MODTRAN使用要点精解

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大气校正与Modtran的使用

主要内容
大气辐射传输及基本知识；大气校正； Modtran的使用；存在问题及讨论。
一、大气辐射传输及基本知识
大气辐射传输是大气中的基本物理过程之一；发生于大气中的辐射传输过程起着多方面的作用；来自太阳的电磁辐射是地球表层运动的主要能源，太阳短波辐射和地球—大气系统的长波辐射构成了地球—大气系统辐射平衡的基础；大气中各种成分对不同波长电磁波的散射吸收和发射构成了复杂多变的辐射传输图像。
MODTRAN（Berk等，1989）：中光谱分辨率（2cm-1 ）大气透过率及辐射传输算法软件； DISORT算法（Stamnes等，1988）：多次散射辐射传输算法。
二、大气校正
进入大气的太阳辐射会发生反射、折射、吸收、散射和透射，其中对传感器接收影响较大的是吸收和散射。
在没有大气存在时，传感器接收的辐照度，只与太阳辐射到地面的辐照度和地物反射率有关。由于大气的存在，辐射经过大气吸收和散射，透过率小于1，从而减弱了原信号的强度。同时大气的散射光也有一部分直接或经过地物反射进人到传感器．这两部分辐射又增强厂信号，但却不是有用的。
一是利用大气和地表（包括自然和人工产物）的不同辐射特性，进行目标物与背景区分，达到高准确度和高精度的目标识别（以及动目标跟踪）；另一种应用则是遥感，即利用大气和地表介质在电磁辐射传输中的不同特征，通过对特征性辐射的测量进而反演提取大气和地表的物理状态参数以及成分结构。
正是由于上述4个方面的应用需要的蓬勃发展，大气辐射传输的研究，包括理论研究、实验室测量、野外观测和验证试验等在过去几十年中取得了长足的进展。
3、大气辐射传输研究的主要内容
1）大气中各类气体分子的吸收光谱参数（及其随大气状态参数的变化）； 2）大气中的气溶胶粒子（广义而言也包括云和降水粒子）的成分、粒谱结构、形状特征、其复折射指数随波长的变化，由此可计算获得的气溶胶粒子的散射和吸收特性； 3）大气辐射传输方程的求解与具体算法。

MOD法详解

MOD法的特点与其他方法相比，模特法有以下特点：(1) MODAPTS的基本动作及附加因素比其他方法简单得多：表3—2—l MODAPTS与其他方法比较MOD MTM（Methods-TimeMeasurement）WF(WorkFactor)MTA基本动作及附加因素种类21种37种139种291种不同的时间值数字个数8个31个产生时间60年代1948年1936年1926年(2) 采用MOD(Modular)作为时间值的最小单位。

1MOD＝0.129秒＝0．00215分，它是根据最小能量消耗原则，测得的人的手指动作一次的统计平均时间。

其它动作的时间值，都能用它的整数倍来表示。

在实际使用中，可按照该工作的实际情况决定1MOD的时间值，如：1MOD＝0．129秒＝0．00215分正常值，能量消耗最小动作时间 l MOD＝0．1秒高效值，熟练工人的高水平动作时问(3) 对于—些最常见的需用手工操作的工种说来，其操作动作有99％以上肢为主的动作，并且上肢动作的最基本特点是由成对出现的“移动动作”与“终结动作”结合而成的。

因此，一个操作动作的完成就对应着“移动一终结”动作及一些其它少量的附加因素的排列。

(4) MODAPTS法简易，可为一般具有初中以上文化程度的普迈工人所掌握，适合于我国工厂手工作业的实际情况。

无论工种如何，均可根据同一张模特排时法基本图(图3—2—1)一目了然地画出基本动作及其关系。

模特排时法的动作分类MODAPTS法把动作分为21个，每个动作以代号、图解、符号、时间值表示。

其动作的体系分类如表3—2—2所示。

由此表可见，MODAPTS法先把人的动作分成两大类，即基本动作(移动、终结)相其他动作(下肢动作、附加因素及其他动作)。

在基本动作中分需要注意力和不大需要注意力的动作。

表中的M、G、P、F、W、L、E、R……等均为代号，代号后之数字即代表模特时间值，如Ml即表示1MOD＝0．129秒，M2即代表2MOD时间值，其余类推。

大气辐射传输校正模型(5S,modtran,acorn)

在遥感的实际应用中，常用很多简化的手段，如假设地面为朗伯面，排除云的存在，采用有关标准大气模式及大气气溶胶模式等，一次产生了许多不同类型的大气辐射传输模型，主要分为两类，1）采用大气的光学参数2）直接采用大气物理参数如lowtran、modtran等大气辐射近似计算模型，而且还增加了多次散射计算1. 5s模型该模型的代码模拟计算海平面上的均匀朗伯体目标的反射率，并假定大气吸收作用与散射作用可以耦合，就像吸收粒子位于散射层的上面一样，则大气上层测量的目标反射率可以表示为，海平面处朗伯体的反射率大气透过率分子、气溶胶层的内在反射率有太阳到地表再到传感器的大气透过率S为大气的反射率大气传输辐射校正模型－3 modtran该模型是由美国空军地球物理实验室研制的大气辐射模拟计算程序，在遥感领域被广泛应用于图像的大气校正。

lowtran7是一个光谱分辨率20cm－1，的大气辐射传输实用软件，它提供了6种参考大气模式的温度、气压、密度的垂直廓线，水汽、臭氧、甲烷、一氧化碳、一氧化二氮的混合比垂直廓线，其他13种微量气体的垂直廓线，城乡大气气溶胶、雾、沙尘、火山喷发物、云、雨的廓线，辐射参量（如消光系数、吸收系数、非对称因子的光谱分布），以及地外太阳光谱。

lowtran7可以根据用户的需要，设置水平、倾斜、及垂直路径，地对空、空对地等各种探测几何形式，适用对象广泛。

lowtran7的基本算法包括透过率计算方法，多次散射处理和几何路径计算。

1）多次散射处理lowtran 采用改进的累加法，自海平面开始向上直至大气的上界，全面考虑整层大气和地表、云层的反射贡献，逐层确定大气分层每一界面上的综合透过率、吸收率、反射率和辐射通量。

再用得到的通量计算散射源函数，用二流近似解求辐射传输方程。

2）透过率计算该模型在单纯计算透过率或仅考虑单次散射时，采用参数化经验方法计算带平均透过率，在计算多次散射时，采用k－分布法3）光线几何路径计算考虑了地球曲率和大气折射效应，将大气看作球面分层，逐层考虑大气折射效应由于lowtran直接使用大气物理参数，因而需要按照下列方法计算出与lowtran使用的大气物理参数相对应的大气光学参数179页4.modtran辐射传输模型modtran可以计算0到50000cm－1的大气透过率和辐射亮度，它在440nm到无限大的波长范围精度是2cm－1，在22680到50000cm－1紫外波（200-440nm）范围的精度是20cm－1，在给定辐射传输驱动、气溶胶和云参数、光源与遥感器的几何立体对和地面光谱信息的基础上，根据辐射传输方程来计算大气的透过率以及辐射亮度。

MODTRAN介绍使用

内容提纲
1 大气辐射传输简单介绍 2 MODTRAN简介 3 MODTRAN的使用
3. MODTRAN的使用
3.1 MODTRAN的使用
3. MODTRAN的使用
3.1 MODTRAN的使用 MODTRAN Input →Model Atmosphere
3. MODTRAN的使用
3.1 MODTRAN的使用 MODTRAN Input →Model Atmosphere 水汽含量
+
b,i
( ,; ,)Lai tm ( ) cos d
]
atm i
+
Latm i
为到达传感器的实际辐射亮度；
穿透大气而进入传感器的地物的辐射亮度
来自各个方向的散射重新以漫入射的形式照射地物，经过地物的反射及反射路径上的大气的吸收进入传感器的亮度值
2. MODTRAN简介
2.1 MODTRAN及特点
(3)数据输入、结果输出方便。既可以应用现有标准模式大气和模式气溶胶、云等，又可以由用户直接输入观测或指定资料进行模式计算。
(4)该程序在Windows环境下操作。操作界面简便直观，输出结果。
2. MODTRAN简介
2.2 MODTRAN构成
2. MODTRAN简介
2.1 MODTRAN及特点
(1)模式选择性强。可任意选择 LOETRAN7或MODTRAN辐射传输模式，在选择的模式下，可以计算吸收物质的路径透射比、大气辐射率、单次 (多次 )散射的太阳/月亮辐射率和直接透过的太阳辐射等；
(2)辐射过程几乎考虑了大气中所有大气分子的吸收、散射和气溶胶、云的吸收和散射效应；
MODTRAN的使用

