历史成本 history cost
第五章-成本理论
西方经济学·微观·第5章 15
原点与VC上点连线的斜率为对应产量的AVC
C
VC
从
可
●
变
●
●
成
本
0
Q1 Q2 Q3
Q
到
C
平
均
AVC
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成
本
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Q
Q2
(3)短期平均成本SAC
SAC =AFC平均固定成本 + AVC平均可变成本
AC TC VC FC AVC AFC
Q
Q
C
由于AVC达到最低 点后, AFC还一直下 降, 所以AC晚于 AVC达到最低点.
练习
已知产量为9 单位时,总成本 为95元; 产量增加到10 单位时,平均成 本为10元; 由此可知边际 成本为?
增加1单位产量 后,成本增加 100-95=5 边际成本是5
产量Q FC VC TC AFC AVC AC MC 0 20 0
1 20
50
2 20 56
3 20
95
4 20 80
5 20
125
6 20 132
7 20
202
8 20 320
9 20
740
第六节 长期成本 long-run cost分析
西方经济学·微观·第5章 31
一、长期总成本 long-run total cost
1.长期总成本 LTC含义:
长期中生产一定量产品所需要的 C
成本总和,是厂商长期中在各种产量 水平上的最低总成本。
woB1=r0A1。
图(b)中,即
可得到LAC上
的E1点。 同理,可得到 LTC曲线。
内进行生产的
历史成本法名词解释
历史成本法名词解释
历史成本法(HistoricalCostAccounting)是一种会计方法,按照发生在现在的历史费用来记录和报告对象的价值或价格。
该法是最古老的会计方法之一,被广泛应用于财务会计。
历史成本法的定义是记录活动时使用的当时可用的经济数额来
表示财务数据,并在稍后的期间按照原金额确认记录的财务数据。
根据历史成本法的准则,资产和负债被记录为其历史成本,即资产被记录为购买时的付款,而负债被记录为购买时知晓的金额。
根据这一点,不会在财务报表上反映任何购买或出售资产或负债时发生的变动。
历史成本法还要求现金流量和利润表等财务报表按照发生时的
数额表示,而不考虑任何通货膨胀效应或者货币贬值。
历史成本法使用现金及其等价物的发生数额作为基础以及报告的依据,以此作为衡量活动的标准,使发生数额成为唯一有效的价值测量标准。
历史成本法的优势在于,它简单易行,报告的数据更可靠、更精确,并且可以作为会计标准。
由于采用发生数额,这一方法也可以帮助公司更好地审计和管理财务状况,从而更准确地报告公司收入,支出和利润。
但是,历史成本法也有一些不足之处,其中一个最明显的问题是它无法反映价格变化的影响,这可能会使财务报表的内容和结果不准确、不严谨。
另外,随着市场价格的变化,企业资产可能会变得过时,但由于历史成本法无法反映变动,这意味着报表中不会重新定价或反映任何变化。
总之,历史成本法是一种有效的会计方法,可以帮助企业提供更准确可靠的财务报告,但它也有一定的局限性,企业需要慎重考虑在使用这种方法时会带来的后果。
会计中历史成本原则是什么
会计中历史成本原则是什么历史成本原则(principle of historical cost)亦称原始成本或实际成本原则,指对会计要素的记录,应以经济业务发生时的取得成本为标准进行计量计价。
按照会计要素的这一计量要求,资产的取得、耗费和转换都应按照取得资产时的实际支出进行计量计价和记录;负债的取得和偿还都按取得负债的实际支出进行计量计价和记录。
资产减负债诉所有者权益自然也是历史成本计价的,有别于报表日的重置价值、变现价值和市价。
采用历史成本原则的初衷是认为资产负债表的目的不在于以市场价格表示企业资产的现状,而在于通过资本投入与资产形成的对比来反映企业的财务状况和经营业绩,这种对比需以历史成本为基础。
历史成本原则又称实标成本原则,是指企业的各种资产应当按取得或购建时发生的实际成本对价,而且即使物价变动,一般也不进行调整。
其主要内容是:企业取得的各种财产物资,"应以其购进或建造时发生的原始成本即实际成本人账,并以此作为分摊和转作费用成本的依据。
当物价变动时,除国家另有规定外,不得调整其账面价值。
按实际成本计价,能防止随意性,使会计信息真实可靠,便于了解和比较。
实际成本原则主要用以确定财产物资的入账金额。
例如,企业5年前购买一栋办公楼,共耗资金500万元。
那么记账时,该大楼按其实际发生的支出500万元入账。
假设,目前该大楼的市价已达1000万元,此时,仍不对其原来入账的价值进行调整,而在账面上仍为原来取得该楼的实际成本(也即历史成本)。
应注意,按此原则,也并非绝对不能调整账面价值。
比如,该企业拟将该楼拍卖转让,因而要进行资产评估,此为特殊情况,可以调整。
采用历史成本原则有许多好处:第一,比较客观。
历史成本或实际成本是买卖双方通过正常交易确定的金额;第二,有原始依据。
即发票等作证明,可随时查证;第三,可避免企业或有关人员处于某种需要有意改动账面记录; 第四,使会计核算手续简化,不必经常调整账目。
财务报表术语英中文对照
财务报表术语词条accelerated depreciation 加速折旧主要基于报税目的的一种折旧方法,该方法可以降低公司当期收益,进而降低支付的所得税。
Accounting policies 会计政策公司按照公认会计准则(GAAP)要求编制财务报表时采用的会计方法。
会计政策在财务报表附注中加以列示。
Accounting principles 会计准则会计师编制企业会计报表时基于的基本概念和假设。
会计准则包括,稳健原则。
历史成本原则,重要性原则,以及收入确认原则等等。
Accounts payable 应付账款公司按照各种支付条款购买商品和服务时,应向供应商支付的流动负债,也称作交易信用(应付账款)。
Accounts receivable 应收账款代表公司将于12个月之内收回的债权的一种流动资产。
通常,客户因购买商品和服务所欠款项带来的交易应收(trade receivable),代表了几乎全部的应收账款。
应收票据一般代表其他资产的销售,或者交易应收从口头账项(open account)向票据基础的转化(应收款项)(又称作receivable)。
Accrual basis 应计制,权责发生制绝大多数公司编制财务报表的依据,收入在实现(商品运送或劳务提供)时确认,为创造这些收入而招致的费用在发生时确认。
Accruals 应计额 (参见应计费用。
)Accrued expense 应计费用资产负债表上的一项流动负债,记录报告日累计的义务,如工资,职工福利,保险,到期利息,租金,销售佣金以及某些情况下,税额。
Accrued income 应计利润 (参见递延贷项。
)Accumulated depreciation 累计折旧全部折旧的累加金额,通常在资产负债表上按照固定资产历史成本的减项列示。
acid test ratio 酸性测试比率 (参见速动资产比率。
)additional paid-in capital 资本公积资产负债表上股东权益的一部分,记录股东投入的权益资本额中超过普通股账面价值的部分(又称作超过账面价值资本,资本剩余,实收资本,以及额外资本)。
会计计量属性
一、会计计量属性概述(一)、会计计量属性的作用及意义会计计量是财务会计的一个基本特征,它在财务会计的理论和方法占有重要的地位。
会计计量是财务会计的核心内容,它贯穿于财务会计过程的始终,是会计理论和方法体系中的一个重要内容。
因为财务会计信息是一种定量化信息,资产、负债、所有者权益、收入、费用和利润等六大会计要素,都要经过计量才能在财务会计中得到反映,因此,自20世纪30年代以来,会计学界逐渐流行这样一种观点:"会计就是一个计量过程。
"事实上,财务会计的许多理论和方法都要涉及会计的计量问题。
而会计计量属性是会计计量模式的基础,直接关系到会计计量模式的运行效率。
(二)定义与分类会计计量就是对会计要素按货币量度进行量化的过程,即确定其金额的过程。
其特点即会计计量是一种价值计量。
所谓计量属性,是指被计量客体的特性或外在表现形式。
如对一张桌子,可以分别从长度、宽度、高度、体积、重量等方面进行测量,也就有不同的计量属性。
会计计量是以货币计量单位实施的价值计量,这就决定了会计计量属性必须是计量客体能够用货币单位测定或计量的方面。
