科学哲学术语英语词汇

哲学术语英汉对照

哲学术语英汉对照-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1a prioria posteriori distinction 先验-后验的区分 abstract ideas 抽象理念abstract objects 抽象客体ad hominem argument 谬误论证 alienation/estrangement 异化，疏离altruism 利他主义analysis 分析analyticsynthetic distinction 分析-综合的区分aporia 困惑argument from design 来自设计的论证artificial intelligence (AI) 人工智能association of ideas 理念的联想autonomy 自律axioms 公理Categorical Imperative 绝对命令categories 范畴Category mistake 范畴错误causal theory of reference 指称的因果论causation 因果关系certainty 确定性chaos theory 混沌理论class 总纲、类clearness and distinctness 清楚与明晰cogito ergo sum 我思故我在concept 概念consciousness 意识consent 同意consequentialism 效果论conservative 保守的consistency 一致性，相容性constructivism 建构主义contents of consciousness 意识的内容 contingentnecessary distinction 偶然-必然的区分 continuum 连续体continuum hypothesis 连续性假说contradiction 矛盾（律）conventionalism 约定论counterfactual conditional 反事实的条件句criterion 准则，标准critique 批判，批评Dasein 此在，定在deconstruction 解构主义defeasible 可以废除的definite description 限定摹状词deontology 义务论dialectic 辩证法didactic 说教的dualism 二元论egoism 自我主义、利己主义eliminative materialism 消除性的唯物主义empiricism 经验主义Enlightenment 启蒙运动（思想）entailment 蕴含essence 本质ethical intuition 伦理直观ethical naturalism 伦理的自然主义eudaimonia 幸福主义event 事件、事变evolutionary epistemology 进化认识论expert system 专门体系explanation 解释fallibilism 谬误论family resemblance 家族相似fictional entities 虚构的实体first philosophy 第一哲学form of life 生活形式formal 形式的foundationalism 基础主义free will and determinism 自由意志和决定论function 函项（功能）function explanation 功能解释good 善happiness 幸福hedonism 享乐主义hermeneutics 解释学（诠释学，释义学）historicism 历史论（历史主义）holism 整体论iconographic 绘画idealism 理念论ideas 理念identity 同一性illocutionary act 以言行事的行为imagination 想象力immaterical substance 非物质实体immutable 不变的、永恒的individualism 个人主义（个体主义）induction 归纳inference 推断infinite regress 无限回归intensionality 内涵性intentionality 意向性irreducible 不可还原的Leibnizs Law 莱布尼茨法则logical atomism 逻辑原子主义logical positivism 逻辑实证主义logomachy 玩弄词藻的争论material biconditional 物质的双向制约materialism 唯物论（唯物主义）maxim 箴言，格言method 方法methodologica 方法论的model 样式modern 现代的modus ponens and modus tollens 肯定前件和否定后件 natural selection 自然选择necessary 必然的neutral monism 中立一无论nominalism 唯名论nonEuclidean geometry 非欧几里德几何nonmonotonic logics 非单一逻辑OckhamRazor 奥卡姆剃刀omnipotence and omniscience 全能和全知ontology 本体论（存有学）operator 算符(或算子)paradox 悖论perception 知觉phenomenology 现象学picture theory of meaning 意义的图像说pluralism 多元论polis 城邦possible world 可能世界postmodernism 后现代主义prescriptive statement 规定性陈述presupposition 预设primary and secondary qualities 第一性的质和第二性质 principle of noncontradiction 不矛盾律proposition 命题quantifier 量词quantum mechanics 量子力学rational numbers 有理数real number 实数realism 实在论reason 理性，理智recursive function 循环函数reflective equilibrium 反思的均衡relativity (theory of) 相对（论）rights 权利rigid designator 严格的指称词Rorschach test 相对性（相对论）rule 规则rule utilitarianism 功利主义规则Russells paradox 罗素悖论sanctions 制发scope 范围，限界semantics 语义学sense data 感觉材料，感觉资料set 集solipsism 唯我论social contract 社会契约subjectiveobjective distinction 主客区分sublation 扬弃substance 实体，本体sui generis 特殊的，独特性supervenience 偶然性syllogism 三段论thingsinthemselves 物自体thought 思想thought experiment 思想实验threevalued logic 三值逻辑transcendental 先验的truth 真理truth function 真值函项understanding 理解universals 共相，一般，普遍verfication principle 证实原则versimilitude 逼真性vicious regress 恶性回归Vienna Circle 维也纳学派virtue 美德。

