establishing a value system conveyed throughrites, myths, legends, and actions.(4)Quota: a restriction on the quantity of imports of a particular product that a county impose.(5)Free trade: trade between nations without protective customs tariff(6)Marketing– the competitive process by which goods and services are offered for consumptionat a profit.It’s about building a reputation and making sales for cash and profits in particular markets.(7)Promotion is the combination of methods to generate public awareness, identity, confidence,desire and conviction in a product and usage by the general public.(8)Enterprise ethics refers to the enterprise in the specific social economic organization, relyingon public opinion, traditions and inner conviction to maintain, with good and evil evaluation standard on moral principles, ethics and moral activities combined.(9)Advertising : the action of calling something to the attention of the publicespecially by paidannouncements.(10)MoneyEnglish writingIncreased dramatically sinceIn 1987 the export figures stood at 400 million Finnish markkaa.There was a sharp increase between 1987 and 1989 when figures reached over 800 million.This was followed by a sharp decrease between 1989 and 1990 when Finnish paper exports to Japan dropped to 400 million.There was a slight rise between 1990 and 1991 when exports hit the 450 million mark but they fell again to 400 million in 1992.Between 1992 and 1995 there was a dramatic rise and exports of paper to Japan reached a peak of 1,300 million in 1995, before falling again to under 1,000 million in 1997.第二篇：商务英语考试2013下半年剑桥商务英语证书（BEC）报考简章报名条件与考试费用BEC报名不受年龄﹑性别、职业﹑地区﹑学历等限制，任何人均可持本人身份证件到当地考点报名。
商务英语名词解释
Acceptance承兑P119An acceptance credit call for drafts to be drawn at a tenor for acceptance by the issuing bank or any drawee nawed in the credit.汇票承兑信用证要求汇票按规定在一定期限内由开证行或者其他在信用证上签名的收款人来检验。
a letter of credit信用证P116A banker’s document letter of credit is a credit instrument.A common means of payment in international trade.一种在国际贸易中常见的支付手段。
Containing a writer undertaking in the part of the issuing bank to pay a certain amount to a third party against the surrender of stipulated documents.collection托收P133entrust banks as intermediaries to collect the money for the goods委托银行作中间人收取款项Bill票据a statement of money owed for goods or services; demand paymenttax 税收P197charge against a citizen's person or property or activity for the support of government; levy a tax onhedge套期保值P144capture slight differences in price;foreign exchange markets perform four major functions:tranfer of payments;provision of credits;payment at a distance;allowing hedging against exchange risk.外汇市场主要从事四种功能：转移支付；提供信贷；异地支付；提供外汇风险防范。
商务英语名词解释考试重点笔记
商务英语名词解释考试重点笔记Non -tariff barriers ：⾮关税壁垒 Durable equipment :耐⽤设备 Creditor country :债权国 Dual -Ministerial Meeting :双部长会议Board of directors ：董事会 European commission :欧盟委员会 The parent MNE :多国公司母公司 National economic welfare :国家经济利益 self -sufficient :⾃给⾃⾜的 The legal jurisdiction :法律管理范围 perfect competition :完全竞争 output per many -year of labor :⼈均年产量 Cost advantage ：成本优势 Production capability ：⽣产能⼒Consumption preference ：消费偏好 Large -scale production ：⼤规模⽣产 Tariff barrier ：关税壁垒 Internationa l chamber of commerce :国际商会Incoterms :国际贸易术语解释通则 Binding obligation :有约束⼒的义务 International trunk call :国际长途 Cross -border contract :进出⼝合同 Clearing system :清算系统；清算制度 Leverage : 杠杆作⽤Auction 拍卖 Trade credit account : 贸易信贷往来账户 Hyperinflation 极度通货膨胀 Centrally planned economy :中央计划经济 Net positions 实际⼨头Counter trade 对销贸易、反向贸易 Cross -border contract 进出⼝合同 Protectionism 贸易保护注意Clearing system 清算系统（制度） Compensation trade 补偿贸易Trade credit accounts 贸易信贷往来账户Consignment 寄售Processing trade 加⼯贸易Centrally planned economies 中央计划经济国家Trade fair :交易会competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值Leasing trade 租赁贸易Securities market 有价证券市场 Stock Exchange 证券交易所Foreign exchange market 外汇市场 Trade credit accounts 贸易信贷往来账户Poliy objective 政策⽬标 Foreign exchange shortages 外汇短缺Financial standing 财务状况= fin ancial status = financial strength Credit worthiness 资信可靠状况Periodic payments 分阶段付款Reimburse 偿付Unit price 单价 Partial shipment 分批装运The uniform customs and practice of documentary credits 跟单信⽤证统⼀惯例Open account 记账交易 The carrying vessel 载货船只 Non -trade settlement ⾮贸易结算 Leading /Prime/First rate 主要银⾏ A particular transaction ⼀笔特定的交易Capital turnover 资⾦周转 Documents 单据Consignee 收货⼈ Documentation 单据的制作或使⽤ Commission 佣⾦Consignor 托运⼈ Bill of lading 提（货）单 Notify party 到货通知⼈、被通知⼈ Airway bill 空运（提）单 Insurance policy 保险单（⼤保单） Insurance certificate 保险单（⼩保单） Cargo receipt 铁路运单、货运收据 Commercial invoice 商业发票: Customs/Consular invoice 海关/领事发票Railway bill 收货单（铁路） Shipping advice 装船通知Certificate of quality 品质证书Certificate of weight 重量证书Certificate of quantity 数量证书Certificate of health 健康证书 Certificate of disinfection 消毒证书 Certificate of origin 产地证书 Veterinary certificate 兽医证书Port of shipment 发货港、装运港、起运港Packing list 装箱单Finished products 制成品Cost economies 节约成本成本节约 Intermediate products 中间产品、成品Production approach Natural product province 领域Shipper 托运⼈= Consigner Inventory 存货、库存Broker Logistics 物流Transshipment 转运 Just -in -time inventory system 存Known premium 已知的保险费 Private carrier ⾃有承运⼈Representative carriers 载⼯具Destination port :⽬的港Transportation and freight tation 运输和货物运输: Consignee 收货⼈Voidable ⽆效的 Margin 保证⾦Client 客户，主顾Jeopardy 危险，风险Literature 说明书Underwriter 保险公司 Values exposed to loss 损失的价值Release of funds 腾出资⾦Terms of sale 价格条件、买卖条款 All Risks 全险、⼀切险、综合险Forwarding charges 转运费Adversely affected 受到负⾯影响 Reserve currency 储备货币 Clean float 清洁浮动、⾃由浮动 Dirty float 肮脏浮动、管理浮动Idle funds 游资、热钱、闲置资⾦ Par value 平价（货币的票⾯价格）Foreign exchange control 外汇管制 Fixed exchange rate / Flexible hange rate 固定汇率/浮动汇率Financial resources 资⾦Private or 私营经济Equity investment 投资Grace period 优惠期、宽限期 Capital infrastructure 基础建设资⾦Economic restructuring 整Investment returns 投资收益 Voting power 投票权Borrowingpower 借款权Gold tranche 额Gold reserve 黄⾦储备 Standby arrangement 安排Customer mobility 客户流动 Tax holiday 免税期Joint venture 资企业Jobber 股票买卖经纪⼈ The strategic alliance 战略联合Discount rate 贴现率 Securities 有价证券Pro rata 按⽐例Stock exchange 证券（股票）Secondary capital market 市场Great Depression ⼤萧条 Primary capital raising 初级/本市场Long -term capital 长期资本Market floor =trading floor 厅Market maker 买和销售的公司Listed market 挂牌证券交易市场Gilt -edged stocks / securities 债券Cost -effective 划算的Public Sector Borrowing Requirement 公共部门借贷需求Listed company / corporation 公司= the list companyThe gilt -edged market 场The traded options market 交易市场Money market 货币市场The foreign equities market 票市场Discount market 贴现市场ecurities market 证券市场Foreign exchange market 外汇市场Escape clauses 免责条款、Non -discrimination principle (ple of non -discrimination t )⽆差别待遇New international onomic order 国际经济新秩序 Differential treatment 差别待遇 Preferential customs tariffs 特惠税 Transfer of technology 技术转让 Non -discriminate principle 则Tariff concession 关税减让 Contracting party 缔约国、缔约⽅ Tariff quota 关税限额制、关税配额Counter -veiling measures。
商务英语名词解释
1. Budget —预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu. a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.2. Return —回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3. Portfolio —证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4. Royalty —专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5. Patent —专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.6. Non-tariff barrier —非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Franchise —经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.8.Purchasing power —购买力of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.9. PPP —购买力平价purchasing power parity10. tariff —关税tax levied by the customs11.barriers to trade —贸易壁垒any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.12.primary commodities —初级产品those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials13.drawback —退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when re-exported14.specific duties —从量税duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods15.ad valorem duties —从价税duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods16.carriage —运费the price or cost of transportation17.voluntary offer —主动发盘an offer made on the initiative of the offerer18.contracting parties —缔约方signatories of an agreement19.force majeure —[不可抗力] social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party20.firm offer —持盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer21.offeree —受要约人the party to whom an offer is made22.hyperinflation —极度通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control23.inflation —通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc.24.protectionism —贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing home countries through duties and other means imposed on competitive imports25.bilateral —双边的of two sides26.bundling—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together27.creditors —债权人a person to whom one owns money28.debtor —债务人a person who owes money29.default —违约fail to carry out an obligation30.draft —汇票an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money31.remittance —汇款the sending of money or the money sent32.drawe r —出票人the person who issues a draft, usually the exporter33.drawee—受票人the person to whom a draft is drawn34.credit-worthiness—资信being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making payment35.applicant of an L/C —出口信用证the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C36.beneficiary —受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its export37.confirming bank —保兑行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C38.reimburse—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent39.clean credit —光票信用证a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment40.sight credit —即期信用证a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft41.middleman—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer42.consignee—收货人the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped43.shipping marks —唛头what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportation44.insurance policy —保险单a document used for covering possible risks45.title —抬头right to the possession of a position or property46.insured—被保险人a person covered by an insurance policy47.premium—保险费the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract48.potential loss—潜在损失loss which is possible to incur49.claim—索赔a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy50.margin —利润amount above what is estimated as necessary51.underwriter —保险公司a person who carries on insurance as a business52.invoice —发票a document for the general description of the goods and the pricepensation —赔偿金something given or received as an equivalent for loss54.pooling —联营a combination of funds formed for common advantage55.multi-modal transportation —多式联运transport that combines road, rail, sea and air56.redeem —兑换to repay or pay off, esp. loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock57.settlement —结算the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc58.exchange rate —汇率the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency59.money circulation —货币流通money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services60.devaluation —货币贬值the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies61.reserve —储备金money held aside to meet future demand62.investment —投资the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns63.quota —配额a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity64.VER —自动出口限制an agreement by a country’s exporters or government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another country65.intellectual property —知识产权certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, and copy-right66.tax holiday —免税期a period of time during which tax is not levied67.joint venture —合资企业a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms68.gilts —金边债券stocks issued by government69.cost-effective —成本效益好producing optimum results for the expenditure70.anti-dumping —反倾销one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured71.mandate —授权authority given to perform a duty72.contracting party —缔约国a country or firm that signs a legal agreement73.Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)74.Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.75.FDI( foreign direct investments) is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.76.Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.77.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.78.Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.79.Franchising特许经营: a firm called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.80.Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.81.Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.82.GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.83.GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.84.Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.85.Income distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.86.Free trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policy87.Customs union关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policymon market共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.89.Economic Union (EU)经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.90.Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部is the original investing multinational corporation . It is also the international headquarters of the MNE .91.Home county母国: The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.92.Host country东道国: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.93.Absolute advantage绝对利益: It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)parative advantage比较利益: Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.1..International trade国际贸易: The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.2.Import duties进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an area3.Export duties出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leaving an area4.Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇: A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country5.Inquiry / enquiry询盘、询价: It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.6.Quotation报盘: Estimate of how much something will cost7.Counter offer还盘: New offer made by the original offeree to the original offerer8.inflation : Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc9.Barter易货贸易: The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.10.Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.11.Buyback回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.12.Remittance 汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each other13.Documentary draft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.14.Documentary collection跟单托收: It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.15.Sight draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.ance draft远期汇票Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.17.Draft汇票:= Bill of exchange . It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.18.bill of exchange —汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment19.Applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer)20.applicant of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C21.Opening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the credit.22.Opening bank: the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank .23.Beneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is opened24.Correspondent band往来行、关系行:The bank in the exporter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to it25.Advising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.26.Confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.27.Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.28.Negotiating bank议付行: The bank buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit.29.The documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.30.Revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.31.Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证: The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned.32.Confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank33.Unconfirmed credit不保兑信用：The credit isn’t confirmed by another bank34.Sight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draftance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证: The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.36.Transferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.37.Non-transferable credit不可转让信用证: The credit can not be transferred.38.Non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.39.Revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.mercial invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.41.Legal holder合法持有人is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by law42.Packing list装箱单: The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.43.Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.mon carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.45.Contract carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).46.Insured被保险人，保户: The person who transfer risk.47.Insurer承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter).48.Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.49.Marine insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.50.Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.51.Direct quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价: A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency. 1美元=6.8元外币为基准52.Indirect quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价: An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.53.Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.54.Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.55.Medial rate中间价It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.56.SDR特别提款权: Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.57.Anti-dumping反倾销: to restrict the export expansion of other countries. plan : 商业计划 future actions to be taken by a company, concerning products, production, market, investment, etc.59.collateral : property or an item of value acceptable as security fora loan or other obligation.担保物：被接受作为抵押或其他义务担保的财产60.stock exchange:证券交易市场 a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices determined by supply & demand.61.retail :零售the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers.62.tax deduction : an expense费用that a taxpayer is allowed to deduct from taxable income.63.policy :保单 the printed legal document stating the terms of insurance contract that is issued to the policyholder投保人 by company.64.public relations :公关 PR, the activity of keeping good relationships between an organization and the people outside it.65.depression : a period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing biz activity, falling prices, and unemployment. 萧条，不景气：国家（或国际）经济不景气的一段时期，其特征是商业活动减少、价格下降、失业66.Trade deficit :贸易逆差 imports minus exports of goods and services.67.trade surplus:贸易顺差exports minus imports of goods and services.68.Balance of trade 贸易支付差额the value of country’s exports minus the value of its imports.69.trade sanction : use of a trade policy as a sanction, most commonly an embargo禁运 imposed against a country for violating human rights.70.trade reciprocity贸易互惠 : the practice by which governments extend similar concessions 让步to each other, as when one gov’t lowers its tariffs or other barriers impeding its imports in exchange for equivalent concession from a trading partner on barriers affecting its exports.71.venture capital : Money made available for investment in innovative enterprises or research, especially in high technology, in which both the risk of loss and the potential for profit may be considerable. Also called risk capital风险资本：投放在富革新精神的企业或研究的资金，尤指用于高科技，其中亏损的风险和赢利的潜力可能都会很大也作 risk capital72.start-up: a biz or undertaking事业 that has recently begun operation.73.balance sheet 资产负债表, 缩写 B.S.: a financial statement that reports the assets and equities of a company at a particular time. 一个公司或机构在指定日期的资产、负债和所有者投资的列表说明74.re-capitalization资本额的调整the act or process of changing the capital structure of a company.75.stock market : a place where stocks, bonds, or other securities are bought and sold.76.cash flow : The cash receipts or net income from one or more assets for a given period, reckoned after taxes and other disbursements, and often used as a measure of corporate worth.现金流出量：在特定的一段时间内来自一项或数项财产，扣除税收和其它支付金额外所得的现金收入或净收入，常用来衡量公司的价值bor-intensive : requiring or having a large expenditure of labor in comparison to capital.78.market share : the proportion of total sales volumes of a certain market that a company captures.79.intellectual capital : assets or capital in the form of knowledge patent or technology, etc.80.publicly traded companies (PTC) : companies whose shares are traded in stock markets.81.emerging markets 新兴市场: markets which are newly formed or have just come into prominence.82.portfolio investment(有价)证券投资: investment in securities such as bonds and stocks with the aim to earn interest and dividends rather than participate in the management of companies.83.stock turnover: 库存[商品]周转率the number of times a particular stock of goods is sold and restocked during a given period of time.84.lead time订货至交货的时间：the period of time between the actual ordering of parts or equipment and the delivery of them.85.dealerships ：A franchise to sell specified items in a certain area.商品代理权：在某一区域内出售某特定商品的特许权86.economic recession : An extended decline in general business activity, typically three consecutive quarters of falling real gross national product.衰退：经济活动普遍而持续地衰败，尤指三个连续季度的社会总产品净值的下降87.depression : A period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing business activity, falling prices, and unemployment.88.liquidity squeeze流动性逃避: financial pressure caused by shortages of narrowing economic margins.89.reverse merger(借壳上市) ：it is a special kind of acquisition that enables a private company to get publicly-listed in a relatively short time period. a reverse merger occurs when a private company that has strong prospects and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly-listed shell company(空壳公司)。
商务英语名词解释
商务英语名词解释集团标准化工作小组 #Q8QGGQT-GX8G08Q8-GNQGJ8-MHHGN#1.Budget—预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu. a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.2.Return—回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3.Portfolio—证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4.Royalty—专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5.Patent—专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.6.Non-tariff barrier—非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7.Franchise—经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.power—购买力of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.9.PPP—购买力平价purchasing power parity10.tariff—关税tax levied by the customsto trade—贸易壁垒any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.commodities—初级产品those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials—退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when re-exportedduties—从量税duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods valorem duties—从价税duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods—运费the price or cost of transportationoffer—主动发盘an offer made on the initiative of the offererparties—缔约方signatories of an agreementmajeure—[不可抗力] social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting partyoffer—持盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer—受要约人the party to whom an offer is made—极度通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control—通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc.—贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing home countries through duties and other means imposed on competitive imports—双边的of two sides—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together—债权人a person to whom one owns money—债务人a person who owes money—违约fail to carry out an obligation—汇票an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money—汇款the sending of money or the money sent—出票人the person who issues a draft, usually the exporter—受票人the person to whom a draft is drawn—资信being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making paymentof an L/C—出口信用证the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C—受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its exportbank—保兑行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spentcredit—光票信用证a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment credit—即期信用证a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer —收货人the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shippedmarks—唛头what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportationpolicy—保险单a document used for covering possible risks—抬头right to the possession of a position or property—被保险人a person covered by an insurance policy—保险费the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contractloss—潜在损失loss which is possible to incur—索赔a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy—利润amount above what is estimated as necessary—保险公司a person who carries on insurance as a business—发票a document for the general description of the goods and the price—赔偿金something given or received as an equivalent for loss—联营a combination of funds formed for common advantagetransportation—多式联运transport that combines road, rail, sea and air—兑换to repay or pay off, esp. loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock —结算the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etcrate—汇率the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currencycirculation—货币流通money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services—货币贬值the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies—储备金money held aside to meet future demand—投资the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns —配额a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity —自动出口限制a n agreement by a country’s exporters or government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another countryproperty—知识产权certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, and copy-rightholiday—免税期a period of time during which tax is not leviedventure—合资企业a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms—金边债券stocks issued by government—成本效益好producing optimum results for the expenditure—反倾销one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured—授权authority given to perform a dutyparty—缔约国a country or firm that signs a legal agreementtrade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, . exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.( foreign direct investments)is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.特许经营: a firm called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.capita GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policyunion关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policymarket共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.Union (EU)经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部is the original investing multinational corporation . It is also the international headquarters of the MNE .county母国: The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.country东道国: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.advantage绝对利益: It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)advantage比较利益: Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.1..International trade国际贸易: The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.duties进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an areaduties出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leaving an area(MFN) treatment最惠国待遇: A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country/ enquiry询盘、询价: It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.报盘: Estimate of how much something will costoffer还盘:New offer made by the original offeree to the original offerer:Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc易货贸易:The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.purchase反向购买、互购贸易:The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.回购贸易:An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.汇付:This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each otherdraft跟单汇票:The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.collection跟单托收:It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.draft即期汇票:The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.draft远期汇票Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.汇票:= Bill of exchange. It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.of exchange—汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment(Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer)of an L/C:The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/Cbank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行:The bank that issues the credit.bank:the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank .受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedband往来行、关系行:The bank in the exporter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to itbank通知行:The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.bank保兑行:The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.bank付款行:The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.bank议付行:The bank buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit.documentary credit跟单信用证:The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.credit可撤消信用证:The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.credit不可撤消信用证: The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned.credit保兑信用证:The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bankcredit不保兑信用：The credit isn’t confirmed by another bankcredit即期信用证:The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draftcredit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证:The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.credit可转让信用证:The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.credit不可转让信用证:The credit can not be transferred.credit无汇票信用证:The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.credit循环信用证:The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.invoice商业发票:The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.holder合法持有人is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by lawlist装箱单:The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.bill of lading记名提单:It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.carrier公共承运人:It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.carrier契约承运人:Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).被保险人，保户:The person who transfer risk.承保人:The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter).insurance货物保险:It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.insurance海上保险:The insurance of ships and their cargoes.保险:It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价:A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency. 1美元=元外币为基准quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价:An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.rate买入价:It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.rate卖出价:It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.rate中间价It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.特别提款权:Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.反倾销:to restrict the export expansion of other countries.plan : 商业计划 future actions to be taken by a company, concerning products, production, market, investment, etc.: property or an item of value acceptable as security for a loan or other obligation.担保物：被接受作为抵押或其他义务担保的财产exchange:证券交易市场 a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices determined by supply & demand.:零售the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers.deduction : an expense费用that a taxpayer is allowed to deduct from taxable income.:保单 the printed legal document stating the terms of insurance contract that is issued to the policyholder投保人 by company.relations :公关 PR, the activity of keeping good relationships between an organization and the people outside it.: a period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing biz activity, falling prices, and unemployment. 萧条，不景气：国家（或国际）经济不景气的一段时期，其特征是商业活动减少、价格下降、失业deficit :贸易逆差 imports minus exports of goods and services.surplus:贸易顺差exports minus imports of goods and services.of trade 贸易支付差额the value of country’s exports minus the value of its imports.sanction : use of a trade policy as a sanction, most commonly an embargo禁运imposed against a country for violating human rights.reciprocity贸易互惠 : the practice by which governments extend similar concessions 让步to each other, as when one gov’t lowers its tariffs or other barriers impeding its imports in exchange for equivalent concession from a trading partner on barriers affecting its exports.capital : Money made available for investment in innovative enterprises or research, especially in high technology, in which both the risk of loss and the potential for profit may be considerable. Also called risk capital风险资本：投放在富革新精神的企业或研究的资金，尤指用于高科技，其中亏损的风险和赢利的潜力可能都会很大也作 risk capital: a biz or undertaking事业 that has recently begun operation.sheet 资产负债表, 缩写 .: a financial statement that reports the assets and equities of a company at a particular time. 一个公司或机构在指定日期的资产、负债和所有者投资的列表说明资本额的调整the act or process of changing the capital structure of a company.market : a place where stocks, bonds, or other securities are bought and sold.flow : The cash receipts or net income from one or more assets for a given period, reckoned after taxes and other disbursements, and often used as a measure of corporate worth.现金流出量：在特定的一段时间内来自一项或数项财产，扣除税收和其它支付金额外所得的现金收入或净收入，常用来衡量公司的价值: requiring or having a large expenditure of labor in comparison to capital.share : the proportion of total sales volumes of a certain market that a company captures.capital : assets or capital in the form of knowledge patent or technology, etc.traded companies (PTC) : companies whose shares are traded in stock markets.markets 新兴市场: markets which are newly formed or have just come into prominence.investment(有价)证券投资: investment in securities such as bonds and stocks with the aim to earn interest and dividends rather than participate in the management of companies.turnover: 库存[商品]周转率the number of times a particular stock of goods is sold and restocked during a given period of time.time订货至交货的时间：the period of time between the actual ordering of parts or equipment and the delivery of them.：A franchise to sell specified items in a certain area.商品代理权：在某一区域内出售某特定商品的特许权recession : An extended decline in general business activity, typically three consecutive quarters of falling real gross national product.衰退：经济活动普遍而持续地衰败，尤指三个连续季度的社会总产品净值的下降: A period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing business activity, falling prices, and unemployment.squeeze流动性逃避: financial pressure caused by shortages of narrowing economic margins.merger(借壳上市) ：it is a special kind of acquisition that enables a private company to get publicly-listed in a relatively short time period. a reverse merger occurs when a private company that has strong prospects and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly-listed shell company(空壳公司)。
商务英语术语解释
一出口方面贸易顺差：当一个国家的出口总额大于进口总额时,这种贸易状态称为顺差。
贸易逆差：当一个国家的出口总额小于进口总额时，这种贸易状态称为逆差。
进口配额制：某些国家为了限制进口商品的数量（因为进口商品过多会对本土企业造成不利影响）,对进口商品数量的多少所进行的规定。
例如.规定外国公司生产的电脑每年只能进口100台.保税仓库：经海关核准的专门存放保税货物（可以享受免收部分甚至全部税率的产品，一般是进口和出口商品）的专用仓库（油库、堆场）。
二价格方面回佣：即回扣。
例如:A公司委托B公司卖电脑，每卖一台，B可从中赚取10元佣金.则10元就是回佣。
出口许可证：某些国家为了限制进口商品的数量，对出口商颁发许可证。
持有该证的商人才可从事出口买卖。
现货价格：某种商品现在的价格。
期货价格:某种商品在约定好的，未来某一时点的价格。
信用证：在国际贸易活动中,买卖双方可能互不信任，买方担心预付款后，卖方不按合同要求发货；卖方也担心在发货或提交货运单据后买方不付款。
因此需要两家银行作为买卖双方的保证人，代为收款交单，以银行信用代替商业信用。
银行在这一活动中所使用的工具就是信用证.保兑信用证：保兑信用证是指开证银行所开出的信用证，由另一银行保证对符合信用证条款规定的单据履行付款义务。
保兑行：对信用证加保兑的银行为保兑行。
通知行:应开证行的要求通知信用证的银行。
跟单信用证：有时也称为“银行家的商业信用证”，为国籍货物买卖的卖方提供担保,确保他能够在货物装运后获得付款，即使买方无法付款。
光票信用证:是不附单据、受益人可以凭收据或汇票在通知行领取款项的信用证。
在贸易中它可以起到预先支取货款的作用。
即期信用证：即指开证行收到符合信用证条款的跟单汇票或装运单据后，立即履行付款义务的信用证。
其特点是受益人收汇安全迅速,有利于资金周转。
远期信用证：是指开证行收到受益人交来的远期汇票后,并不立即付款,而是先行承兑,等汇票到期后再付款的信用证。
商务英语名词解释
商务英语名词解释ABAC (APEC Business Advisory Council) 亚太经合组织工商咨询理事会ACFTA (ASEAN–China Free Trade Area) 中国东盟自由贸易区ACIA (ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Area) 东盟全面投资区域ACP (Africa, Caribbean and the Pacific) 非洲，加勒比海和太平洋ADP Agreement (Anti-Dumping Agreement) 《反倾销协定》AEC (ASEAN Economic Community) 东盟经济共同体AFTA (the ASEAN Free Trade Area) 东盟自由贸易区AMS（aggregate measurement of support）(农产品)综合支持量APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经济合作ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) 东南亚国家联盟ASEAN-SAM (the ASEAN Single Aviation Market) 东盟单一航空市场ATC (the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing) 纺织品和服装协议BBS（bulletin board system）电子公告B/L (Bill of Lading) 提货单CA（certificate authority）CA认证CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) 共同农业政策CCC(china compulsory certification) 中国强制认证CCIC（china certification&inspection group）中检集团CCOIC（china chamber of international commerce）中国国际商会CEPT (Common Effective Preferential Tariff) 共同有效关税CFR(cost and freight) 成本加运费CFS（container freight station）集装箱货运站C.I.C（china insurance clause）中国保险条款CIETAC(china international economic&trade arbitration committee) 中国国际仲裁委员会CIF（cost insurance and freight）到岸价CIP（carriage and insurance paid to）运费和保险费付至CLP（container load plan）集装箱装箱单CISG (UN Convention on Conventions for the International Sale of Goods) 联合国国际货物销售合同公约CPE(central planned economy) 计划经济CPT（carriage paid to）运费付至CQC（china quality certification center）中国质量认证中心CTB/L（combined transport B/L）集装箱联运提单CU (Customs Union) 关税联盟C.W.O.（cash with order）随订单付现CY(container yard) 集装箱堆场DAT(delivered at terminal) 终点站交货DAP（delivered at place）目的地交货DDP（delivered duty paid）完税后交货DSB (Dispute Settlement Body) 争端解决机构D/A（docment against acceptance）承兑交单D/C(documentary collections) 跟单托收D/D（remittance by banker’s demand draft）票汇D/P(document against payment) 付款交单D/P T/R（D/P at days after sight to the issue trust receipt in exchange for documents ）D/R（dock receipt）场站收据EC（electronic commerce）电子商务EC (the European Community) 欧洲共同体ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) 西非国家经济共同体ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community) 欧洲煤钢共同体EDI (Electronic Data Exchange of Information) 电子数据交换信息EFTA (the European Free Trade Association) 欧洲自由贸易协定EFT（electronic fund transfer）电子货币EMU (Economic and Monetary Union) 经济货币联盟EMQ(environmental management systems) 环境管理系统EOS（electronic order system）电子订货ERP (effective rate of protection) 有效保护率E/R（equipment receipt）设备交接单ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival) 估计到达时间EU (European Union) 欧盟EURATOM (the European Atomic Energy Community) 欧洲原子能共同体EXW（ex works）工厂交货FAK（freight for all kinds）FAK包箱费率F.A.Q( fair average quality) 良好平均品质FAS（free alongside ship）船边交货FCA（free carrier）货交承运人FCB（freight for class&basis）FCB包箱费率FCS（freight for class）FCS包箱费率FCL（full container load）整箱货FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 食品及药物管理局FDI (Foreign Direct investment) 对外直接投资FOB（free on board）离岸价格FPA（free of particular average）平安险FTZ(foreign trade zone) 对外贸易区GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) 服务贸易总协议GATT（General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade）关税暨贸易总协定GDP (gross domestic product) 国内生产总值G.M.Q(good merchantable quality) 上好可销品质GNP（Gross National Product）国民生产总值GSP (General System of Preference) 普遍优惠制GSPCO(generalised system of preference certificate of origin) 普惠制产地证ICC （the International Chamber of Commerce）国际商会I.C.C（institute cargo clauses）协会货物条款IFIA （the International Federation of Inspection Agencies）国际检验机构联合会IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织Incoterms(international commerce term) 国际贸易术语ISP（internet service provider）网络服务商ISO（the international organization for standardization）国际标准化组织L/C (Letter of credit) 信用证LCL（less than container load）拼箱货LDC (Less developed country) 欠发达国家MFA ( the Multifibre Arrangement ) 多种纤维协定MFN（Most Favored Nation）最惠国MT（metric ton）公吨M/T（mail transfer）信汇MTC (Multi-Modal Transport Contract) 综合运输合同MTD（multi-modal transport document）多式运输单据M/R（mate’s receipt）大副收据NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement) 北美自由贸易协定NGO（Non-Governmental Organization）非政府组织NTB (non-tariff barrier) 非关税壁垒NV (normal value) 标准值O/A（open account trade）赊账交易OEEC (the Organization for European Economic Cooperation) 欧洲经济合作组织QMS(quality management system) 企业质量管理体系OPEC（Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries）石油输出国家组织PICC（the people’s insurance company of china）中国人民保险公司QC (Quality Control) 品质控制ROI（return on investment）投资回报率、S/C（sales contact）销售合同SCM Agreement (The Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures) 《补贴与反补贴施协议》SITC (Standard International Trade Classification) 联合国国际贸易标准分类SME (Small and Medium Enterprises) 中小企业S/O（shipping order）装货单TC（transnational corporation）跨国公司TCT（time charter on trip basis）航次期租TEU（twenty-foot equivalent unit）20英尺标准箱TMB（A Textiles Monitoring Body）纺织品监督机构T.P.N.D.（theft，pilferage and non-delivery）偷窃，提货不着险TPP（trans-pacific partnership agreement）跨太平洋伙伴关系TRIMs （the Trade-Related Investment Measures）与贸易有关的投资措施TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) 与贸易有关的知识产权协议T/T（telegraphic transfer）电汇U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) 苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟（1991年解体）UCP (Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits ICC publication No.600) USP600 UEMOA (West African Economic and Monetary Union) 西非经济货币联盟UNCTAD（United Nations Conference on Trade and Development）联合国贸易暨发展会议URC(uniform rules for collections) 托收统一规则VER (voluntary export restraint) 自愿出口限制WB（the world bank）世界银行WIPO (the World Intellectual Property Organization ) 世界知识产权组织WPA(with particular average) 水险WTO (the World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织。
商务英语名词解释
11. Budget—预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu. a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.2. Return—回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3. Portfolio—证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4. Royalty—专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5. Expertise—专门知识expert knowledge or skill, esp. in a particular field; know-how.6. Licensor—认证颁发者a person or company granting a license.7. Patent—专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.8. Non-tariff barrier—非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.9. Turnkey contract—交钥匙工程one in which one of the parties agrees to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.10. Franchise—经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.21. Purchasing power—购买力of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2. Assess—估价to judge an amount or value.3. spur—刺激to urge or encourage4. average—平均of an ordinary, common or usual kind in quality or amount5. Productive—多生产producing in high efficiency or in large quantity6. tap—开发to take what is needed from, to exploit7. Infrastructure—基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications, etc. needed to support economic activity, esp. industry, trade and commerce.8. recipient—接受者a person or an organization etc. that receives something9. consumerism—消费主义considerable desire to make purchase for consumption10. PPP—购买力平价purchasing power parity31 liberalization—自由化of trade, the act of government in lifting controls over imports and exports2 integration—一体化combining into a whole3 tariff—关税tax levied by the customs4 barriers to trade—贸易壁垒any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.5 mobility—流动性capacity that can move or be moved easily and quickly from place to place.6 detour—绕道route that voids a blocked road; deviation7 banknote—纸币printed paper money issued by a bank, usu. the country’s central bank.8 erode—侵蚀wear away, eat into9 envisage—想象picture(an event, action, etc) in the mind as a future possibility; imagine10 veto—否决权right to reject or forbid something41 affiliate—分支机构a subsidiary company controlled by another2 assets—资产total resources of a business, as cash, accounts receivable, real estates etc.3 world company—全球公司a multinational whose national identity has been blurred4 facilities—设施something designed, built or installed to serve a specific function or perform a