所以会计计量属性,是指会计要素可用财务形式定量化的方面,即能用货币单位计量的方面。
会计要素同样可以从多个方面予以货币计量,从而有不同的计量属性。
例如,资产可以用历史成本、重置成本、可变现净值等进行计量。
FASB第5号财务会计概念公告《企业财务报告的确认和计量》和我国《企业会计准则-基本准则》都提出了历史成本、重置成本、可实现净值、现值、公允价值,5种计量属性。
例如资产的原始取得成本和原始收入、现行成本和现行收入、未来重置成本和未来脱手价值等等。
所以,FASB认为,"每一个财务报表要素都有多种属性可以计量,而在编制财务报表之前,必须先确定应予以计量的属性。
"历史成本资产按照购置时支付的现金或者现金等价物的金额,或者按照购置资产时所付出的代价的公允价值计算。
历史成本
Historical cost DefinitionA measure of value used in accounting in which the price of an asset on the balance sheet is based on its nominal or original cost when acquired by the company.For example, say the main headquarters of a company, which includes the land and building, was bought for $100,000 in 1925, and its expected market value today is $20 million. The asset is still recorded on the balance sheet at $100,000.Historical cost UsageHistorical cost method can confirm the net profit objectively.Historical cost method can confirm the net profit reliably.Historical cost method can suitably disclose the accounting information.Advantages and disadvantages of historical cost1.Historical cost accounts are straightforward to produce2.Historical cost accounts do not record gains until they are realized3.Historical cost accounts are still used in most accounting systems1.Historical cost accounts give no indication of current values of the assets of a business2.Historical cost accounts do not record the opportunity costs of the use of older assets, particularly property which may be recorded at a value based on costs incurred many years ago3.Historical cost accounts do not report/account the loss of real value of nominal monetary items as a result of inflation or the gain in real value in nominal monetary items during deflation.Historical cost method vs. fair value methodThe advantages :1.it can help the information users to make decisions.2. it can reflect the company’s operating results mor e realistically.some problems in practice:1. fair value is not so easy to confirm, its calculation is not as simple as the intrinsic value method;2. High share option premium, resulting a great decrease in the current profitsThe differencespare with historical cost method,the fair value method is less of volatile.Using fair value accounting, the entity incurs a loss before enjoying future subsequent benefits. Ho wever, in historical cost accounting, the benefits to the firm comes first then loss thereafter. Historical cost accounting is easy to understand because it is based on a fixed price that is always completely known, specifically the actual price that a company paid.Historical cost accounting is generally easier to follow since it is based on fixed and certain inputs.Historical cost accounting emphasis on reliability, another emphasis on decision correlation.1.历史成本的定义历史成本又称原始成本或实际成本,是指以取得资产时实际发生的成本作为资产的入账价值例如,2000年,朱迪去越南买了一个媳妇,当时花了10万元,那年他才十岁,毕竟家里有钱,到2015年,市场价格却变成了30万,该资产仍录得10万人民币在资产负债表上。
常用会计英语词汇
2201 待转资产价值 Pending changerover assets value
2211 预计负债 Anticipation liabilities
长期负债 Long-term Liabilities
2301 长期借款 Long-term loans
成本计算期(cost period)
平均成本与个别成本(avorage cost and individual cost)
跨期摊提费用分配(inter-period expenses allocation)
计划成本(planned cost)
数量差异(quantity variance)
生产成本汇总程序(accumulation process of procluction cost)
制造费用差异(manufacturing expenses variance)
实际成本与估计成本(actual cost and estimated cost)
工资费用分配(salary costs allocation)
成本计划管理体系(planned management system of cost)
成本计划(cost plan)
成本会计(cost accounting)
成本核算原则(principle of costing)
成本核算程序(cost accounting qrocedures)
可控成本(controllable cost)
制造费用分配(manufacturing expenses allocation)
理论成本与应用成本(theory cost and practice cost)
历史成本
历史成本
原始成本(Historical Cost)
什么是原始成本?
