路桥工程专业英语赵永平第四课赵永平翻译
道桥专业英语第一课 英汉互译
一，Careers in Civil EngineeringEngineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education. Many government jurisdictions also have licensing procedures which require engineering graduates to pass an examination, similar to the examination for a lawyer, before they can actively start on their careers.土木工程是一个意味着工程师必须要经过专门的大学教育的职业。
许多政府管辖部门还有（一套）认证程序，这一程序要求工科毕业生在他们能积极地开始（从事）他们的事业之前，通过（认证）考试, 这种考试类似于律师职业里的律师考试一样。
In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, but particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematic is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variable such as water pressure on the foundation, impact, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered.大学里, 工科课程中着重强调数学、物理, 和化学,尤其在开始的二到三年。
路桥工程专业外语课文
●一Unit 1 Highway Introduction● 1. HistoryThe first road builders of any significance in western Europe were the Romans, to whom the ability to move quickly from one part of the Europe to another was important for military and civil reasons. Roman roads are characterized by their linearity and, in popular perception, by their durability. A good alignment was sought since this provides the most direct route and since the risk of ambush in hostile territory is reduced. It was for this reason that the surface of the road was often elevated a meter or more above the local ground level – to provide a clear view of the surrounding country; hence the modern term “highway”. The durability of such pavement is less absolute but nevertheless well exceeds anything achieved for many centuries after the fall of the Empire.During the Dark Ages – and indeed well after that – no serious attempt was made in the UK to either maintain or replace the Roman road network, which consequently deteriorated. By the end of the Middle Ages there was in practice no road system in the country. Such routes as existed were unpaved tracks, swampy and impassable for most of the year and dusty and impassable for the remainder. Diversions around particularly poor lengths of road, private land or difficult topography had resulted in sinuous alignments. The general lawlessness combined with these characteristics to discourage all but the most determined travelers.The first small change in this state of affairs was brought about by an Act of 1555 which imposed a duty on each parish to maintain its roads and to provide a Surveyor of Highways. As this post was unpaid and under-resourced, and as the technical skills did not exist to match the task in hand, the obvious expectation that the post of Surveyor was unpopular and ineffective is generally correct.● 2. Aim of highway engineeringRoads provide a key element of the infrastructure whoes function is to promote economic activity and improve the standard of living of the population. Highway engineering is concerned with the best use of resources to ensure that a suitable network is provided to satisfy this need of an economically sophisticated society.Originally roads were little more than tracks across the countryside and were hard, dry and dusty in summer and sodden and impassable in winter. The practice arose, initially in towns, of paving the surface of the road with resilient naturally occurring materials such as stone flags, and such a surface became known as a pavement. Today this term is applied to any surface intended for traffic and where the native soil has been protected from the harmful effects of that traffic by providing an overlay of imported or treated material. The purpose of providing this protection is to enable traffic to move more easily – and therefore more cheaply or quickly – along the road.● 3. Highway typesA freeway, as defined by statute, is a highway in respect to which the owners of abutting lands have no right or easement of access to or from their abutting lands or in respect to which such owners have only limited or restricted right or easement of access. This statutory definition also includes expressway. The engineering definitions for use in thismanual are:Unit 4 Asphalt and Mix Asphalt● 1. Asphalt definedAlthough there are natural deposits of asphalt, or rock asphalt, most used today is produced during the refining of crude oil. Asphalt is a constituent of most petroleums and is isolated through the refining processOne of the characteristics and advantages of asphalt as an engineering construction and maintenance material is its versatility. Although a semi-solid at ordinary temperatures, asphalt may be liquefied by applying heat, dissolving it in solvents, or emulsifying it. …….The largest use of asphalt binder is for HMA. After compacting and cooling to air temperature, HMA is a very strong paving material with the ability to sustain heavy traffic loads while remaining flexible enough to withstand ambient environmental conditions and stress. Over 96 percent of the hard-surfaced roads in the United States are paved using HMA.● 1.2 Emulsified AsphaltEmulsified asphalts (also known as emulsions) are low-viscosity mixtures of tiny asphalt binder droplets, water and emulsifying agents. The emulsifying agent coats the surfaces of the asphalt droplets and keeps them suspended in the water prior to application. …● 1.2 Emulsified Asphalt… After application, the asphalt emulsion breaks and the water separates and evaporates. Emulsions are brownish in color during application, but after breaking, the asphalt binder returns to its original black color. Emulsions are used for a Tack Coat between subsequent layers of HMA to aid in binding the layers together.