particular service5 revenue—收益the total annual income of a state6 decentralize—使分权distribute the administrative powers over a less concentrated area7 nationalize—收归国有to bring under the control or ownership of a nation8 welfare—福利well-being9 framework—行为准则organization structure10 input—投资something that is put in business operation51 service—服务something done to help or benefit others2 abundant—大量的plentiful, more than enough3 specialization—专业化to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields4 primary commodities—初级产品those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials5 incentive—刺激that which incites, rouses or encourages a person6 alternative—替代物that may be had, used etc. in place of sth. else7 intuitive—直觉relating to the power of the immediate understanding of something without reasoning or study8 efficient—有效的producing a desired or satisfactory result; able to perform duties well9 endowment—天赋a natural gift or ability10 exploit—利用to develop the use of, make the best use of61 drawback—退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when re-exported2 highlight—重视to make prominent; to draw special attention3 bulky—庞大taking a lot of space, and often of a shape difficult to handle4 perishable—易碎easily to go bad5 tariff—关税duties imposed on goods imported and exported6 specific duties—从量税duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods7 ad valorem duties—从价税duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods8 unilaterally—单方面地done by one side or party only9 maritime—海上connected with the sea or navigation10 remittance—汇款money sent by post71 law suit—诉讼案件legal prosecution2 dispute—争端argument or controversy3 remedy—纠正method of putting right something that is wrong4 amendment—修正changes made to something5 Incoterms—贸易术语a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms6 present—提交submit7 premise—前提a tract of land including its buildings8 heading—标题category9 classification—分类the arrangement of things by groups10 carriage—运费the price or cost of transportation81 business line—商业领域goods dealt in by a company2 voluntary offer—主动发盘an offer made on the initiative of the offerer3 contract—合同an agreement setting forth the binding obligations of the relevant parties4 indispensable—必须物absolutely necessary5 contract proper—合同正文the main body of a contract6 contracting parties—缔约方signatories of an agreement7 force majeure—[不可抗力] social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party8 purchase contract—购买合同a contract made by the buyer9 firm offer—持盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer10 offeree—受要约人the party to whom an offer is made91.popular—受欢迎的liked and admired2.hyperinflation—极度通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control3.inflation—通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansionof money supply, credit etc.4.protectionism—贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing homecountries through duties and other means imposed on competitive imports5.bilateral—双边的of two sides6.bundling—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together7.expertise—专门知识expert skill or knowledge8.creditors—债权人a person to whom one owns money9.transferable—可转移的possible to be handed over10.verified data—已证实的数据authentic materials101.debtor—债务人a person who owes money2.default—违约fail to carry out an obligation3.dubious—可疑的doubtful, uncertain, questionable4.draft—汇票an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money5.remittance—汇款the sending of money or the money sent6.fluctuation—波动irregular movement of (prices, exchange rates etc.)7.drawer—出票人the person who issues a draft, usually the exporter8.sound—健康合理financially satisfactory财政上满意9.ban—禁止prohibit, forbid10.drawee—受票人the person to whom a draft is drawn111.credit-worthiness—资信being believed or accepted by others as reliable in makingpayment2.substantial—大量的large, great, considerable3.constitute—组成make up; amount to; form4.applicant of an L/C—出口信用证the importer that goes to a bank for theestablishment of an L/C5.beneficiary—受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for itsexport6.discrepancy—不符difference; absence of agreement7.confirming bank—保兑行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C8.bill of exchange—汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for thepurpose of payment9.underlying—作为基础forming the basis of10.reimburse—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent121.clean credit—光票信用证a credit that does not require shipping documents forpayment2.cancel—作废not to do something that has been arranged or decided upon3.leading bank—主要银行major bank, most important bank4.impeccable—完美的faultless5.insolvent—无力偿还的unable to pay debts6.sight credit—即期信用证a credit by which payment can be made uponpresentation of the draft7.maturity—到期becoming due8.after sight—见票之后after presentation of draft9.middleman—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer andthe consumer10.sustain—遭受suffer131.documentation—证明文件the presentation and use of shipping documents2.consignee—收货人the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped3.shipping marks—唛头what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol foridentification in the course of transportation4.discrepancy—不符absence of agreement5.liability—责任what one is responsible for according to law6.apparent—表明上according to appearance; seeming7.insurance policy—保险单a document used for covering possible risks8.discount—折扣amount of money that may be taken off the full amount9.title—抬头right to the possession of a position or property10.invoice—发票a document for the general description of the goods and the price141 alternative—供选择a choice from two or more possibilities.2 modes—运输方式different forms of transportation3 fundamental—极其重要的very important4 ownership—所有权legal right of possession5 intermediate products—中间产品semi-manufactures6 commercial intercourse—商业交流business dealings between individuals or firms7 unload卸货—getting goods off a carrier8 package—包装combination of related parts or elements accepted or rejected as a single unit9 distribution—分布the marketing, transporting, merchandising, and selling of any item10 destination—目的地the terminal to which goods are sent151 insured—被保险人a person covered by an insurance policy2 premium—保险费the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract3 potential loss—潜在损失loss which is possible to incur4 viability—能力ability to succeed in operation5 claim—索赔a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy6 margin—利润amount above what is estimated as necessary7 underwriter—保险公司a person who carries on insurance as a business8 consumption—消费the using up of goods and services having an exchangeable value9 compensation—赔偿金something given or received as an equivalent for loss10 pooling—联营a combination of funds formed for common advantage161 field—领域a sphere of activity2 incidence—发生occurrence3 multi-modal transportation—多式联运transport that combines road, rail, sea and air4 diminish—减少降低the right to collect from an endorser a payment of loss5 indemnity—赔偿compensation for loss6 subrogate—代为追偿to substitute a claim against one person for a claim against another person7 legal action—法律行动an action taken against someone in accordance with the law8 leader—领导者an insurer who is well-known in a particular class of business9 deposit—存款money paid as part payment that is owned10 compulsory—义务that must be done171 peg—钉住to keep fixed or unchanged2 redeem—兑换to repay or pay off, esp. loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock3 settlement—结算the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc4 exchange rate—汇率the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency5 fluctuations—波动upward and downward movements in the economic system6 gold reserves—黄金储备量the stock of gold coin and bullion held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standard.7 money circulation—货币流通money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services8 devaluation—货币贬值the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies9 offset—补偿to set one value against another or as equal to another10 par—标准equal in value, on the same level181 affiliate—隶属a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in part by another concern2 institutions—体系an organization or establishment devoted to the promotion of a particular object3 productivity—生产力power of being productive4 loans—借贷something lent on condition of being returned, especially a sum of money lent at interest5 prerequisite—先决条件required as a condition for something else6 cyclical—周期循环recurring in cycles7 maturity—到期the time when a note or bill of exchange or a loan becomes due8 reserve—储备金money held aside to meet future demand9 investment—投资the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns10 stringent—严格的strict, that must be obeyed191 quota—配额a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity2 VER—自动出口限制an agreement by a country’s exporters o r government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another country3 acquisition—获得company expansion through the phrase of other business4 synergy—协同作用benefits from combining different business, normally claimed by the promoters of mergers5 rebate—减少reduce6 intellectual property—知识产权certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, andcopy-right7 tax holiday—免税期a period of time during which tax is not levied8 return—收益the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment9 access—使用权a way by which a place, esp. property, can be reached or entered or used10 joint venture—合资企业a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms201 market place—市场a place in which securities are sold and bought2 securities—担保stocks and bonds3 gilts—金边债券stocks issued by government4 information—信息knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance5 qualifications—资格证书competence6 membership—成员the state of being a member of a certain organization7 practitioner—从业者a person engaged in the practice of a profession or occupation8 cost-effective—成本效益好producing optimum results for the expenditure9 shortfall—差额deficiency10 equities—股本company stocks211 ratify—批准make an arrangement or a treaty officially valid by signing it.2 controversy—争论public argument about sth. which many people disagree with3 biennial—两年一次happening every alternate year4 clout—权利influence5 anti-dumping—反倾销one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured6 mandate—授权authority given to perform a duty7 stillborn—死胎的(of a child) dead at birth; (of an idea or a plan) not developing further8 contracting party—缔约国a country or firm that signs a legal agreement9 akin to—类似的similar, related to10 optimal—最佳的best or most favorable221 terms of trade—贸易条件the relation of export and import prices2 preference—优先权a practical advantage given to one over others3 export earnings—出口收入money earned on the sales of goods to other countries4 provisions—食品a formal or explicit statement of conditions demanded5 tariffs—壁垒customs duties imposed by a government on imports or exports6 invisible—无形trade in services7 board—董事会an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activities ofa firm8 permanent—不变的lasting9 counterpart—副本，配对物a person or thing that closely resembles another in position or function10 forum—论坛an outlet for discussion of matters of interest to a given group1、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而此国内贸易要复杂得多。
MBA 英语名词解释
商务英语名词解释整理第一章：Accounting can be defined as the collection and processing (analysis, measurement , and recording) of financial data about an organization and the reporting of that information.研究、收集、整理、回报机构财务信息过程的学科。
Financial accounting is concerned with the reporting and communication of a business’economic information to external stockholders.Management accounting is to provide performance information to business insiders.A sole proprietorship is an unincorporated business owned by one person.A partnership is an unincorporated business that is owned by two or more persons known as partners.A corporation is a business that is incorporated and owned by stockholders or shareholders.The balance sheet is to report the financial position of a business at a particular point of time.静态报表，反映公司的资金来源及分布状况The income statement reports the profit performance of a business entity for a specified period of time.动态报表，反映了公司在某一时期的经营成果Statement of Cash flows reports cash flows from various activities.(from operating activities, from investing activities, from financing activities)第二章：Communication strategy:1.Set communication objective.munication Style: tell, sell, consult and join3.CredibilityAudience AnalysisIn order to think about the objectives for a given communication, you need to determine who the audience should be, what the audience members know about you and the topic, how they feel about it, and what sorts of appeals might work best.Message Strategy: direct approach and indirect approachChannel choice: Speaking and writingManagement communication refers to the communication within an organization, typically between the management and the employees.Corporate communication refers to how the organization itself communicates with outsiders. Functions within the discipline of corporate communication:Image and identity,, Corporate advertising and advocacy, Media Relations, Financial Communications, Employee Relations, Government Relations, Crisis Communication（Page.46）第三章Macroeconomics is the study of business forces in the aggregates, or on a national or global level.研究国家或全球经济总量的经济学分支。
自考商务英语写作名词解释题