原始成本亦称历史成本。
资产在其取得时为它所支付的现金或现金等价物的金额。
负债在正常经营活动中为交换而收到的或为偿付将要支付的现金或现金等价物的金额。
资产一般一开始都是根据取得时的交换价格入账的,所以资产的原始成本一般指取得成本,就是取得一项资产并使其适合于它的预期用途所支付的交换价格的总额。
这项总额或其未摊销额列示在财务报表中。
原始成本会计模式
原始成本会计模式以原始成本为计量属性,并将原始成本视为会计要素确认、计量和报告的一般原则。
在这种会计模式下,一切经济业务和事项,一律以原始成本为入账标准。
各类资产都按原始成本转销。
各类权益都以业务发生时实际收到的或承诺支付的货币数量计价。
产品成本也按原始成本计算。
这样,就把整个会计建立在原始成本基础之上。
原始成本计量属性的优缺点
原始成本计量属性的主要优点是:
(1)原始成本是在市场上通过正常的交易客观的确定下来的,而不是主观臆想出来的。
(2)原始成本可以验证。
(3)原始成本较近似于购置资产时的资产价值。
(4)原始成本数据易于取得,并且与收益计量上的实现概念相一致。
原始成本计量属性的缺点主要有:
(1)由于资产的价值经常发生变动,经过较长时期以后,原始成本作为企业可用资财的计量属性就缺乏重大意义。
(2)原始成本不能使利得和损失的实际发生期间有可能得到确认。
(3)由于资产的价值自始自终在变动,不同时期取得资产的成本在资产负债表早加在一起,缺乏可解释性。
历史成本
How is historical accounting better than alternatives?
• historical cost is based on recording actual transactions and the figures are reliable.
Historical cost basis (original cost)
The historical cost accounting
The historical cost accounting is the situation in which accountants record revenue, expenditure and asset acquisition and disposal at historical cost: that is, the actual amounts of money, or money's worth, received or paid to complete the transaction.
Ad• it focuses on the services the asset will provide rather than the precise(古板的)physical asset. disadvantage: • The costs have to be estimated so it is not very objective. • It also does not provide the various choices and features that historical cost accounting has to offer.
• Historical cost is the standard form of accounting still. • accountants are reluctant to price the assets at current market value. • Under historical cost accounting there is no room for manipulation because the data is supported by evidence. • with a significant range of alternatives in recognizing, reporting and measuring economic information.
原始成本和重置成本(originalcostandreplacementcost)
原始成本和重置成本(originalcostandreplacementcost)原始成本是指资产取得时的实际成本,也称历史成本,是企业购置、制造或建造各项资产所发生的全部实际支出,如购置一项固定资产,其原始成本是其发票价格加上使该项资产得以投入使用前所发生的全部支出,如包装运输费、安装费用等。
重置成本是指重新购置或建造同样生产(服务)能力的资产所要花费的全部支出。
如在对固定资产进行重新估价或计算固定资产的折旧时,必须要考虑重新购置或建造和安装同样生产能力的全新固定资产所需的代价。
原始成本的确定一般是以交易成立时的市场交换价格决定。
由于数据易于获得和能够验证,在会计工作中历来被作为资产计价的最基本的标准,同样也适用于负债和权益的计价。
用原始成本计价,能较真实和客观地反映企业的财务状况和经营成果,这是其他计价标准无可比拟的。
但在价格有持续较大波动时,用原始成本计价的信息便不能正确地反映企业的财务状况和经营成果。
近年发展起来的其他计价标准,如重置成本等,就是对原始成本计价局限性的弥补。
我国长期以来都采用原始成本计价,但在清产核资工作中,也经常采用重置成本。
市场经济的发展,对会计计量提出更高的要求,原始成本以外的计价标准也十分重要。
考试大为你加油确定重置成本的关键,在于要保持有关资产原有同等的生产或服务能力,而不是指原封不动地重置资产实物的本身。
在会计上一般是用原始成本作为资产计价基础的,但在较激烈的通货膨胀情况下,为了保持投入原始资产价值的完整性,特别对于长期耐用性资产,应考虑采用重置成本计价。
在经营决策中,如有通货膨胀,部分地用重置成本来取代原始成本计价,所得出的会计信息,可能更加符合客观实际,并且真实可靠。
【。
成本理论
第五章成本理论[Theory of Cost]第一节成本概念第二节短期成本分析第三节长期成本分析第一节成本概念一、历史成本与机会成本历史成本[Historical Cost]——已经发生的会计成本。
机会成本[Opportunity Cost]——The value of the most valuable of the options that we have to forgo in choosing from a set of alternative options.机会成本有可能大大超过历史成本,如:商业中心的临街门面房屋。
会计师重视历史成本;经济学家强调机会成本。
二、显性成本与隐性成本显性成本[Explicit Cost]即会计成本或帐面成本[Book Cost] 。
隐性成本[Implicit Cost]——厂商使用自有生产要素应计算的费用。
包括隐含利息、隐含租金、隐含工资等。
会计师重视显性成本;经济学家重视隐性成本三、可回收成本与沉没成本可回收成本——已经发生在会计成本中的一般可以回收的成本。
沉没成本[Sunk cost]——已经发生在会计成本中的不可能回收的成本。
经济学家主张对沉没成本采取“随它去”的超脱态度:“Sunk cost is sunk.”“Bygones should be bygones.”会计折旧与经济折旧[※]会计师通过耐用投入品[Durable Input]的购买价格和折旧率计算折旧[Depreciation] 。
经济学家通过耐用投入品的市场价格的变动计算折旧。
经济折旧[Economic Depreciation]市场价格高于其购买时的价格。
四、会计利润与经济利润利润[Profit]=收益[Revenue]-成本[Cost]会计利润[Book Profit]=销售收益-显性成本(会计成本)经济利润[Economic Profit]=销售收益-显性成本-隐性成本=会计利润-隐性成本五、正常利润与超额利润正常利润[Normal Profit]——企业家才能的报酬。
ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS
ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS1. Historical Cost Concept历史成本概念Accounting is concerned with past events and it requires consistency and comparability that is why it requires the accounting transactions to be recorded at their historical costs.会计关心的是过去的事情,它需要一致性和可比性,这就是为什么它需要会计事务被记录在他们的历史成本。
Examples100 units of an item were purchased one month back for $10 per unit. The price today is $11 per unit. The inventory shall appear on balance sheet at $1,000 and not at $1,100.100单位的一个项目是购买一个月回来为10美元每单位。
今天的价格是每单位11美元。
库存应当出现在资产负债表上1000美元而不是1100美元。
The concept of historical cost is important because market values change so often that allowing reporting of assets and liabilities at current values would distort the whole fabric of accounting, impair comparability and makes accounting information unreliable.历史成本的概念是很重要的,因为市场价值会经常变化,允许报告资产和负债的当前值会扭曲整个织物的会计,损害可比性,使会计信息不可靠。
常用会计英语词汇汇总