● 3. Hot-mix asphaltThe paving or finishing machine places the HMA at temperatures between approximately 225 and 300 degree of Fahrenheit, depending on the mixture characteristics, layer thickness and ambient conditions. ……● 4. The activity to modify asphalt propertiesPitch, when added to asphalt, has the effect of increasing the rate at which the binder oxidizes on exposure to the atmosphere. One of the effects of oxidation is that the binder loses flexibility and therefore becomes harder and more susceptible to the abrasive effects of traffic; an oxidized binder is thus likely to wear away in preference to particles of coarse aggregate set in the surface, allowing the chipping to protrude from the surface and improve the skidding resistance. …Unit 5 Cement and Concrete● 1. CementThe main property of cement is that it is capable of acting as a binder forming a rigid matrix in which particles of aggregate may be set. …● 1. Cement… Cement is produced from calciferous material, such as chalk or limestone, andmaterials such as clay which are rich in silica and alumina. These are reduced to powder form by milling, mixed in the appropriate proportions and heated to such a temperature that the material sinters, forming a coarse clinker which when cooled and ground is the basic ingredient of ordinary Portland cement (OPC).This material is a mixture of calcium aluminate and calcium silicate, both of which react with water to form the familiar stone-like mass. It was the resemblance of this hydrated material to Portland stone, a high-quality limestone, which gave the material its generic name. Since the cement reacts with water, it is important to ensure that sufficient water is present at the required time to enable the reaction to continue to completion, and that this water remains present whil e it is needed. …If the mix is allowed to dry out while curing is taking place, weakness will result. If on the other hand too much water is allowed into the mix then the strength of the hydrated cement mass will again be impaired because the excess water will not be used up in the reaction and will remain to form voids in the hardened material – thus reducing its strength.● 3. Reinforced concreteIt is generally known that concrete is weak in tension, with a tensile strength averages only about 1/10 of the compressive strength. Therefore steel reinforcing bars are embedded in concrete structures where tensile stress may occur to take up the tension after the concrete has cracked. …● 3. Reinforced concrete… Without this reinforcement, the good compress ive strength of concrete cannot be fully put into action. Generally speaking, reinforced concrete structures possess the following features: …Unit 6 Measuring Technology and Equipment1. Distance measurementOne of the fundamentals of surveying is the need to measure distance. Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur on the spherical earth. In this subject we will deal with distances in Euclidean space, which we can consider a straight line from one point or feature to another. Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical. …1. Distance measurement… Horizontal and slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on the desired quality of the result. In plane surveying, the distance between two points means the horizontal distance. If the points are at different elevations, then the distance is the horizontal length between plumb lines at the points. Here gives a brief summary of relevant techniques and their respective accuracies.2. Angle and direction measurementHorizontal and vertical angles are fundamental measurements in surveying. It is necessary to be familiar with the meanings of certain basic terms before describing angle and direction measurement. The terms discussed here have reference to the actual figure of the earth.Unit 8 The Subgrade Design and Construction TechnologyThe subgrade is comprised of the uppermost materials placed in the road bed embankment or the soil remaining at the base of a cut. The subgrade soil is often referred toas the foundation or road bed soil. This foundation component is usually constructed of native inorganic soil often in combination with imported soils from select borrow sources, and would be compacted to a specified density and moisture content.● 1. Soil classificationThe basic components of soils are differentiated on the basis of grain size as follows:● 2. Subgrade strength evaluationThe characteristic material property of subgrade soils used for pavement design is the resillient modulus (MR). The resillient modulus is defined as being a measure of the elastic property of a soil recognizing selected non-linear characteristics. …● 2. Subgrade strength evaluation… Methods for the determination of MR are des cribed in AASHTO T294.92 test method. For many years, standard California Bearing Ratio tests were utilized to measure the subgrade strength parameter as a design input.3. Seasonal variationsOne of the most critical conditions that developes in a seasonal frost area such as Alberta is the weakening of the subgrade during the spring thaw period. This weakening results from the melting of ice segregation within the subgrade soils and, to a lesser extent, due to higher moisture contents during this period associated with reduced drainage.● 4. Swelling soil potentialExcessively expansive soils such as highly plastic clays or bentonitic shales require special attention particularly when in close proximity to the surface of the road embankment. These materials contain minerals which result in volume changes (swelling and shrinking) with changes in moisture content.