行为的生物学基础0506心理学与生活

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双生子研究
同卵双生子 （identical twins/monozygotic twins, MZ） 异卵双生子 （fraternal twins /dizygotic twins, DZ ）
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– 幸福感的遗传性 – 遗传决定了你如何应对环境 。
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心理遗传学的研究
选择性交配 selective breeding
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选择性交配 selective breeding
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基础遗传学 Basic Genetics
• DNA
– Physical basis for the transmission of genetic information
• Genes
– Biological units of heredity
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Hemispheric Lateralization
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Hemispheric Lateralization
Chapter 3
The Biological Bases of Behavior 行为的生物学基础
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• Association cortex
– High-level brain processes
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斯佩里Sperry裂脑人的研究
• [美]神经心理学家斯佩里 Sperry自1960年代末期开 始，从事脑分割后病人的 行为研究，获1981年诺贝 尔医学奖。
自然选择 Natural Selection
• Human evolution
– 两足行走 Bipedalism – 大脑发达 Encephalization – 语言出现 Language – 文化发展 Cultural evolution
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111项双生子的研究结果 Bouchard ＆ McGue，1981
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生物学和行为Biology and Behavior
• 神经科学 Neuroscience
– Scientific study of the brain and of the links between brain activity and behavior
– 盖吉 – 布罗卡 – 电刺激
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Recording and Imaging Brain Activity
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• 脑电图 Electroencephalogram (EEG)
– Electrical activity of the brain
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人类基因型的变化 Variation in the Human Genotype
• 遗传 Heredity
– Biological transmission of traits from parents to offspring
• 遗传学 Genetics
– Study of the inheritance of physical and psychological traits from ancestors祖先
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Motor and Somatosensory Cortex
• Auditory cortex
– Receives and processes auditory information
• Visual cortex
– Processes visual information
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The Limbic System
• Hippocampus
– Acquisition of implicit memory
• Amygdala
– Controls emotion, aggression, and formation of emotional memory
• Hypothalamus
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The Brain Stem and Cerebellum
– Brain stem – Medulla – Pons – Thalamus – Cerebellum
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• 功能性磁共振成像Functional MRI (fMRI)
– Detects magnetic changes in blood flow to cells in the brain
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Nervous System
Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)
– Regulates motivated behavior
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The Cerebrum
• Cerebral cortex • Cerebral hemispheres • Corpus callosum
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对脑的窃听 Eavesdropping on the Brain
• 对脑的干预 Interventions in the brain
– Lesions – injuries to or destruction of body tissue
• 正电子断层扫描 PET scans
– Records radioactivity emitted by cells during cognitive and behavioral activities
• 磁共振成像(MRI)
• Magnetic resonance imagine (MRI)
– Scans the brain using magnetic fields and radio waves
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The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
• Frontal lobes • Parietal lobes • Occipital lobes • Temporal lobes
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– Brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
– Spinal and cranial nerves – Connects the body’s sensory receptors to
the CNS and the CNS to muscles and glands
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Genes and Behavior
• Human behavior genetics
– Evaluates genetic component of individual differences in behaviors and traits
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自然选择 Natural Selection
• 基因型 Genotype
– Genetic structure
• 表现型 Phenotype
– Observable characteristics
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Reproductive success (genotype corresponding to fittest phenotype
passed to next generation)
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Frequency of that genotype (and phenotype) increases (in next generation)
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遗传和行为 Heredity and Behavior
• 自然选择 Natural selection
– Favorable adaptations to features of the environment allow some members of a species to reproduce more successfully than others
Motor and Somatosensory Cortex
• Motor cortex
– Controls the action of the body’s voluntary muscles
• Somatosensory cortex
– Processes sensory input from various body areas
Sympathetic division (“troubleshooter”)
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Parasympathetic division (“housekeeping”)
Nervous System
• Central nervous system (CNS)
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How Natural Selection Works
环境压力 Environmental pressure (changes in the environment)
竞争 Competition (for resources)
Selection of fittest phenotype (from among a variety of phenotypes)
Peripheral Nervous System (neural tissue outside brain and
spinal cord)
Somatic nervous system (sensory and motor nerves,
voluntary)
Autonomic nervous system (internal systems, involuntary)
• 阅读P58-60 • 描述实验过程 • 实验的结论是什么？
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Hemispheric Lateralization
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Hemispheric Lateralization