生产函数决定成本函数
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• 產量受到生產技術與生產要素的影響 • Where do cost curves come from • Depends on firm’s available technology • Determines production process • Production process determines firm’s costs
EXHIBIT 6.1 Total, Marginal and Average Products
9
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
Shape of MP and AP Curves
• AP
– If number of workers large, additional workers cause average product of labor to decrease
– Quantity of output produced by firm in a given amount of time dependent on labor hired
– Information graphically represented by production function
• Production function slopes upward • Production function is rule for determining how
– Inverted U-shape
• MP
– Inverted U-shape
• AP and MP relationship to one another
– If MP > AP, MP lies above AP – If MP < AP, MP lies below AP – If MP = AP, AP at maximum or peak
– Increase in total product based on hiring one additional worker
– Assume capital fixed – Slope of TP
• Average product of labor (APL)
– Total product divided by number of workers
生产函数决定成本 函数
Introduction
• 生產函數決定成本函數，而(邊際)成本會影響供給函數； 因此，本章先介紹生產函數，然後說明成本函數。
• 生產函數在說明生產要素與產量之間的關係；生產要素分 為兩類，一類是短期即可變動其使用的數量的(以勞工為 代表)，另一類是長期才可變動其使用的數量的(以資本為 代表) 。
Variable Costs in the SR
• Constructing the firm’s variable cost curve
– Need total product curve – Need wage rate
• Price of hiring labor
– Multiply number of workers by wage rate to get variable cost PL×L=VC
much outpuwk.baidu.com can be produced with a given basket of inputs
4
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
Calculating MP and AP
• Marginal product of labor (MPL)
10
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
EXHIBIT 6.2 The Stages of Production
11
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
5
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
Relation between MP and AP
TP
N
6
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
2
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
Production and Costs in the Short Run
• Limited options in short run (SR) • Initial assumption
MPL&APL
MPL dTP, APL TP
dL
L
dAPL
d
TP L
L
dTP TP dL
0
dL dL
L2
dTP TP dL L 0 MPL APL
L
8
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
– Firm can hire more labor
3
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
Production in the Short Run
• Total product (TP) of labor
Calculating MP and AP
短期 TP Q f (K , L), APL TP Q ,
LL MPL dTP dQ
dL dL 長期 TP Q f (K , L)
7
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
EXHIBIT 6.1 Total, Marginal and Average Products
9
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
Shape of MP and AP Curves
• AP
– If number of workers large, additional workers cause average product of labor to decrease
– Quantity of output produced by firm in a given amount of time dependent on labor hired
– Information graphically represented by production function
• Production function slopes upward • Production function is rule for determining how
– Inverted U-shape
• MP
– Inverted U-shape
• AP and MP relationship to one another
– If MP > AP, MP lies above AP – If MP < AP, MP lies below AP – If MP = AP, AP at maximum or peak
– Increase in total product based on hiring one additional worker
– Assume capital fixed – Slope of TP
• Average product of labor (APL)
– Total product divided by number of workers
生产函数决定成本 函数
Introduction
• 生產函數決定成本函數，而(邊際)成本會影響供給函數； 因此，本章先介紹生產函數，然後說明成本函數。
• 生產函數在說明生產要素與產量之間的關係；生產要素分 為兩類，一類是短期即可變動其使用的數量的(以勞工為 代表)，另一類是長期才可變動其使用的數量的(以資本為 代表) 。
Variable Costs in the SR
• Constructing the firm’s variable cost curve
– Need total product curve – Need wage rate
• Price of hiring labor
– Multiply number of workers by wage rate to get variable cost PL×L=VC
much outpuwk.baidu.com can be produced with a given basket of inputs
4
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
Calculating MP and AP
• Marginal product of labor (MPL)
10
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
EXHIBIT 6.2 The Stages of Production
11
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
5
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
Relation between MP and AP
TP
N
6
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
2
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
Production and Costs in the Short Run
• Limited options in short run (SR) • Initial assumption
MPL&APL
MPL dTP, APL TP
dL
L
dAPL
d
TP L
L
dTP TP dL
0
dL dL
L2
dTP TP dL L 0 MPL APL
L
8
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
– Firm can hire more labor
3
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition
Production in the Short Run
• Total product (TP) of labor
Calculating MP and AP
短期 TP Q f (K , L), APL TP Q ,
LL MPL dTP dQ
dL dL 長期 TP Q f (K , L)
7
Landsburwg, wPrwice.cTnhesohryua.cndnA精pp品lica资tio料n, 6网th edition