哲学专业英语词汇

哲学专业英语（the course of philosophical English）西方哲学专业词汇Western philosophy西方哲学Ancient Greek-Roman philosophy古希腊罗马哲学Hellenistic philosophy希腊化哲学Medieval philosophy中世纪哲学Renaissance philosophy文艺复兴哲学Modern western philosophy西方近代哲学Contemporary western philosophy西方现代哲学Jewish philosophy犹太哲学马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophy逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 艺术哲学Philosophy of artMetaphysics形而上学Epistemology认识论/知识论Methodology方法论ontology本体论Cosmology宇宙论/宇宙生成论Theory of value/axiology价值论Monism一元论Dualism二元论Pluralism多元论Cognosciblism可知论Agnosticism不可知论Materialism唯物主义Irrationalism非理性主义abstract/concrete抽象/具体Idealism唯心主义Objective /Subjective idealism客/主观唯心主义Scepticism怀疑主义Substance实体macrocosm大宇宙microcosm小宇宙Sensibility/understanding/ reason感性/知性/理性Theism有神论Antitheism 无神论Deism自然神论pantheism泛神论Dialectical materialism辩证唯物主义Historical materialism历史唯物主义Law of identity同一律Law of contradiction排中律Law of excluded middle排中律teleology目的论mechanism机械论dialectics辩证法consciousness意识spirit精神belief信念nature自然reality现实，实在possibility可能性Illusion幻想imagination想象力Mysticism神秘主义Spiritualism唯灵论form形式existence存在appearance现象essence本质prime matter原初质料motion运动Continuity/non-Continuity连续性/间断性time and space时间与空间Past-present-future过去/现在/未来cause and effect原因与结果subject and object主体与客体occasionalism偶因论Ockham’s razor奥康剃刀subjectivity主体性Necessity and contingency必然性与偶然性Universals and individuals个别与一般/共相与殊相/普遍与个别relative and absolute相对与绝对intuition直觉idea观念thought思维perception知觉subsistence潜在knowledge知识opinion意见Nature自然Actuality/reality现实Reality实在Necessity and freedom必然与自由Beginning/first principle/arche（希）本原，始基archetype原型illusion幻象image形像，影像ideology意识形态doctrine of correspondence符合说mind-body problem身心问题representative theory of idea表象说finite and infinite有限与无限humanism人道主义，人文主义Natural theology自然神学substratum基质The infinite/boundless/apeiron无定/无限pneuma普纽玛being存在non-being非存在logos逻各斯mind/nous努斯psyche/pneuma普纽玛atom原子void虚空element元素four roots四根self-knowledge自知Becoming/decay生成/衰亡bisection两分法flying arrow is at rest飞矢不动stadium运动场becoming生成doctrine of effluence流射说Eristic/elenchus论辩术，诡辩术art of midwifery/maieutic method助产术/接生术irony讥讽Virtue is knowledge美德即知识world of idea理念世界Infinite regress argument无穷后退证明Simile of the cave洞穴喻Simile of the line线段喻Simile of the sun太阳喻sense world感性世界，感官世界harmony和谐theory of Participation（sharing）分有说theory of Imitation模仿说copy摹本archetype模型，原型paradigm范式model of universal宇宙模型，世界模型soul of universal宇宙灵魂，世界灵魂Philosopher-king哲学王passion激情Wisdom/courage/temperance/justice智慧/勇敢/节制/正义（four cardinal virtue四主德）Desire/passion欲望/激情artificer工匠，创造者Genus种primary/secondary substance第一、二实体form and matter形式与质料accident偶性potentiality and actuality潜能与现实four causes 四因material cause质料因formal cause形式因efficient cause动力因final cause目的因ether以太Actuality现实/entelechy隐德莱希（完全实现）Good/highest good善/至善Category范畴Peripatetics漫步学派active reason/active intellect主动理性/主动理智mean中道，中庸wisdom智慧Practical wisdom实践智慧intellectual virtue理智德性the liar说谎者argument of the measure of grain谷堆论证argument of the baldhead秃头论证argument of the veiled figure隐藏者论证logos of the universe宇宙理性one太一What-it-is 是什么the third man argument第三者论证Theory of recollection回忆说epoche悬搁判断==judgement of suspension ataraxy静观doctrine of emanation流溢说anthropomorphism神人同形同性论=拟人观pythagoreanism毕达哥拉斯主义transmigration of souls灵魂轮回转世说atomism原子论Mode of cyclical reasoning循环论证Good being nature善即自然sensation was due to action between the unlikes异类相知说doctrine of like knows like同类相知说doctrine of seeds种子说Doctrine of love and strife爱恨说doctrine of image影像说cynicism犬儒主义platonism柏拉图主义theory of idea理念论doctrine of the communion of genera通种论aristotelianism亚里士多德主义syllogism三段论Unmoved mover不动的动者==prime moverpurification净化说induction归纳法pyrrhonism皮浪主义Epicureanism伊壁鸠鲁主义canonic准则学Ionian school伊奥尼亚学派Milesian school米利都学派Ephsian school爱菲斯学派Heraclitean school赫拉克利特学派Pythagoreans 毕达哥拉斯学派Eleatic school爱利亚学派privation缺失，匮乏Presocratics前苏格拉底学派Cynics犬儒学派Cyrenaics昔兰尼学派megarian school麦加拉派sophists智者Minor socratics小苏格拉底学派academy学园/柏拉图学园/雅典学园academics学园派peripatetics漫步学派stoics画廊学派/斯多亚学派Epicurean school伊壁鸠鲁学派Christianity基督教Christian philosophy基督教哲学Judaism犹太教Trinity三位一体heresy异端Polytheism多神论eschatology末世论Church fathers教父Providence天意，天命Kingdom of God上帝之国theology神学negative theology否定神学Positive theology肯定神学Patristic philosophy/ Patristics教父哲学/教父学scholasticism经院哲学revealed religion天启宗教，启示宗教Trinity三位一体incarnation道成肉身faith/hope/love信仰/希望/热爱doctrine of redemption救赎论grace神恩，神惠，恩宠omnipotence全能omniscience全知omnipresence全在Argument a posteriori先天证明Argument a priori后天证明fideism信仰主义（僧侣主义）hylozoism物活论Original sin 原罪Justification by faith因信称义Ockham’s razor奥卡姆剃刀nominalism唯名论（extreme/moderate）realism唯实论（extreme/moderate ）Augustinism奥古斯丁主义ontological argument本体论证明cosmological argument宇宙论证明teleological argument目的论证明Moral argument道德论证明Supreme good argument至善性证明Faith hope and charity信望爱doctrine of double-truth双重真理论Divine illumination神的光照Theological fatalism神学预定论Thomism托马斯主义Averroism阿威洛伊主义Scotism司各脱主义Rationalism唯理论（materialistic/idealistic ）Empiricism经验论（materialistic/idealistic）Social contract theory社会契约论Geographical determinism地理环境决定论Classical German philosophy德国古典哲学Apriorism先天论The reformation宗教改革运动Enlightenment启蒙运动French materialism法国唯物主义Encyclopaedists百科全书派conceptualism概念论Mechanistic materialism机械唯物论learned ignorance有学问的无知maximum极大minimum极小utopia乌托邦universal intellect普遍理智idols假相，偶像theory of four idols四假相说idols of the tribe种族假相idols of the cave洞穴假相idols of the market-place市场假相idols of the theatre剧场假相property and form性质与形式extension广延first principle第一原理Real/nominal essence实在/名义本质blank tablet白板causality因果性causation因果关系cause原因/effect结果experience经验dogma教条Material/Spiritual substance物质/精神实体thinking substance思想实体，思维实体Innate idea天赋观念adventitious ideas外来观念factitious ideas虚幻观念dualism of mind and matter心物二元论Animal sprits精气，元精，动物精神psycho-physical interactionism身心交感论pineal gland松果腺extensive substance广延实体the theory of social contrast社会契约论Association of idea观念的联结（休谟）Cartesianists笛卡儿主义者theory of substance实体论theory of attribute属性论theory of mode样式论（finite/infinite）psycho-physical parallelism心物平行论true idea真观念attribute属性Spinozism斯宾诺莎主义experience经验（external/internal）sensation and reflection感觉与反省abstraction抽象作用abstract idea抽象观念Simple/complex idea简单/复杂观念Immaterialism非物质主义personal identity人格同一性contiguity接近性（休谟）Divine right of kings君权神授说school of continental Rationalism大陆理性派British empirists英国经验派Cambridge platonism 剑桥柏拉图主义Scottish school of common sense苏格兰常识学派Old Hegelians老年黑格尔派Young Hegelians青年黑格尔派Right Hegelians黑格尔右派Left Hegelians黑格尔左派Speculative philosophy 思辨哲学Three tables三表法Table of essence/presence本质表/具有表Table of absence of proximity接近中的缺乏表Table of degree/comparison程度表/比较表Relative/finite substance相对的或有限的实体Absolute/infinite substance绝对的或无限的实体Theory of corpuscles 微粒说Theory of vortex 漩涡说Cartesianism笛卡儿主义cosmotheism宇宙神论（斯宾诺莎）Infinite attribute无限的属性Theory of modes样态论Mode 样态，样式Sensation/reflection感觉/反省External/internal experience外部/内部经验Abstraction抽象作用Psychic force心力（莱布尼兹）Small perception微知觉Principle of continuity连续性原则Idea of substance/modes/relations实体/情状/关系观念real/fantastical ideas实在/幻想观念Intuitive/demonstratic/probable直觉/证明/或然知识primary/secondary/third quality第一/二/三性质real/nominal essence实在/名义本质innate human right天赋人权will of all全体意志monad单子monadology单子论cognition认知Complete notion完满性观念（莱布尼兹）Best of all possible world可能世界中的最佳者sentiment情感——sentimentalismscience of human nature人性科学human nature/humanity人性Per-established harmony前定和谐pre-established harmony预定和谐truth of reason/fact理性真理与事实真理Divine reason 神圣理性theodicy神正论Order of possible coexistence and order of possibilities which cannotcoexist可共存之物的秩序与不可共存之物的秩序existence is to be perceived存在就是被感知immaterialism非物质论idea and notion观念与意念impression and ideas印象与观念resemblance类似关系contiguity in time and space接近关系causal relation因果关系determinism of geographical environment地理环境决定论Theory of the omnipotence of education教育万能论Apodictic/assertoric必然的/实然的（康德）Appearance现象（康德）manifold杂多Physico-theological argument自然神论证明critical philosophy批判哲学dogmatism独断论copernican revolution哥白尼的革命pure reason纯粹理性antinomy二律背反thing-in-itself自在之物，物自体appearance现象practical reason实践理性good will善良意志schein幻相moral law道德律finality apart from an end无目的的合目的性Analytic-synthetic分析-综合Sensibility/understanding/reason感性/知性/理性category范畴command律令reflective judgement反思的判断力representation表象Schema图型/schematism图型论，图式论Metaphysical deduction形而上学演绎Metaphysical exposition形而上学阐明Metaphysics of morals道德性而上学Metaphysics of nature自然形而上学transcendental apperception先验统觉Analogies of experience经验的类推architectonic建筑术Autonomy自主性（康德）transcendental idealism先验唯心主义Kantianism康德主义transcendental先验的transcendent超验的transcendental aesthetic先验感性论transcendental analytic先验分析论Transcendental deduction先验演绎Transcendental dialectic先验辩证论Transcendental illusion先验幻象Transcendental logic先验逻辑Transcendental ideal先验的理想Transcendental paralogism先验谬误推理Transcendental reflection先验反思A priori and synthetic judgement 先天综合判断taste鉴赏力Thing-for-itself为我之物A priori先天A posteriori后天A priori judgement先天判断A posteriori judgement 后天判断analytic judgement分析判断synthetical judgement综合判断Quantity of judgement/ category of Quantity判断的量与量的范畴Qualitaty of judgement/ category of Qualitaty判断的质与质的范畴Relation of judgement/ category of relation判断的关系与关系的范畴Mode of judgement/ category of mode 判断的样式与样式的范畴Anthropology 人本学Absolute religion绝对宗教Free spirit自由精神Objective spirit客观精神practical spirit实践精神theoretical spirit理论精神Subjective spirit主观精神Externalization外化objectification对象化Position肯定Negation否定sublation扬弃identical philosophy同一哲学in itself自我for itself自为absolute idea绝对理念absolute spirit 绝对精神philosophy of mind精神哲学subjective/objective spirit主/客观精神these-antithese-synthese正-反-合civil society市民社会alienation异化dialectic辩证法actuality现实Hegelianism黑格尔主义Young Hegellians 青年黑格尔派Natural theology自然神学（理性神学）absolute ego （费希特的）绝对自我animatism 物活论animism 泛灵论，万物有灵论anthropologism 人本主义the Apostles十二使徒asceticism 禁欲主义atomism 原子论，原子学说atonement 赎罪baptism （基督教）洗礼bourgeoisie 资产阶级causationism 因果论Christianity 基督教clherentism 贯通论The Decalogue摩西十戒deism 理神论；自然神论；自然神论（natural religion）Judgment Day 上帝的最后审判日，世界的末日Kant’s nebular hypothesis 康德的星云假说method of exclusion 排除法method of induction 归纳法nativism 先天论，天赋论sense perception 感性知觉sentience 感觉现象；原始感觉theory of reflection 反映论theory of relativity 相对论theory of representation 表象论On nature《论自然》Purification《净化篇》Sophists《智者篇》Phaedo《斐多篇》Parmenides《巴门尼德篇》Republic《国家篇》On the nature of things《物性论》Meditations《沉思集》Bible《圣经》The Apocalypse/Revelations《圣经》中的《启示录》Genesis （《圣经》）（《创世纪》）New-Testament 《新约全书》Confessions《忏悔录》Utopia《乌托邦》New organon《新工具》Advancement of learning《学术的进展》Human nature《论人性》Leviathan《利维坦》Two treatises of civil government《政府论》An essay concerning human understanding《人类理解论》A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge《人类知识原理》A treatise of human nature《人性论》An inquiry concerning human understanding 《人类理智研究》Dialogues concerning natural religion《自然宗教对话录》The natural history of religion 《宗教的自然史》Enquiries concerning the principles of morals《道德原理研究》Discourse on method《方法谈》Meditations on first philosophy《第一哲学沉思集》The principles of philosophy《哲学原理》Apology for learned ignorance《论有学问的无知》The principles of Descartes philosophy《笛卡尔哲学原理》Organon《工具论》Enneades《九章集》The ethics《伦理学》New essays on human understanding《人类理智新论》City of god 《上帝之城》Theological-political treatise《神学政治论》Essay on theodicy《神正论》On the improvement of understanding《知性改进论》Critique of pure reason《纯粹理性批判》Critique of practical reason 《实践理性批判》Critique of judgement《判断力批判》。