MODMASTER 可调速光源软箱安装和使用指南说明书

1. Place softbox on large flat surface, mount side down, and release velcro strap.2. Pull open edges of softbox, place both hands inside against left and right sides of material to spread softbox open.3. Place one hand firmly over the base of an arm (assembly can begin with any arm) and push down until arm clicks into place.4. Proceed to the next arm, and work your way around until all 8 have been snapped in.5. The Savage Adjustable Softbox comes with both internal and external diffusers. Attach internal diffuser to the velcro tabs located about 4.5” from the top of the softbox.6. Attach external diffuser to the velcro strip around the top outer edge of the softbox.If mounting to a studio strobe with a Bowens mount, the softbox is now ready for use.OPEN SOFTBOXSNAP ARMS INTO PLACEATTACH DIFFUSERSSNAP INTO PLACE INNER DIFFUSER SPEEDLIGHT MOUNTSADAPTER RELEASE LEVERSPEEDLIGHT MOUNTGRIP HANDLE RELEASE UMBRELLA RECEIVER TILT ADJUSTMENT KNOBTIGHTEN TO LIGHT STANDOUTER DIFFUSERSETUP- ASSEMBLY CAN BEGIN AT ANY POINT INSIDE THE SOFTBOX AND WITH ANY ARMSPEEDLIGHT USAGE- MOUNT UP TO 5 SPEEDLIGHTS AND AN UMBRELLAATTACH SPEEDLIGHT ADAPTERATTACH COMFORT GRIP HANDLEDISSASEMBLE COMPONENTSCOLLAPSE SOFTBOX1. Attach speedlight adapter to softbox mount, and turn the adapter clockwise until it snaps into place.2. Use the side grip screws to tighten the orange padded disks to each side of your speedlight.1. Line up the track at the top of the comfort grip with the speedlight carriage on the opposite side of the mount from the release lever.2. Press the release lever up with the front edge of the comfort grip and then slide the comfort grip onto the track until the release lever pops down to lock into place. To release, pull up the release lever and slide handle off.For more light output, detatch speedlight adapter from softbox and mount up to 5 speedlights, combinedwith a shoot through or bounce back umbrella.SLIDEONTO TRACK1. Remove diffuser panels by pulling gently away from velcro strips.2. Place the softbox on a large flat surface, front side facing down.3. Remove comfort grip handle by pressing release lever and sliding off.4. Remove the speedlight adapter from the softbox by pushing the small side lever, and turning the adapter counter clockwise to unlock.BREAKDOWNNote: The release button will not release the softbox arms unless the arm has been pulled back to relieve the tension on the button.145235. With one hand, gently lift up on the arm to relieve tension.6. With the other hand, press black release button to collapse arm.6. Repeat step 5 & 6 until all 8 arms have been released.7.Place softbox and accessories into carry bag for safe storage.GRIP ARM &5FIRMLY PRESS6a v age niversal com。

MODTRAN介绍使用

Tape5制作
第一行：（CARD1参数，主要是大气模式方面的参数） CARD 1:FORMAT (2A1, I3, 12I5, F8.3, F7.0) 第二行：（CARD 1A 的参数） FORMAT (2L1, I3, L1, I4, F10.5, 2A10, 3(1X, A1), 4X, F10.3) (MOD4.0) 第三行： FORMAT(A80) 第四行：（CARD2 的参数，主要是气溶胶及云雨模式方面的参数） FORMAT (A2, I3, A1, I4, A3, I2, 3(I5), 5F10.5) 第五行：（CARD3 的参数，主要是探测几何方式方面的参数） FORMAT (6F10.3, I5, 5X, F10.3) 第六行：（CARD3 A1 的参数） FORMAT (415) 第七行：（CARD3 A2 的参数） FORMAT (8F10.3) 第八行：（CARD4 的参数，主要是波段及分辨率方面的参数） FORMAT (4F10.0, 2A1, A8, A7) 第九行：（CARD5 的参数） FORMAT (I5)
2. MODTRAN简介
2.1 MODTRAN及特点
(1)模式选择性强。可任意选择 LOETRAN7或MODTRAN辐射传输模式，在选择的模式下，可以计算吸收物质的路径透射比、大气辐射率、单次 (多次 )散射的太阳/月亮辐射率和直接透过的太阳辐射等；
(2)辐射过程几乎考虑了大气中所有大气分子的吸收、散射和气溶胶、云的吸收和散射效应；
+
b,i
( ,; ,)Lai tm ( ) cos d
]
atm i
+
Latm i
为到达传感器的实际辐射亮度；
穿透大气而进入传感器的地物的辐射亮度