常用会计英语词汇汇总基本词汇A (1)account账户,报表A (2)accounting postulate会计假设A (3)XXX会计计价A (4)accountability concept经营责任概念A (5)accountancy会计职业A (6)accountant会计师A (7)accounting会计A (8)agency cost代理成本A (9)accounting bases会计基础A (10)accounting manual会计手册A (11)accounting period会计期间A (12)accounting policies会计方针A (13)accounting rate of return会计报酬率A (14)accounting reference date会计参照日A (15)accounting reference period管帐参照时代 A(16)accrual concept应计观点A (17)accrual expenses应计费用A (18)acid test ratio速动比率(酸性测试比率)A(19)acquisition收购A (20)acquisition accounting收购管帐A (21)adjusting events调整事项A (22)administrative expenses行政管理费A (23)amortization摊销A (24)analytical review分析性复核A (25)annual equivalent cost年度等量成本法A (26)annual report and accounts年度报告和报表 A(27)appraisal cost检验成本A (28)appropriation account盈余分配账户A (29)articles XXX章程细则A (30)assets资产A (31)assets cover资产担保A (32)asset value per share每股资产价值A (33)XXXA (34)attainable standard可达标准A (35)attributable profit可归属利润A (36)audit审计A (37)audit report审计报告A (38)auditing standards审计准则A (39)authorized share capital额定股本A (40)available hours可用小时A (41)avoidable costs可避免成本B (42)back-to-back loan易币贷款1B (43)backflush accounting倒退成本计算B (44)bad debts坏帐B (45)bad debts ratio坏帐比率B (46)bank charges银行手续费B (47)bank overdraft银行透支B (48)bank reconciliation银行存款调节表B (49)bank statement银行对账单B (50)bankruptcy破产B (51)basis of apportionment分摊基础B (52)batch批量B (53)batch costing分批成本计算B (54)beta factor B (市场)风险身分BB (55)bill账单B (56)bill of exchange汇票B (57)bill of lading提单B (58)bill of materials用料预计单B (59)bill payable应付票据B (60)bill receivable应收单子B (61)bin card存货记实卡B (62)bonus红利B (63)book-keeping薄记B (64)Boston classification波士顿分类B (65)breakeven chart保本图B (66)breakeven point保本点B (67)breaking-down time复位工夫B (68)budget预算B (69)XXXB (70)budget cost allowance预算本钱折让B (71)budget manual预算手册B (72)budget period预算期间B (73)budgetary control预算控制B (74)budgeted capacity预算生产能力B (75)business center经营中心B (76)business entity业务个别B (77)business unit谋划单元B (78)by-product副产品C (79)called-up share capital催缴股本C (80)capacity生产能力C (81)capacity ratios出产本领比率C (82)capital资本C (83)capital assets pricing model资本资产计价模式 C(84)capital commitment承诺资本C (85)capital employed已运用的资本C (86)capital expenditure资本支出2C (87)capital expenditure authorization本钱付出批准 C(88)capital expenditure control本钱付出掌握 C (89)capital expenditure proposal本钱付出申请 C (90)capital funding planning本钱基金筹集打算C (91)capital gain本钱收益C (92)capital investment appraisal资本投资评估 C(93)capital maintenance资本保全C (94)capital resource planning资本资源计划C (95)capital surplus资本盈余C (96)capital turnover本钱周转率C (97)card记实卡C (98)cash现金C (99)cash account现金账户C (100)cash book现金账薄C (101)cash cow金牛产品C (102)cash flow现金流量C (103)cash flow budget现金流量预算C (104)cash flow statement现金流量表C (105)cash ledger现金分类账C (106)cash limit现金限额C (107)CCA现时本钱管帐C (108)center中央C (109)changeover time变更时间C (110)chartered entity特许经济个别C (111)cheque支票C (112)cheque register支票登记薄C (113)classification分类C (114)clock card工时卡C (115)code代码C (116)commitment accounting答应确认管帐C (117)common cost配合本钱C (118)company XXXC (119)company XXXC (120)competitive position竞争能力状况C (121)concept概念C (122)XXX跨行业企业C (123)consistency concept一致性概念C (124)consolidated accounts合并报表C (125)XXXC (126)consortium财团C (127)contingency plan应急计划C (128)contingent liabilities或有负债C (129)continuous operation连续生产C (130)contra抵消3C (131)contract cost合同成本C (132)contract costing条约本钱计较C (133)contribution XXXC (134)contribution chart进献图C (135)control控制C (136)control account掌握账户C (137)control limits控制限度C (138)XXX可控制概念C (139)controllable cost可控制成本C (140)conversion cost加工成本C (141)convertible loan stock可转换为股票的存款 C (142)XXX评价C (143)XXX计划C (144)XXX社会敷XXX (145)cost本钱C (146)cost account成本账户C (147)cost accounting成本会计C (148)cost accounting manual本钱手册C (149)cost adjustment成本调整C (150)cost allocation成本分配C (151)cost apportionment成天职摊C (152)cost attribution成本归属C (153)cost audit本钱审计C (154)cost XXX成本效益分析C (155)cost center本钱中央C (156)cost driver成本动因C (157)cost of capital资本成本C (158)cost of goods sold销货成本C (159)cost of non-conformance非符合本钱C (160)cost of sales销售成本C (161)cost reduction本钱下降C (162)cost structure成本结构C (163)cost unit成本单位C (164)cost-volume-profit analysis(CVP)本量利分析 C (165)costing成本计算C (166)credit note贷项告诉C (167)credit report信贷敷陈书C (168)creditor债权人C (169)creditor days ratio应付账款天数率C (170)creditors ledger应付账款分类账C (171)critical event枢纽事项C (172)critical path关键路线C (173)cumulative preference shares积累优先股 C (174)current asset活动资产4C (175)current cost accounting现时本钱管帐C (176)current liabilities流动负债C (177)current purchasing power accounting现时购买力会计C (178)current ratio流动比率C (179)cut-off停止C (180)CVP本量利分析C (181)cycle time周转时间D (182)debenture债券D (183)debit note借项告诉D (184)debit capacity举债能力D (185)debt ratio债务比率D (186)debtor债务人;应收账款D (187)debtor days ratio应收账款天数率D (188)debtors ledger应收账款分类账D (189)debtor' age analysis应收账款账龄分析 D (190)decision driven costs决策连动成本D (191)decision tree决策树D (192)defects次品D (193)XXX递延付出D (194)XXXD (195)deferred taxation递延税款D (196)delivery note交货单D (197)departmental accounts部门报表D (198)departmental budget部门预算D (199)depreciation折旧D (200)dispatch note发运单D (201)development cost开辟本钱D (202)differential cost不同本钱D (203)direct cost直接本钱D (204)direct debit直接借项D (205)direct hours yield直接小时产出率D (206)direct labour cost percentage rate直接人工成本百分比D (207)direct labour hour rate直接人工小时率D (208)directs on indirect work间接工作事项上的工时D (209)discount rate贴现率D (210)discounted cash flow现金流量贴现D (211)discretionary cost酌量本钱D (212)distribution cost摊销本钱D (213)diversions移用D (214)diverted hours移用小时D (215)diverted hours ratio移用工时比率D (216)dividend股利D (217)dividend cover股利产出率D (218)dividend per share每股股利5D (219)dog疲软产品D (220)double entry accounting复式管帐D (221)double-entry book-keeping复式薄记D (222)doubtful debts可疑债务D (223)down time停工时间D (224)dynamic programming动态规划E (225)earning per share每股红利E (226)earning ratio市盈率E (227)XXX(EOQ)经济订购批量 E (228)efficient market hypothesis有效市场假设E (229)efficiency ration效率性比率E (230)element of cost本钱要素E (231)entity经济个别E (232)environmental audit环境审计E (233)environmental impact assessment环境影响评判 E (234)EOQ经济订购批量E (235)equity权益E (236)equity method of accounting权益法管帐计较 E (237)equity share capital权益股本E (238)equivalent units当量E (239)event事项E (240)exceptional items例外事项E (241)expected value期望值E (242)XXX付出E (243)expenses费用E (244)external audit内部审计E (245)external failure cost内部损失本钱E (246)extraordinary items非常事项F (247)factory goods让售商品F (248)factoring应收帐款让售F (249)fair value公允价值F (250)feedback反应F (251)FIFO先近先出法F (252)final accounts年终报表F (253)finance lease融资租赁F (254)financial accounting财政管帐F (255)financial accounts calendar adjustment财政报表的日用工夫调解F (256)financial management财政办理F (257)financial planning财务计划F (258)financial statement财务报表F (259)finished goods完制品F (260)fixed asset牢固资产F (261)fixed overhead固定制造费用F (262)fixed asset turnover牢固资产周转率6F (263)fixed assets register固定资产登记薄F (264)fixed cost固定成本F (265)flexed budget变动限额预算F (266)flexible budget弹性预算F (267)float time浮动时间F (268)floating charge流动抵押F (269)flow of XXX资金流量表F (270)forecasting预测F (271)XXXF (272)full capacity满负荷生产能力F (273)function costing职能成本计算F (274)functional budget职能预算F (275)fund accounting基金管帐F (276)XXX根基管帐观点F (277)fungible assets可互换资产F (278)futuristic planning远景计划G (279)gap analysis间距分析G (280)gearing举债经营比率(杠杆)G (281)goal congruence目标同等性G (282)going concern concept持续经营概念G (283)goods received note商品收讫单G (284)goodwill商誉G (285)gross dividend yield总股息产出率G (286)gross margin总边际G (287)gross profit毛利润G (288)gross profit percentage毛利润百分比G (289)group企业集团G (290)group XXX报表H (291)high-geared高结合杠杆(比例)H (292)hire XXX租购H (293)historical cost历史成本H (294)historical cost accounting汗青本钱管帐H (295)hours小时H (296)hurdle rate最低可接受的报酬率I (297)ideal standard幻想尺度I (298)XXX闲置出产本领比率I (299)idle time闲置工夫I (300)XXX非记名账户I (301)imprest system定额备用制度I (302)income and expenditure account收益和付出报表I (303)incomplete records不美满记实I (304)incremental cost增量本钱I (305)incremental yield增量产出率I (306)indirect cost直接本钱7I (307)indirect hours直接小时I (308)insolvency有力偿付I (309)intangible asset无形资产I (310)integrated accounts综合报表I (311)interdependency concept关联性观点I (312)interest cover利息保障倍数I (313)interlocking accounts连锁报表I (314)internal audit内部审计I (315)internal check内部牵制I (316)internal control system内部掌握系统I (317)internal failure cost内部损失本钱I (318)internal rate of return(IRR)内含报酬率I (319)inventory存货I (320)investment投资I (321)XXXI (322)invoice register登记薄I (323)issued share capital已发行股本J (324)job订单J (325)job card工作卡J (326)job costing工作成本计算J (327)job sheet工作单J (328)joint cost联合成本J (329)XXX产品J (330)XXXJ (331)joint XXX合资谋划J (332)journal日记账J (333)just-in-time(JIT)合时制度J (334)just-in-time production合时出产J (335)just-in-time purchasing适时购买K (336)key factor枢纽身分L (337)labour人工L (338)labour transfer note野生转移单L (339)leaning curve研究曲线L (340)ledger分类账户L (341)length of order book定单平均周期L (342)letter of credit信用证L (343)leverage举债经营比率L (344)liabilities欠债L (345)life cycle costing寿命周期本钱计较L (346)LIFO后近先出法L (347)XXXL (348)limiting factor限定身分L (349)line-item budget明细付出预算L (350)liner programming线性规划8L (351)liquid assets变现资产L (352)liquidation清理L (353)liquidity ratios易变现比率L (354)loan存款L (355)loan capital借入资本L (356)long range planning长期计划L (357)lost time record虚耗时间记录L (358)low geared低结合杠杆(比例)L (359)lower of cost or net realizable XXX本钱或可变净价孰低观点M (360)machine hour rate机器小时率M (361)machine time record机器时间记录M (362)managed cost管理成本M (363)management accounting管理会计M (364)management accounting concept办理睬计观点M (365)management accounting guides办理睬计指点目标M (366)management audit办理审计M (367)management buy-out管理性购买产权M (368)management by exception例外管理原则M (369)margin边沿M (370)margin of safety ration安全边际比率M (371)margin cost边际成本M (372)margin costing边沿本钱计较M (373)mark-down下降标价M (374)mark-up进步标价M (375)market risk premium市场分险补偿M (376)market share市场份额M (377)marketing cost营销成本M (378)matching concept配比概念M (379)materiality concept重要性概念M (380)materials requisition领料单M (381)materials returned note退料单M (382)materials transfer note资料转移单M (383)XXX设立细则M (384)merger吞并M (385)merger accounting兼并会计M (386)minority interest少数股权M (387)mixed cost混合成本N (388)net assets净资产N (389)net book value净账面代价N (390)net liquid funds净可变现资金N (391)net margin净边沿N (392)net present value(NPV)净现值N (393)net profit净利润9N (394)net realizable value可变现净值N (395)net worth资产净值N (396)network analysis网络分析N (397)noise干捞N (398)nominal account名义账户N (399)nominal share capital名义股本N (400)XXX代理持有股份N (401)non-adjusting events非调解事项N (402)non-XXX非财务业绩计量N (403)non-integrated accounts非综合报表N (404)non-liner programming非线性计划N (405)non-XXX无表决权的股份N (406)notional cost名义本钱N (407)number of days stock存货周转天数N (408)number of weeks stock存货周转周数O (409)objective classification客体分类O (410)obsolescence陈旧O (411)off balance sheet finance资产欠债表外筹资O (412)offer for sale标价出卖O (413)operating budget经营预算O (414)operating lease经营租赁O (415)operating statement业务报表O (416)operation time操纵工夫O (417)XXX经营控制O (418)XXX经营杠杆O (419)operating plans谋划打算O (420)opportunity cost机会成本O (421)order定单O (422)ordinary shares通俗股O (423)out-of-date cheque过期支票O (424)over XXX过分资本化O (425)overhead制造费用O (426)overhead absorption rate制造费用分配率O (427)overhead cost制造费用O (428)overtrading跨越业务资金的谋划P (429)paid cheque已付支票P (430)paid-up share capital认定股本P (431)parent company母公司P (432)pareto distribution帕累托分布P (433)participating preference shares参与优先股P (434)partnership合伙P (435)payable ledger应付款项账户P (436)payback回收期P (437)payments and receipts account收入和支出报表10P (438)XXX保留款额P (439)payroll工资单P (440)payroll analysis工资分析P (441)percentage profit on turnover利润对营业额比率P (442)period cost期间成本P (443)XXX永续盘存P (444)personal account记名账户P (445)PEPT工程评审法P (446)petty cash account备用金账户P (447)XXX备用金凭据P (448)physical inventory实地皮存P (449)planning计划P (450)planning horizon计划时限P (451)planning period打算时代P (452)policy cost政策成本P (453)position audit状况审计P (454)post balance sheet events资产欠债表编后事项P (455)practical capacity实践出产本领P (456)pre-acquisition losses购置前损失P (457)pre-acquisition profits购置前利润P (458)preference shares优先股P (459)preference creditors优先债权人P (460)preferred creditors优先债权人P (461)prepayments预付款项P (462)present value现值P (463)prevention cost预防成本P (464)price ratio市盈率P (465)prime cost主要成本P (466)prime entry-books of原始分录登记薄P (467)principal budget factor主要预算因素P (468)prior charge capital优先股P (469)prior year adjustments以前年度调整P (470)priority base budgeting优先顺序体制的预算P (471)XXXP (472)pro-forma invoice预P (473)problem child问号产品P (474)process costing分步成本计算P (475)process time加工时间P (476)product cost产品成本P (477)Product life cycle产物寿命周期P (478)production cost生产成本P (479)production cost of sales售货成本P (480)production volume ratio生产业务量比率P (481)profit center利润中心11P (482)profit per employee每员工利润P (483)profit retained for the year年度利润留存P (484)profit to turnover ratio利润对营业额比率P (485)profit-volume graph利量图P (486)profitability index盈利指数P (487)programming规划P (488)project XXX项目评审法P (489)projection预计P (490)promissory note本票P (491)prospectus募债说明书P (492)provisions for liabilities and charges偿债和费用准备P (493)prudent concept稳健性概念P (494)public company公布公司P (495)purchase order订购单P (496)purchase requisition请购单P (497)purchase ledger采购账户Q (498)quality related costs质量有关成本Q (499)queuing time排队时间R (500)rate率R (501)ratio比率R (502)ration pyramid比率金字塔R (503)raw material原材料R (504)receipts and payments account支出和领取报表R (505)receivable ledger应收款子账户R (506)redeemable shares可赎回股分R (507)redemption赎回R (508)registered share capital注册本钱R (509)rejects制品R (510)relevancy concept相关性概念R (511)relevant costs相干本钱R (512)relevant range相干规模R (513)reliability concept牢靠性观点R (514)replacement price重置代价R (515)report报表R (516)reporting报告R (517)research cost, applied应用性研究成本R (518)research cost, pure or basic理论或基础研究成本R (519)reserves留存收益R (520)residual income残剩收益R (521)XXXR (522)retention money保存款额R (523)return on capital employed运用资本报酬率R (524)returns退回R (525)revenue支出12R (526)XXXR (527)revenue expenditure收益支出R (528)revenue investment收入性投资R (529)right issue认股权发行R (530)rolling budget转动预算R (531)rolling forecast转动展望S (532)sales ledger销售分类账S (533)sales order贩卖订单S (534)sales per XXX每员工销售额S (535)scrap废物S (536)scrip issue红股刊行S (537)secured creditors有担保的债权人S (538)segmental reporting分部敷陈S (539)selling cost销售成本S (540)semi-fixed cost半固定成本S (541)semi-variable cost半变动成本S (542)sensitivity analysis敏锐性阐发S (543)service cost center效劳本钱中央S (544)service costing服务成本计算S (545)set-up time安装时间S (546)shadow prices影子代价S (547)share股票S (548)share capital股份资本S (549)share option scheme购股权证方案S (550)share premium股票溢价S (551)sight draft即期汇票S (552)single-entry book-keeping单式薄记S (553)sinking fund偿债基金S (554)slack time松弛时间S (555)social responsibility cost社会义务本钱S (556)sole trader独资谋划者S (560)statement of