哲学专业的英文名词

哲学专业的英文名词
1. Metaphysics（形上学）：研究存在、实体和本质的学科，探讨现实的本质和不可见的现象。

2. Epistemology（认识论）：研究知识的起源、性质、限度和验证方法的学问。

3. Ethics（伦理学）：研究道德原则和价值观的学科，探讨如何判断行为的对错以及如何做出道德决策。

4. Logic（逻辑学）：研究与推理和论证相关的规则和原则的学科，帮助我们理性思考和辨别谬误。

5. Aesthetics（美学）：研究艺术、美和审美经验的学问，探讨美的本质和艺术的功能。

6. Philosophy of Mind（心灵哲学）：研究意识、心灵和思维的学科，涉及到意识的起源、本质和关系。

7. Philosophy of Science（科学哲学）：研究科学方法和科学知识的起源和本质的学科。

8. Political Philosophy（政治哲学）：研究政治权力、公正和社会秩序的学问。

这些是哲学专业中的一些常见英文名词，涵盖了不同领域的研究。

对于想要深入了解哲学的人来说，理解这些名词是很重要的。

在学术研究和讨论中，使用正确的英文术语可以提高交流的准确性和清晰度。

注意：以上内容仅供参考，具体术语使用请根据具体情况和相关权威资源进行确认。

philosophical词根词缀

philosophical词根词缀
哲学词根和词缀是哲学英语词汇的重要构成部分。

这些词根和词缀来源于希腊语和拉丁语，它们赋予了英语词汇丰富的哲学含义和深刻的思想内涵。

以下是一些常见的哲学词根和词缀：
1. Philo- (爱)：表示热爱、追求、崇拜。

如philosophy（哲学）、philanthropy（博爱）。

2. -logy (学科、科学)：表示学科、学问、科学。

如psychology （心理学）、biology（生物学）。

3. -osophy (智慧、学说)：表示智慧、学说、哲学。

如sophistry （诡辩学）、theosophy（神秘主义哲学）。

4. Meta- (超越、超过)：表示超越、超过、变革、转化。

如metaphysics（形而上学）、metamorphosis（变形）。

5. -ism (主义、体系)：表示主义、体系、信仰。

如existentialism （存在主义）、feminism（女权主义）。

6. -logy (逻辑)：表示逻辑。

如anthropology（人类学）、cosmology（宇宙论）。

7. -phobia (恐惧症)：表示恐惧症。

如arachnophobia（蜘蛛恐惧症）、claustrophobia（幽闭恐惧症）。

8. -cracy (政治制度、统治)：表示政治制度、统治。

如democracy （民主制度）、aristocracy（贵族统治）。

以上这些哲学词根和词缀在英语中被广泛使用，对于学习哲学英语或研究哲学思想都是非常重要的。

哲学类英语词汇

一、哲学词汇感性Sens‎i bilit‎y知性Unde‎r stand‎i ng理性Reas‎o n认识论the‎o ry of cognit‎i on先天综合判断‎a priori‎synthe‎t ic judgme‎n t物自体thi‎n g-in-itself‎先验感性论T‎r ansce‎n denta‎l Aesthe‎t ic感性论Aes‎t hetic‎直观intu‎i tion感觉sens‎a tion经验性的直观‎e mpiri‎c al intuit‎i on纯粹的直观p‎u re intuit‎i on形而上学；玄学meta‎p hysic‎s质料matt‎e r形式fo‎r m先验逻辑Tr‎a nscen‎d ental‎logic先验分析论T‎r ansce‎n denta‎l analyt‎i c先验辩证论T‎r ansce‎n denta‎l dialec‎t ic纯粹的知性概‎念pure concep‎t s of theunders‎t andin‎g原则的能力f‎a culty‎of princi‎p les宇宙论cos‎m ology‎道德律令 moral comman‎d至善sum mum bunkum‎崇高subl‎i me反思判断ju‎d gment‎of reflec‎t ion[唯]意志论 Volunt‎a rism一般陶冶 genera‎l cultur‎e七艺{文法、逻辑、修辞、音乐、算数、几何、天文} Seven libera‎l arts人本主义；人文主义 humani‎s m人本教育；人文教育 humani‎s tic educat‎i on三科{文法、逻辑、修辞} tritiu‎m下意识sub consci‎o usnes‎s士气 morale‎大修道院学校‎abbey school‎大礼堂 audito‎r ium女生训导{史} Dean of women工艺学校 arts and crafts‎school‎公民教育 Citize‎n ship educat‎i on; Educat‎i on for citize‎n ship公民德行 civic virtue‎反省；反思 reflec‎t ion 反省[后]行为 reflec‎t ive behavi‎o r反省思考 reflec‎t ive though‎t天主教教学法‎cathol‎i c pedago‎g y文化；修养 cultur‎e文化教育 cultur‎a l educat‎i on文化教育学 Cultur‎e pedago‎g y文字主义；字句主义 verbal‎i sm方法论 method‎o logy主教学校 Bishop‎'s school‎古典主义 Classi‎c ism古典语文｛古希腊文、拉丁文｝ classi‎c al langua‎g e古典学科 classi‎c al course‎古典学校；古典学派classi‎c al school‎四目{音乐、算数、几何、天文} quadri‎v ium 本性 origin‎a l nature‎母性 matern‎i ty母道；母仪mother‎craft母语 mother‎langua‎g e; Mother‎tongue‎民本教育 democr‎a tic educat‎i on民族主义 nation‎a lism民族主义教育‎nation‎a listi‎c educat‎i on目的论 teleol‎o gy先天观念 innate‎idea同情 sympat‎h y合理化[作用] ration‎a lizat‎i on回教教育；伊斯兰教育 Mohamm‎e dan educat‎i on [= Islami‎c educat‎i on]自由意志free will自然主义 natura‎l ism自然主义教育‎natura‎l istic‎educat‎i on自然趋势 natura‎l tenden‎c y自然惩罚 natura‎l punish‎m ent判断 judgme‎n t助理教师 assist‎a nt teache‎r助理教授 assist‎a nt profes‎s or批判分数 critic‎a l score批判教育学 Critic‎a l pedago‎g y系统教育学 System‎a tic pedago‎g y儿童文学 childr‎e n's litera‎t ure儿童指导所 Child-guidan‎c e clinic‎儿童学Radiol‎o gy; Penolo‎g y夜校{英} moonli‎g ht school‎性格；品格 charac‎t er泛爱主义philan‎t hropi‎s t泛爱主义教育‎philan‎t hropi‎c educat‎i on泛爱学校 philan‎t hropi‎c school‎社会化 social‎i zatio‎n社会主义 Social‎i sm社会主义教育‎social‎i stic educat‎i on社会学 Sociol‎o gy品格培养 charac‎t er buildi‎n g; Format‎i on of charac‎t er品格教育 charac‎t er educat‎i on品格测验charac‎t er test品格评比 charac‎t er rating‎品格诊断；品性诊断 charac‎t er diagno‎s is 思考 thinki‎n g查经班Bible class美育 aesthe‎t ic educat‎i on美育[教]学 esthet‎i c pedago‎g y美感 aesthe‎t ic feelin‎g美感判断 esthet‎i c judgme‎n t美学 aesthe‎t ics; Esthet‎i cs个人主义 indivi‎d ualis‎m修道院 cloist‎e r修道院教育 monast‎i c educat‎i on修道院学校 monast‎e ry school‎; Monast‎i c school‎; cloist‎e r school‎修辞学校 rhetor‎i cal school‎伦理教育 ethica‎l educat‎i on伦理学 Ethics‎原理；原则 princi‎p le原创性 origin‎a lity哲学的教育学‎philos‎o phica‎l pedago‎g y宫廷学校Court school‎; Palace‎school‎校友 alumnu‎s; Alumni‎{Pl .}校友会 alumni‎associ‎a tion校风 school‎ethos格言；行为准则maxim气质 temper‎a ment消极训练 negati‎v e discip‎l ine消极教育 negati‎v e educat‎i on消极适应 negati‎v e adapta‎t ion神学院 divini‎t y school‎; Theolo‎g ical colleg‎e; theolo‎g ical semina‎r y神学教育 theolo‎g ical educat‎i on纯粹科学 pure scienc‎e虔敬主义 pietis‎m 副校长 assist‎a nt princi‎p al副教授 associ‎a te profes‎s or唱诗学校 Choir school‎问答法 questi‎o n and answer‎method‎唯物论 materi‎a lism唯实主义教育‎realis‎t ic educat‎i on唯实论；实在论 realis‎m国家教育；民族教育 nation‎a l educat‎i on基督宗教教育‎Christ‎i an educat‎i on专业道德；专业伦理[学] profes‎s ional‎ethics‎情感[作用]；感情 affect‎i on情操 sentim‎e nt推论；推理 infere‎n ce [= reason‎i ng]教育工作者 educat‎o r教育史 Histor‎y of educat‎i on教育哲学 Educat‎i onal philos‎o phy; Philos‎o phy of educat‎i on教育价值 educat‎i onal value教育学家；教育学者 educat‎i onali‎s t; Educat‎i onist‎教育历程 educat‎i onal proces‎s教区学校parish‎school‎; Paroch‎i al school‎教规；训诫 precep‎t理性教育 ration‎a l educat‎i on理性论；理性主义 ration‎a lism理想ideal陆军学校army school‎陶冶；教化 cultiv‎a tion陶冶；教育{德} bildun‎g博士论文 Doctor‎a l disser‎t ation‎; Doctor‎a te disser‎t ation‎博士学位 Doctor‎a te; Doctor‎'s degree‎; Doctor‎a l degree‎象征主义 symbol‎i sm意识 consci‎o usnes‎s意识流 stream‎s of consci‎o usnes‎s慈善学校 charit‎y school‎新教育New educat‎i on新教学校 Protes‎t ant school‎暗示 sugges‎t ion道德教育 moral educat‎i on道德教学 moral instru‎c tion模范学校 model school‎论理次序；逻辑次序 logica‎l order论理学；逻辑；理哲学Logicepiste‎m ology‎认识论essent‎i alism‎本质论ration‎a lism 理性主义realis‎m实在论reduct‎i onism‎还原论met theory‎元理论micro logic 微观逻辑hy‎p othes‎i s 假说testab‎i lity 可检验性indete‎r minis‎m非决定论 naivefalsif‎i catio‎n ism 朴素证伪主义‎naive instru‎m ental‎i sm 朴素工具主义‎refuta‎b ility‎可反驳的falsif‎y证伪 refuta‎t ion 反驳verifi‎c ation‎证实justif‎y证明 verify‎证实justif‎i catio‎n ism 证明主义verisi‎m ilitu‎d e 逼真性logica‎l positi‎v ism 逻辑实证主义‎macro logic 宏观逻辑mental‎i st 精神主义met langua‎g e 元语言met scienc‎e元科学falsit‎y conten‎t虚假性内容irrati‎o nalis‎m非理性主义subjec‎t ivism‎主观主义。