MODTRAN5.2.2使用说明

MODTRAN®5.2.2 USER’S MANUALA. Berk *, G.P. Anderson #, P.K. Acharya *, E.P. Shettle ^* Spectral Sciences, Inc.4 Fourth AvenueBurlington, MA 01803-3304(lex@)# Air Force Research LaboratorySpace Vehicles DirectorateAir Force Materiel CommandHanscom AFB, MA 01731-3010(Gail.Anderson@)^ Naval Research LaboratoryRemote Sensing DivisionWashington, DC 20375-5351May 2011SPECTRAL SCIENCES, INC.4 Fourth Ave.Burlington, MA 01803-3304AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORYSpace Vehicles DirectorateAIR FORCE MATERIEL COMMANDHANSCOM AFB, MA 01731-3010TABLE OF CONTENTSSection Page 1. INTRODUCTION (5)1.1 Changes from Mod5.2.0 to Mod5.2.1 (5)1.2 Changes from Mod5.2.1 to Mod5.2.2 (5)1.3 Original Introduction (5)2. OVERVIEW OF INPUT DATA FORMAT (6)2.1 Listing of MODTRAN®5 CARDs and Their Format (7)3. CARD 1 (REQUIRED) – MAIN Radiation Transport DRIVER (10)4. CARD 1A (REQUIRED) –RADIATIVE TRANSPORT DRIVER CONT’D (13)5. OPTIONAL CARDs 1A1, 1A2, 1A3, 1a4, 1A5, 1a6, 1A7, 1b (18)6. CARD 2 (REQUIRED) – MAIN aerosol and cloud options (21)7. OPTIONAL CARD 2A+ (FLEXIBLE AEROSOL MODEL) (25)8. OPTIONAL CARD 2A (CLOUD MODELS) (26)8.1 CARD 2A Standard Form (CIRRUS CLOUD MODELS, ICLD = 18 or 19) (26)8.2 CARD 2A Alternate Form (WATER/ICE CLOUD MODELS, ICLD = 1 - 10) (26)9. OPTIONAL CARD 2B (ARMY VERTICAL STRUCTURE ALGORITHM) (29)10. OPTIONAL CARDs 2C, 2CY, 2C1, 2C2, 2C2X, 2C2Y, 2C3 (29)10.1 CARD 2C (30)10.2 CARDs 2C1, 2C2, 2C2X, 2C2Y (31)10.3 CARD 2C3 (33)11. OPTIONAL CARDs 2D, 2D1, 2D2 (USER-DEFINED AEROSOL AND CLOUD PARAMETERS) (34)11.1 CARD 2D (34)11.2 CARD 2D1 (34)11.3 CARD 2D2 (34)12. OPTIONAL CARDs 2E1 AND 2E2 (USER-DEFINED CLOUD PARAMETERS) (35)12.1 CARD 2E1 (35)12.2 CARD 2E2 (36)12.3 Alternate CARD 2E2 (37)13. CARD 3 (REQUIRED) – LINE-OF-SIGHT GEOMETRY (38)13.1 Standard CARD 3 (38)13.2 Alternate CARD 3 (TRANSMITTED SOLAR/LUNAR IRRADIANCE, IEMSCT = 3) (40)14. OPTIONAL CARDs 3A1 AND 3A2 (SOLAR / LUNAR SCATTERING GEOMETRY) (41)14.1 CARD 3A1 (41)14.2 CARD 3A2 (41)15. OPTIONAL CARDs 3B1, 3B2, 3C1-3C6 (USER-DEFINED SCATTERING PHASE FUNCTIONS) (42)15.1 CARD 3B1 (43)15.2 CARD 3B2 (43)15.3 CARDs 3C1-3C6 (43)16. CARD 4 (REQUIRED) - SPectral range and resolution (44)17.OPTIONAL CARDs 4A, 4B1, 4B2, 4B3, 4L1 and 4L2 (46)17.1 CARD 4A (46)17.2 CARD 4B1 (47)17.3 CARD 4B2 (50)17.4 CARD 4B3 (50)17.5 CARD 4L1 (50)17.6 CARD 4L2 (51)18. CARD 5 (REQUIRED) – Repeat run option (51)19. DEDICATION AND aCKNOWLEDGEMENTS (52)20. REFERENCES (53)APPENDIX A: MODTRAN® USER-SUPPLIED AEROSOL UPGRADES (55)A.1 User-Supplied Aerosol Spectral Parameters (ARUSS Option) (55)A.3 User-Supplied Aerosol Profiles (CARD 2C3) (57)A.4 Example tape5 File (58)APPENDIX B: NOVAM IN MODTRAN® (58)B.1 NOVAM Code (58)B.2 Incorporation into MODTRAN® (60)B.3 Some Results (61)B.4 NOVAM input and MODTRAN® input Files (61)B.5 Future Upgrades to NOVAM Implementation (64)B.6 Modifications to NOVAM to Code (64)B.7 References (65)APPENDIX C: MODTRAN® INSTALLATION (65)C.1 MODTRAN5.2.1 PC Installation Steps (65)C.2 MODTRAN5.2.1 MAC Installation Steps (65)C.3 MODTRAN5.2.1 linux (UNIX) Installation Steps (65)C.4 I/O Files (66)APPENDIX D: BAND MODEL FILES FOR USER-DEFINED SPECIES (67)APPENDIX E: BINARY OUTPUT OPTION (68)APPENDIX F: SPECIAL DISORT OPTION FOR ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION (69)APPENDIX G: MODTRAN FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ) ............................................... V olume 2LIST OF TABLESTable Page Table 1. Columns List Allowed Values of MODTRAN®CARD 1Input Parameters MODTRN, SPEED, MODEL ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT, MDEF, NOPRNT and SURREF. (13)Table 2. Shows the Value of IVULCN Corresponding to the Different Choices of Extinction Coefficient Model and the Vertical Distribution Profile. (22)Table 3. MODTRAN® CARD 2 Input Parameters: IHAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, VIS (23)Table 4. Default Wind Speeds for Different Model Atmospheres Used with the Navy Maritime Model (IHAZE = 3) (24)Table 5. MODTRAN® CARD 2 Input Parameter: ICLD (25)Table 6. Default Aerosol Region Boundaries. (26)Table 7. Properties of the MODTRAN® Cumulus and Stratus Type Model Clouds. (27)Table 8. Association of the JCHAR(J) Index (J = 1, 14) with the Variables P, T & WMOL. (31)Table 9. Various Names for the Heavy Molecular Gases, (WMOLX(J), J = 1, 13) (32)Table 10. VARSPC Fixed (Required) Wavelength Grid for the Multiply Read CARD 2D2 (35)Table 11. Default Values of the Earth Radius for Different Model Atmospheres. (38)Table 12. Allowed Combinations of Slant Path Parameters (40)Table 13. CARD 3A2: Options for Different Choices of IPARM (42)Table 14. MODTRAN® CARD 5 Input Parameter: IRPT. (52)1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Changes from Mod5.2.0 to Mod5.2.1Most changes in this revision are minor, such as correcting comments or removing unused source code. The more important changes are listed below:Corrected error in calculation of spherical albedo term in <rootname>.acd file;Corrected error in <rootname>.7sc brightness temperatures for nanometer based response functions;Eliminated geometry problem most prevalent for line-of-sight paths that terminate near a tangent point;Introduced the 2009 series of band model parameter data based on HITRAN2008 with 2009 updates.Added the <rootname>.wrn output file which contains a duplicate listing of all warning and errormessages written to the <rootname>.tp6 and <rootname>.tp8 files;Modified source for compatibility to GNU compilers and FORTRAN77; andEliminated DISORT scaling of thermal radiance contributions.1.2 Changes from Mod5.2.1 to Mod5.2.2The number of changes in this revision is small, and they are delineated below:Mod5.2.1 had an error in its treatment of the boundary term for down-looking radiance calculationswhich used DISORT multiple scattering; the sensor-to-ground attenuation was being modeled usingthe true transmittance when the delta-M transmittance should have been used. For particularwavelength bins, spectral radiances could be in error by as much as a few percent.MODTRAN *.tp6 output file lists the vertical and line-of-sight total path 550nm extinction opticaldepths for molecular scattering, the aerosol components and cirrus clouds. For calculations in thethermal infrared (TIR), for example, the visible wavelength optical depths are not particularly helpful.MODTRAN *.tp6 output file now also lists the vertical and line-of-sight total path extinction opticaldepths at the central frequency of the input spectral range for molecular scattering, the aerosolcomponents and cirrus clouds.The MODTRAN headed, which previously was only written to the *.tp6 file, is now included in thestandard output and in the *.wrn file. The header has been modified to remind users who obtainMODTRAN via a Government Purpose Use license that their copy of the model is only to be used forGovernment Purposes as described in the license. Finally, the header is now only written once to eachfile.MODTRAN now includes a frequently asked questions (FAQ) document. It is listed as Appendix G ofthis document, but distributed in a separate volume.1.3 Original IntroductionMODTRAN®[Berk et al., 1989; Berk et al., 1998; Berk et al., 2000] serves as the U.S. Air Force (USAF) standard moderate spectral resolution radiative transport model for wavelengths extending from the thermal Infrared (IR) through the visible and into the ultraviolet (0.2 to 10,000.0 m). The spectroscopy of MODTRAN®5.2.2 is based on HITRAN2008 line compilation (Rothman et al., 1992; Rothman et al., 1998) with updates through June, 2009. The original MODTRAN® 1 cm-1 statistical band model was developed collaboratively by Spectral Sciences, Inc. and the USAF Research Laboratory to provide a fast alternative to the first principles, high accuracy line-by-line (LBL) radiative transport approach. Comparisons between MODTRAN® and LBL [Clough and Kneizys, 1979; Clough et al., 1981; Clough, 1988; and Snell et al., 1995]. Comparisons between MODTRAN® and the LBL model FASE (FASCODE for the Environment) [Clough et al., 1992; Clough and. Iacono, 1995; Clough et al., 2005] spectral transmittances and radiances show agreement to within a few percent or better in the thermal IR. FASE shares its LBL line shape fitting algorithms with LBLRTM, which evolved from FASCODE; see, for instance, Clough et al., 1992; Clough and. Iacono, 1995; Clough et al., 2005]. The MODTRAN®model includes flux and atmosphere-scattered solar calculations, essential components in analysis of near-IR and visible spectral region data that are not readily generated by LBL models.Technical descriptions of the MODTRAN®5 approach are available from a variety of sources. The original MODTRAN®2 code and many of the MODTRAN®3 upgrades are described in the 1996 report "MODTRAN® 2/3Report and LOWTRAN 7 Model" [Abreu and Anderson, 1996]. The current documentation incorporates material from that report, from Section 3 of the 1988 Users Guide to LOWTRAN7 [Kneizys et al., 1988], from the 1989 Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) report on the MODTRAN® band model [Berk et al., 1989], and from the 1996 Spectral Sciences, Inc. report on the cloud and rain model upgrades [Berk and Anderson, 1995]. Articles [Bernstein et al., 1995; Berk et al., 1998] discuss improvements to the band model. P lease email “Gail P. Anderson” <Gail.Anderson@>; “Michael L Hoke” <Michael.Hoke@> and / or “Alexander Berk” <lex@> for additional information on MODTRAN®5.MODTRAN®5 upgrades and improvements take the utility and science of the code to a new level, which includes, among other features, a much finer spectroscopy – spectral resolution can now be as fine as 0.1 cm-1– and the ability to handle new species not already included in the built-in profile and molecular parameter files. A summary of new features include:Reformulating the band model parameters and