account营业账单S (561)statement of affairs财务状况表S (562)XXX法定实体S (563)stock存货S (564)stock control存货掌握S (565)stock XXX存货周转率S (566)stocktaking盘点存货S (567)stores requisition领料申请单S (568)strategic business unit战略性经营单位S (569)strategic management accounting战略管理会计13S (570)strategic planning计谋打算S (571)strategy战略S (572)subjective classification主体分类S (573)subscribed share capital已认购的股本S (574)subsidiary undertaking子公司S (575)sunk cost漂浮本钱S (576)supply estimate预算估量S (577)supply expenditure预算付出S (578)suspense account暂记账户S (579)SWOT analysis长处和短处,机会和威胁分析S (580)system制度,体系T (581)tactical planning策略计划T (582)tactics计谋T (583)take-over接收T (584)tangible asset有形资产T (585)tangible fixed asset statement无形牢固资产表T (586)target cost目标本钱T (587)XXX设备综合工程学T (588)throughput accounting生产量会计T (589)time工夫T (590)time sheet时间记录表T (591)total assets总资产T (592)total quality management周全质量办理T (593)total stocks存货合计T (594)trade creditors购货客户(应付账款)T (595)trade debtors销货客户(应收账款)T (596)trading profit and loss account营业损益表T (597)transfer price转让价格T (598)transit time直达工夫T (599)treasurership财务长制度T (600)trail balance试算均衡表T (601)turnover营业额U (602)uncalled share capital未催缴股本U (603)under capitalization不足资本化U (604)under or over-absorbed overhead少接收或多接收的制造用度U (605)uniform accounting同一管帐U (606)uniform costing同一本钱计较U (607)unissued share capital未发行股本V (608)value价值V (609)value added增值V (610)value analysis价值分析V (611)value for money audit经济效益审计V (612)vote表决V (613)voucher凭据14W (614)waiting time等候时间W (615)waste制品(料)W (616)wasting asset递耗资产W (617)weighted average cost of capital资本的加权平均成本W (618)weighted average price加权平均价格W (619)with resource有追索权W (620)without recourse无追索权W (621)working capital营运本钱W (622)write-down减值Z (623)zero base budgeting零基预算Z (624)zero coupon bond无息债券Z (625)Z score破产展望计分法。
国际会计6.1 历史成本8.1 历史成本/不变购买力模式
第一节历史成本/不变购买力模式历史成本/不变购买力模式的基本设想历史成本/不变购买力(historical cost/constant purchasing power)会计模式简称不变购买力会计模式,或称一般物价水平(general price level)会计模式或不变币值会计模式。
基本设想的具体做法是通过某种物价指数把财务报表上各个项目的历史价格金额换算为不变价格金额,即以某一年度的货币购买力为基准的共同价格金额。
例如,应用美国的城市消费物价指数,并且以1986年美元价格为共同价格金额,详见表6-1。
不变购买力模式的基本设想是,按一般物价水平的变动来调整以历史成本为基础的财务报表,确定货币性项目净额上的购买力损益,重编以不变购买力为基础的财务报表。
重编不变购买力财务报表的程序[例1]设迪凡有限公司于19×2年1月1日开业。
按历史成本编制的19×4年度收益及留存收益表如表6-2,19×4年12月31日资产负债表如表。
按以下几个步骤重编以不变购买力(年末美元)为基础的财务报表。
(一)把资产负债表项目调整为19×4年12月31日的美元价格1.货币性项目由于通货膨胀,年初的金额按年末购买力计量时,其换算系数为“年终物价指数/年初物价指数”;年末的金额不变,即其换算系数为“年终物价指数/年终物价指数”。
2.非货币性项目在通货膨胀的情况下,它们的价格将上涨。
按“年终物价指数/购置时日物价指数”换算为年末美元金额。
(二)把收益及留存收益表项目调整为19×4年12月31日的美元价格除折旧费的换算系数应与厂场设备的换算系数一致外,销货收入、购货成本、营业费用(折旧费除外)及所得税的换算系数都是“年终物价指数/全年平均物价指数”。
由于现金股利是在年末分派的,它的金额已是年末美元价格。
(三)计算货币性项目净额上的购买力损益在计算时,应当考虑年内货币性项目净额的流量,即“年初持有+本年来源-本年运用=年末持有”,并编成购买力损益计算表如表6-4。
资产评估中历史成本英语
资产评估中历史成本英语In asset valuation, historical cost refers to the actual cost of an asset at the time it was acquired or constructed. It represents the amount of money that was paid to acquire the asset in the past. Historical cost is an important concept in accounting and financial reporting, as it provides a basis for recording and valuing assets on the balance sheet.The historical cost of an asset includes all the direct and indirect costs incurred in acquiring or constructing the asset. Direct costs may include the purchase price of the asset, as well as any associated fees, taxes, and transportation costs.Indirect costs may include the cost of installation, testing, and调试 of the asset.One of the advantages of using historical cost is that it is objective and verifiable. The recorded cost of an asset can be easily traced back to the original transaction and supporting documents. This makes historical cost a reliable basis for financial reporting and taxation purposes.However, historical cost may not always reflect the current market value of an asset. Over time, the value of an asset may increase or decrease due to factors such as inflation, technological advancements, or changes in demand. Therefore, when making decisions about the use or disposal of assets, it may be necessary to consider other valuation methods besides historical cost.In summary, historical cost is an important concept in asset valuation, representing the actual cost of an asset at the time it was acquired or constructed. While historical cost provides an objective and verifiable basis for financial reporting, it may not always reflect the current market value of an asset, and other valuation methods may be necessary in certain circumstances.。
历史成本
Criticisms of the historical costs method
give no indication of current values of the assets of a business Historical cost method, over a period of time has been subject to many criticisms, especially as it considers the acquisition cost of an asset and does not recognise the current market value.