最完整英语中科学类单词必须掌握

最完整英语中科学类单词必须掌握Aerobiology –空气生物学（aero+biology）The study of organic particles that are transported by the air. It is also branch of biology.Amphibian –两栖动物a type of vertebrate that lives a portion of its life in water and another part on land.Astronomy –天文学the scientific study of heavenly bodiesAtmosphere –大气层the blanket of gases surrounding the earth.Bacteria –细菌one-celled living organisms. They have no nucleus in their cellsBiology –生物学the scientific study of living thingsBotany –植物学the scientific study of plantsCardiology –心脏学the scientific study of the heartCarbon cycle –碳循环the constant exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen among living thingsCarnivore –食肉动物an organism that eats other animalsCell –细胞The smallest unit of living matterClimate –气候The prevailing weather conditions of a region.Dermatology -皮肤学the scientific study of the skinEarthquake –地震the shaking of the earth’s crust and mantleEcosystem –生态系统the group of living and non-living things in an environment.Electricity –电a form of energy produced from the active energies of wind, water, oil, or coal.Embryology –胚胎学the scientific study of embryosErosion –侵蚀the weathering away of rock pieces.Evaporation - 蒸汽The process by which a liquid changes into a gasEvolution –进化a change in a population’s gene pool from one generation to another generation by such processes such as natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift.Galaxy –银河系a collection of starsGravity –重力the pull of the earthGeology –地质学the scientific study of the earthHabitat –栖息地the place where an animal or plant resides and grows.Hematology –血液学The scientific study of the bloodHerbivore –食草动物an organism that eats plants and other producersHibernate –冬眠to enter into a deep sleep or dormant condition during the winterHumus –腐殖质a decayed animal or plant in the soilHurricane –飓风a large storm with a low pressure at its centerImmunology –免疫学the scientific study of the immune systemInvertebrate –无脊椎动物an animal without a backboneLunar Eclipse –月食the covering of the moon as it passes through the earth’s shadow.Mammal –哺乳动物a warm-blooded vertebrateMeteorite –陨石，流星a mass of stone from space and hits the surface of the moon or earth.Meteorology –气象学the scientific study of the weatherMicrobiology –微生物学the scientific study of micro-organismsOceanology –海洋学the scientific study of oceansOmnivore –杂食动物an organism that eats both animals and plantsOpthalmology –眼科学the scientific study of the eyesOrnithology –鸟类学the scientific study of birdsParasitism –寄生状态a relationship in which an organism lives in other organism and benefits from that relationship. The other organism is harmed.Parasitology - 寄生学the scientific study of parasitesPhotosynthesis –光合作用the food-making process of plantsPhysiology –生理学the scientific study of the functions of living organismsPollution –污染harmful substances found in land, water, or airPrecipitation –沉淀water particles that fall from the atmosphere and reach the earth’s surfacePsychology -心理学the scientific study of mental processes in living creaturesPlanet –地球a heavenly body revolving around the sunReptile –爬行动物A vertebrate with thick and dry skin. They are egg-laying organisms.Sexology –性学the scientific study of sexStar –星星a self-luminous heavenly bodySolar Eclipse –日食the covering of the sun when the moon passes between thesun and the earthSolar System –太阳系the group that comprises the sun and the objects that are revolving around itSymbiosis –共生状态a relationship between two organisms that persists over timeTocology –产科学the scientific study of childbirthTornado –龙卷风a violent storm of whirling wind that travels across a narrow path in the groundToxicology –毒理学the scientific study of poisonsVertebrate –脊椎动物an animal with a backboneVolcano –火山an opening in the earth’s surface where lave flows out.Water Cycle –水循环the movement of water from the earth to the air, and back to the earth’s surface.Weathering –风化作用the process of breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces and particles.Zoology –动物学the scientific study of animals.。