● 5. Frost susceptibilityAlthough some volumetric expansion occurs due to the freezing, a more significant issue relates to the spring melt period. The thaw will release excess water which causes a loss of subgrade strength and potential damage to the roadway pavement structure if the structure has not been designed to account for weakened subgrade support.Unit 9 Pavement Design and Construction Technology● 1. Nature of a pavementThe highway engineer is concerned with the provision of a safe, stable and durable surface over which traffic may move. A modern pavement consists of a number of elements. These have various functions which contribute to the ability of the pavement to remain safe, stable and durable for a period of time and under the action of weather and of large numbers of vehicles.● 2. Mode of failureTaking a very broad view, there are two types of pavement failure. Failure of the surfacing may take the form of loss of surface texture, loss of surface regularity or loss of impermeability. In the assurance that such failure is not deep-seated, remedial measures will consist of repairs to or replacement of the surfacing only. Such failure can often be prevented or greatly postponed by a careful choice of surfacing materials.● 3. Cause of failureOnly in the most extraordinary circumstances is it the case that a new pavement is caused to fail by the application of a single wheel load, of whatever magnitude. The general experience is that repeated applications of loads result in the repeated development of stresses tending to cause failure, and that the ability to withstand strain progressively diminishes with the increasing number of load applications. When failure occurs, it is as a result of material fatigue. This concept is the basis of current design practice.● 4. Pavement lifeIn a few cases the required life of a pavement is determined by external circumstances; for example, a temporary road to serve a major construction site might be designed to last for the duration of the construction works and no more. Generally however the matter is less clear-cut.Unit 10 Highway Alignment DesignA facility’s horizontal and ve rtical alignments establish the general character of a roadway, perhaps more than any other design consideration. The configuration of line and grades affects safe operating speeds, sight distances, opportunities for passing, and highway capacity. Decisions on alignment have a significant impact on construction costs, and social and environmental issues. …Alignment is defined by several factors, including: the length of tangent sections, the transition into horizontal curves, the degree of curvature (radii) for horizontal curves, the transition out of the curves, the rate of superelevation applied to the horizontal curves, and the rate of grade change for any vertical curves.● 1. Horizontal alignmentHorizontal alignment of a roadway is defined graphically using a series of straight-line tangents with transition sections into and out of horizontal curves. Many factors, including terrain conditions, physical features and right-of-way considerations, affect the design of tangent and curve sections.● 2 General criteriaDesign speed is the principal factor controlling horizontal alignment design. Several geometric standards related to design speed are very specific. Other criteria cannot be defined as specifically and require that judgements be made in consideration of local conditions. The following guidelines outline some of these decisions.● 3. Sight distance on horizontal curvesAn important element in ensuring driver safety and maintaining a roadway’s operational efficiency is providing adequate sight distance - the length of roadway ahead visible to the driver. Sight distance applies to four conditions that arise when setting a project’s horizontal alignment: …Unit 14 Bridge IntroductionA bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle such as a valley, road, railway, canal, river, without closing the way beneath. The required passage may be for road, railway, canal, pipeline, cycle track or pedestrians.● 1. Components of a bridgeFigure 14-1a) shows the elevation while Fig. 14-1b) presents the plan of a bridge. Broadly, a bridge can be divided into two major parts, superstructure and substructure. The superstructure of a bridge is analogous to a single storey building roof and substructure tothat of the walls, columns and foundations supporting it.● 2. Types of bridges● 2.1 Arch bridgeArch bridges are often used because of their pleasing appearances. These are more graceful and suited for deep gorge with rocky abutments. Arch bridges can be economically adopted up to a span of 250m. In this type of bridge, the roadway is constructed on an arch which rests on piers and abutments. An example of an arch bridge is the rainbow bridge across Niagara river over a span of 290m.Unit 15 Bridge Superstructure1. Steel superstructure typesSteel superstructures should be considered for any span length from 20 to 650FT or more. Generally, the following table (Table 15-1) can be used as a guideline for selecting steel superstructure types.● 2. Concrete superstructure types…Concrete compressive strengths for commonly used precast beams shall be no more than 6000 PSI at release with a final compressive strength of 8000 PSI. High strength concrete (HSC) should also be considered when determining possible concrete superstructure alternatives.…Precast beams may be designed using high strength concrete with a final compressive strength of up to 10000 PSI and a release strength of up to 9000 PSI with approval of the Director of the Engineering Division. HSC allows engineers to: design structures with smaller beams when clearance criteria needs to be met, reduce dead loads for more cost efficient substructures, and increase span lengths over conventional concrete.Unit 16 Bridge Substructure● 1 Piers● 1.1 Pier typesPiers are intermediate supports in a multi-span bridge system. All feasible pier types must be considered in the preliminary phases of the project.