radiation transport formalism to increase the resolutionof MODTRAN® spectral calculations to 0.1 cm-1;Increasing the TOA solar database resolution to 0.1 cm-1;Incorporating code interface changes between MODTRAN® and DISORT to increase its speed andaccuracy of multiple scattering calculations;Upgrading MODTRAN®to perform spectral radiance computations for auxiliary molecules (byincluding their concentrations and spectral parameters) that are not part of the traditionalMODTRAN® database; Band models are provided for all HITRAN molecular species;Incorporating effect of a thin layer of water, which can either simply wet the ground or accumulate onit, on radiance computations;Capability to model a boundary layer aerosol whose extinction coefficient obeys the Angstrom law orto modify the extinction of a model aerosol with an Angstrom law perturbation;Capability to determine the spherical albedo and reflectance of the atmosphere and diffusetransmittance from a single MODTRAN® run;Ability to include only the solar contribution to multiple scattering and ignore the thermal componentwhere it is not significant;Option to write spectral output in binary, and a utility to convert the binary output to ASCII;Capability to process several tape5 input files by a single execution of MODTRAN®;Upgrade to the MODTRAN®-DISORT interface so that only a single parameter (MXCMU in routinePARAMS.h) needs to be modified to change the maximum number of streams available for DISORTruns.Added dithering of the solar angle in cases where the DISORT particular solution to the solar problemwas unstable.And more ….These user instructions for MODTRAN®5.2.2 describe each input in the MODTRAN®input files, tape5 or rootname.tp5.2. OVERVIEW OF INPUT DATA FORMATMODTRAN®5 makes it easy for the users to keep track of input and output (I/O) files. A MODTRAN® input file named either 'mod5root.in' or 'MOD5ROOT.IN' contains a list of file root names. If 'mod5root.in' does not exist, MODTRAN®checks for the existence of a 'MOD5ROOT.IN' file. If neither of these files exists, MODTRAN® I/O files are the traditional ones: 'tape5', 'tape6', 'tape7', 'tape8', etc. If a root name file exists and its very first line contains a non-null string (maximum length is 80 characters), this string is treated as a prefix. If the string consists of all blanks or is a null string, the traditional I/O file names are assumed. The root name should contain no embedded blanks; leading and trailing blanks are properly ignored. If the rootname file has the extension “.tp5”, this extension is also ignored. The character string is used as a prefix for the I/O files whose names have mnemonic suffixes. As an example, if the string is Denver, the MODTRAN® I/O files will have these names:Overview of Input Data FormatDenver.tp5(corresponding to tape5)Denver.tp6(corresponding to tape6)Denver.tp7(corresponding to tape7)Denverb.tp7(corresponding to tape7b)Denver.tp8(corresponding to tape8)Denverb.tp8(corresponding to tape8b)Denver.7sc(corresponding to tape7.scn)Denver.7sr(corresponding to tape7.scr)Denver.plt(corresponding to pltout)Denverb.plt(corresponding to pltoutb)Denver.psc(corresponding to pltout.scn)Denver.clr(corresponding to clrates)Denver.chn(corresponding to channels.out)Denver.flx(corresponding to specflux)Denver.acd(corresponding to atmcor.dat)A useful feature of MODTRAN®5 is the ability to process several input files in a single execution of MODTRAN®. To accomplish this, list the rootname of each input file as consecutive lines (without intervening blank lines) in 'mod5root.in' or 'MOD5ROOT.IN'. When the user executes MODTRAN®, each input ‘.tp5’ file, whose rootname is listed in 'mod5root.in' or 'MOD5ROOT.IN', is processed until the first blank line is encountered. Any ‘.tp5’ file whose rootname is encountered after the first blank line is not processed.As noted above, MODTRAN®is controlled by a input file, 'tape5' or 'rootname.tp5', which consists of a sequence of six or more formatted CARDS (inputs lines). The input file format is summarized below. With the exception of file names, character inputs are case insensitive. Also, blanks are read in as zeroes for numerical inputs, and as default values otherwise. Detailed descriptions of the card formats and parameters are given in the following sections.2.1 Listing of MODTRAN®5 CARDs and Their FormatIn the following, optional cards are indented. The mandatory input CARDS are CARD 1, CARD 1A, CARD 2, CARD 3, CARD 4 and CARD 5. Newer inputs are in Italics. Note that all floating point inputs are entered using a ‘Fn.0’ format; this format will properly read any floating point entry, e.g. ‘1.234’, AND will also properly read integers as floating point real variables, (either 1234. or 1234 with no decimal).CARD 1: MODTRN, SPEED, BINARY, LYMOLC, MODEL, T_BEST, ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, MDEF, I_RD2C, NOPRNT, TPTEMP, SURREFFORMAT (4A1, I1, A1, I4, 10I5, 1X, I4, F8.0, A7)CARD 1A:DIS, DISAZM, DISALB, NSTR, SFWHM, CO2MX, H2OSTR, O3STR, C_PROF, LSUNFL, LBMNAM, LFLTNM, H2OAER, CDTDIR, SOLCON, CDASTM, ASTMC, ASTMX, ASTMO,AERRH, NSSALBFORMAT(3A1, I3, F4.0, F10.0, 2A10, 2A1, 4(1X, A1), F10.0, A1, F9.0, 3F10.0, I10) CARD 1A1:USRSUNFORMAT (A256) (If LSUNFL = 'T') CARD 1A2: BMNAMEFORMAT (A256) (If LBMNAM = 'T', 't', '4' or '2') CARD 1A3: FILTNMFORMAT (A256) (If LFLTNM = 'T') CARD 1A4: DATDIRFORMAT (A256) (If CDTDIR = 'T')Overview of Input Data FormatCARD 1A5: (S_UMIX(IMOL), IMOL = 4, 12)FORMAT (9F5.0) (If C_PROF = 1, 3, 5 or 7) CARD 1A6: (S_XSEC(IMOL), IMOL = 1, 13)FORMAT (13F5.0) (If C_PROF = 2, 3, 6 or 7) CARD 1A7: (S_TRAC(IMOL), IMOL = 1, 16)FORMAT (16F5.0) (If C_PROF = 4, 5, 6 or 7) CARD 1B:(AWAVLN(ISSALB), ASSALB(ISSALB), ISSALB=1, NSSALB)FORMAT ((8F10.0)) (If NSSALB > 0) Alternate CARD 1B:ACOALB, RHASYMFORMAT(2F10.0) (If NSSALB < 0) CARD 2:APLUS, IHAZE, CNOVAM, ISEASN, ARUSS, IVULCN, ICSTL, ICLD, IVSA, VIS, WSS, WHH, RAINRT, GNDALTFORMAT (A2, I3, A1, I4, A3, I2, 3I5, 5F10.0)CARD 2A+:ZAER11, ZAER12, SCALE1, ZAER21, ZAER22, SCALE2, ZAER31, ZAER32, SCALE3, ZAER41, ZAER42, SCALE4FORMAT ((3(1X, F9.0), 20X, 3(1X, F9.0))) (If APLUS = 'A+') CARD 2A:CTHIK, CALT, CEXTFORMAT (3F8.0) (If ICLD = 18 or 19) Alternate CARD 2A:CTHIK, CALT, CEXT, NCRALT, NCRSPC, CWAVLN, CCOLWD, CCOLIP, CHUMID, ASYMWD, ASYMIPFORMAT (3F8.0, 2I4, 6F8.0) (If 0 < ICLD ≤ 10) CARD 2B:ZCVSA, ZTVSA, ZINVSAFORMAT (3F10.0) (If IVSA = 1) CARD 2C:ML, IRD1, IRD2, HMODEL, REE, NMOLYC, E_MASS, AIRMWTFORMAT(3I5, A20, F10.0, I5, 2F10.0) (If MODEL = 0, 7 or 8; & I_RD2C = 1) CARD 2CY: (YNAME(I), I=1, NMOLYC)FORMAT ((8A10)) (If NMOLYC > 0) CARDs 2C1, 2C2, 2C2X, 2C2Y and 2C3 (as required) are each repeated ML times.CARD 2C1:ZM, P, T, WMOL(1), WMOL(2), WMOL(3), (JCHAR(J), J = 1, 14), JCHARX, JCHARY FORMAT 6F10.0, 14A1, 1X, 2A1)CARD 2C2:(WMOL(J), J = 4, 12)FORMAT (8F10.0, /F10.0) (If IRD1 = 1) CARD 2C2X:(WMOLX(J), J = 1, 13)FORMAT (8F10.0, /5F10.0) (If MDEF = 2 & IRD1 = 1) CARD 2C2Y: (WMOLY(J), J = 1, NMOLYC)FORMAT ((8F10.0)) (If NMOLYC > 0 & IRD1 = 1) CARD 2C3:AHAZE, EQLWCZ, RRATZ, IHA1, ICLD1, IVUL1, ISEA1, ICHRFORMAT (10X, 3F10.0, 5I5) (If IRD2 = 1) CARD 2C3: AHAZE(1), RRATZ, AHAZE(2), AHAZE(3), AHAZE(4)FORMAT(10X, F10.0, 10X, 4F10.0) (If IRD2 = 2) CARD 2D:(IREG(N), N = 1, 2, 3, 4)FORMAT (4I5) (If IHAZE = 7, ICLD = 11 or ARUSS=’USS’)CARDs 2D1 and 2D2 pairs are repeated for each N (1 to 4) for whichIREG(N) > 0 and ARUSS=USS or IREG(N) ≠ 0 and (IHAZE=7 or ICLD=11)CARD 2D1:AWCCON, AERNAMFORMAT (F10.0, A70)CARD 2D2:(VARSPC(N, I), EXTC(N, I), ABSC(N, I), ASYM(N, I), I = l, 2, ..., I max)If ARUSS = 'USS' & IREG(N) > 1, then I max = IREG(N); Else I max = 47 FORMAT ((3(F6.2, 2F7.5, F6.4)))CARD 2E1:(ZCLD(I, 0), CLD(I, 0), CLDICE(I, 0), RR(I, 0), I = 1, NCRALT)FORMAT ((4F10.5)) (If ICLD = 1 - 10, NCRALT 2, MODEL < 8) Alternate CARD 2E1:(PCLD(I, 0), CLD(I, 0), CLDICE(I, 0), RR(I, 0), I = 1, NCRALT)FORMAT ((4F10.5)) (If ICLD = 1 - 10, NCRALT 2, MODEL = 8) CARD 2E2:(WAVLEN(I), EXTC(6, I), ABSC(6, I), ASYM(6, I), EXTC(7, I), ABSC(7, I), ASYM(7, I),I = 1, NCRSPC)FORMAT ((7F10.5)) (If ICLD = 1 - 10, NCRSPC 2) Alternate CARD 2E2:C FILE, CLDTYP, CIRTYPFORMAT ((A256)) (If ICLD = 1 - 10, NCRSPC = 1) CARD 3: H1, H2, ANGLE, RANGE, BETA, RO, LENN, PHIFORMAT (6F10.0, I5, 5X, 2F10.0)Alternate CARD 3:H1, H2, ANGLE, IDAY, RO, ISOURC, ANGLEMFORMAT (3F10.0, I5, 5X, F10.0, I5, F10.0) (If IEMSCT = 3) CARD 3A1:IPARM, IPH, IDAY, ISOURCFORMAT (4I5) (If IEMSCT = 2 or 4) CARD 3A2: PARM1, PARM2, PARM3, PARM4, TIME, PSIPO, ANGLEM, GFORMAT (8F10.0) (If IEMSCT = 2 or 4) CARD 3B1: NANGLS, NWLFFORMAT (2I5) (If IEMSCT = 2 or 4; IPH = 1)CARD 3B2:(ANGF(I), F(1, I, 1), F(2, I, 1), F(3, I, 1), F(4, I, 1), I = l, NANGLS)FORMAT (5F10.0) (If IEMSCT = 2 or 4; IPH = 1; NWLF = 0) CARD 3C1:(ANGF(I), I = 1, NANGLS)FORMAT (8F10.0) (If IEMSCT = 2 or 4; IPH = 1; NWLF > 0) CARD 3C2:(WLF(J), J = 1, NWLF)FORMAT (8F10.0) (If IEMSCT = 2 or 4; IPH = 1; NWLF > 0) In CARDs 3C3-3C6, 'IANG' is angle index as in CARD 3C1and 'JWAV' is the wavelength index as in CARD 3C2.CARD 3C3:(F(1, IANG, JWAV), JWAV = 1, NWLF)FORMAT (8F10.0) (If IEMSCT = 2 or 4; IPH = 1; NWLF > 0) CARD 3C4:(F(2, IANG, JWAV), JWAV = 1, NWLF)FORMAT (8F10.0) (If IEMSCT = 2 or 4; IPH = 1; NWLF > 0) CARD 3C5: (F(3, IANG, JWAV), JWAV = 1, NWLF)FORMAT (8F10.0) (If IEMSCT = 2 or 4; IPH = 1; NWLF > 0) CARD 3C6:(F(4, IANG, JWAV), JWAV = 1, NWLF)FORMAT (8F10.0) (If IEMSCT = 2 or 4; IPH = 1; NWLF > 0) CARD 4:V1, V2, DV, FWHM, YFLAG, XFLAG, DLIMIT, FLAGS, MLFLX, VRFRACFORMAT (4F10.0, 2A1, A8, A7, I3,F10.0)CARD 4A:NSURF, AATEMP, DH2O, MLTRFLFORMAT (I1, 2F9.0, A1) (If SURREF = 'BRDF' or 'LAMBER') The set of CARD4B1, 4B2, and 4B3 inputs is repeated NSURF times.CARD 4B1:CBRDFFORMAT (A80) (If SURREF = 'BRDF') CARD 4B2:NWVSRF, SURFZN, SURFAZFORMAT (*) (If SURREF = 'BRDF') CARD 4B3 is repeated NWVSRF times.CARD 4B3:WVSURF, (PARAMS(I), I = 1, NPARAM)FORMAT (*) (If SURREF = 'BRDF')CARD 4L1:SALBFLFORMAT (A256) (If SURREF = 'LAMBER') CARD4L2 is repeated NSURF times.CARD 4L2:CSALBFORMAT (A80) (If SURREF = 'LAMBER') CARD 5: IRPTFORMAT (I5)3. CARD 1 (REQUIRED) – MAIN RADIATION TRANSPORT DRIVERAlthough CARD 1 format has been modified over the years, the format is backward compatible if inputs are right justified.CARD 1: MODTRN, SPEED, BINARY, LYMOLC, MODEL, T_BEST, ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, MDEF, I_RD2C, NOPRNT, TPTEMP, SURREFFORMAT (4A1, I1, A1, I4, 10I5, 1X, I4, F8.0, A7)MODTRN selects the band model algorithm used for the radiative transport, either the moderate spectral resolution MODTRAN®band model or the low spectral resolution LOWTRAN band model. LOWTRAN spectroscopy is obsolete and is retained only for backward compatibility. The MODTRAN® band model may be selected either with or without the Correlated-k treatment.MODTRN = 'T', 'M' or blank MODTRAN® band model.