Financial reporting in hyperinflationary economies
IFRS requires a separate method of accounting in currencies deemed to be hyperinflationary. ▲This might arise if cumulative inflation reaches or exceeds 100% over three years. An entity operating in a hyperinflationary economy:- Records a gain or loss on its 'net monetary position' in its income statement. Records non-monetary items in the balance sheet by applying indexation to their historical cost.
wacc计算例题
wacc计算例题WACC(WeightedAverageCostofCapital),即加权平均资本成本,是衡量一家公司未来债务和股权融资给股东带来的成本。
它可以为企业管理者、投资者和咨询者提供决策依据,为其分析企业价值和估计资本成本而给予重要指导意义。
WACC的主要组成部分包括股权融资成本(Equity Cost)和债务融资成本(Debt Cost),前者又称为股息成本(Equity Cost),后者又称为债券成本(Debt Cost)。
计算WACC的计算方法有:简单加权平均成本(Simple Weighted Average Cost)、历史成本(Historical Costs)、控制成本(Controlled Costs)和可行性成本(Feasible Costs)等。
计算WACC需要明确以下几个主要变量:(1)债务融资成本(Debt Cost):即企业债券收益率,其计算方法是:企业发行债券的贴现率-税率;(2)股息成本(Equity Cost):即企业股权融资成本,其计算方法是:企业股票当前市场价格-预期正确值;(3)比例变量(Weighted Proportions):即企业资本结构构成,包括股本比重、债本比重等,其计算方法是:债本比重=企业当前债务总额/当前资本结构总额;有了以上三个变量,WACC的计算就很容易了:WACC=股息成本*股本比重+债务融资成本*债本比重举个例子,假设企业A当前拥有3亿资本结构总额,其中债务总额为1亿,股权比重为2亿,债务融资成本为5%,股息成本为10%,那么企业A的WACC就可以用以下公式来计算:WACC=10%*2/3+5%*1/3=7.5%以上便是计算WACC的基本原理和公式,下面我们来看一个实际的计算例题:假设一家美国上市公司ABC公司,目前市值为20亿美元,债务融资成本为8%,其债务总额占其全部资本结构的比例为30%,市场期望股息为13%,请问该公司的WACC为多少?WACC=13%*2/3+8%*1/3=11.2%上面就是通过一个简单的例题来计算WACC的方法,可以看到,计算WACC的过程是非常的复杂的,其中涉及了比较多的参数,需要根据企业实际情况进行计算与估计,才能得出准确的数据。
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• Advantages Historical cost is the result of the transaction, it reflect the market price.It is the data information user most want to see. There are source documents as historical cost basis,but other measurements are not,such as fair value.For this reason, using historical costing is covenient to aduit.
intangible assets
To intangible assets, use the historical cost to account the cost can’t reflect the real value of knowledge.
·business acquisition When business acquisition happens, the subsidiary’s total asst’s transaction value always bigger than the summation of every asset’s historical cost that it concludes.
financial derivative tools
On the one hand, financial derivative tools is one kind of expecting contract, Rights and obligations will happen when sign the contract. However, because the transaction haven’t happened, then we can’t use the historical cost. On the other hand, any financial tools need time to sign contract, closed position, and delivery. During the period, the price of financial derivative tool is changing.
The basis of historical cost principle
• 1.stability of the currency assumptions • 2.constant labor productivity assumption. the currency stability assumption is the basis and premise of nominal monetary which as a measurement units. The soial constant labor productivity assumption is the basis and premise of historical cost as measurement attribute
Historical cost accurately reflect the transaction, do not need to adjusting the account.It can prevent arbitrary changes in the accounting records,maintain the reliability of accounting information. Historical cost is the basis of taxation.
China
On the premise of insisting in using the historical cost, China uses the fair value and other accounting measurement attributes.
Thank you!
组员: 严莉 张新 金文韵 李希 陆翰 欧阳鹏 李斐然
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Historical coct A measure of value used in accounting in which the price of an asset on the balance sheet is based on its nominal or original cost when acquired by the company. Tssets in the U.S. under generally accepted accounting principals (GAAP).
disadvantages
1.conflict with the cautious accounting principles 2.There is lots of acknowledgement, account, allotment and options existing in the historical cost which make the calculation of profit and loss not match with the facts 3.It can only reflect the information of business that used to happened. It not only can’t reflect the future development, but also has no relationship with the variance of market price.