高端哲学名词

高端哲学名词
以下是一些高端哲学名词：
1. 存在主义（Existentialism）- 强调个人的自由意志、存在和
选择的哲学流派。

2. 形而上学（Metaphysics）- 研究现实的本质和基本原则的哲
学学科。

3. 現象學（Phenomenology）- 研究意识的结构、经验的本质
和现象的本质的哲学学派。

4. 辩证法（Dialectics）- 一种逻辑方法，强调矛盾和变化的作用。

5. 唯物主义（Materialism）- 认为物质是世界的基本实体，并
且意识和思想是物质的产物。

6. 心灵-身体问题（Mind-body problem）- 研究意识和身体之间关系的问题。

7. 自由意志（Free will）- 指个人能够自主选择和行动的能力。

8. 伦理学（Ethics）- 研究道德原则和价值观的哲学学科。

9. 合理性（Rationality）- 研究理性思维和推理的能力。

10. 知识论（Epistemology）- 研究知识的起源、范围和验证的
哲学分支。

以上只是一些高端哲学名词的简要介绍，每个名词背后都有丰富的哲学理论和讨论。

哲学专业英语词汇

哲学专业英语（the course of philosophical English）西方哲学专业词汇Western philosophy西方哲学Ancient Greek-Roman philosophy古希腊罗马哲学Hellenistic philosophy希腊化哲学Medieval philosophy中世纪哲学Renaissance philosophy文艺复兴哲学Modern western philosophy西方近代哲学Contemporary western philosophy西方现代哲学Jewish philosophy犹太哲学马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophy逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 艺术哲学Philosophy of artMetaphysics形而上学Epistemology认识论/知识论Methodology方法论ontology本体论Cosmology宇宙论/宇宙生成论Theory of value/axiology价值论Monism一元论Dualism二元论Pluralism多元论Cognosciblism可知论Agnosticism不可知论Materialism唯物主义Irrationalism非理性主义abstract/concrete抽象/具体Idealism唯心主义Objective /Subjective idealism客/主观唯心主义Scepticism怀疑主义Substance实体macrocosm大宇宙microcosm小宇宙Sensibility/understanding/ reason感性/知性/理性Theism有神论Antitheism 无神论Deism自然神论pantheism泛神论Dialectical materialism辩证唯物主义Historical materialism历史唯物主义Law of identity同一律Law of contradiction排中律Law of excluded middle排中律teleology目的论mechanism机械论dialectics辩证法consciousness意识spirit精神belief信念nature自然reality现实，实在possibility可能性Illusion幻想imagination想象力Mysticism神秘主义Spiritualism唯灵论form形式existence存在appearance现象essence本质prime matter原初质料motion运动Continuity/non-Continuity连续性/间断性time and space时间与空间Past-present-future过去/现在/未来cause and effect原因与结果subject and object主体与客体occasionalism偶因论Ockham’s razor奥康剃刀subjectivity主体性Necessity and contingency必然性与偶然性Universals and individuals个别与一般/共相与殊相/普遍与个别relative and absolute相对与绝对intuition直觉idea观念thought思维perception知觉subsistence潜在knowledge知识opinion意见Nature自然Actuality/reality现实Reality实在Necessity and freedom必然与自由Beginning/first principle/arche（希）本原，始基archetype原型illusion幻象image形像，影像ideology意识形态doctrine of correspondence符合说mind-body problem身心问题representative theory of idea表象说finite and infinite有限与无限humanism人道主义，人文主义Natural theology自然神学substratum基质The infinite/boundless/apeiron无定/无限pneuma普纽玛being存在non-being非存在logos逻各斯mind/nous努斯psyche/pneuma普纽玛atom原子void虚空element元素four roots四根self-knowledge自知Becoming/decay生成/衰亡bisection两分法flying arrow is at rest飞矢不动stadium运动场becoming生成doctrine of effluence流射说Eristic/elenchus论辩术，诡辩术art of midwifery/maieutic method助产术/接生术irony讥讽Virtue is knowledge美德即知识world of idea理念世界Infinite regress argument无穷后退证明Simile of the cave洞穴喻Simile of the line线段喻Simile of the sun太阳喻sense world感性世界，感官世界harmony和谐theory of Participation（sharing）分有说theory of Imitation模仿说copy摹本archetype模型，原型paradigm范式model of universal宇宙模型，世界模型soul of universal宇宙灵魂，世界灵魂Philosopher-king哲学王passion激情Wisdom/courage/temperance/justice智慧/勇敢/节制/正义（four cardinal virtue四主德）Desire/passion欲望/激情artificer工匠，创造者Genus种primary/secondary substance第一、二实体form and matter形式与质料accident偶性potentiality and actuality潜能与现实four causes 四因material cause质料因formal cause形式因efficient cause动力因final cause目的因ether以太Actuality现实/entelechy隐德莱希（完全实现）Good/highest good善/至善Category范畴Peripatetics漫步学派active reason/active intellect主动理性/主动理智mean中道，中庸wisdom智慧Practical wisdom实践智慧intellectual virtue理智德性the liar说谎者argument of the measure of grain谷堆论证argument of the baldhead秃头论证argument of the veiled figure隐藏者论证logos of the universe宇宙理性one太一What-it-is 是什么the third man argument第三者论证Theory of recollection回忆说epoche悬搁判断==judgement of suspension ataraxy静观doctrine of emanation流溢说anthropomorphism神人同形同性论=拟人观pythagoreanism毕达哥拉斯主义transmigration of souls灵魂轮回转世说atomism原子论Mode of cyclical reasoning循环论证Good being nature善即自然sensation was due to action between the unlikes异类相知说doctrine of like knows like同类相知说doctrine of seeds种子说Doctrine of love and strife爱恨说doctrine of image影像说cynicism犬儒主义platonism柏拉图主义theory of idea理念论doctrine of the communion of genera通种论aristotelianism亚里士多德主义syllogism三段论Unmoved mover不动的动者==prime moverpurification净化说induction归纳法pyrrhonism皮浪主义Epicureanism伊壁鸠鲁主义canonic准则学Ionian school伊奥尼亚学派Milesian school米利都学派Ephsian school爱菲斯学派Heraclitean school赫拉克利特学派Pythagoreans 毕达哥拉斯学派Eleatic school爱利亚学派privation缺失，匮乏Presocratics前苏格拉底学派Cynics犬儒学派Cyrenaics昔兰尼学派megarian school麦加拉派sophists智者Minor socratics小苏格拉底学派academy学园/柏拉图学园/雅典学园academics学园派peripatetics漫步学派stoics画廊学派/斯多亚学派Epicurean school伊壁鸠鲁学派Christianity基督教Christian philosophy基督教哲学Judaism犹太教Trinity三位一体heresy异端Polytheism多神论eschatology末世论Church fathers教父Providence天意，天命Kingdom of God上帝之国theology神学negative theology否定神学Positive theology肯定神学Patristic philosophy/ Patristics教父哲学/教父学scholasticism经院哲学revealed religion天启宗教，启示宗教Trinity三位一体incarnation道成肉身faith/hope/love信仰/希望/热爱doctrine of redemption救赎论grace神恩，神惠，恩宠omnipotence全能omniscience全知omnipresence全在Argument a posteriori先天证明Argument a priori后天证明fideism信仰主义（僧侣主义）hylozoism物活论Original sin 原罪Justification by faith因信称义Ockham’s razor奥卡姆剃刀nominalism唯名论（extreme/moderate）realism唯实论（extreme/moderate ）Augustinism奥古斯丁主义ontological argument本体论证明cosmological argument宇宙论证明teleological argument目的论证明Moral argument道德论证明Supreme good argument至善性证明Faith hope and charity信望爱doctrine of double-truth双重真理论Divine illumination神的光照Theological fatalism神学预定论Thomism托马斯主义Averroism阿威洛伊主义Scotism司各脱主义Rationalism唯理论（materialistic/idealistic ）Empiricism经验论（materialistic/idealistic）Social contract theory社会契约论Geographical determinism地理环境决定论Classical German philosophy德国古典哲学Apriorism先天论The reformation宗教改革运动Enlightenment启蒙运动French materialism法国唯物主义Encyclopaedists百科全书派conceptualism概念论Mechanistic materialism机械唯物论learned ignorance有学问的无知maximum极大minimum极小utopia乌托邦universal intellect普遍理智idols假相，偶像theory of four idols四假相说idols of the tribe种族假相idols of the cave洞穴假相idols of the market-place市场假相idols of the theatre剧场假相property and form性质与形式extension广延first principle第一原理Real/nominal essence实在/名义本质blank tablet白板causality因果性causation因果关系cause原因/effect结果experience经验dogma教条Material/Spiritual substance物质/精神实体thinking substance思想实体，思维实体Innate idea天赋观念adventitious ideas外来观念factitious ideas虚幻观念dualism of mind and matter心物二元论Animal sprits精气，元精，动物精神psycho-physical interactionism身心交感论pineal gland松果腺extensive substance广延实体the theory of social contrast社会契约论Association of idea观念的联结（休谟）Cartesianists笛卡儿主义者theory of substance实体论theory of attribute属性论theory of mode样式论（finite/infinite）psycho-physical parallelism心物平行论true idea真观念attribute属性Spinozism斯宾诺莎主义experience经验（external/internal）sensation and reflection感觉与反省abstraction抽象作用abstract idea抽象观念Simple/complex idea简单/复杂观念Immaterialism非物质主义personal identity人格同一性contiguity接近性（休谟）Divine right of kings君权神授说school of continental Rationalism大陆理性派British empirists英国经验派Cambridge platonism 剑桥柏拉图主义Scottish school of common sense苏格兰常识学派Old Hegelians老年黑格尔派Young Hegelians青年黑格尔派Right Hegelians黑格尔右派Left Hegelians黑格尔左派Speculative philosophy 思辨哲学Three tables三表法Table of essence/presence本质表/具有表Table of absence of proximity接近中的缺乏表Table of degree/comparison程度表/比较表Relative/finite substance相对的或有限的实体Absolute/infinite substance绝对的或无限的实体Theory of corpuscles 微粒说Theory of vortex 漩涡说Cartesianism笛卡儿主义cosmotheism宇宙神论（斯宾诺莎）Infinite attribute无限的属性Theory of modes样态论Mode 样态，样式Sensation/reflection感觉/反省External/internal experience外部/内部经验Abstraction抽象作用Psychic force心力（莱布尼兹）Small perception微知觉Principle of continuity连续性原则Idea of substance/modes/relations实体/情状/关系观念real/fantastical ideas实在/幻想观念Intuitive/demonstratic/probable直觉/证明/或然知识primary/secondary/third quality第一/二/三性质real/nominal essence实在/名义本质innate human right天赋人权will of all全体意志monad单子monadology单子论cognition认知Complete notion完满性观念（莱布尼兹）Best of all possible world可能世界中的最佳者sentiment情感——sentimentalismscience of human nature人性科学human nature/humanity人性Per-established harmony前定和谐pre-established harmony预定和谐truth of reason/fact理性真理与事实真理Divine reason 神圣理性theodicy神正论Order of possible coexistence and order of possibilities which cannotcoexist可共存之物的秩序与不可共存之物的秩序existence is to be perceived存在就是被感知immaterialism非物质论idea and notion观念与意念impression and ideas印象与观念resemblance类似关系contiguity in time and space接近关系causal relation因果关系determinism of geographical environment地理环境决定论Theory of the omnipotence of education教育万能论Apodictic/assertoric必然的/实然的（康德）Appearance现象（康德）manifold杂多Physico-theological argument自然神论证明critical philosophy批判哲学dogmatism独断论copernican revolution哥白尼的革命pure reason纯粹理性antinomy二律背反thing-in-itself自在之物，物自体appearance现象practical reason实践理性good will善良意志schein幻相moral law道德律finality apart from an end无目的的合目的性Analytic-synthetic分析-综合Sensibility/understanding/reason感性/知性/理性category范畴command律令reflective judgement反思的判断力representation表象Schema图型/schematism图型论，图式论Metaphysical deduction形而上学演绎Metaphysical exposition形而上学阐明Metaphysics of morals道德性而上学Metaphysics of nature自然形而上学transcendental apperception先验统觉Analogies of experience经验的类推architectonic建筑术Autonomy自主性（康德）transcendental idealism先验唯心主义Kantianism康德主义transcendental先验的transcendent超验的transcendental aesthetic先验感性论transcendental analytic先验分析论Transcendental deduction先验演绎Transcendental dialectic先验辩证论Transcendental illusion先验幻象Transcendental logic先验逻辑Transcendental ideal先验的理想Transcendental paralogism先验谬误推理Transcendental reflection先验反思A priori and synthetic judgement 先天综合判断taste鉴赏力Thing-for-itself为我之物A priori先天A posteriori后天A priori judgement先天判断A posteriori judgement 后天判断analytic judgement分析判断synthetical judgement综合判断Quantity of judgement/ category of Quantity判断的量与量的范畴Qualitaty of judgement/ category of Qualitaty判断的质与质的范畴Relation of judgement/ category of relation判断的关系与关系的范畴Mode of judgement/ category of mode 判断的样式与样式的范畴Anthropology 人本学Absolute religion绝对宗教Free spirit自由精神Objective spirit客观精神practical spirit实践精神theoretical spirit理论精神Subjective spirit主观精神Externalization外化objectification对象化Position肯定Negation否定sublation扬弃identical philosophy同一哲学in itself自我for itself自为absolute idea绝对理念absolute spirit 绝对精神philosophy of mind精神哲学subjective/objective spirit主/客观精神these-antithese-synthese正-反-合civil society市民社会alienation异化dialectic辩证法actuality现实Hegelianism黑格尔主义Young Hegellians 青年黑格尔派Natural theology自然神学（理性神学）absolute ego （费希特的）绝对自我animatism 物活论animism 泛灵论，万物有灵论anthropologism 人本主义the Apostles十二使徒asceticism 禁欲主义atomism 原子论，原子学说atonement 赎罪baptism （基督教）洗礼bourgeoisie 资产阶级causationism 因果论Christianity 基督教clherentism 贯通论The Decalogue摩西十戒deism 理神论；自然神论；自然神论（natural religion）Judgment Day 上帝的最后审判日，世界的末日Kant’s nebular hypothesis 康德的星云假说method of exclusion 排除法method of induction 归纳法nativism 先天论，天赋论sense perception 感性知觉sentience 感觉现象；原始感觉theory of reflection 反映论theory of relativity 相对论theory of representation 表象论On nature《论自然》Purification《净化篇》Sophists《智者篇》Phaedo《斐多篇》Parmenides《巴门尼德篇》Republic《国家篇》On the nature of things《物性论》Meditations《沉思集》Bible《圣经》The Apocalypse/Revelations《圣经》中的《启示录》Genesis （《圣经》）（《创世纪》）New-Testament 《新约全书》Confessions《忏悔录》Utopia《乌托邦》New organon《新工具》Advancement of learning《学术的进展》Human nature《论人性》Leviathan《利维坦》Two treatises of civil government《政府论》An essay concerning human understanding《人类理解论》A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge《人类知识原理》A treatise of human nature《人性论》An inquiry concerning human understanding 《人类理智研究》Dialogues concerning natural religion《自然宗教对话录》The natural history of religion 《宗教的自然史》Enquiries concerning the principles of morals《道德原理研究》Discourse on method《方法谈》Meditations on first philosophy《第一哲学沉思集》The principles of philosophy《哲学原理》Apology for learned ignorance《论有学问的无知》The principles of Descartes philosophy《笛卡尔哲学原理》Organon《工具论》Enneades《九章集》The ethics《伦理学》New essays on human understanding《人类理智新论》City of god 《上帝之城》Theological-political treatise《神学政治论》Essay on theodicy《神正论》On the improvement of understanding《知性改进论》Critique of pure reason《纯粹理性批判》Critique of practical reason 《实践理性批判》Critique of judgement《判断力批判》。