= 'C' or 'K' MODTRAN® correlated-k option (IEMSCT radiance modes only; mostaccurate but slower run time).= 'F' or 'L' 20 cm-1LOWTRAN band model (not recommended except for quickhistoric comparisons).SPEED = 'S' or blank 'slow' speed Correlated-k option using 33 absorption coefficients (kvalues) per spectral bin (1 cm-1or 15 cm-1). This option isrecommended for upper altitude (> 40 km) cooling-rate and weighting-function calculations only.= 'M' 'medium' speed Correlated-k option (17 k values).BINARY = 'F' or blank All outputs are in ASCII (normal situation).= 'T' The tape7 (.tp7), tape8 (.tp8), plot (.plt), flux (.flx) and atmosphericcorrection data (.acd) files are all generated by MODTRAN® in binaryformat. The ASCII versions are retrieved by running the auxiliaryprogram M5_bn2as.f. See Appendix E for details.LYMOLC = '+' Include 16 auxiliary trace species when either a model atmosphere isselected (MODEL = 1 to 6) or a user-defined atmosphere is selected(MODEL = 0, 7 or 8) AND input NMOLYC (CARD 2C) is zero. Inthe latter case, NMOLYC is reset to 16 requiring that both JCHARY(CARD 2C1) and CARDs 2C2Y be read in. The 16 auxiliary tracespecies are referred to as “Y” species within the source code.Thespecific 16 species, in order, are OH, HF, HCl, HBr, HI, ClO, OCS,H2CO, HOCl, N2, HCN, CH3Cl, H2O2, C2H2, C2H6, and PH3.= blank Do not include auxiliary species with model atmosphere.CARD 1 (Required)MODEL selects one of the six geographical-seasonal model atmospheres or specifies that user-defined meteorological or radiosonde data are to be used.MODEL = 0 If single-altitude meteorological data are specified (constant pressure, horizontal path only;see instructions for CARDs 2C, 2C1, 2C2, 2C2X, 2C2Y and 2C3).1 Tropical Atmosphere (15 North Latitude).2 Mid-Latitude Summer (45 North Latitude).3 Mid-Latitude Winter (45 North Latitude).4 Sub-Arctic Summer (60 North Latitude).5 Sub-Arctic Winter (60 North Latitude).6 1976 US Standard Atmosphere.7 If a user-specified model atmosphere (e.g. radiosonde data) is to be read in; see instructionsfor CARDs 2C, 2C1, 2C2, 2C2X, 2C2Y and 2C3.8 Pressure-dependent atmospheric profiles. A user-specified model atmosphere (e.g.radiosonde data) is to be read in with altitudes determined from the pressure profile bysolving the hydrostatic equation. See instructions for I_RD2C on CARD 1and forCARDs 2C, 2C1, 2C2, 2C2X, 2C2Y and 2C3 for further details.T_BEST provides a debug option for the Voigt single line finite bin transmittance calculation. This option is very slow and requires a FORTRAN90 executable. The results should be in very good agreement with MODTRAN run in normal mode, i.e. with the standard Voigt single line finite bin transmittance algorithm. This option should only be used if one has reasons to suspect that MODTRAN transmittances are in error, and one wishes to verify that the problem is not caused that the MODTRAN Voigt transmittance algorithm.T_BEST = ″T″ or ″t″Use benchmark Voigt single line finite bin transmittance algorithm.Otherwise Use MODTRAN standard Voigt single line finite bin transmittance algorithm.ITYPE indicates a geometric type for the atmospheric line-of-sight (LOS) path.ITYPE = 1 Horizontal (constant-pressure) path, i.e., flat Earth constant altitude path.2 Vertical or slant path between two altitudes.3 Vertical or slant path to space or ground.IEMSCT determines the radiation transport mode of execution of the program.IEMSCT = 0 Program executes in spectral transmittance only mode.1 Program executes in spectral thermal radiance (no sun / moon) mode.2 Program executes in spectral thermal plus solar / lunar radiance mode (if IMULT = 0, onlysingle scatter solar radiance is included).3 Program calculates directly transmitted spectral solar / lunar irradiance.4 Program executes in spectral solar / lunar radiance mode with no thermal scatter. Thermalpath and surface emission is included.IMULT determines inclusion of multiple scattering (MS).IMULT = 0 Program executes without multiple scattering.±1 Program executes with multiple scattering.IEMSCT must equal 1, 2 or 4 to execute with multiple scattering. MS contributions are calculated using plane parallel geometry (the solar illumination impingent upon each atmospheric level (altitude) is determined with spherical refractive geometry, important for low sun angles, when the ISAACS MS model is selected on CARD 1A but not with DISORT MS). If IMULT = 1, the solar geometry at the location of H1 (latitude and longitude) is used in the MS calculation; if IMULT = -1, the MS calculation is instead referenced to H2. The quantity H2 is the final path altitude unless ITYPE = 3 and H2 0; in that case, the MS plane parallel atmosphere is defined near the tangent point of the limb path. (The path zenith of 90° at the tangent point is a forbidden input to the plane-parallelCARD 1 (Required)MS models because it leads to a mathematical singularity.) For simulation of sensors on satellite platforms, IMULT should generally be set to -1 since MS will only be significant nearer to H2 (the surface or tangent height).M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, and MDEF are used to modify or supplement user-specified altitude profiles for temperature, pressure, and default molecular gases: H2O, O3, CH4, N2O, CO, CO2, O2, NO, SO2, NO2, NH3, HNO3, and 13 “heavy molecules.” For operation of the program using the standard model atmospheres (MODEL 1 to 6), the CARD1 profile inputs M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6 and MDEF are all overwritten with values appropriate for the standard models.If MODEL equals 0 (horizontal path) or equals 7 or 8 (radiosonde data) and if M1 through M6 are set to zero or left blank and MDEF is set to -1, then the JCHAR parameter on each CARD 2C1 must be defined to supply the necessary profiles. If M1 through M6 are non-zero and MDEF not equal to -1, then the chosen default profiles will be utilized only if a specific JCHAR input is blank:M1 = 1 to 6 Default temperature and pressure to specified model atmosphere.M2 = 1 to 6 Default H2O to specified model atmosphere volume mixing ratio.= -1 to -6 Default H2O to specified model (= |M2|) atmosphere relative humidity.M3 = 1 to 6 Default O3 to specified model atmosphere.M4 = 1 to 6 Default CH4 to specified model atmosphere.M5 = 1 to 6 Default N2O to specified model atmosphere.M6 = 1 to 6 Default CO to specified model atmosphere.MDEF = 0 or 1 Default CO2, O2, NO, SO2, NO2, NH3, and HNO3 species profiles.Note that for H2O there are 2 options. With a positive value of M2, the H2O concentration is only a function of altitude and model profile. When a negative value of M2 is selected, the model atmosphere relative humidity is held constant. Thus, with this later option, a change in the temperature profile will result in a change in the water concentration. The positive M2 option is preferred when one desires a H2O profile that is independent of the temperature profile; the negative M2 option can be used to insure that over saturation (RH > 100%) is avoided.If MDEF = 1, default heavy species profiles are used. If MDEF = 2, the user must input the profiles for the heavy species, which include nine chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) plus ClONO2, HNO4, CCl4, and N2O5. The 1 cm-1 absorption cross-sections are stored in "DATA/CFC99_01.ASC"; "DATA/CFC99_15.ASC" is the 15 cm-1 version of the file. The specification of user-defined profiles is modeled after the MODEL = 7 option in LOWTRAN, but only one unit definition (see JCHARX definition in CARD 2C1) can be used for the whole set of heavy species. The "default" profiles for these species are stored in BLOCK DATA /XMLATM/ and are based on 1990 photochemical predictions (after M. Allen, JPL). Since some of the CFCs have increased by as much as 8% per year, the user might well wish to redefine these values. Note that both CFC11 and CFC12 are now as much as 80% larger than the default profiles.If MODEL = 0, 7 or 8, MODTRAN® expects to read user-supplied atmospheric profiles. Set I_RD2C = 1 for the first run. To sequentially rerun the same atmosphere for a series of cases, set I_RD2C to 0 in subsequent runs; MODTRAN® will then reuse the previously read data and not read in CARD 2C, 2C1, … inputs.I_RD2C = 0 For normal operation of program or when calculations are to be run with the atmosphere MODEL last read in.= 1 When user input data are to be read.NOPRNT = 0 Normal writing to tape6 and tape7.= 1 Create a tape6 with no writing out of model atmosphere profiles.= 2 Create a tape6 with no spectral data or writing of model atmosphere profiles.= 3 Delete tape6 at end of processing if run is successful.= −1 Create additional tape8 output, including either weighting functions in transmission mode (IEMSCT = 0) or fluxes in radiation modes with multiple scattering on (IMULT = 1 andIEMSCT = 1, 2 or 4).= −2 Generates spectral cooling rate data in addition to the tape8 output; spectral cooling rates are written to the 'clrates' or 'rootname.clr' file.。