● 1.1.1 Cap-and-column type piersCap-and-column type piers have two or more circular or rectangular columns connected on top with a cap (a reinforced concrete beam that supports the superstructure). Generally, the pier cap ends will be cantilevered. For columns greater than 100 to 150 FT, the use of a compression strut at mid-height, similar to the pier cap, shall be investigated. The individual columns will be supported on an appropriate foundation.● 2. Abutments● 2.1 Abutment typesAbutments are structures positioned at the beginning and end of a bridge, which support the superstructure and approach roadway and retains the earth embankment. Abutments can be classified into the following five types:wall abutment, pedestals, stub abutment, integral abutment, semi-integral abutment Unit 20 Construction Management and Cost Estimate● 1. The planning processPlanning is the process of considering alternatives and methods to complete a task.Planning creates an orderly sequence of events, defines the principles to be followed in carrying forth the plan, and describes the ultimate disposition of the results. It serves the manager by pointing out the things to be done, their sequence, how long each task should take, and who is responsible for which tasks or actions.2. ActivitiesA common technique used to understand and organize complex undertakings is to break the p roject into smaller pieces (divided into subparts), Taylor’s concept. In construction this technique is applied in both planning and estimating. To create a construction plan all of the work tasks necessary to accomplish the project are first identified. …● 3. Bar chartIn 1917, Henry L. Gantt invented a chart scheduling method. A Gantt chart (see Fig. 20.1) presented planned activities as stacked horizontal bands against a background of dates (along the horizontal axis). This Gantt or bar chart is the most commonly used project planning and control tool. …● 4. Critical path methodThe CPM focuses management’s attention on the relationships between critical activities. It is an activity relationship representation of the project. The evaluation of critical tasks, those that control project duration, allows for the determination of project duration. …● 5. Activity logic networkThe activity logic network benefits the manager by providing a graphical picture of the sequence of construction tasks. Before the diagram can be developed, the project must first be constructed mentally to determine activity relationships.● 6. Critical path and critical activityThe critical path through a schedule network is the longest time duration path through the network. It establishes the minimum overall project time duration. All activities on the critical path are by definition critical. A critical activity can be determined from the logic network by applying either of these rules:… …Unit 21 Tendering and ContractEveryone involved in construction must understand contracts – the sections of the contract itself, such as the agreement and the specifications and other required contract documents such as bonds and insurance – and the processes involved in con tract administration. …● 1. Description of a contractThe makeup of a contract, whether the owner is a public agency or a private corporation, is essentially the same. The form of the document may change, but the elements of the contracts are the same.● 2. Essential contract documentThere are many documents that make up a construction contract. The four essential documents are:2.1 Agreement2.2 General condition2.3 Supplementary condition2.4 Specifications● 3. The bit process3.1 Inviting to bidGovernment projects must be advertised, and are normally awarded to the low responsive bidder. Private projects do not need to be advertised and are usually negotiated, with only a limited number of selected contractors involved in the negotiation. …3.2 BiddingBids must be submitted on time, at the location specified, on the correct forms, with acknowledgement of all addenda, and with a valid bid bond. Otherwise the bids are considered nonresponsive and are returned unopened. …秋风词三五七言秋风清，秋月明，落叶聚还散，寒鸦栖复惊。
出国公路桥梁工程必学英语词汇
公路工程英语词汇第1页，共13页abrasiveness磨耗度absolute datum绝对基面abutment桥台abutment pier制动墩acceleration lane加速车道accidental load偶然荷载accommodation lane专用车道acoustic barrier隔音墙acting circles of blasting爆破作用圈additional stake加桩adjacent curve in one direction同向曲线admixture外加剂adverse grade for safety反坡安全线aerial photogrammetry航空摄影测量aerophoto base航摄基线aerophoto interpretation航摄像片判读ageing老化aggregate集料(骨料)air hardening气硬性alignment design(城市道路)平面设计，线形设计alignment element线形要素alligator cracking路面龟裂allowable rebound deflection容许(回弹)弯沉alternative line比较线anchored bulkhead abutment锚锭板式桥台anchored bulkhead retaining wall锚锭板式挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tie rods锚杆式挡土墙anionic emulsified bitumen阴离子乳化沥青annual average daily traffic年平均日交通量anti-creep heap(厂矿道路)挡车堆anti-dizzling screen防炫屏(遮光栅)antiskid heap(厂矿道路)防滑堆approach span引桥aquitard隔水层arch bridge拱桥arch culvert拱涵arch ring拱圈arterial highway干线公路arterial road(厂内)主干道，(城市)主干路asphalt distributor沥青洒布车asphalt mixing plant沥青混合料拌和设备asphalt paver沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer复拌沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt sand沥青砂asphalt sprayer沥青洒布机asphaltic bitumen地沥青at-grade intersection平面交叉auxiliary lane附加车道average consistency(of soil)(土的)平均稠度average