哲学领域的英文词汇

哲学领域的英文词汇
哲学（Philosophy）是人类智慧的结晶，是思考人生、存在和
价值的学科。

在日常生活中，我们或多或少会接触到一些哲学术语。

以下是一些常见的哲学词汇及其英文表述：
- 道德（Morality）：关于善恶、对错的问题。

涉及一个人或群
体的行为规范。

- 伦理（Ethics）：关于道德规范的研究和制定的一门学科。

- 形而上学（Metaphysics）：研究世界本原、事物本质、存在
的原理等问题的哲学分支。

- 经验（Experience）：通过对事物感知和认识而获得的知识和
智慧。

- 知识（Knowledge）：人脑中有意识的信念和理解。

- 真相（Truth）: 对现实的准确描述或表达。

可被证明为真或假。

- 逻辑（Logic）：哲学中的一门重要学科，研究推理、思维和
证明等问题。

- 现象（Phenomenon）：指我们感知到的世界现象。

- 本体论（Ontology）：研究存在的本质和形式的哲学分支。

- 理性（Reason）：通过推理、思考等方式而获得的知识和智慧。

- 实在论（Realism）：哲学上的一种观点，认为世界是客观存在的。

以上仅是哲学领域中的一小部分英文词汇，它们的涵义非常丰富，值得我们深入学习和探讨。

各个学科的英文单词

各个学科的英文单词一、自然科学1. Biology（生物学）2. Chemistry（化学）3. Physics（物理学）4. Astronomy（天文学）5. Geology（地质学）6. Oceanography（海洋学）7. Meteorology（气象学）8. Ecology（生态学）9. Mathematics（数学）10. Statistics（统计学）二、社会科学11. Economics（经济学）12. Sociology（社会学）13. Psychology（心理学）14. Anthropology（人类学）15. Political Science（政治学）16. History（历史）17. Geography（地理学）18. Law（法学）19. Philosophy（哲学）20. Linguistics（语言学）三、工程技术21. Engineering（工程学）22. Computer Science（计算机科学）23. Electrical Engineering（电气工程）24. Mechanical Engineering（机械工程）25. Civil Engineering（土木工程）26. Chemical Engineering（化学工程）27. Environmental Engineering（环境工程）28. Biomedical Engineering（生物医学工程）29. Aerospace Engineering（航空航天工程）30. Industrial Engineering（工业工程）四、艺术与人文31. Literature（文学）32. Art（艺术）33. Music（音乐）34. Dance（舞蹈）35. Theater（戏剧）36. Film Studies（电影研究）37. Architecture（建筑学）38. Religion（宗教）39. Classics（古典学）40. Cultural Studies（文化研究）五、医学与健康41. Medicine（医学）42. Nursing（护理学）43. Pharmacy（药学）44. Public Health（公共卫生）45. Nutrition（营养学）46. Sports Science（运动科学）47. Physiology（生理学）48. Anatomy（解剖学）49. Pathology（病理学）50. Immunology（免疫学）六、商业与管理51. Business Administration（工商管理）52. Marketing（市场营销）53. Finance（金融学）54. Accounting（会计学）55. Human Resources（人力资源管理）56. Management（管理学）57. Entrepreneurship（创业学）58. International Business（国际商务）59. Supply Chain Management（供应链管理）60. Project Management（项目管理）各个学科的英文单词七、教育与培训61. Education（教育学）62. Pedagogy（教学法）63. Curriculum Development（课程开发）64. Special Education（特殊教育）65. Adult Education（成人教育）66. Vocational Training（职业教育）67. Teacher Training（教师培训）68. Educational Psychology（教育心理学）69. Educational Technology（教育技术）70. Higher Education（高等教育）八、环境科学71. Environmental Science（环境科学）72. Conservation Biology（保护生物学）73. Sustainable Development（可持续发展）74. Climate Science（气候科学）75. Environmental Law（环境法学）76. Environmental Policy（环境政策）77. Environmental Economics（环境经济学）78. Urban Planning（城市规划）79. Environmental Engineering（环境工程）80. Environmental Sociology（环境社会学）九、农业科学81. Agronomy（农学）82. Horticulture（园艺学）83. Animal Science（动物科学）84. Soil Science（土壤科学）85. Plant Pathology（植物病理学）. Agricultural Economics（农业经济学）87. Agricultural Engineering（农业工程）88. Food Science（食品科学）89. Fisheries Science（渔业科学）90. Forestry（林业）十、体育与运动91. Sports Science（运动科学）92. Exercise Physiology（运动生理学）93. Sports Psychology（运动心理学）94. Kinesiology（运动机能学）95. Physical Education（体育教育）96. Sports Medicine（运动医学）97. Athletic Training（运动训练）98. Coaching（教练学）99. Recreation（休闲学）100. Sports Management（体育管理）人文与社会科学1. Anthropology（人类学）2. Archaeology（考古学）3. Economics（经济学）4. Geography（地理学）5. History（历史学）6. Law（法学）7. Linguistics（语言学）8. Philosophy（哲学）9. Political Science（政治学）10. Psychology（心理学）11. Sociology（社会学）12. Anthropology（人类学）13. Archaeology（考古学）14. Economics（经济学）15. Geography（地理学）16. History（历史学）17. Law（法学）18. Linguistics（语言学）19. Philosophy（哲学）20. Political Science（政治学）21. Psychology（心理学）22. Sociology（社会学）23. Anthropology（人类学）24. Archaeology（考古学）25. Economics（经济学）26. Geography（地理学）27. History（历史学）28. Law（法学）29. Linguistics（语言学）30. Philosophy（哲学）31. Political Science（政治学）32. Psychology（心理学）33. Sociology（社会学）34. Anthropology（人类学）35. Archaeology（考古学）36. Economics（经济学）37. Geography（地理学）38. History（历史学）39. Law（法学）40. Linguistics（语言学）41. Philosophy（哲学）42. Political Science（政治学）43. Psychology（心理学）44. Sociology（社会学）45. Anthropology（人类学）46. Archaeology（考古学）47. Economics（经济学）48. Geography（地理学）49. History（历史学）50. Law（法学）51. Linguistics（语言学）52. Philosophy（哲学）53. Political Science（政治学）54. Psychology（心理学）56. Anthropology（人类学）57. Archaeology（考古学）58. Economics（经济学）59. Geography（地理学）60. History（历史学）61. Law（法学）62. Linguistics（语言学）63. Philosophy（哲学）64. Political Science（政治学）65. Psychology（心理学）66. Sociology（社会学）67. Anthropology（人类学）68. Archaeology（考古学）69. Economics（经济学）70. Geography（地理学）71. History（历史学）72. Law（法学）73. Linguistics（语言学）74. Philosophy（哲学）75. Political Science（政治学）76. Psychology（心理学）77. Sociology（社会学）78. Anthropology（人类学）80. Economics（经济学）81. Geography（地理学）82. History（历史学）83. Law（法学）84. Linguistics（语言学）85. Philosophy（哲学）. Political Science（政治学）87. Psychology（心理学）88. Sociology（社会学）89. Anthropology（人类学）90. Archaeology（考古学）91. Economics（经济学）92. Geography（地理学）93. History（历史学）94. Law（法学）95. Linguistics（语言学）96. Philosophy（哲学）97. Political Science（政治学）98. Psychology（心理学）99. Sociology（社会学）100. Anthropology（人类学）。

科学英语词汇大全

科学英语词汇大全科学领域的英语词汇是学习和交流的关键。

掌握科学英语词汇可以帮助我们更好地理解和探索科学领域的知识。

在本文中，我将为您提供一个全面的科学英语词汇大全，以帮助您更好地了解和学习科学英语。

一、物理学词汇1. Atom - 原子2. Electron - 电子3. Proton - 质子4. Neutron - 中子5. Energy - 能量6. Force - 力7. Gravity - 重力8. Speed - 速度9. Acceleration - 加速度10. Light - 光二、化学词汇1. Element - 元素2. Compound - 化合物3. Molecule - 分子4. Reaction - 反应5. Catalyst - 催化剂6. Acid - 酸7. Base - 碱8. pH - pH值9. Solvent - 溶剂10. Soluble - 可溶的三、生物学词汇1. Cell - 细胞2. DNA - DNA3. Gene - 基因4. Protein - 蛋白质5. Organism - 生物体6. Evolution - 进化7. Ecosystem - 生态系统8. Photosynthesis - 光合作用9. Reproduction - 繁殖10. Mutation - 突变四、地质学词汇1. Rock - 岩石2. Mineral - 矿物质3. Earthquake - 地震4. Volcano - 火山5. Plate tectonics - 板块构造6. Fossil - 化石7. Erosion - 侵蚀8. Geology - 地质学9. Glacier - 冰川10. Sediment - 沉积物五、天文学词汇1. Star - 星星2. Planet - 行星3. Galaxy - 星系4. Solar system - 太阳系5. Comet - 彗星6. Meteor - 流星7. Telescopes - 望远镜8. Universe - 宇宙9. Astronomer - 天文学家10. Orbit - 轨道六、数学词汇1. Number - 数字2. Equation - 方程式3. Variable - 变量4. Function - 函数5. Matrix - 矩阵6. Geometry - 几何7. Probability - 概率8. Calculus - 微积分9. Statistics - 统计学10. Graph - 图表这些词汇只是科学领域中的一小部分，但是掌握它们将为您全面了解科学领域的知识提供帮助。

哲学的专业英语术语有哪些

哲学的专业英语术语有哪些哲学的专业英语术语有哪些哲学是社会意识形态之一，是关于世界观的学说。

是理论化、系统化的世界观，是自然知识、社会知识、思维知识的概括和总结，是世界观和方法论的统一。

关于哲学，总感觉是抽象的，难以理解的。

下面，还是一起来看一些哲学的专业英语术语，初步了解一下哲学。

1).philosophyAt the mention of philosophy, he seems to talk endlessly.1).n.哲学，哲理一提到哲学，他似乎有说不完的话。

2).materialismWe advocate materialism and oppose idealism2).n.唯物主义我们提倡唯物主义，而反对唯心主义。

3).idealismThe philosopher is talking historical idealism with us3).n.唯心主义，理想主义这位哲学家正在和我们讨论唯心史观。

4).world outlookOur problem is what kind of world outlook we will build4).世界观我们的问题是我们将建立什么样的世界观。

5).phenomenonIt is a common phenomenon that young people offer their seats to old people In the bus5).n.现象年轻人在公交车上给老年人让位，这是一个普遍现象。

6).essenceThe essence of this article is that we should take measures toprotect environment6).n.本质，要素，精华这篇文章的本质内容是我们应该采取措施保护环境。

7).substanceWe are surprised to find that the substance of this material is carbon.7).n.实质我们很惊奇地发现这种物质的实质成分是碳。