写作目的(writing purpose)受众/读者(audience)构思过程(thought process)演绎式组织模式(deductive organizational patterns)归纳式组织模式(inductive organizational patterns)直接组织模式(direct organizational patterns)间接组织模式(indirect organizational patterns)写作修改的3个步骤(three distinct stages of revision: adding on; moving around; cutting out)管理沟通(managerial communication)组织沟通(organizational communication)人际关系与团队建设(human relationships and team building)销售沟通(sales communication)商务文件(business documentation)国际交流（跨文化交际）(international communication/ intercultural communication)表达式写作(expressive writing)沟通式写作(communicative writing)简洁风格(clarity)简易风格(the plain style)简明风格(concision)附件说明信函(cover letters of résumé)3类求职信函(three general types of cover letters for job applications: the application letter; the prospecting letter; networking letter )后续询问信函(follow-up letter)致谢信函(thank-you letter)谢绝工作回复(job rejection letter)接受工作回复(job acceptance letter)辞职信函(resignation letter)告别信函(farewell letter)常见履历表格式(common résumé formats)：按年月顺序(chronological résumé format) 按任职顺序(functional résumé format) 复合式(combination résumé format)简短文件(short document)信息咨询函(message to obtain information)谈判便函(messages that negotiate)说服沟通便函(persuasive messages)商务便函的特征（8C）：清晰性（clarity）正确性（correctness）具体性（concreteness）完整性（completeness）周到性（consideration）礼貌性（courtesy）简洁性（conciseness）一致性（coherence）商务备忘录版式(format of a business memo)商务备忘录功能(function of a business memo)信函结构(structure of a letter)信件和信封格式(styles of letter and envelop)会议纪要(minutes)逐字记录(verbatim minutes)决议记录(minutes of resolution)陈述记录(minutes of narration)记录内容版式(minutes’ content format)会议议程(meeting agenda)会议筹划(meeting preparations)会议程序（3个环节）(meeting process: planning & preparing, conducting, and following-up) 会议后续工作(follow-up activities)后续文案职责(accountability of follow-ups)书面发言写作策略(writing strategies for business presentation)书面发言的材料组织(wring organization for business presentation)书面发言用语(language used in a presentation)书面发言避讳用语(language avoided in a presentation)人际沟通的功能(functions of interpersonal communication)人际沟通的目的(purpose of interpersonal communication)人际沟通的4个阶段(four general stages in interpersonal communication)团队的特征(group characteristics)团队的角色(group roles)团队影响力(group influence)沟通结构(communication structures)企业前景(vision)企业使命(mission)企业价值观(corporate values)企业目标(goal)战略计划(strategies)政策与流程(policies and procedures)业务流程的构成要素（15个）(content of procedures)业务流程的版式及内容(format of a procedure)商务文件的层次结构（3个）(tiers of documentation)ISO 9000质量体系(ISO 9000 Quality System )商务蓝皮书(blueprint)商务计划书(business plan)战略性计划书(strategic plan)战术性计划书(tactical plan)操作性计划书(operational plan)操作性管理(operational control)战术性管理(tactical control)战略性管理(strategic control)商务背景(business background)市场计划(marketing plan)财务预测(financial projections)行动计划(action plans)商务提案(business proposal)内部提案(internal proposal)外部提案(external proposal)招标提案(solicited proposal)非招标提案(unsolicited proposal)提案写作的简单模式(simple form for proposal writing)提案写作的复杂模式(detailed form for proposal writing)外部提案的结构要素（6个）(elements of the external proposal: introduction; problem identified and defined; objective & goal set; solutions proposed; implementation & measuring; costs and timeframe estimated)内部提案模式的内容版式(content format of internal proposal)征集提案(Request for Proposal, RFP)征集启示的基本要素(basic components of a RFP)提案评估(proposal evaluation)议程报告(agenda)行程安排(itinerary)费用支出报告(expense reports)项目进程报告(progress report)人事评估报告(personnel evaluation)第一手资料来源(primary sources)第二手资料来源(secondary sources)引证信息(documenting information)解析数据(interpreting data)常规商务报告(routine reports)任务报告(task reports)条目清单功能(itemized lists)图表辅助功能(graphic aids)标题的功能(headings)协议的本质(essence of a deal)合同的修订(contractual modifications)违约与补偿(breach of contract and remedy)律师费用条款(attorneys fees clause)合同免责(escape from contract)第三方签字(third party signature)合同追加条款(contract rider)合同授权(authorization)商务谈判(contract negotiation)合同起草(contract drafting)合同实施(execution)合同终止(closeout)合同(contract)合同有效性(validity of contracts)要约(offer) 接受(acceptance)法定权力(capacity)Sales contracts 买卖合同Contracts for supply of power ,water,gas or heat 供应电、水、气、热力合同Contracts for loan of money 借款合同Leasing contracts 租赁合同Financial leasing contracts 承揽合同Contracts for construction projects建设工程合同Carriage contracts运输合同Technology contracts 技术合同Safekeeping contracts 保管合同Warehousing contracts 仓库合同Agency appointment contracts 委托合同Trading-trust contracts行纪合同Brokerage contracts居间合同。
商务英语阅读考试-名词解释
名词解释1、Marketing p741 Marketing is getting the right goods and services to the right place at the right time at the right price with the right communication and promotion.2 Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers.3 Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtained what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with other.2、Corporate culture p46 p55Corporate culture refers to the merger of attitudes, values, beliefs, organization goals and objectives, employee diversity and image.Corporate culture: the way we do things around here reflects patterns of shared values and beliefs created over time. Corporate culture sets norms for acceptable behaviour in organizations, change and conservatism, creativity and conformity, group orientation and individuality, customer service and in-house orientation. 3、Logologo are the representation of corporate brands.A logo is a graphic mark or symbol commonly used by commercial enterprises, organizations and even individuals to aid and promote instant public recognition. Logos are either purely graphic (symbols/icons) or are composed of the name of the organization .4、Free tradefree trade refers to the elimination of barriers to international trade.A system of international trade in which there are no restrictions or taxes on imports and exports.5、Trade protectionTrade protection is used by countries when they think their industries are being damaged by unfair competition by other countries. It is a defensive measure, and it is usually politically motivated. It can often work, in the short run. However, in the long run it usually does the opposite of its intentions. It can make the country, and the industries it is trying to protect, less competitive on the global marketplace.6、TariffA tariff is a tax on imports, which is collected by the federal government and which raises the price of the good to the consumer. Also known as duties or import duties, tariffs usually aim first to limit imports and second to raise revenue.7、Human resource managementHuman resource management (HRM, or simply HR) is the management of an organization's workforce, or human resources. It is responsible for the attraction, selection, training, assessment, and rewarding of employees, while also overseeing organizational leadership and culture, and ensuring compliance with employment and labor laws.8、Ecommerce p144Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or ecommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the internet and other computer networks.9、WTO p162The world trade organization deals with the rules of trade between nations at a global or near--global level. It is an organization for liberalizing trade. It is a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements. It is a place for them to settle trade disputes. It operates a system of trade rules.The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade.。
国际商务英语-名词解释
Lesson 1Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.FDI( foreign direct investments) is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.Franchising特许经营: a firm called the franchisee, isallowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.Management contract管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing , contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion .International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. Fora BOT project , a firm operate a facility for a period of time after bulding it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company .Lesson 2GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.Income distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on take into account without reference to (不针对) make efforts to engage inLesson 3Free trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policyCustoms union关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policyCommon market共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.Economic Union (EU)经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.Lesson 4Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部is the original investing multinational corporation . It is also the international headquarters of the MNE .MNC跨国公司=TNC: Multinational corporation, are made up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries, companies in which over 50 percent is owned by the parent company.MNE跨国企业:Multinational enterprise: A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, often including productive resources, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated separately in each of these countries. Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.Home county母国: The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.Host country东道国: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.Lesson 5Absolute advantage绝对利益: It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)Comparative advantage比较利益: Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.International trade国际贸易: The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.Primary commodities：those commodities not processed，or only slightly processed，usually farm produce or raw materials.Specialization专业化: To restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields.Lesson 6Import duties进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an areaExport duties出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leaving an areaTariff关税: A tax levied on a commodity when it crossesthe boundary of a custom area.Quota配额: A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.Drawback退税: Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇: A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating countryContract proper：the main body of a contractLesson 7Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则: It is a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.Trade terms are terms used in international trade to describe the general information about the trade, such as the unit price port of shipment, port of destination and the kind of currency.Protectionism is a trade barrier to international trade for the purpose of protecting a nation’s own domestic marketand industries. It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.A multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns, controls and manages assets, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated.Multi-model transportation:Lesson 8Inquiry / enquiry询盘、询价: It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.Quotation报盘: Estimate of how much something will cost Counter offer还盘:New offer made by the original offeree to the original offererOfferee收盘人：A first enquiry首次询价: An enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt withA contract一个合同: An agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant partiesA firm offer 一个实盘: Statement that you are willing to pay a certain amount of money to by something.Force majeure不可抗力: is a default of the contract which is given rise to not because of the contracting parties’ default, but of the uncontrollable causes. Onetype of the cause is the natural force and the other is social cause. Or social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting partyLesson 9Hyperinflation极度通货膨胀is a kind of inflation in which the market prices are soaring quickly. The devaluation rate of the currency is astronomical. The normal economic activities are out of the order, and finally lead to the collapse of the whole monetary system.inflation :Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etcDevaluation贬值Barter易货贸易:The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.Buyback回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.Lesson 10Remittance 汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each otherDocumentary draft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.Documentary collection跟单托收:It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.Payee收款人、领款人: The person receiving the payment.Sight draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.Usance draft远期汇票Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.Draft汇票:= Bill of exchange. It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.Drawer出票人: The person who draws the draft (usually the exporter)Drawee受票人: The person to whom the draft is drawn.Clean draft光票: The draft without documentsLesson 11Applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer) applicant of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/COpening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the credit.Opening bank:the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank .Beneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedCorrespondent band往来行、关系行:The bank in the exp orter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to itAdvising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.Confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.The letter of Credit (L/C、L/C)信用证:The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.Negotiating bank议付行: The ba nk buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit.Recipient: A person or an organization etc. that receives somethingWorld company: A multinational company whose nationalidentity has been blurredMiddleman trader: Person through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumerLesson 12Clean credit光票信用证: credit only require clean draft, which isn’t accompanied with shipping documents.The documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.Revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证: The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned.Confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bankUnconfirmed credit不保兑信用：The credit isn’t confirmed by another bankSight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draftUsance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证:The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.Transferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.Non-transferable credit不可转让信用证:The credit can not be transferred.Non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.Revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.Lesson 13Commercial invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. The contents: Invoice number and the date; name and address of the buyer and the seller; contract number and credit number; description of the goods including name of the commodity, quantity, specifications, etc.; unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; terms of delivery and terms of payment; packing, shipping marks, etc.; and seal or signature of the exporter.Legal holder合法持有人is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by lawPacking list装箱单: The documents gives informationsuch as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.Lesson 14Common carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.Contract carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).Transportation and freight transportation运输和货物运输:In broad sense, transportation is defined as movement of freight and passengers from one location (place) to another. In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effects of such movement on the development and advancement of business.Lesson 15Insured被保险人，保户: The person who transfer risk.Insurer承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter).premium：the amount paid by all insured for coverage under the contractKnown premium已知的保险费is the cost the insured should have to pay the insurance company for the insured goods Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.Marine insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.Lesson 16Indemnity赔偿原则: A contract of insurance restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he war in before the loss occurred.Subrogate: subrogation is of enormous importance in cargo insurance, the word “Subrogate” means “to take the place of another”.Insurable interest可保利益: It holds that no one mayinsure anything unless he has and interest in it. (Which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit form its preservation, but if it is any way damaged or lost the assured will be adversely affect.)Principle of utmost good faith最大诚信原则：The people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basis of written statements made in a proposal form.Contribution分摊原则: It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers. If two policies do cover the same event, the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position.Proximate cause of the loss近因原则: It means that when an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk, a claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the proximate (closest) cause of the loss suffered. The proximate cause is the direct cause of the loss.Shortfall means the shortage of amount or values of certain goods.Lesson 17Exchange rate汇率、兑换率: It refers to the price at which one currency can be exchange for another currency.Direct quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价: A directexchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency. 1美元=6.8元外币为基准Indirect quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价:An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.Medial rate中间价 It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.SDR特别提款权: Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.Lesson 19Greenfield strategy绿地战略:Building new enterprises on land bought or leased in a foreign countryAcquisition并购: Purchasing existing facilities is known as acquisition. It does not have to start from scratch and face the difficulties in the greenfield strategy. But it has to take responsibilities for all the liabilities of the purchased firm, and deal with existing problems in management, labor relations, environmental protection obligations etc.Joint venture: A joint venture is an independent business entity founded and owned by two or more partners called parents. The proportions of ownership between the partners may be equal or unequal depending on their respective investments that are mostly in the form of capital but may also be in land, equipment, or intellectual property.Lesson 21Most-favored nation treatment最惠国:A treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.GSP普惠制Generalized System of Preferences:Under the system, developed countries grant developing countries favorable lower tariffs without granting them to developed members. And the developing countries do not have to reciprocate such favorable treatment to the developed countries. So the GSP is an important exception to the non-discrimination principle of MFN.Anti-dumping反倾销: to restrict the export expansion of other countries。
商务英语阅读
商务英语阅读1. 简介商务英语阅读是指通过阅读商务相关的英语文本，提高商务英语的阅读理解能力和词汇量。
在商业活动中，英语已经成为一种全球通用的商务语言，因此对于从事商务工作的人员来说，具备良好的商务英语阅读能力至关重要。
2. 商务英语阅读的重要性2.1. 全球化趋势随着全球化趋势的加速发展，各国企业之间的商务合作日益频繁。
无论是商务洽谈、合同签署还是市场调研，都需要与国际商务伙伴进行有效的沟通和交流。
商务英语阅读能力的提升将帮助人们更好地理解和运用商务英语，从而顺利开展国际商务活动。
2.2. 拓宽职业发展渠道具备良好的商务英语阅读能力可以为个人的职业发展带来更多机会。
在跨国公司或国际组织中，流利地阅读和理解商务英语文本是进一步晋升的关键因素。
而且，许多商业类的高级学位和认证考试中，商务英语的阅读部分占据很重要的一部分。
2.3. 提高跨文化交流能力商务英语阅读不仅仅是理解英语文本的能力，还涉及到对不同文化间的理解和适应。
在商业活动中，不同背景和文化背景的人们会有不同的思维方式和沟通方式。
通过阅读商务英语文本，可以更好地了解不同文化之间的差异，提高跨文化交流能力。
3. 商务英语阅读的技巧3.1. 扩大词汇量商务英语阅读中经常会遇到一些行业术语和专业词汇。
为了更好地理解商务文本，我们需要积累并掌握相关的词汇。
可以通过背单词、多读商业类文章和相关书籍等方式来扩大词汇量。
3.2. 学会推测上下文在商务英语阅读中，不一定每个生词都需要查字典。
通过上下文的提示和推测，我们可以大概理解词汇的意思，从而不影响整体的理解。
这种技巧可以提高阅读速度和效率。
3.3. 注重细节商务英语文本中的细节对于理解整个文章的意义非常重要。
我们需要注重抓住关键信息，如数字、时间、地点等，并与上下文进行关联。
这将帮助我们更准确地理解文章的含义。
3.4. 练习阅读速度商务英语阅读要求阅读速度较快，因为在商务场景下，时间通常比较紧迫。
通过阅读商务英语文章并进行速读训练，可以提高阅读速度和阅读理解能力。
商务英语名词解释
商务英语阅读名词解释Chapter11．global company : a company that integrates its international biz activities.2．Stable : the entire range of products a company has or produces3．Joint venture : a partnership that is formed by two or more parties cooperating in some special biz activities.4．Merger & acquisition : combining of two or more entities through the direct acquisition by the net assets of the other.5．Consumer market: an organized group of buyers and sellers of a particular product that are affected by its demand and supply.6．Distribution channel: all the organizations and people involved in the physical movement of goods and services from producer to consumer.7．Listed company : a company whose shares have been quoted by the Stock Exchange.8．Marketing savvy : understanding and knowledge of how goods and services are marketed.9．Industrial complex(工业生产基地) : a manufacturing area that consists of many different factories turning out different products.10. brand recognition : a product or products that has or have been recognized and appreciated by local consumers.11. specialty shop : an outlet that deals in or sells a particular line of products.12. household name : a brand, person, company, etc. that is known to all or very popular in a place.13. loss-maker : a biz that continually makes no profit.14. home country : the country on which a multinational corporation’s HQs is based.15. quota : a restriction on the quantity of imports of a particular product that a country impose.16. organizational culture : the common values, behavior patterns, institutions, and so on among employees of a corporation.17. market economy : an economy in which the market is used to determine resource allocation, prices, and investments.Chapter 21.new economy : a different form of economy that is mainly supported by IT sector andcharacterized by knowledge-based economy instead of manufacturing.bor force : all of the people in a country or in a region that are employed or are likely to beemployed in the future.3.bubble economy : an economy that primarily depends on banking, financial market and othertransient operation.4.venture capital : funds that are invested in new plants or hi-tech startups open to large risk ofloss. cycle : A period of time that a biz goes through consists of four stages---boom繁荣,recession衰退, depression萧条, recover复苏.6.stock market : a stock exchange that deals in stocks and shares.7.deregulation : the ending of the existing system of regulations, especially by the government.8.public offering : a nonexclusive issue to the general public either bonds or stock by a firm inorder to raise funds.9.bottleneck : difficulties or things that are more likely hinder normal production or preventsmooth economic development.rmation tech信息技术: all devices and knowledge that are required to manage any kindof data.11.Treasury bill短期国债：A short-term obligation of the U.S. Treasury, having a maturityperiod of one year or less and sold at a discount from face value.短期国库券：美国财政部发行的一种短期债券，一年或少于一年到期，以票面价值打折的形式出售.Treasury bond : 长期国债T-bonds have maturity’s greater than 10 years.T-note : 中期国债has maturity ranging from 2 to 5 years. plan : future actions to be taken by a company, concerning products, production, market,investment, etc.13.capital stock : The total amount of stock authorized for issued by a corporation, includingcommon and preferred stock. 股本(总额)：由一个公司授权发行的股票的总数额，包括普通股和优先股.14.product life cycle : a theory stating that certain kinds of products go through a cycle consistingof four stages, namely, introduction, growth, maturity and decline.15.junk bonds : an interest-bearing certificate of debt that promises to give a high yield but isissued by a company with low credit rating低信用等级.16．Seed money=seed capital启动资金: the initial equity capital used to start a new venture or biz.Chapter 31. liquidity : available cash or the capacity to obtain it on demand.2. exchange rate : the amount of one currency that can be bought with another.3. multinational company : a very large organization that owns companies in more than one country in order to obtain low-cost raw materials and make efficient use of a local workforce.4. benchmark : a standard by which something can be measured or judged.5. pricing policy : a plan or statement of prices set by an organization for its products and services.6. money market : the institutions and practices through with short-term funds are channeled to borrowers and entrepreneurs.7. capital market : a place where deals are made relating to long term investment needed by businesses and public authorities.8. collateral : property or an item of value acceptable as security for a loan or other obligation.担保物：被接受作为抵押或其他义务担保的财产9. counterparty : a term used to identify the “other” party in a two-party transaction.10. stock exchange: a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices determined by supply & demand.11. retail : the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers.12. cheque : a printed form, used instead of money, to make payment from one’s bank account.13. economic integration : the integration of commercial & financial activities among countries through the abolishment/cancellation of economic discrimination.Chapter 41.Dow-Jones Industrial Average : an index of the share prices quoted on the New York StockExchange for a group of 30 leading industrial companies.2.Blue chip : a stock that sells at high price because of public confidence in its long record ofsteady earnings.3.Nasdaq : national association of securities dealers automated quotations4.social security社会保障: a government program that provides economic assistance topersons faced with unemployment, disability, or agedness, financed by assessment (税额) of employers and employees.5.tax deduction : an expense费用that a taxpayer is allowed to deduct from taxable income.6.reinsurance ：the purchase of insurance by an insurance company from another insurance(reinsurer) to provide it protection against large losses on cases it has already insured.7.policy :保单the printed legal document stating the terms of insurance contract that is issuedto the policyholder投保人by company.8.public relations : PR, the activity of keeping good relationships between an organization andthe people outside it.9.depression : a period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterizedby decreasing biz activity, falling prices, and unemployment. 萧条，不景气：国家（或国际）经济不景气的一段时期，其特征是商业活动减少、价格下降、失业10.media ：a means of mass communication, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, or television.11.recession: An extended decline in general business activity, typically three consecutivequarters of falling real gross national product.衰退：经济活动普遍而持续地衰败，尤指三个连续季度的社会总产品净值的下降Chapter 51．Sanction : the penalty for noncompliance specified in a law or decree.2．Trade deficit : imports minus exports of goods and services.3．Balance of trade 贸易支付差额the value of country’s exports minus the value of its imports.4．Downturn : a tendency downward, especially in biz or economic activity.5．Speculation投机: engagements in risky biz transactions on the chances of quick or considerable profit.6．Value added tax : an indirect tax imposed on consumption that is reflective of the incremental increases on the value of goods through the chain of production, from the raw material phase to final consumption.增值税是向消费征收的间接税，它反映了商品从原材料到最终消费的整个生产过程中的增加值。
商务英语专有名词解释
Деловой перевод.Forms of ownership:– Sole Proprietorship—a business owned and operated by a singleindividual.–Partnership---- партнёрство—a business owned by two or more people.–Limited Company—a company where ownership is represented by company＇s shares.1. Board of directors---.Cовет директоров —theofficials elected by shareholders who rule thecompany2. Current liabilities—the money that a company during which certaingoods are produced.3. Dividends—company profits paid to shareholders.4. Entrepreneur-- Предприниматель—person who sets upa new commercial enterprise to make a profit.5. Indebtedness -- задолженность– amount of debts6. Initial funds --funds used in starting a business.7. Liabilities -- Обязательства–the amount of debt that must be paid.8. Shareholders-- акционер–those who own shares of a company＇s stock.9. Accounting –бухгалтерия---- the action or process ofkeeping financial accounts. Is a system of gathering ,summarizing and communicating financial information for abusiness firm, government or other organizations.10. Balance sheet –Балансовый отчёт - is a statementwhich describes the companies resources and indicateswhere these resources have come from.11. Bankruptcy –Банкротство-when a company is judgedlegally to be unable to pay it´s debts .12. Fiscal policy/tax policy –Налоговая политка - isa government＇s policy that deals with government＇s taxingand spending programs.13. Income statement—a report of firm＇s revenue and expenses duringa certain period.14. Rate of inflation –Уровень инфляции - is the amounton the speed of inflation.15. Sales ledger –Книга учёта - a book in which a companyrecords all it´s sales.16. Distribution—the movement of goods & services from producer tocustomer.17. Assets18. Barter—exchanging of goods and services for other goods or services.19. Equity capital---funds (in a company) raised by selling stock andretained earnings.20. Bond—a certificate issued by the government or a company promisingto pay back borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest on aspecified date.21. Cash----22. Fixed assets----23. Cash on delivery----a method of payment for goods at the time ofdelivery24. Cash with order—a method of payment for goods when cash is paidto the supplier at the time that the order in placed.25. Commodity----26. Consumer----somebody, who uses goods or services.27. Currency—the money in use in a country.28. Demand----Спрос -—customer interest in acquiring smth.29. Supply---предложениe –the quantities of a type of goodsavailable on the market.30. Supplier—the company that provides the materials needed formanufacturing a product31. Raw materials----the materials used in a manufacturing process.32. Working in progress (WIP)—the stage in a company during whichcertain goods are produced.33. Finished stock----a supply of goods for sale, usually kept at awarehouse.34. Current assets—include cash and items that can be easily turnedinto cash35. Durable goods—long-lasting products.36. Advertising---the promotion of goods or services through media.37. Advertising agency—an organization which provides (for a certaincommission) advertising services.38. Discount----скидка—a reduction in the usual price of something.39. To settle a complaint---to put things in order to satisfy the customer.40. Hire-purchase contracts (installment sales)—a system for buyinggoods involving a series of payments at regular intervals.41.JIT (just in time) ----a manufacturing and stock-control system inwhich goods are produced and delivered as they are required.42. Lean production---doing things as quickly and cheaply as possible,without waste.43. Marketing—the activity of presenting advertising and sellingcompany’s products in the best possible way.44. Markup----the difference between the manufacturing cost of an itemand its selling price.45. Output----46. Outsourcing---using outside suppliers for goods or services.47. Premises---the buildings used in running a business.48. Profit--- прибыль– money that you gain by selling thingsor doing business after your costs have been paid.49. Real estate—land including all the property on it.50. Receivables—the assets owed to a company.51. To retail--- продаватьврозницу—to sell goodsto customers in small quantities and without a discount. (tosell in small amounts)52.To wholesale---- продаватьоптом—to sell goods in large amounts.53. Seasonal demand—the demand dependent on the time of year.54. Stock (inventory) ----a supply of raw materials, work-in –progressand finished goods that is available for use.55. Working capital—the money that a business has available for itsoperation.56. Bad debts—a sum of money owed that is unlikely to be repaid.57. Credit card---58. Credit limit—the maximum amount of credit given to a customer.59. Credit rating—the figure showing a customer's ability to repaymoney or goods given on credit.60. Debtor ---- должник– a person who owes money61. Creditor—a person (organization) to which money is owed.62. To default on (re)payment—to fail to pay a debt.63. Interest—a charge for the use of loan.64. Long-term loan—a loan given for a period of 5 years or more.65. Short-term loan—the loan given for a period of up to 5 years.66. Terms of credit—the conditions of granting a credit.67. Trade credit—the goods given on credit.68. Income tax—a tax paid on money made from employment , business orcapital.69. Market economy—an economy where economic decisions are determinedby the market and the laws of supply and demand70. Mixed economy—an economy that combines elements of market andcommand economies.71. Command economy—an economy in which the government makes economicdecisions about production and distribution.72. Monetary policy—government’s policy that deals with interestrates, availability of loans and money supply. 73. Benchmarking—studying organizations that are among the best in theworld at performing a particular task.74. Boom—a period of rapid economic growth75. Recession — a period of decline in economic activity.76. Economic environment—the environment in which firms, people,government and local authorities deal with economic matters.77. Exports—products sold to another country78. Imports—products brought into one country from another country.79. Securities – stocks or shares in a company.80. Stock market ---- фондовойрынок– the place wherestocks and shares are bought and sold（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
商务英语名词解释考试重点笔记
Non -tariff barriers ：非关税壁垒 Durable equipment :耐用设备 Creditor country :债权国 Dual -Ministerial Meeting :双部长会议Board of directors ：董事会 European commission :欧盟委员会 The parent MNE :多国公司母公司 National economic welfare :国家经济利益 self -sufficient :自给自足的 The legal jurisdiction :法律管理范围 perfect competition :完全竞争 output per many -year of labor :人均年产量 Cost advantage ：成本优势 Production capability ：生产能力Consumption preference ：消费偏好 Large -scale production ：大规模生产 Tariff barrier ：关税壁垒 Internationa l chamber of commerce :国际商会Incoterms :国际贸易术语解释通则 Binding obligation :有约束力的义务 International trunk call :国际长途 Cross -border contract :进出口合同 Clearing system :清算系统；清算制度 Leverage : 杠杆作用Auction 拍卖 Trade credit account : 贸易信贷往来账户 Hyperinflation 极度通货膨胀 Centrally planned economy :中央计划经济 Net positions 实际寸头Counter trade 对销贸易、反向贸易 Cross -border contract 进出口合同 Protectionism 贸易保护注意Clearing system 清算系统（制度） Compensation trade 补偿贸易Trade credit accounts 贸易信贷往来账户Consignment 寄售Processing trade 加工贸易Centrally planned economies 中央计划经济国家Trade fair :交易会competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值Leasing trade 租赁贸易Securities market 有价证券市场 Stock Exchange 证券交易所Foreign exchange market 外汇市场 Trade credit accounts 贸易信贷往来账户Poliy objective 政策目标 Foreign exchange shortages 外汇短缺Financial standing 财务状况= fin ancial status = financial strength Credit worthiness 资信可靠状况 Periodic payments 分阶段付款Reimburse 偿付Unit price 单价 Partial shipment 分批装运The uniform customs and practice of documentary credits 跟单信用证统一惯例Open account 记账交易 The carrying vessel 载货船只 Non -trade settlement 非贸易结算 Leading /Prime/First rate 主要银行 A particular transaction 一笔特定的交易Capital turnover 资金周转 Documents 单据Consignee 收货人 Documentation 单据的制作或使用 Commission 佣金Consignor 托运人 Bill of lading 提（货）单 Notify party 到货通知人、被通知人 Airway bill 空运（提）单 Insurance policy 保险单（大保单） Insurance certificate 保险单（小保单） Cargo receipt 铁路运单、货运收据 Commercial invoice 商业发票: Customs /Consular invoice 海关/领事发票Railway bill 收货单（铁路） Shipping advice 装船通知Certificate of quality 品质证书Certificate of weight 重量证书Certificate of quantity 数量证书Certificate of health 健康证书 Certificate of disinfection 消毒证书 Certificate of origin 产地证书 Veterinary certificate 兽医证书 Port of shipment 发货港、装运港、起运港Packing list 装箱单Finished products 制成品Cost economies 节约成本成本节约 Intermediate products 中间产品、成品Production approach Natural product province 领域Shipper 托运人= Consigner Inventory 存货、库存Broker Logistics 物流Transshipment 转运 Just -in -time inventory system 存Known premium 已知的保险费 Private carrier 自有承运人Representative carriers 载工具Destination port :目的港Transportation and freight tation 运输和货物运输: Consignee 收货人Voidable 无效的 Margin 保证金Client 客户，主顾Jeopardy 危险，风险Literature 说明书Underwriter 保险公司 Values exposed to loss 损失的价值Release of funds 腾出资金Terms of sale 价格条件、买卖条款 All Risks 全险、一切险、综合险Forwarding charges 转运费Adversely affected 受到负面影响 Reserve currency 储备货币 Clean float 清洁浮动、自由浮动 Dirty float 肮脏浮动、管理浮动 Idle funds 游资、热钱、闲置资金 Par value 平价（货币的票面价格）Foreign exchange control 外汇管制 Fixed exchange rate / Flexible hange rate 固定汇率/浮动汇率Financial resources 资金Private or 私营经济Equity investment 投资Grace period 优惠期、宽限期 Capital infrastructure 基础建设资金Economic restructuring 整Investment returns 投资收益 Voting power 投票权Borrowingpower 借款权Gold tranche 额Gold reserve 黄金储备 Standby arrangement 安排Customer mobility 客户流动 Tax holiday 免税期Joint venture 资企业Jobber 股票买卖经纪人 The strategic alliance 战略联合Discount rate 贴现率 Securities 有价证券Pro rata 按比例Stock exchange 证券（股票）Secondary capital market 市场Great Depression 大萧条 Primary capital raising 初级/本市场Long -term capital 长期资本Market floor =trading floor 厅Market maker 买和销售的公司Listed market 挂牌证券交易市场Gilt -edged stocks / securities 债券Cost -effective 划算的Public Sector Borrowing Requirement 公共部门借贷需求Listed company / corporation 公司= the list companyThe gilt -edged market 场The traded options market 交易市场Money market 货币市场The foreign equities market 票市场Discount market 贴现市场ecurities market 证券市场Foreign exchange market 外汇市场Escape clauses 免责条款、Non -discrimination principle (ple of non -discrimination t )无差别待遇New international onomic order 国际经济新秩序 Differential treatment 差别待遇 Preferential customs tariffs 特惠税 Transfer of technology 技术转让 Non -discriminate principle 则Tariff concession 关税减让 Contracting party 缔约国、缔约方 Tariff quota 关税限额制、关税配额Counter -veiling measures。
商务英语名词解释
1、Budget —预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu、a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements、2、Return —回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment、3、Portfolio —证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4、Royalty —专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu、at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product、5、Patent —专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process、6、Non-tariff barrier —非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc、7、Franchise —经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products ina certain area、8、Purchasing power —购买力of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services、9、PPP —购买力平价purchasing power parity10、tariff —关税tax levied by the customs11、barriers to trade —贸易壁垒any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country、12、primary commodities —初级产品those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials13、drawback —退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded whenre-exported14、specific duties —从量税duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc、of the goods15、ad valorem duties —从价税duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods16、carriage —运费the price or cost of transportation17、voluntary offer —主动发盘an offer made on the initiative of the offerer18、contracting parties —缔约方signatories of an agreement19、force majeure —[不可抗力] social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party20、firm offer —持盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer21、offeree —受要约人the party to whom an offer is made22、hyperinflation —极度通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control23、inflation —通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc、24、protectionism —贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing home countries through duties and other means imposed on competitive imports25、bilateral —双边的of two sides26、bundling—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together27、creditors —债权人a person to whom one owns money28、debtor —债务人a person who owes money29、default —违约fail to carry out an obligation30、draft —汇票an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money31、remittance —汇款the sending of money or the money sent32、drawe r —出票人the person who issues a draft, usually the exporter33、drawee—受票人the person to whom a draft is drawn34、credit-worthiness—资信being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making payment35、applicant of an L/C —出口信用证the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C36、beneficiary —受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its export37、confirming bank —保兑行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C38、reimburse—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent39、clean credit —光票信用证a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment40、sight credit —即期信用证a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft41、middleman—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer42、consignee—收货人the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped43、shipping marks —唛头what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportation44、insurance policy —保险单a document used for covering possible risks45、title —抬头right to the possession of a position or property46、insured—被保险人a person covered by an insurance policy47、premium—保险费the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract48、potential loss—潜在损失loss which is possible to incur49、claim—索赔a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy50、margin —利润amount above what is estimated as necessary51、underwriter —保险公司a person who carries on insurance as a business52、invoice —发票a document for the general description of the goods and the price53、compensation —赔偿金something given or received as an equivalent for loss54、pooling —联营a combination of funds formed for common advantage55、multi-modal transportation —多式联运transport that combines road, rail, sea and air56、redeem —兑换to repay or pay off, esp、loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock57、settlement —结算the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc58、exchange rate —汇率the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency59、money circulation —货币流通money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services60、devaluation —货币贬值the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies61、reserve —储备金money held aside to meet future demand62、investment —投资the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns63、quota —配额a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity64、VER —自动出口限制an agreement by a country’s exporters or government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another country65、intellectual property —知识产权certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, andcopy-right66、tax holiday —免税期a period of time during which tax is not levied67、joint venture —合资企业a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms68、gilts —金边债券stocks issued by government69、cost-effective —成本效益好producing optimum results for the expenditure70、anti-dumping —反倾销one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured71、mandate —授权authority given to perform a duty72、contracting party —缔约国a country or firm that signs a legal agreement73、Visible trade有形贸易 : The form of commodity trade, i、e、exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resalein another、(including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)74、Invisible trade无形贸易 : The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc、is called invisible trade or service industries、75、FDI( foreign direct investments) is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country、76、Portfolio investment证券投资 : Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling、77、Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest、78、Licensing许可经营 : In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country、They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty、79、Franchising特许经营 : a firm called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty、80、Franchiser特许方 : A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty、81、Franchisee被特许方 : A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another、82、GNP国民生产总值 : Gross national Product、The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy、83、GDP国内生产总值 : Gross Domestic Product、The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy、84、Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值 : It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers、85、Income distribution收入分布 : The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people、86、Free trade area自由贸易区 : The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policy87、Customs union关税同盟 : The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policy88、Common market共同市场 : The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy、89、Economic Union (EU)经济同盟 : The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency、90、Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司,总部 is the original investing multinational corporation 、It is also the international headquarters of the MNE 、91、Home county母国 : The country where the headquarter of the investor is located、92、Host country东道国 : The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates、93、Absolute advantage绝对利益 : It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)100、Comparative advantage比较利益 : Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade、1、、International trade国际贸易 : The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient、2、Import duties进口关税 : Tariffs levied on goods entering an area3、Export duties出口关税 : Taxes levied on goods leaving an area4、Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇 : A tariff treatment under whicha country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country5、Inquiry / enquiry询盘、询价 : It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms、6、Quotation报盘 : Estimate of how much something will cost7、Counter offer还盘: New offer made by the original offeree to the original offerer8、inflation : Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc9、Barter易货贸易: The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed ina short period of time、10、Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country、11、Buyback回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment、12、Remittance 汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each other13、Documentary draft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents、14、Documentary collection跟单托收: It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date、15、Sight draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee、16、Usance draft远期汇票 Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee、17、Draft汇票:= Bill of exchange 、It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future、18、bill of exchange —汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment19、Applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C、(the importer)20、applicant of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C21、Opening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the credit、22、Opening bank: the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank 、23、Beneficiary受益人 :The exporter in whose favor the credit is opened24、Correspondent band往来行、关系行 :The bank in the exporter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to it25、Advising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received、26、Confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit、27、Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange、28、Negotiating bank议付行: The bank buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it undera credit、29、The documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft、30、Revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary、31、Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证 : The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned、32、Confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank33、Unconfirmed credit不保兑信用:The credit isn’t confirmed by another bank34、Sight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft35、usance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证: The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight、36、Transferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties、37、Non-transferable credit不可转让信用证: The credit can not be transferred、38、Non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft、39、Revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made、40、Commercial invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price、41、Legal holder合法持有人 is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by law42、Packing list装箱单: The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc、43、Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill、44、Common carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination、45、Contract carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company)、46、Insured被保险人,保户: The person who transfer risk、47、Insurer承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter)、48、Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters、49、Marine insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes、50、Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk、51、Direct quote / quotation(汇率)直接标价: A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency、1美元=6、8元外币为基准52、Indirect quote / quotation(汇率)间接标价: An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency、53、Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency、54、Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency、55、Medial rate中间价 It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate、56、SDR特别提款权: Special Drawing Right、It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF、57、Anti-dumping反倾销: to restrict the export expansion of other countries、58、biz plan : 商业计划future actions to be taken by a company, concerning products, production, market, investment, etc、59、collateral : property or an item of value acceptable as security for a loan or other obligation、担保物:被接受作为抵押或其她义务担保的财产60、stock exchange:证券交易市场a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices determined by supply & demand、61、retail :零售the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers、62、tax deduction : an expense费用that a taxpayer is allowed to deduct from taxable income、63、policy :保单the printed legal document stating the terms of insurance contract that is issued to the policyholder投保人by company、64、public relations :公关PR, the activity of keeping good relationships between an organization and the people outside it、65、depression : a period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing biz activity, falling prices, and unemployment、萧条,不景气:国家(或国际)经济不景气的一段时期,其特征就是商业活动减少、价格下降、失业66、Trade deficit :贸易逆差imports minus exports of goods and services、67、trade surplus:贸易顺差exports minus imports of goods and services、68、Balance of trade 贸易支付差额the value of country’s exports minus the value of its imports、69、trade sanction : use of a trade policy as a sanction, most commonly an embargo禁运imposed against a country for violating human rights、70、trade reciprocity贸易互惠: the practice by which governments extend similar concessions 让步to each other, as when one gov’t lowers its tariffs or other barriers impeding its imports in exchange for equivalent concession from a trading partner on barriers affecting its exports、71、venture capital : Money made available for investment in innovative enterprises or research, especially in high technology, in which both the risk of loss and the potential for profit may be considerable、Also called risk capital风险资本:投放在富革新精神的企业或研究的资金,尤指用于高科技,其中亏损的风险与赢利的潜力可能都会很大也作risk capital72、start-up: a biz or undertaking事业that has recently begun operation、73、balance sheet 资产负债表, 缩写B、S、: a financial statement that reports the assets and equities of a company at a particular time、一个公司或机构在指定日期的资产、负债与所有者投资的列表说明74、re-capitalization资本额的调整the act or process of changing the capital structure of a company、75、stock market : a place where stocks, bonds, or other securities are bought and sold、76、cash flow : The cash receipts or net income from one or more assets for a given period, reckoned after taxes and other disbursements, and often used as a measure of corporate worth、现金流出量:在特定的一段时间内来自一项或数项财产,扣除税收与其它支付金额外所得的现金收入或净收入,常用来衡量公司的价值77、labor-intensive : requiring or having a large expenditure of labor in comparison to capital、78、market share : the proportion of total sales volumes of a certain market that a company captures、79、intellectual capital : assets or capital in the form of knowledge patent or technology, etc、80、publicly traded companies (PTC) : companies whose shares are traded in stock markets、81、emerging markets 新兴市场: markets which are newly formed or have just come into prominence、82、portfolio investment(有价)证券投资: investment in securities such as bonds and stocks with the aim to earn interest and dividends rather than participate in the management of companies、83、stock turnover: 库存[商品]周转率the number of times a particular stock of goods is sold and restocked during a given period of time、84、lead time订货至交货的时间:the period of time between the actual ordering of parts or equipment and the delivery of them、85、dealerships :A franchise to sell specified items in a certain area、商品代理权:在某一区域内出售某特定商品的特许权86、economic recession : An extended decline in general business activity, typically three consecutive quarters of falling real gross national product、衰退:经济活动普遍而持续地衰败,尤指三个连续季度的社会总产品净值的下降87、depression : A period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing business activity, falling prices, and unemployment、88、liquidity squeeze流动性逃避: financial pressure caused by shortages of narrowing economic margins、89、reverse merger(借壳上市) :it is a special kind of acquisition that enables a private company to get publicly-listed in a relatively short time period、a reverse merger occurs when a private company that has strong prospects and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly-listed shell company(空壳公司)。
商务英语阅读名词解释
1. The bank had doubled profitsin the past year via a string ofsuccessful mergers, but onApr. 21 it reported that itssecurities portfolio hadunrealized losses of nearly$131 million. 在过去一年中银行已经通过一系列成功的合并双倍盈利，但在4月21日却传出报告说证券投资组合造成近一亿三千一百万美元的损失。
2. We’re considering strategiesthat make the most sense ifrates are going up muchmore aggressively andsooner than anticipated.如果利率继续以超出我们想象的强劲势头增长，我们就要考虑最明智的决策。
3. But benchmarkingemployees, and then payingthem different rates, can turnout to be a minefield ifhandled badly. 但是仅仅用一种单一的标准来衡量员工，然后以此对他们进行区分奖励，一旦操作有误很可能造成恶劣后果。
4. But the growing shortage ofexecutive talent may makethe growth assumptionswritten into many businessplans over-optimistic. 但是日渐匮乏的管理人才使得商业计划书对未来经济增长的假设显得过于乐观了。
5. Alternatively, advertisers canchoose to use“spokescharacters”.Owens-Corning has used thePink Panther for nearly 20years to endorse itsinsulation products, andMetropolitan Life has usedthe Peanuts gang to promoteits insurance policies.Another way advertisersprotect themselves is byusing deceased celebrities.Through the wonders oftechnology, televisionviewers see screen legendsJohn Wayne pitching Coorsbeer and Fred Astairedancing with a Dirt Devilvacuum cleaner. 此外，作为一项选择，广告主不一定非要用真人来促销产品，而可以选择一个“代言人”（不一定是真实的人，可以是动画人物，甚至可以是动物）。
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1. The bank had doubled profitsin the past year via a string ofsuccessful mergers, but onApr. 21 it reported that itssecurities portfolio hadunrealized losses of nearly$131 million. 在过去一年中银行已经通过一系列成功的合并双倍盈利，但在4月21日却传出报告说证券投资组合造成近一亿三千一百万美元的损失。
2. We’re considering strategiesthat make the most sense ifrates are going up muchmore aggressively andsooner than anticipated.如果利率继续以超出我们想象的强劲势头增长，我们就要考虑最明智的决策。
3. But benchmarkingemployees, and then payingthem different rates, can turnout to be a minefield ifhandled badly. 但是仅仅用一种单一的标准来衡量员工，然后以此对他们进行区分奖励，一旦操作有误很可能造成恶劣后果。
4. But the growing shortage ofexecutive talent may makethe gro wth assumptionswritten into many businessplans over-optimistic. 但是日渐匮乏的管理人才使得商业计划书对未来经济增长的假设显得过于乐观了。
5. Alternati v ely, advertisers canchoose to use“spokescharacters”.O w ens-Corning has used theP ink P anther for nearl y20years to endorse itsinsulation products, andMetropolitan Life has usedthe P eanuts gang to promoteits insurance policies.Another way advertisersprotect themselves is byusing deceased celebrities.Through the w onders oftechnology, televi s ionviewers see screen legendsJohn Wayne pitching Coorsbeer and Fred Astairedancing with a Dirt Devilvacuum cleaner. 此外，作为一项选择，广告主不一定非要用真人来促销产品，而可以选择一个“代言人”（不一定是真实的人，可以是动画人物，甚至可以是动物）。
例如，奥弗恩斯*科宁用粉红豹来促销其粉红色的绝缘材料已有20 多年;大都会人寿保险公司用花生少年来促销其保险政策。
广告主保护自己的方法之一就是减少名人的运用。
例如，通过神奇的技术，电视观众看到了荧幕传奇任务约翰*威尼叫卖科拉斯啤酒的镜头，还看到了弗莱特*阿斯泰尔与一台名叫清洁助手的吸尘器一起跳舞的情形。
6. In China, as a result of theeconomic reforms andmarket opening measures,SME s have enjoyedremarkable development andhave grown to become animportant force incontributing towardssustained and rapid growthof the Chinese economic.在中国，由于经济改革和市场开发等措施，中小企业有了越来越大的发展，逐渐演变为中国得以可持续快速发展的中坚力量。
7. Many underestimate thecost of local staff.Chinese graduates oftenhave an inflated view oftheir own, complain someforeign managers.Multinationals are alsocompeting for talent withChina’s domesticcompanies, which need toimprove the quality oftheir people as thei rmarkets open to foreignrivals.许多人低估了本土雇员的成本。
一些国外的经理抱怨说，中国的毕业生常常过分地夸大自身的价值。
不少跨国公司也在和中国本土的公司竞争人才，这就意味着中国公司同样应当提高员工的素质，因为中国市场已经向国外的竞争者开放了。
8. A fairly obvious culturaldivide that has been muchstudied is the one between,on the one hand, thecountries of North Americaand north-west E urope,where management islargely based on analysis,rationality, logic and systems,and, on the other, the Latincultures of southern E uropeand South America, wherepersonal relations, intuition,emotion and sensitivity are ofmuch greater importance.一方面，北美和欧洲西北部的管理方式大都是基于分析、理性、逻辑和系统;而另一方面，在南欧和南美的拉丁文化中，人际关系、直觉、情感和敏感性则更为重要。
这两种明显的文化划分已经被广为研究。
9. The style of the ad. Is alsoimportant, becausecomparative ads, whileacceptable and evencommon in the United S tatesand Canada, are lesscommonly used in the UnitedKingdom, unacceptable inJapan, and illegal in Indiaand Brazil. 广告的形式也很重要，因为比较性广告在美国和加拿大可以被接受，甚至非常普通，但在英国却很少使用，在日本无法接受，而在印度和巴西则是非法的。
10. Those that w ant rewards tobe cost-effective butmemorable are seeking theservices of fi r ms thatspecialize in employeerecognition. 那些很想奖励员工而且希望所付出的奖励能够被员工铭记于心的公司往往会去寻求一种服务，帮助他们用巧妙的办法来俘获员工对于公司的认同感。
11. Coca-Cola’s Indiansubsidiary was forced to enda promotion that offeredprizes such as a trip toHollyw ood, because itencouraged customers tobuy in order to gamble, inviolation of India’sestablished trade practi c es.可口可乐印度分公司被迫停止提供奖项，诸如好莱坞旅游的促销活动，这种活动使顾客的购买行动带有赌博性质，而这违背了印度的贸易惯例。
12. The simplest mode is one inwhi c h Motorola makes noparticular effort to adjust tothe local culture, but merelyclarifies its policy on a givenissue, and implements thatpolicy regardless of whetherit overlaps w ith the values orstandards of the host culture.最简单的模式是摩托罗拉针对当地文化，并不作任何特别的调整，只是阐明一个既定的决策，并且实施这个决策而不管它是否与当地价值观或文化标准有所重合。
13. Slow ly but surely, consumersare leaving malls to shopon-line, often in theirpajamas at 11 PM. Andanyone who doubts thepotential pow er of theecommerce juggernauthasn’t grasped theadvantage for bothconsumers and businesses.显而易见的是，消费者逐渐把注意力从普通的购物商场转移到在线购物。
这样他们就可以穿着睡衣在晚上11 点的时候选择心仪的商品。
如果有任何人怀疑电子商务对传统购物的潜在威慑力的话，他一定是还没有体验过电子商务无论对买方还是卖方的巨大便利和优势。
14. In some situations, the overlapbetween Motorola’s standardsand certain pr actices of thehost culture might be so limitedthat the corpor ation has nochoice other than simply toabide by its own standards andattempt to remain viable in thatcountry. 在一些情况下，摩托罗拉的价值标准与东道国特定惯例的重合之处甚为有限，公司别无选择，只得遵守自身的准则，同时也尽量保持在东道国的可实行性。
15. Even if one country can makeeverything more cheaply thanevery other it still gains fromfocusing on the goods in whichits relative advantages isgreatest — i.e., in which it hasa compar ative advantage —and importing the rest.即使一个国家任何产品的生产都比其他国家具有更低的成本，它依然可以通过集中生产其最具有相对比较优势的产品而获得更大的利益，对于其他产品则可实行进口。