gradient平均纵坡azimuth angle方位角balance weight retaining wall衡重式挡土墙base course基层base line基线basic traffic capacity基本通行能力beam bridge梁桥beam level deflectometer杠杆弯沉仪bearing支座bearing angle象限角bearing pile支承桩bearing platform承台bed course垫层bench mark水准点benched subgrade台口式路基bending strength抗弯强度Benkelman beam杠杆弯沉仪(贝克曼弯沉仪)bent cap盖梁berm护坡道binder结合料binder course联结层公路工程英语词汇第2页，共13页bitumell沥青bitumen extractor(沥青混合料)抽提仪bitumen-aggregate ratio油石比bituminous concrete mixture沥青混凝土混合料bituminous concrete pavement沥青混凝土路面bituminous macadam mixture沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam pavement沥青碎石路面bituminous mixture沥青混合料bituminous pavement沥青路面bituminous penetration pavement沥青贯入式路面bituminous surface treatment(沥青)表面处治blasting crater爆破漏斗blasting for loosening rock松动爆破blasting for throwing rock抛掷爆破blasting procedure土石方爆破bleeding泛油blind ditch盲沟blind drain盲沟block pavement块为路面block stone块石blow up拱胀boring钻探boring log(道路)地质柱状图boring machine钻孔机borrow earth借土borrow pit取土坑boundary frame on crossing道口限界架boundary frame on road道路限界架boundary line of road construction道路建筑限界bowstring arch bridge系杆拱桥box culvert箱涵branch pipe of inlet雨水口支管branch road(城市)支路，(厂内)支道bridge桥梁bridge decking桥面系bridge deck pavement桥面铺装bridge floor expantion and contraction installation 桥面伸缩装置bridge girder erection equipment架桥机bridge on slope坡桥bridge site桥位bridge road驮道broken chainage断链broken stone碎石broken back curve断背曲线buried abutment埋置式桥台bus bay公交(车辆)停靠站bypass公交绕行公路cable bent tower索塔cable saddle索鞍cable stayed bridge斜拉桥(斜张桥)cableway erecting equipment缆索吊装设备california bearing ratio(CBR)加州承载比(CBR) california bearing ratio tester加州承载比(CBR)测定仪camber curve路拱曲线cantilever beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙capacity of intersection交叉口通行能力capacity of network路网通行能力capillary water毛细水carriage way车行道(行车道)cast-in-place cantilever method悬臂浇筑法cationic emulsified bitumen阳离子乳化沥青cattle-pass畜力车道cement concrete水泥混凝土cement concrete mixture水泥混凝土混合料cement concrete pavement水泥混凝土路面center-island中心岛center lane中间车道公路工程英语词汇第3页，共13页center line of road道路中线center line survey中线测量center stake中桩central reserve分隔带channelization渠化交通channelization island导流岛channelized intersection分道转弯式交叉口chip石屑chute急流槽circular curve圆曲线circular road环路circular test环道试验city road城市道路civil engineering fabric土工织物classified highway等级公路classified road等级道路clay-bound macadam泥结碎石路面clearance净空clearance above bridge floor桥面净空clearance of span桥下净空climatic zoning for highway公路自然区划climbing lane爬坡车道cloverleaf interchange苜蓿叶形立体交叉coal tar煤沥青cobble stone卵石coefficient of scouring冲刷系数cohesive soil粘性土cold laid method冷铺法cold mixing method冷拌法cold-stretched steel bar冷拉钢筋column pier柱式墩combination-type road system混合式道路系统compaction压实compaction test击实试验compaction test apparatus击实仪compactness test压实度试验composite beam bridge联合梁桥composite pipe line综合管道(综合管廊) compound curve复曲线concave vertical curve凹形竖曲线concrete joint cleaner(水泥混凝土)路面清缝机concrete joint sealer(水泥混凝土)路面填缝机concrete mixing plant水泥混凝土(混合料)拌和设备concrete paver水泥混凝土(混合料)摊铺机concrete pump水泥混凝土(混合料)泵concrete saw(水泥混凝土)路面锯缝机cone penetration test触探试验conflict point冲突点conical slope锥坡consistency limit(of soil)(土的)稠度界限consolidated subsoil加固地基consolidation固结construction by swing转体架桥法construction height of bridge桥梁建筑高度construction joint施工缝construction load施工荷载construction survey施工测量continuous beam bridge连续梁桥contour line等高线contraction joint缩缝control point路线控制点converging合流convex vertical curve凸形竖曲线corduroy road木排道counterfort retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙counterfort abutment扶壁式桥台country road乡村道路county road县公路(县道)，乡道creep徐变critical speed临界速度公路工程英语词汇第4页，共13页cross roads十字形交叉cross slope横坡cross walk人行横道cross-sectional profile横断面图cross-sectional survey横断面测量crown路拱crushed stone碎石crushing strength压碎值culture地物culvert涵洞curb路缘石curb side strip路侧带curve length曲线长curve widening平曲线加宽curved bridge弯桥cut挖方cut corner for sight line(路口)截角cut-fill transition土方调配cut-fill transition program土方调配图cutting路堑cycle path自行车道cycle track自行车道deceleration lane减速车道deck bridge上承式桥deflection test弯沉试验degree of compaction压实度delay延误density of road network道路(网)密度depth of tunnel隧道埋深design elevation of subgrade路基设计高程design frequency(排水)设计重现期design hourly volume设计小时交通量design of elevation(城市道路)竖向设计design of vertical alignment纵断面设计design speed计算行车速度(设计车速)design traffic capacity设计通行能力design vehicle设计车辆design water level设计水位designed elevation设计高程designed flood frequency设计洪水频率dislicking treatment防滑处理Deval abrasion testing machine狄法尔磨耗试验机(双筒式磨耗试验机)diamond interchange菱形立体交叉differential photo微分法测图directional interchange方向式立体交叉diverging分流dowel bar传力杆drain opening泄水口drainage by pumping station(立体交叉)泵站排水drainage ditch排水沟dressed stone料石drop water跌水dry concrete干硬性混凝土ductility(of bitumen)(沥青)延度ductilometer(沥青)延度仪dummy joint假缝dynamic consolidation强夯法economic speed经济车速economical hauling distance土方调配经济运距element support构件支撑elevation高程(标高)embankment路堤emergency parking strip紧急停车带emulsified bitumen乳化沥青erecting by floating浮运架桥法erection by longitudinal pulling method纵向拖拉法erection by protrusion悬臂拼装法公路工程英语词汇第5页，共13页erection with cableway缆索吊装法evaporation pond蒸发池expansion bearing活动支座expansive soil膨胀土expantion joint胀缝expressway(城市)快速路external distance外(矢)距fabricated bridge装配式桥fabricated steel bridge装拆式钢桥factories and mines road厂矿道路factory external transportation line对外道路factory-in road厂内道路factory-out road厂外道路fast lane内侧车道faulting of slab ends错台feeder highway支线公路ferry渡口fibrous concrete纤维混凝土field of vision视野fill填__________方filled spandrel arch bridge实腹拱桥final survey竣工测量fineness细度fineness modulus细度模数fixed bearing固定支座flare wing wall abutment八字形桥台flared intersection拓宽路口式交叉口flash point闪点flash point tester(open cup method)闪点仪(开口杯式) flexible pavement柔性路面flexibie pier柔性墩floor system桥面系flush curb平缘石foot