哲学科目英语词汇集合

哲学科目英语词汇集合哲学科目英语词汇集合哲学 Philosophy 哲学马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism 马克思主义哲学中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy 中国哲学外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies 外国哲学逻辑学 Logic 逻辑学伦理学 Ethics 伦理学美学 Aesthetics 美学宗教学 Science of Religion 宗教学科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology 科学技术哲学经济学 Economics 经济学理论经济学 Theoretical Economics 理论经济学政治经济学 Political Economy 政治经济学经济思想史 History of Economic Thought 经济思想史经济史 History of Economic 经济史西方经济学 Western Economics 西方经济学世界经济 World Economics 世界经济人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学应用经济学 Applied Economics 应用经济学国民经济学 National Economics 国民经济学区域经济学 Regional Economics 区域经济学法学 Law 法学Communist Movement 中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China (including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building) 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育and Politics 国际政治学 International Politics 国际政治学国际关系学 International Relations 国际关系学外交学 Diplomacy 外交学社会学 Sociology 社会学社会学 Sociology 社会学人口学 Demography 人口学人类学 Anthropology 人类学民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature) 民族学 Ethnology 民族学民族学 Ethnology 民族学马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy 马克思主义民族理论与政策中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics 中国少数民族经济中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History 中国少数民族史中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art 中国少数民族艺术教育学教育学 Education 教育学教育学 Education Science 教育学原理教育学原理 Educational Principle 课程与教学论课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology 教育史教育史 History of Education 比较教育学比较教育学 Comparative Education 学前教育学学前教育学 Pre-school Education 高等教育学高等教育学 Higher Education 成人教育学成人教育学 Adult Education 职业技术教育学职业技术教育学 V ocational and Technical Education 特殊教育学特殊教育学 Special Education 教育技术学教育技术学 Education Technology 心理学心理学 Psychology 基础心理学基础心理学 Basic Psychology 发展与心理学发展与心理学 Developmental and Educational Psychology 应用心理学应用心理学 Applied Psychology 体育学体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports 体育人文社会学体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports 运动人体科学运动人体科学 Human Movement Science 体育教育训练学体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training 民族传统体育学民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports 文学文学 Literature 中国语言文学中国语言文学 Chinese Literature 文艺学文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art 语言学及应用语言学语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 汉语言文字学汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology 中国古典文献学中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text 中国古代文学中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature 中国现当代文学中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature 中国少数民族语言文学中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature 比较文学与世界文学比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature and World Literature 外国语言文学外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures 英语语言文学英语语言文学 English Language and Literature 俄语语言文学俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature 法语语言文学法语语言文学 French Language and Literature 德语语言文学德语语言文学 German Language and Literature 日语语言文学日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature 印度语言文学印度语言文学 Indian Language and Literature 西班牙语语言文学西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature 阿拉伯语语言文学阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature 欧洲语言文学欧洲语言文学 European Language and Literature 亚非语言文学亚非语言文学 Asian-African Language and Literature 外国语言学及应用语言学外国语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in Foreign Languages 新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication 新闻传播学新闻学 Journalism 新闻学传播学 Communication 传播学艺术学 Art 艺术学艺术学 Art Theory 艺术学音乐学 Music 音乐学美术学 Fine Arts 美术学设计艺术学 Artistic Design 设计艺术学戏剧戏曲学 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera 戏剧戏曲学电影学 Film 电影学。

科学英语词汇大全增加你对科学的英语词汇量和科学素养

科学英语词汇大全增加你对科学的英语词汇量和科学素养科学英语词汇大全：增加你的科学词汇量和科学素养科学是人类认识和改造世界的一种方法，而英语则是国际交流的重要工具。

在学习科学的过程中，掌握科学英语词汇变得至关重要，它不仅有助于我们理解科学文献和资料，还能提高我们的科学素养。

本篇文章将为大家呈现一份科学英语词汇大全，帮助你增加科学词汇量并提升科学素养。

一、物理学词汇1. Atom（原子）：The basic unit of matter, consisting of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.2. Energy（能量）：The capacity to do work or produce heat.3. Force（力）：An influence that causes an object to undergo a change in speed, direction, or shape.4. Gravity（重力）：The force that attracts objects with mass towards each other.5. Kinetic energy（动能）：The energy of motion.6. Light（光）：Electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye.7. Mass（质量）：A measure of the amount of matter in an object.8. Velocity（速度）：The rate at which an object changes its position.9. Wave（波）：A disturbance that travels through a medium, transferring energy without transferring matter.10. Mechanical advantage（机械优势）：The ratio of the force output of a machine to the force input.二、化学学词汇1. Acid（酸）：A substance that donates protons or accepts electrons ina chemical reaction.2. Base（碱）：A substance that accepts protons or donates electrons ina chemical reaction.3. Chemical reaction（化学反应）：A process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.4. Compound（化合物）：A substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined.5. Element（元素）：A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.6. Molecule（分子）：The smallest particle of a compound that retains the chemical properties of that compound.7. Oxidation（氧化）：A chemical reaction in which a substance loses electrons.8. pH（酸碱度）：A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.9. Polymer（聚合物）：A large molecule composed of repeating subunits called monomers.10. Solvent（溶剂）：A substance capable of dissolving other substances to form a homogeneous mixture.三、生物学词汇1. Biodiversity（生物多样性）：The variety and variability of living organisms in a particular habitat.2. Cell（细胞）：The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.3. DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）：Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known living organisms.4. Evolution（进化）：The change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.5. Gene（基因）：A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for the production of a specific protein or functional RNA molecule.6. Homeostasis（内稳性）：The ability of an organism or system to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.7. Mitosis（有丝分裂）：The process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.8. Mutation（突变）：A change in the DNA sequence of a gene or chromosome.9. Photosynthesis（光合作用）：The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.10. Species（物种）：A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.四、地球科学词汇1. Erosion（侵蚀）：The process by which the surface of the Earth is worn away by the action of water, wind, or ice.2. Fossil（化石）：The preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms.3. Geology（地质学）：The study of the Earth, its history, and the processes that have shaped it.4. Plate tectonics（板块构造）：The theory that the Earth's lithosphere is divided into several large and small plates that move relative to each other.5. Rock（岩石）：A solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids.6. Volcano（火山）：An opening in the Earth's crust through which molten rock, ash, and gases are ejected.7. Tides（潮汐）：The regular rise and fall of the sea surface in response to the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun.8. Weathering（风化）：The breakdown of rocks, minerals, and soils through physical, chemical, and biological processes.9. Climate（气候）：The long-term pattern of weather conditions in a particular area.10. Ozone layer（臭氧层）：A layer of ozone in the Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.以上是一份科学英语词汇大全，涵盖了物理学、化学、生物学和地球科学的基本词汇。

119个哲学术语和解释

119个哲学术语和解释A ：哲学家专有名词1 辩证法（dialectic）一种被黑格尔和马克思大加使用的哲学方法，在辩证法中，矛盾之间互相对抗以达到真理。

辩证法的起源可以在古希腊哲学中找到。

2 白板（tabula rasa）洛克哲学中的术语。

洛克认为心灵就像一块白板，从而与天赋观念存在的学说相对立。

换句话说，心灵在人刚出生时是“空白的”，我们所知道的任何东西都必须通过经验“印上去”。

3 超人（ubermensch）尼采著作中的一个概念，指一个有可能在未来取代我们的卓越的人。

4 超验的（transcendent）独立的。

在宗教哲学中，超验的上帝与他所创造的宇宙是相分离的和迥然不同的。

这与内在的上帝概念相反，比如在泛神论中，上帝是等同于他的造物的，或可举一个不同的例子，在某种形式的人本主义那里，上帝是与人类相等同的（黑格尔主张这种观点）。

5 沉思（的生活）[contemplation（the life）]按照亚里士多德（和其他哲学家）的说法，这是最幸福的生活，即是思想和哲学的生活。

6 存在的世界（world of Being）柏拉图形而上学中的术语，指理想中的“形式”的世界，这个世界是没有变化的，我们只能通过理性和思想来认识这个世界。

7 单子（monad）莱布尼茨用来指一切不变事物的最终组成部分的非物质实体，上帝是唯一一个不是被创造的单子，他作为自我封闭的（“无窗的”）的先定实体创造了所有其他单子。

8 狄奥尼索斯式的（尼采）[Dionysian（Nietzsche）]艺术、精力和意志中的非理性原则。

9 公意（卢梭）[general will（Rousseau）]一个民族集体的愿望和决定。

10 信仰的飞跃（leap of faith）克尔凯郭尔的用语。

他认为一个人不可能证明他所信仰的东西。

11 海森堡不确定性原理（物理学中的）[Heisenberg uncertainty principle（in physics）]一个亚原子粒子的运动和位置不可能同时确定。

哲学科目英语词汇集合

哲学科目英语词汇集合哲学Philosophy马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophies逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学Economics理论经济学Theoretical Economics政治经济学Political Economy经济思想史History of Economic Thought经济史History of Economic西方经济学Western Economics世界经济World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics应用经济学Applied Economics国民经济学National Economics区域经济学Regional Economics法学LawCommunist Movement中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学International Politics国际关系学International Relations外交学Diplomacy社会学Sociology社会学Sociology人口学Demography人类学Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学Ethnology民族学Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy中国少数民族经济Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术Chinese Ethnic Art教育学Education教育学Education Science教育学原理Educational Principle课程与教学论Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史History of Education比较教育学Comparative Education学前教育学Pre-school Education高等教育学Higher Education成人教育学Adult Education职业技术教育学V ocational and Technical Education特殊教育学Special Education教育技术学Education Technology心理学Psychology基础心理学Basic Psychology发展与心理学Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学Applied Psychology体育学Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学Humane and Sociological Science of Sports运动人体科学Human Movement Science体育教育训练学Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学Literature中国语言文学Chinese Literature文艺学Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学Chinese Philology中国古典文献学Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学Chinese Ethnic Language andLiterature比较文学与世界文学Comparative Literature and World Literature 外国语言文学Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学English Language and Literature俄语语言文学Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学French Language and Literature德语语言文学German Language and Literature日语语言文学Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学European Language and Literature亚非语言文学Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics inForeign Languages新闻传播学Journalism and Communication新闻学Journalism传播学Communication艺术学Art艺术学Art Theory音乐学Music美术学Fine Arts设计艺术学Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera 电影学Film。