MODTRANTP5文件参数设置说明

MODTRANTP5文件参数设置说明MODTRAN (MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission) is a software package widely used for modelling the transmission of electromagnetic radiation through the Earth's atmosphere. TheTP5 file is a text file that contains parameters necessary for running MODTRAN simulations. In this article, we will discuss the various parameters and their settings in the TP5 file.1.VERSIONThe VERSION parameter specifies the version of MODTRAN being used. It should be set to the appropriate version number.2.OPTIONSThe OPTIONS parameter controls the type of simulation to be performed. It is a bitwise sum of various integer values that correspond to different simulation options. For example, setting OPTIONS to 1 will perform a radiance calculation, while setting it to 4 will perform a visibility calculation. Multiple options can be selected by summing the corresponding values.3.RANGESThe RANGES parameter specifies the wavelength range over which the simulation will be performed. It is specified as two integers representing the lower and upper limits of the range,in nanometers.4.REFRACTIVITYThe REFR activity parameter controls the modeling of refractivity in the atmosphere. It can be set to either 0 (no refraction), 1 (ignore dispersion), or 2 (include dispersion).5.WATER6.OZONEThe OZONE parameter specifies the total columnar amount of ozone in the atmosphere, in Dobson Units (DU). It affects the calculation of transmittance in the ultraviolet region.7.AEROSOLSThe AEROSOLS parameter controls the modeling of aerosols in the atmosphere. It can be set to either 0 (no aerosols), 1 (urban aerosols), or 2 (continental aerosols).8.ALTITUDESThe ALTITUDES parameter specifies the altitude levels at which calculations will be performed. It is specified as a list of integers representing the altitude levels, in kilometers.9.SOLARThe SOLAR parameter specifies the solar spectrum to be used in the simulation. It can be set to either 0 (extraterrestrial spectrum), 1 (solar constant), or 2 (constant solar spectral irradiance).10.GROUNDThe GROUND parameter specifies the type of ground surface to be simulated. It can be set to either 0 (flat surface), 1 (Lambertian surface), or 2 (user-defined BRDF).11.VIEWINGThe VIEWING parameter specifies the atmospheric pathway for the observer. It can be set to either 0 (vertical path), 1 (slant path), or 2 (user-defined).12.ANGLESThe ANGLES parameter specifies the viewing and solar angles to be used in the simulation. It is specified as a list of integers representing the azimuth and zenith angles of the observer and the sun, respectively.These are some of the key parameters and their settings in the MODTRAN TP5 file. Other parameters like aerosol models,solar zenith angles, and atmospheric profiles can also be modified as per the requirements of the simulation. Understanding and configuring these parameters accurately is crucial for obtaining accurate and meaningful results from the MODTRAN simulations.。

Transmodeler使用手册

1 Transmodeler 基础Transmodeler 为仿真交通现象提供了各种各样的复杂数学模型。

他的模型使用交通运输系统的详细和多变的输入数据，能够产生一系列输出统计学资料，依赖于一套多种多样的参数。

为了促进交通仿真模型所需的数据的发展和管理，Transmodeler 在仿真工程中组织这些元素。

一个仿真工程是输入、输出和参数的信息的组合体，完全界定了一个仿真课题，包括运行仿真所必须的所有输入，评价仿真结果所必需的所有输出信息，以及为使模型和现实世界匹配而矫正的参数。

本章包括1.1 TransModeler简介TransModeler仿真单一路网上的交通流，该路网包含所有的设施类型，包括局部街道、城市干道、高速公路和匝道。

交通流由个体驾驶员和车辆来表示，该车辆的属性决定了驾驶员的行为，当他们在起点和终点之间行驶时。

需求是由集合数目表示的，通过一个车辆旅行流的起点-终点矩阵，或者通过一个非集计的个人旅行，每一个都有自己的起点，终点和出发时间。

除了网络和交通需求的定义之外，一个工程也包括描述交通控制设备操作的进度计划，以及运输路线和运输服务的明细表。

给出一组描述工程的输入，TransModeler使用多种模型来模仿路网中驾驶员的行为，这些模型依赖于调整和验证的参数，该参数描述驾驶行为的不同方面，包括路径选择、车道变换、加速度以及对交通信号和标志的反应。