way人道道ford过水路面forest highway林区公路forest road林区道路foundation基础free style road system自由式道路系统free way高速公路free-flow speed自由车速freeze road冻板道路freezing and thawing test冻融试验frost boiling翻浆frozen soil冻土full depth asphalt pavement全厚式沥青(混凝土)路面function planting功能栽植general scour under bridge opening桥下一般冲刷geological section(道路)地质剖面图geotextile土工织物gradation级配gradation of stone(路用)石料等级grade change point变坡点grade compensation纵坡折减grade crossing平面交叉grade length limitation坡长限制grade of side slope边坡坡度grade separation简单立体交叉grade-separated junction立体交叉graded aggregate pavement级配路面grader平地机grain composition颗粒组成granular material粒料gravel砾石gravity pier(abutment)重力式墩、台gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙green belt绿化带gridiron road system棋盘式道路系统ground control-point survey地面控制点测量公路工程英语词汇第6页，共13页ground elevation地面高程ground stereophotogrammetry地面立体摄影测量guard post标柱guard rail护栏guard wall护墙gully雨水口gutter街沟(偏沟)gutter apron平石gutter drainage渠道排水half-through bridge中承式桥hard shoulder硬路肩hardening硬化hardness硬度haul road运材道路heavy maintenance大修hectometer stake百米桩hedge绿篱height of cut and fill at center stake中桩填挖高度high strength bolt高强螺栓high type pavement高级路面highway公路highway landscape design公路景观设计hill-side line山坡线(山腰线)hilly terrain重丘区horizontal alignment平面线形horizontal curve平曲线hot laid method热铺法hot mixing method热拌法hot stability(of bitumen)(沥青)热稳性hydraulic computation水力计算hydraulicity水硬性imaginary intersection point虚交点immersed tunnelling method沉埋法inbound traffic入境交通incremental launching method顶推法industrial district road工业区道路industrial solid waste(路用)工业废渣industrial waste base course工业废渣基层inlet雨水口inlet submerged culvert半压力式涵洞inlet unsubmerged culvert无压力式涵洞inorganic binder无机结合料instrument station测站intensity of rainstorm暴雨强度intercepting ditch截水沟interchange互通式立体交叉interchange with special bicycle track分隔式立体交叉intermediate maintenance中修intermediate type pavement中级路面intersection(平面)交叉口intersection angle交叉角，转角intersection entrance交叉口进口intersection exit交叉口出口intersection plan交叉口平面图intersection point交点intersection with widened corners加宽转角式交叉口jack-in method顶入法kilometer stone里程碑land slide坍方lane车道lane-width车道宽度lateral clear distance of curve(平曲线)横净距lay-by紧急停车带level of service道路服务水平leveling course整平层leveling survey水准测量light-weight concrete轻质混凝土lighting facilities of road道路照明设施公路工程英语词汇第7页，共13页lime pile石灰桩line development展线linking-up road联络线、连接道路liquid asphaltic bitumen液体沥青liquid limit液限living fence绿篱load荷载loading berm反压护道loading combinations荷载组合loading plate承载板loading plate test承载板试验local scour near pier桥墩局部冲刷local traffic境内交通location of line定线location survey定测lock bolt support with shotcrete喷锚支护loess黄土longitudinal beam纵梁longitudinal gradient纵坡longitudinal joint纵缝loop ramp环形匝道Los Angeles abrasion testing machine洛杉面磨耗试验机(搁板式磨耗试验机)low type pavement低级路面main beam主梁main bridge主桥maintenance养护maintenance period大中修周期manhole检查井marginal strip路缘带Marshall stability apparatus马歇尔稳定度仪Marshall stability test马歇尔试验masonry bridge圬工桥maximum annual hourly volume年最大小时交通量maximum dry unit weight(标准)最大干密度maximum longitudinal gradient最大纵坡mine tunnelling method矿山法mineral aggregate矿料mineral powder矿粉mini-roundabout微形环交minimum height of fill(路基)最小填土高度minimum longitudinal gradient最小纵坡minimum radius of horizontal curve最小平曲线半径minimum turning radius汽车最小转弯半径mixed traffic混合交通mixing method拌和法mixture混合料model split交通方式划分modulus of elasticity弹性模量modulus of resilience回弹模量modulus ratio模量比monthly average daily traffic月平均日交通量motor way高速公路mountainous terrain山岭区movable bridge开启桥mud淤泥multiple-leg intersection多岔交叉national trunk highway国家干线公路(国道) natural asphalt天然沥青natural scour自然演变冲刷natural subsoil天然地基navigable water level通航水位nearside lane外侧车道net-shaped cracking路面网裂New Austrian Tunnelling Method新奥法observation point测点one-way ramp单向匝道open cut method明挖法open cut tunnel明洞open spandrel arch bridge空腹拱桥公路工程英语词汇第8页，共13页opencast mine road露天矿山道路operating speed运行速度optimum gradation最佳级配optimum moisture content最佳含水量optimum speed临界速度organic binder有机结合料origin-destination study起迄点调查outbound traffic出境交通outled submerged culvert压力式涵洞outlet inlet main road城市出入干道overall speed区间速度overlay of pavement罩面overpass grade separation上跨铁路立体交叉overtaking lane超车车道overtaking sight distance超车视距paper location 纸上定线paraffin content test含蜡量试验parent soil原状土parking lane停车车道parking lot停车场parking station公交(车辆)停靠站part-cut part-fill subgrade半填半挖式路基pass垭口passing bay错车道patrol maintenance巡回养护paved crossing道口铺面pavement路面pavement depression路面沉陷pavement recapping路面翻修pavement slab pumping路面板唧泥pavement spalling路面碎裂pavement strengthening路面补强pavement structure layer路面结构层pavemill路面铣削机(刨路机)peak hourly volume高峰小时交通量pedestrian overcrossing人行天桥pedestrian underpass人行地道penetration macadam with coated chips上拌下贯式(沥青)路面penetration method贯入法penetration test apparatus长杆贯入仪penetration(of bitumen)(沥青)针入度penetrometer(沥青)针入度仪periodical maintenance定期养护permafrost多年冻土permanent load永久荷载perviousness test透水度试验petroleum asphaltic bitumen石油沥青photo index像片索引图(镶辑复照图) photo mosaic像片镶嵌图photogrammetry摄影测量photographic map影像地图pier桥墩pile and plank retaining wall柱板式挡土墙pile bent pier排架桩墩pile driver打桩机pipe culvert管涵pipe drainage管道排水pit test坑探pitching method铺砌法plain stage of slope边坡平台plain terrain平原区plan view(路线)平面图plane design(城市道路)平面设计plane sketch(道路)平面示意图planimetric photo综合法测图plant mixing method厂拌法plastic limit塑限plasticity index塑性指数poisson's ratio泊松比公路工程英语词汇第9页，共13页polished stone value石料磨光值pontoon bridge浮桥porosity空隙率portable pendulum tester摆式仪possible traffic capacity可能通行能力post-tensioning method后张法pot holes路面坑槽preliminary survey初测preloading method预压法prestressed concrete预应力混凝土prestressed concrete bridge预应力混凝土桥prestressed steel bar drawing jack张拉预应力钢筋千斤顶pretensioning method先张法prime coat透层productive arterial road生产干线productive branch road生产支线pro纵断面设计profilometer路面平整度测定仪proportioning