大学课程学科英文词汇

大学课程学科英文词汇哲学Philosophy马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophies逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学Economics理论经济学Theoretical Economics应用经济学Applied Economics政治经济学Political Economy经济思想史History of Economic Thought经济史History of Economic西方经济学Western Economics世界经济学World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学Population,Resources and Environmental Economics 国民国民经济学National Economics区域经济学Regional Economics财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学Industrial Economics国际贸易学International Trade劳动经济学Labor Economics统计学Statistics数量经济学Quantitative Economics国防经济学National Defense Economics法学Law法学Science of Law法学理论Jurisprudence法律史Legal History宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学)Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labor Law and Science of Social Security Law)诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws经济法学Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学)International Law (including International Public Law,International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学Science of Military Law政治学Political Science政治学理论Political Theory中外政治制度Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动Scientific Socialism and International Communist Movement中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设)History of the Communist Party of China (including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学International Politics国际关系学International Relations外交学Diplomacy社会学Sociology社会学Social science人口学Demography人类学Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学)Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature) 民族学Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy中国少数民族经济Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术Chinese Ethnic Art教育学Education教育学Education Science教育学原理Educational Principle课程与教学论Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史History of Education比较教育学Comparative Education学前教育学Pre-school Education高等教育学Higher Education成人教育学Adult Education职业技术教育学Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学Special Education教育技术学Education Technology心理学Psychology基础心理学Basic Psychology发展与心理学Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学Applied Psychology体育学Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学Humane and Sociological Science of Sports运动人体科学Human Movement Science体育教育训练学Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学Literature中国语言文学Chinese Literature文艺学Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学Chinese Philology中国古典文献学Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学Chinese Ethnic Language andLiterature比较文学与世界文学Comparative Literature and World Literature外国语言文学Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学English Language and Literature俄语语言文学Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学French Language and Literature德语语言文学German Language and Literature日语语言文学Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学European Language and Literature亚非语言文学Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学Foreign Languages and Applied Linguistics 新闻传播学Journalism and Communication新闻学Journalism传播学Communication艺术学Art艺术学Art Theory音乐学Music美术学Fine Arts设计艺术学Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学Film广播电视艺术学Radio and television Art舞蹈学Dance历史学History史学理论及史学史Historical Theories and History of Historical Science考古学及博物馆学Archaeology and Museology历史地理学Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学)Studies of Historical Literature (including Paleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史History of Particular Subjects中国古代史Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史World History理学Natural Science数学Mathematics基础数学Fundamental Mathematics计算数学Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学Physics理论物理Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理Plasma Physics凝聚态物理Condensed Matter Physics声学Acoustics光学Optics无线电物理Radio Physics化学Chemistry无机化学Inorganic Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry物理化学（含化学物理）Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics) 高分子化学与物理Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学Astronomy天体物理Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学Geography自然地理学Physical Geography人文地理学Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统Cartography and Geography Information System大气科学Atmospheric Sciences气象学Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment 海洋科学Marine Sciences物理海洋学Physical Oceanography海洋化学Marine Chemistry海洋生物学Marine Biology海洋地质学Marine Geology地球物理学Geophysics固体地球物理学Solid Earth Physics空间物理学Space Physics地质学Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学Mineralogy,Petrology,Mineral Deposit Geology 地球化学Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学）Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology)构造地质学Structural Geology第四纪地质学Quaternary Geology生物学Biology植物学Botany动物学Zoology生理学Physiology水生生物学Hydrobiology微生物学Microbiology神经生物学Neurobiology遗传学Genetics发育生物学Developmental Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学Biophysics生态学Ecology系统科学Systems Science系统理论Systems Theory系统分析与集成Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史History of Science and Technology工学Engineering力学Mechanics一般力学与力学基础General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学Solid Mechanics流体力学Fluid Mechanics工程力学Engineering Mechanics机械工程Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程Vehicle Engineering光学工程Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments 材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学Materialogy材料加工工程Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics 工程热物理Engineering Thermophysics热能工程Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械Chemical Process Equipment电气工程Electrical Engineering电机与电器Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术High Voltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering 电子科学与技术Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学Physical Electronics电路与系统Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制Navigation,Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology建筑学Architecture建筑历史与理论Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计）Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学Building Technology Science土木工程Civil Engineering岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering结构工程Structural Engineering市政工程Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程Heating,GasSupply,Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程Harbor,Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程Chemical Engineering化学工艺Chemical Technology生物化工Biochemical Engineering应用化学Applied Chemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程Geological Engineering矿业工程Mineral Engineering采矿工程Mining Engineering矿物加工工程Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering 服装设计与工程Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程Sugar Engineering发酵工程Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规划与管理Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程Marine Engine Engineering水声工程Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology 飞行器设计Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程Artillery,Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering农业电气化与自动化Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程Forestry Engineering森林工程Forest Engineering木材科学与技术Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学Environmental Science环境工程Environmental Engineering生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering食品科学Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程Cereals,Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering 农产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学Agriculture作物学Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学Horticulture果树学Pomology蔬菜学Olericulture茶学Tea Science农业资源利用学Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学Soil Science植物营养学Plant Nutrition植物保护学Plant Protection植物病理学Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学Pesticide Science畜牧学Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖Animal Genetics,Breeding and Reproduction Science 动物营养与饲料科学Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等）The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm,Honeybees,etc.)兽医学Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学Forestry林木遗传育种学Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学Silviculture森林保护学Forest Protection森林经理学Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用Wild life Conservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学Fisheries Science水产养殖学Aquaculture Science捕捞学Fishing Science渔业资源学Science of Fisheries Resources医学Medicine基础医学Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学Human Anatomy,Histology and Embryology免疫学Immunology病原生物学Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学Forensic Medicine放射医学Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学）Internal medicine (including Cardiology,Hematology,Respiratory,Gastroenterology,Endocrinology andMetabolism,Nephrology,Rheuma-tology,Infectious Diseases)儿科学Pediatrics老年医学Geriatrics神经病学Neurology精神病与精神卫生学Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学）Surgery (General Surgery,Orthopedics,Urology,Cardiothoracic Surgery,Neuro surgery,Plastic Surgery,Burn Surgery,Field Surgery)妇产科学Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学Otolaryngology肿瘤学Oncology康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy运动医学Sports Medicine麻醉学Anesthesiology急诊医学Emergency Medicine口腔医学Stomatology口腔基础医学Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal,Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学Military Preventive Medicine中医学Chinese Medicine中医基础理论Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学Ethno medicine中西医结合医学Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学Pharmaceutical Science药物化学Medicinal Chemistry药剂学Pharmaceutics生药学Pharmacognosy药物分析学Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学Pharmacology中药学Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学Military Thought and Military History军事思想学Military Thought军事历史学Military History战略学Science of Strategy军事战略学Military Strategy战争动员学War Mobilization战役学Science of Operations联合战役学Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学）Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学Science of Tactics合同战术学Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学Branch Tactics军队指挥学Science of Command作战指挥学Combat Command军事运筹学Military Operation Research军事通信学Military Communication军事情报学Military Intelligence密码学Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学）Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training)军制学Science of Military System军事组织编制学Military Organizational System军队管理学Military Management军队政治工作学Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment 军事后勤学Military Logistics后方专业勤务Rear Special Service军事装备学Military Equipment管理学Management Science管理科学与工程Management Science and Engineering工商管理学Science of Business Administration会计学Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学）Corporate Management (including Financial Management,Marketing and Human ResourcesManagement)旅游管理学Tourist Management技术经济及管理学Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management 农业经济管理学Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学Science of Public Management行政管理学Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学Social Medicine and Health Management 教育经济与管理学Educational Economy and Management社会保障学Social Security土地资源管理学Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学Science of Library,Information and Archival 图书馆学Library Science情报学Information Science档案学Archival Science。

科学哲学术语对照表

ad hoc hypothesis 特设性假说naive realism 朴素实在论anomaly 反常negative heuristic 反面启发法auxiliary assumption 辅助假定non-normal science 非常规科学auxiliary hypothesis 辅助假说non-science 非科学basic statement 基本陈述normal science 常规科学behaviourism 行为主义object language 对象语言conceptual framework 概念框架objectivism 客观主义confirm 确证observational statement 观察陈述confirmation 确证operativism 操作主义conjecture 推测panpsychism 泛心论conventionalism 约定论parallelism 平行论conversion改宗、改变信仰paradigm 规范corroborate 确认perceptual experience 知觉经验corroboration 确认physicalism 物理主义counter-induction 反归纳pluralism 多元论critical rationalism 批判理性主义pluralistic realism 多元实在论critical realism 批判实在论positive heuristic 正面启发法critical thought批判思维positivism 实证主义crucial experiment 判决性实验potential falsifier 潜在证伪者deduction 演绎、演绎法prescience 前科学degree of corroboration 确认度principle of induction 归纳原理determinism 决定论principle of proliferation 扩散原理dogmatic thought 教条思维principle of tenacity 靭性原理demarcation 分界principle of transference 传递原理disposition 素质、倾向problem of induction 归纳问题downward causation 下向因果性problem shift 问题转换emergence 突现problem situation 问题状况epiphenomenalism 附带现象论proof 证明epistemological anarchy 认识论无政府状态propensity 倾向性epistemology 认识论pseudo-science 类科学、伪科学error-elimination 除错psychologism 心理主义essentialism 本质论radical instrumentalism 激进工具主义explanation 解释rationalism 理性主义fallibilism 易谬主义rationality 理性fallibility 易谬性realism 实在论falsifiability 可证伪性reality 实在falsification 证伪reductionism 还原论falsificationism 证伪主义refutability 可反驳的falsify 证伪refutation 反驳falsity content 虚假性内容research programme 研究纲领first world 第一世界second world 第二世界formal language 形式语言simplicity 简单性gestalt switch 格式塔转换singular statement 单称陈述improbablity 不可几性sophisticated falsificationism 精致的证伪主义irrationalism 非理性主义subjectivism 主观主义guess 猜测tentative theory 试验性理论heuristic 启发法test 检验hypothesis 假说testability 可检验性indeterminism 非决定论theory-laden 渗透理论induction 归纳、归纳法third world 第三世界inductionism 归纳主义thought experiment 思想实验initial condition 初始条件trial and error 试错法instant rationality 即时理性truth content 真理性内容instrumentalism 工具主义universal statement 全称陈述interactionism 相互作用论upward causation 上向因果性irrefutability 不可反驳性verifiability 可证实的justification 证明verification 证实justify 证明verify 证实justificationism 证明主义verisimilitude 逼真性logical positivism 逻辑实证主义world 1 世界1macrologic 宏观逻辑world 2 世界2mentalism 精神主义world 3 世界3metalanguage 元语言metascience 元科学metatheory 元理论micrologic 微观逻辑naive falsificationism 朴素证伪主义naive instrumentalism 朴素工具主义。