与此同时，TransModeler 对所有的可变控制设备进行仿真，包括在路网中的检测器和监视器之间进行通讯。

简单的仿真工具栏用来启动每一个仿真运行，并且收集仿真过程中从被仿真的车辆和交通信号中提取的有用信息。

第二个工具栏用来陈列仿真进程的信息以及路网中的车辆数。

当TransModeler对交通状态仿真时，它也可以为有意义的输出报告和统计报告收集许多资料。

当一项仿真运行完成时，TransModeler输出管理器很容易就可以产生传输仿真结果的报告和地图。

MODTRAN TP5文件参数设置说明

本查找表中水汽含量变化【0~15cm】(Gao et al, 2000)，共 60 个。
批注 [j23]: 指示反射率，非其本身批注 [j24]: 继续执行下一个 tp5 文件
批注 [j25]: 执行结束
(4) 臭氧含量垂直臭氧柱含量特性。如果设置为空格或 0，使用缺省的臭氧柱含量值。如
果第一个非空字符为‘g’，‘g’字符后紧跟臭氧含量且单位为 gm/cm2（例如 g 0.0001）。如果第一个非空字符为‘a’，‘a’字符后紧跟臭氧含量且单位为 atm-cm （例如 a 0.2），或者是一个绝对值来表示臭氧柱比例因子（例如 2.0 表示两倍于臭氧柱含量的缺省值）。
性）
水平对流雾，VIS＝0.2km 发散型雾，VIS＝0.5km 沙漠型，根据风速 WSS 决定能见度
(9) 传感器高度默认值为 100km。
(10) 目标高程
单位 km。
(11) 与观测天顶角互补如观测天顶角v 为 30 度，则 tp5 中相应位置值为 150。
(12) 成像日期用顺序天数表示。
(23) 中间符 = -1，指示继续运行下一个输入文件。
(24) 休止符 = 0，指示本 tp5 运行结束。
2.3 格式说明
各参数格式及相邻参数间隔同示例文件。也可见附加的 summer_rural25.tp5。
TM 2 3 2 -1 tt 8t 0 380.00000
50
100.000
12 2
0.000
350.
1
0.
00 0.500 93 0 20.000 2500.
22 g0.000
00 150.000
1.
2222 a0.3 f t f t
10 0.000

MODTRAN使用要点精解

MOD37 使用要点1 MODTRAN 文件1.1 输出文件输入Edit|Edit File 可查看运行 Modtran 产生的 ASCII 数据文件，在 usr 目录下有：Modout1、Modout2、Modout3Modout1 包含完整结果，波段平均透过率、辐亮度在最后一段。

INTEGRATED ABSORPTION FROM 625 TO 25000 CM-1 = 7170.3120 CM-1 AVERAGE TRANSMITTANCE = 0.7058INTEGRATED TOTAL RADIANCE = 2.602227E-03 WATT S CM-2 STER-1 (FROM 625 TO 25000 CM-1 )MINIMUM SPECTRAL RADIANCE = 0.000000E+00 WATT S CM-2 STER-1 / CM-1 AT 25000 CM-1MAXIMUM SPECTRAL RADIANCE = 1.168842E-05 WATT S CM-2 STER-1 / CM-1 AT 640 CM-1BOUNDARY TEMPERATURE = 0.000BOUNDARY EMISSIVITY = 1.0001.2 输入文件1.2.1 数据库文件文件名.LTN，包含Modtran 模型参数的输入文件和输出曲线打印方式的输入文件。

1.2.2 NOVAM 参数文件：文件名.NPR，6000 米以下海面气溶胶分布，较以前海洋气溶胶模型有明显改进。

1.2.3 滤波器函数文件：文件名.FLT滤波器函数可用于计算有效大气透过率或有效路径辐亮度。

滤波器函数包含辐射源的光谱特性和辐射测量仪器的光谱带通特性。

辐射源的光谱特性用黑体温度表示，仪器光谱特性取决于探测器光谱响应和光学元件光谱透过或反射特性，Modtran 可设置最多 80 个波数点的相对响应。

1.2.4 扫描函数文件：文件名.SCNModtran 内部计算样点的光谱间隔为 1cm-1，为降低输出数据的光谱分辨率，Modtran 提供了扫描功能，可将输出光谱数据与一个狭缝函数进行卷积运算。

Flotran CFD中文讲解说明之1

一个典型的FLOTRAN分析有如下七个主要步骤：1. 确定问题的区域。

2. 确定流体的状态。

3. 生成有限元网格。

4. 施加边界条件。

5. 设置FLOTRAN分析参数。

6. 求解。

7. 检查结果。

第一步：确定问题的区域用户必须确定所分析问题的明确的范围，将问题的边界设置在条件已知的地方，如果并不知道精确的边界条件而必须作假定时，就不要将分析的边界设在靠近感兴趣区域的地方，也不要将边界设在求解变量变化梯度大的地方。

有时，也许用户并不知道自己的问题中哪个地方梯度变化最大，这就要先作一个试探性的分析，然后再根据结果来修改分析区域。

这些在后面章节中都有详述。

第二步：确定流体的状态用户在此需要估计流体的特征，流体的特征是流体性质、几何边界以及流场的速度幅值的函数。

FLOTRAN能求解的流体包括气流和液流，其性质可随温度而发生显著变化，FLO TRAN中的气流只能是理想气体。

用户须自己确定温度对流体的密度、粘性、和热传导系数的影响是否是很重要，在大多数情况下，近似认为流体性质是常数，即不随温度而变化，都可以得到足够精确的解。

通常用雷诺数来判别流体是层流或紊流，雷诺数反映了惯性力和粘性力的相对强度，详见第四章。

通常用马赫数来判别流体是否可压缩，详见第七章。

流场中任意一点的马赫数是该点流体速度与该点音速之比值，当马赫数大于0.3时，就应考虑用可压缩算法来进行求解；当马赫数大于0.7时，可压缩算法与不可压缩算法之间就会有极其明显的差异。

第三步：生成有限元网格用户必须事先确定流场中哪个地方流体的梯度变化较大，在这些地方，网格必须作适当的调整。

例如：如果用了紊流模型，靠近壁面的区域的网格密度必须比层流模型密得多，如果太粗，该网格就不能在求解中捕捉到由于巨大的变化梯度对流动造成的显著影响，相反，那些长边与低梯度方向一致的单元可以有很大的长宽比。

为了得到精确的结果，应使用映射网格划分，因其能在边界上更好地保持恒定的网格特性，映射网格划分可由命令MSHKEY,1或其相应的菜单Main Menu>Preproce ssor > -Mes hing-Mesh>-entity-Mapped来实现。

Mod4U 使用说明

设置为False(f或空格)使用Isaac的二流算法计算
多次散射.
Discrete Ordinate Multiple Scattering Algorithm:
Issacs Two-Stream Algorithm (fast but less accurate);
Multiple Scattering Algorithm;
2.2.3 NSTR
DISORT 算法的计算流数，推荐此参数设置为 8. Number of Streams to be used by DISORT – the higher the number the longer the run time,8 is a recommended value for most applications.
2.2.7 H2OSTR
垂直水汽柱特性。如果设置为空格或 0，使用缺省的水汽柱含量值。如果第一个非空字符为‘g’，‘g’字符后紧跟水汽含量且单位为 gm/cm2（例如 g 2.0）。如果第一个非空字符为‘a’，‘a’字符后紧跟水汽含量且单位为 atm-cm（例如 a 3000），或者是一个绝对值来表示水汽柱比例因子（例如 2.0 表示两倍于水汽柱含量的缺省值）。
Modtran 的参数非常复杂，而 Mod4U 是一个专门为 Modtran 开发的参数输入软件，从而简化了 Modtran 的参数输入过程。
2、Mod4U 卡片详解
2.1 CARD 1
包括：MODTRN, SPEED, MODEL, ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5,M6, MDEF, IM, NOPRNT, TBOUND, SALB
2.3.2 ISEASN

MODTRAN介绍使用

2. MODTRAN简介
2.1 MODTRAN及特点
(1)模式选择性强。可任意选择 LOETRAN7或MODTRAN辐射传输模式，在选择的模式下，可以计算吸收物质的路径透射比、
大气辐射率、单次 (多次 )散射的太阳/月亮辐射率和直接透过的太
阳辐射等；
(2)辐射过程几乎考虑了大气中所有大气分子的吸收、散射和气
3.1 MODTRAN的使用
边界温度。执行模式选择计算路径的透射率和辐亮度或计算大气辐亮度和太阳/月亮散射辐亮度时，对应地表或云表面
地表反照率设置。
3. MODTRAN的使用
3.1 MODTRAN的使用
地表高程
3. MODTRAN的使用
3.1 MODTRAN的使用
观测参数设置波长范围设置
2.2 MODTRAN构成
2. MODTRAN简介
2.2 MODTRAN构成
CARD CARD1 CARD1A CARD1A1 CARD1A2 CARD1A3 CARD2 CARD2C CARD3 CARD3A1 必选/可选必选必选可选可选可选必选可选必选可选功能主要辐射传输的驱动控制DISORT算法 TOA太阳辐照度数据库的选择选择波段模式参数文件选择指定仪器的响应函数气溶胶模式以及云雨模式的选择大气层数以及读取指定文件的大气模式定义几何路径参数太阳的散射几何条件以及气溶胶散射相函数
内容提纲
1 大气辐射传输简单介绍
2 MODTRAN简介 3
MODTRAN的使用
3. MODTRAN的使用
3.1 MODTRAN的使用
3. MODTRAN的使用
3.1 MODTRAN的使用
MODTRAN Input →Model Atmosphere