of cement concrete水泥混凝土配合比protection forest fire-proof road护林防火道路provincial trunk highway省干线公路(省道) railroad grade crossing(铁路)道口ramp匝道rebound deflection回弹弯沉reclaimed asphalt mixture再生沥青混合料reclaimed bituminous pavement再生沥青路面reconnaissance踏勘red clay红粘土reference stake护桩reflection crack反射裂缝refuge island安全岛regulating structure调治构造物reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete bridge钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete pavement钢筋混凝土路面reinforced earth retaining wall加筋土挡土墙relative moisture content(of soil)(土的)相对含水量relief road辅道residential street居住区道路resultant gradient合成坡度retaining wall挡土墙revelling of pavement路面松散reverse curve反向曲线reverse loop回头曲线ridge crossing line越岭线ridge line山脊线right bridge正交桥right bridge正桥rigid frame bridge刚构桥rigid pavement刚性路面rigid-type base刚性基层ring and radial road system环形辐射式道路系统ripper松土机riprap抛石road道路road alignment道路线形road appearance路容road area per citizen(城市)人均道路面积road area ratio(城市)道路面积率road axis道路轴线road bed路床road bitumen路用沥青road condition路况road condition survey路况调查road crossing(平面)交叉口road crossing design交叉口设计road engineering道路工程road feasibility study(道路工程)可行性研究road improvement改善工程公路工程英语词汇第10页，共13页road intersection道路交叉(路线交叉) road mixing method路拌法road network道路网road network planning道路网规划road planting道路绿化road project(道路工程)方案图road trough路槽road way路幅rock breaker凿岩机rock filled gabion石笼roller压路机rolled cement concrete碾压式水泥混凝土rolling terrain微丘区rotary interchange环形立体交叉rotary intersection环形交叉roundabout环形交叉route development展线route of road道路路线route selection选线routine maintenance小修保养rubble片石running speed行驶速度rural road郊区道路saddle back垭口safety belt安全带safety fence防护栅salty soil盐渍土sand砂sand drain(sand pile)砂井sand gravel砂砾sand hazard沙害sand mat of subgrade排水砂垫层sand patch test铺砂试验sand pile砂桩sand protection facilities防沙设施sand ratio砂率sand sweeping回砂sand sweeping equipment回砂机sandy soil砂性土saturated soil饱和土scraper铲运机seal coat封层secondary trunk road(厂内)次干道，(城市)次干路seepage well渗水井segregation离析semi-rigid type base半刚性基层separate facilities分隔设施separator分隔带sheep-foot roll羊足压路机(羊足碾)shelter belt护路林shield盾构(盾构挖掘机)shield tunnelling method盾构法shoulder路肩shrinkage limit缩限side ditch边沟side slope边坡side walk人行道sieve analysis筛分sight distance视距sight distance of intersection路口视距sight line视线sight triangle视距三角形silty soil粉性土simple supported beam bridge简支梁桥single direction thirsted pier单向推力墩single-size aggregat同粒径集料siphon culvert倒虹涵skew bridge斜交桥skew bridge斜桥skid road集材道路公路工程英语词汇第11页，共13页slab bridge板桥slab culvert盖板涵slab staggering错位slide滑坡slope protection护坡slump坍落度snow hazard雪害snow plough除雪机snow protection facilities防雪设施soft ground软弱地基soft soil软土softening point tester(ring ball method)(沥青)软化点仪(环—球法)softening point(of bitumen)(沥青)软化点solubility (of bitumen)(沥青)溶解度space headway车头间距space mean speed空间平均速度span跨径span by span method移动支架逐跨施工法spandrel arch腹拱spandrel structure拱上结构special vehicle特种车辆speed-change lane变速车道splitting test劈裂试验spot speed点速度spreading in layers层铺法springing弹簧现象stabilizer稳定土拌和机stabilized soil base course稳定土基层stage for heaping soil and broken rock碎落台staggered junction错位交叉standard axial loading标准轴截steel bar heading press machine钢筋冷墩机steel bridge钢桥steel extention machine钢筋拉伸机stiffness modulus劲度stone coating test石料裹覆试验stone crusher碎石机stone spreader碎石撒布机stopping sight distance停车视距stopping truck heap(厂矿道路)阻车堤street街道street drainage街道排水street planting街道绿化street trees行道树strengthening layer补强层strengthening of structure加固stringer纵梁striping test for aggregate集料剥落试验structural approach limit of tunnel隧道建筑限界sub-high type pavement次高级路面subgrade路基subgrade drainage路基排水submersible bridge漫水桥subsidence沉陷subsoil地基substucture下部结构superelevation超高superelevation runoff超高缓和段superstructure上部结构supported type abutment支撑式桥台surface course面层surface evenness路面平整度surface frost heave路面冻胀surface permeameter路面透水度测定仪surface roughness路面粗糙度surface slipperinness路面滑溜surface water地表水surface-curvature apparatus路面曲率半径测定仪surrounding rock围岩公路工程英语词汇第12页，共13页suspension bridge悬索桥switch-back curve回头曲线T intersection丁字形交叉(T形交叉)T-shaped rigid frame bridge〓T形刚构桥tack coat粘层tangent length切线长tar焦油沥青technical standard of road道路技术标准Telford锥形块石Telford base(锥形)块石基层terrace台地thermal insulation berm保温护道thermal insulation course隔温层thirtieth highest annual hourly volume年第30位最大小时交通量through bridge下承式桥through traffic过境交通tie bar拉杆timber bridge木桥time headway车头时距time mean speed时间平均速度toe of slope(边)坡脚tongue and groove joint企口缝top of slope(边)坡顶topographic feature地貌topographic map地形图topographic survey地形测量topography地形township road乡公路(乡道) traffic assignment交通量分配traffic capacity通行能力traffic composition交通组成traffic density交通密度traffic distribution交通分布traffic flow交通流traffic generation交通发生traffic island交通岛traffic mirror道路反光镜traffic planning道路交通规划traffic safety device交通安全设施traffic square交通广场traffic stream车流traffic survey交通调查traffic volume交通量traffic volume observation station交通量观测站traffic volume prognosis交通量预测traffic volume survey交通量调查transition curve缓和曲线transition slab at bridge head桥头搭板transition zone of cross section断面渐变段transition zone of curve widening加宽缓和段transitional gradient缓和坡段transverse beam横梁transverse joint横缝traverse导线traverse survey导线测量trencher挖沟机triaxial test三轴试验trip出行true joint真缝trumpet interchange喇叭形立体交叉trunk highway干线公路truss bridge桁架桥tunnel(道路)隧道tunnel boring machine隧道掘进机tunnel lining衬砌tunnel portal洞门tunnel support隧道支撑turnaround loop回车道，回车场turning point转点公路工程英语词汇第13页，共13页two-way curved arch bridge双曲拱桥two-way ramp双向匝道type of dry and damp soil base土基干湿类型U-shaped abutment〓U形桥台under-ground pipes comprehensive design管线综合设计underground water地下水underground water level地下水位underpass grade separation下穿铁路立体交叉universal photo全能法测图urban road城市道路valley line沿溪线variable load可变荷载vehicle stream车流vehicular gap车(辆)间净距verge路肩vertical alignment纵面线形vertical curb立缘石(侧石)vertical curve竖曲线vertical pro(路线)纵断面图viameter路面平整度测定仪vibratory roller振动压路机viscosimeter(沥青)粘度仪viscosity(of bitumen)(沥青)粘(滞)度void ratio孔隙比washout水毁waste弃土waste bank弃土堆water cement ratio水灰比water content含水量water level水位water reducing agent减水剂water stability水稳性water-bound macadam水结碎石路面wearing course磨耗层weaving交织weaving point交织点weaving section交织路段wheel tracking test车辙试验width of subgrade路基宽度workability和易性Y intersection〓Y形交叉___。