MODTRAN使用要点精解

MODTRAN使用要点精解1.MODTRAN的基本原理MODTRAN基于大气辐射传输理论，模拟了大气中不同波段的辐射传输过程。

其基本原理是将大气分为多个垂直分层，每一层内的大气参数如温度、压力、气体浓度等进行模拟计算，并考虑细致的分子吸收、散射、辐射传输等过程，最后将大气辐射计算结果与地面和太阳辐射结合，得到地面观测点上的辐射亮度数据。

2.MODTRAN的输入参数MODTRAN的输入参数包括：大气垂直廓线、大气组分（气压、气温、湿度、臭氧浓度等）、观测几何条件（太阳高度、视角、观测方向等）、地表特性（反射率、温度等）等。

这些参数的准确性和适应性对模拟结果的准确性至关重要。

3.MODTRAN的输出结果MODTRAN的输出结果包括大气窗口、剖面辐射传输，以及观测点上的辐射亮度数据。

大气窗口通过计算大气的辐射透过率来确定不同波段的观测窗口，剖面辐射传输则是模拟大气中辐射传输的细节过程。

观测点上的辐射亮度数据可以用于分析遥感数据、研究大气辐射特性等。

4.MODTRAN的应用MODTRAN主要应用于气象学、大气环境监测、遥感、红外光学系统设计等领域的研究和应用中。

在气象学中，MODTRAN可以用于模拟探测器对不同高度、不同温度和湿度条件下的地面散射和大气辐射的响应。

在大气环境监测中，MODTRAN可以用于模拟大气污染物的传输和浓度分布，预测大气污染的影响范围。

在遥感中，MODTRAN可以用于校正遥感数据、反演大气水汽含量等。

在红外光学系统设计中，MODTRAN可以用于评估系统的性能及改进设计。

5.MODTRAN的使用要点首先，合理选择输入参数。

不同研究领域对输入参数的要求不同，需要根据实际需求进行选择和设置。

其次，理解和熟悉MODTRAN的模拟原理和参数设置方法，包括大气模型、气体吸收和散射模型等。

同时，要合理选择计算方法和精度，以提高计算效率和准确性。

另外，要进行模拟结果的验证和对比分析，将模拟结果与实测数据进行对比，评估模拟结果的准确性和可靠性。

新编mdnastran有限元实例教程

新编mdnastran有限元实例教程一、简介1.1 什么是mdnastran有限元分析软件mdnastran是一款专业的有限元分析软件，广泛应用于工程设计、结构分析、热传导分析、动力学分析等领域。

它具有强大的建模和仿真能力，可用于各种类型的工程问题求解。

1.2 新编mdnastran有限元实例教程的意义随着工程技术的不断发展，工程师对有限元分析的需求越来越大。

新编mdnastran有限元实例教程的面世，将有助于工程人员更好地掌握mdnastran软件的使用方法，提高工程分析的效率和精度。

二、mdnastran有限元实例教程2.1 有限元分析基础知识在开始学习mdnastran有限元实例之前，首先需要掌握有限元分析的基础知识，包括有限元分析的原理、概念、数学基础等。

只有对有限元分析有着深刻的理解，才能更好地掌握mdnastran软件的使用。

2.2 mdnastran软件介绍mdnastran软件的功能强大、界面友好、操作简便，是一款广受好评的有限元分析软件。

在mdnastran软件介绍中，可以详细介绍其主要功能、主要模块、软件界面等内容，让读者对mdnastran软件有个整体的认识。

2.3 mdnastran有限元实例教程在这一部分，将介绍一些mdnastran有限元实例教程，包括静力学分析、动力学分析、热传导分析等多个方面的实例。

每个实例都将详细介绍实验背景、建模方法、分析过程及结果分析，以及实例中可能遇到的常见问题及解决方法。

2.4 实例操作演示在mdnastran有限元实例教程中，还可以加入一些实例操作演示的视瓶或图片，辅助读者更好地理解实例中的建模流程、分析过程以及结果展示。

通过实例操作演示，读者可以快速入门mdnastran软件，提高操作效率。

2.5 实例分析报告每个实例结束后，可以提供一份完整的实例分析报告，包括实验目的、建模方法、分析流程、结果分析以及结论等内容。

实例分析报告的撰写将有助于读者更好地理解实例内容，帮助他们学以致用。

modtran,lowtran

相对辐射校正和绝对辐射校正基于物理模型的绝对辐射校是利用一系列参数(例如，卫星过境时的地物反射率，大气的能见度，太阳天顶角和卫星传感器的标定参数等)将遥感图像进行校正的方法。

仪器引起的误差畸变一般在数据生产过程中由生产单位根据传感器参数进行了校正。

对于用户来所，绝对辐射校正的方法主要是辐射传输模型法，该方法校正精度较高，它是利用电磁波在大气中的辐射传输原理建立起来的模型对遥感图像进行大气校正的方法。

由于有不同的不同的假设条件和适用的范围，因此产生很多可选择的大气较正模型，例如6S模型、LOWTRAN模型、MODTRAN模型、A TCOR模型等。

基于统计模型的相对辐射校正,主要包括不变目标法、黑暗像元法与直方图匹配法等等。

不变目标法假定图像上存在具有较稳定反射辐射特性的像元，并且可确定这些像元的地理意义，那么就称这些像元为不变目标，这些不变目标在不同时相的遥感图像上的反射率将存在一种线性关系。

当确定了不变目标以及它们在不同时相遥感图像中反射率的这种线性关系，就可以对遥感图像进行大气校正。

黑暗像元法的基本原理就是在假定待校正的遥感图像上存在黑暗像元区域、地表朗伯面反射、大气性质均一，忽略大气多次散射辐照作用和邻近像元漫反射作用的前提下，反射率很小的黑暗像元由于大气的影响，而使得这些像元的反射率相对增加，可以认为这部分增加的反射率是由于大气程辐射的影响产生的。

利用黑暗像元值计算出程辐射，并代入适当的大气校正模型，获得相应的参数后，通过计算就得到了地物真实的反射率。

直方图匹配法是指如果确定某个没有受到大气影响的区域和受到大气影响的区域的反射率是相同的，并且可以确定出不受影响的区域，就可以利用它的直方图对受影响地区的直方图进行匹配处理。

此外，还有很多基于统计模型的方法，如有人提出利用小波变换的遥感图像相对辐射校正方法。

该方法对源图像小波变换域的低频成分实施辐射变换,并保持高频成分不变,重构的图像具有保持高频信息的特性,因而能够较好地保留原图像中由于地物变化引起的辐射差异；也有人利用主成分分析法把遥感图像中有用的信息和大气影响噪音区分开来。

mod法详解与实战演练

手指的第二关节腕肘需要注力和不需要注意力的终结动作
肩
身体和其它动作
模特法（MOD）模特法的动作分类及其代号。模特法把动作分为21个，每个动作以代号、图解、符号、时间值表示移动动作：
1MOD=0.129秒
模特排时法动作分类
M1 手指动作移 M2 手腕动作动移动动作 M3 小臂动作动 M4 大臂动作作 M5 尽量伸直手臂动作上肢动作反复多次的反射动作 M1/2、M1、M2、M3 （基本动作） G0 碰、接触工终抓取动作 G1 简单的抓取作结 G3(注) 复杂的抓取实动 P0 简单的放置际作放置动作 P2(注) 较复杂的放置的 P5(注) 装配(双手配合放置) 操 F3(单) 足踏板动作作下肢动作 W5(单) 走步动作动附加因素 L2 重量因素作 E2(独) 目视其它动作 R2(独) 校正 D3(独) 单纯的判断其它动作 A4(独) 按下 C4 旋转动作 B17(往) 弯腰起身 S30(往) 坐下站起
用MOD法分析V830装配相关工位操作动作。
1mod0129秒编辑课件pptm1手指动作m2手腕动作m3小臂动作m4大臂动作m5尽量伸直手臂动作上肢动作反复多次的反射动作m12m1m2m3基本动作g0碰接触g1简单的抓取g3注复杂的抓取p0简单的放置p2注较复杂的放置p5注装配双手配合放置f3单足踏板动作w5单走步动作l2重量因素e2独目视其它动作r2独校正d3独单纯的判断a4独c4旋转动作b17往弯腰起身s30往坐下站起模特排时法动作分类其它动作移动动作抓取动作放置动作下肢动作附加因素编辑课件ppt编辑课件ppt10编辑课件ppt11编辑课件ppt12编辑课件ppt13编辑课件ppt14编辑课件ppt15编辑课件ppt16编辑课件ppt17编辑课件ppt18编辑课件ppt19编辑课件ppt20编辑课件ppt21编辑课件ppt22编辑课件ppt23编辑课件ppt24编辑课件ppt25编辑课件ppt26编辑课件ppt27编辑课件ppt28编辑课件ppt29编辑课件ppt30用用modmod法分析法分析v830v830装配装配相关工位操作动作