建筑工程专业英语Unit 4
Text B
Exercises
I. Fill in the missing words according to the Chinese
meanings. The first letters are already given.
(1) 铝合金 a___ a____
(2) 氧化铝 al _____ o_____
Text B
Answer: 因为铝门通常使用好多年，可能有部分会变 得弯曲或其他损坏。在许多的铝门设计中， 更换受损 部分只不过是松几个螺丝，拆除旧的部分，并将新的 部分更换到位。当你使用的门 的一个小地方损坏时， 能够部分替换意味着不需要再买一个新的门。因此， 安装一个铝门是 一个明智的选择。
Text B
建筑工程专业英语
Unit 4
Text A
Warm-up Questions
Look at the pictures and write the names of the materials.
Answer: 1) granite 2) wood 3) cement 4) steel
Text A E 空间结构 建筑材料 玻璃幕墙
沥青防水涂料 钢筋混凝土
Text A
II Decide whether the statements are true(T) or false(F)according to the text.
1. Mud was used for filling the spaces between bricks and acted as a concrete and insulation.
Text B
II ATsraalnusmlainteumthdeofoorslluoswuainllgy apraercaognrsatrpuhcteidnttoo hCohldinuepswe.ell
基于FonF的外语形式教学
ｌ Ｊ牛 昂 ‘删 ～ ， 匹、 肃 Ｉ Ｊ ０删 ，
基于 Ｆ ｏ ｎ Ｆ的外 语 形 式 教 学
赵 永 平
（ 甘 肃政 法学 院 人 文 学院 ， 甘肃 兰 州 ７ ３ ０ ０ ７ ０ ）
［ 摘 要］Ｆ ｏ ｎ Ｆ的教学理念有效地解决 了外语教 学中的意义与形式之争 ， 体现 了形式和意义的合理结 合， 能够 为外语 教 学提 供 方 向性指 导 。在 讨论 外语 教 学 中形 式教 学的必要 性 的基 础 上 ， 介绍 Ｆ ｏ ｎ Ｆ教 学理念 ，
Ｋ ｒ ａ ｓ ｈ ｅ ｎ和 Ｓ ｃ ｈ ｗ ａ ｔ ｒ ｚ 为代表 的“ 无 接 口” 观点 的“ 非 介 入倡 导者 ” 认为 ， 通 过 可 理 解 性 的语 言 输 入 或 正
［ 收稿 日期 ］ ２ ０ １ ２— ０ ９— ２ ３
义， 保证交际能力的发展 ， 同时又有必要进行专门的
并提 出了基 于 Ｆ ｏ ｎ Ｆ的外语 形式教 学模 式 。
［ 关键词］Ｆ ｏ ｎ Ｆ教学理念 形式教学 外语教 学 ［ 中图分类号］ Ｈ ３ １ ９ ． ３［ 文献标识码 】 Ａ［ 文章编号］ １ ６ ７ ２ — ３ ４ ７ ３ （ ２ ０ １ ３ ） ０ ２— ０ １ ０ ５一 Ｏ ３
介 入性 形 式 教学 对 于外 语 学 习是 必 不 可 少 的。Ｅ ｌ —
如果 有 必要 ， 应如 何 开 展 ？这 些 问 题 都是 外 语 教 学
中宏 观性 、 指 向性 的 问题 ， 处 理不好 往 往会 导致 整个
外语 教 学陷 人方 向性歧 途 。
一
、
外语教 学中的形式教 学
识 和 交际 能力之 间 有 明显 的 出入 ， 他 们 的语 法 知 识
路桥工程专业英语词汇(顺序版)
3-axle truck 三轴汽车abut 邻接，毗邻，贴近，靠紧，接近abutment 桥台accessibility 易接近，可到达的accommodating 乐于助人的，随和的accompanying 陪伴的，附随的account 计算，账目，说明，估计，理由，总计有，认为，得分aesthetic 美学的，审美的，有审美感的air temperature 气温algebraic 代数的，关于代数的algorithm 运算法则alternaive bid 替补性投标alternative 二者选一，替补ambient air temperature 周围（介质）温度，环境温度ambush 伏击；埋伏（处）amplification 扩大appearance 外观approach 引道approval 赞成，承认，正式批准apron 裙板arbitrary 任意的，武断的，独裁的，专断的arch bridge 拱桥arterial 动脉的arterial 干线的asphalt binder 沥青结合料assign 分配，指派assignment 分配，委派，任务，作业，atterberg limits 土的特性湿度界限bearing 支座bituminous 沥青的，含沥青的bottom slab 底板bow string girder 系杆拱梁，弓弦梁cable-stayed bridges 斜拉桥cable-stayed bridge斜拉桥cantilever 悬臂capacity 容量，生产量，智能，才能cease 停止，终了centroid 质心centroid 质心channelization 管（渠）道化characteristic特有的，表示特性的，典型的clearance 净空clearance 清除code 标准commence 开始，着手comply 顺从，答应，遵守compression 压力comprise 构成，组成conservative 保守的，守旧的consistent 一致的，调和的，坚固的，consultant 顾问，商议者，咨询者contingent 可能发生的，暂时的，附随的，偶然的事情converting 吹（炉冶）炼，转炉炼钢corrosion 锈蚀creep 徐变crossroad 十字路，十字路口，歧途cross-section 横截面currently 普遍的，通常的，现在，当前curvature 曲率cut-back asphalt 轻质（地）沥青，稀释（地）沥青cycle track 自行车道dead load 静载deck slab 顶板deem 认为，相信deflection 歪斜，偏，偏向deflectometer 挠（弯，偏，挺）度计deformation 变形depressed 降低的，悲伤的，沮丧的destination 目的地，目的文件，目的单元格destructive 分解蒸馏，毁馏deteriorate 恶化deviation 背离differentiate 区别，区分dilute 稀释，discrepancy 相差，差异，矛盾distinct 清楚地，明显的，截然不同的，独特的diversion 绕行绕路ductile 韧性的durability 耐久的dwelling 住处eccentric 偏心的，偏心装置efficiency 效率，功率eigenfrequency 本征频率，特征频率element 单元，元件，要素elevation 高程emulsified asphalt 乳化沥青emulsify 使乳化erect 架设essentially 本质的，本来，根本europe-wide 欧洲范围exception 例外，反对，除外expanded 扩大的，膨胀的expansive 易扩张的，广阔的，豪爽的，豪华的expedite 加快，促进，迅速做好exponential 指数，倡导者，演奏者，例子，指数的，幕数的expressway 快速路external prestressing 体外预应力extrapolation 外推法，推断facility 容易，简易，灵巧，熟练falsework 支架flag 薄层；薄层砂岩flexibility 弹性，适应性，机动性foundation 基础frost 霜冻，严寒，结霜，霜generate 产生，发生gorge 峡谷grade separations 立体交叉gradient 坡度granular 有小粒而成的，粒状的grout 薄胶泥薄浆，石灰浆，用薄泥浆填塞grout 压降handbook 手册，便览handrail 护栏hard-surfaced road 硬质路面道路heavens 冻胀histogram 柱状图hostile 敌人的，敌方的household 家庭的，家族的，家属的，普遍的，平常的hybrid construction 混合施工hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物，烃hydrogen sulphide 硫化氢impedance 阻抗，安全阻，implement 工具，器械，贯彻，实现，执行impose 释….强加于，利用，强使incremental launching 顶推inherent 固有的，内在的，与生俱来的internal prestressing 体内预应力intrusion 闯入，侵扰iterative 重复的，反复的，迭代的jughandle 不均衡的，单方面的，片面的lane （乡间）小路，巷，里弄，狭窄的通道，航线lateral 侧面的latex 乳胶，橡胶lens 透镜，镜头liquefy 液化logarithmic 对数的longitudinal 纵向的loss-of-prestress 预应力损失maintenance 维持，保持，生活费用，扶养maintenance 维修maneuver 机动manual 手册，指南masonry 砌体mass 群众的，大规模的，集中的，块，大多数，质量，materially 本质上，物质上，重大median 中央的，中线的，中值的methodology 方法论，方法学methodology 方法学，方法论minimize 将……减到最少minimum 最小的，最低的，最小值，最小化mitigate 减轻moisture 潮湿，湿气moment of inertia 惯性矩mound 土墩，护坡，堆起，筑堤necessitate 成为必要node 节点occupancy 占有optimal 最佳的ordinary temperature 常温orthotropic 正交的oscillation 振动overall length 全长overpass 天桥，路桥oxidation 氧化（作用）oxidize 氧化，使氧化parameter 参数，参量，起限定作用的因素parish 教区partial prestressing 部分预应力passage 通道peak 山顶，顶点，最高峰，缩小peak 山顶，顶点，最高峰，消瘦，缩小pedestrian 徒步的，呆板的，通俗的，步行者pedestrian 行人penetration（沥青）针入度，灌入，贯入度perceive 感知，感到，认识到performance grading 沥青的性能等级petroleum 石油pier 桥墩pilot 试点的，引导的pipeline 管线pitch 硬沥青，硬煤沥青placed放，安装，排列，整顿plasticity 可塑的，塑性，portal frame门架post-tensioned method 后张法potential 潜在的，可能的，潜能，潜力，电压precast 预制prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土prioritize 把…...区分优先次序process 过程，作用，方法，程序，步骤，进行profile 侧面，外形，轮廓proposed 被提议的prosper （使）兴隆，（使）繁荣，（使）成功prototype 原型prudent 谨慎的R.C. 钢筋混凝土reduction 减少refine 提炼removal 移动，免职，切除replaceable 可替换的residential 住宅的，与居住有关的resilient 弹回的，有回弹力的resistance 抵抗restrained 受限制的，有限的，拘谨的retaining wall 挡墙right-of-way 公路用地rigid frame bridge 刚架桥rigidity 刚性，刚度roadway 路幅roller 转轴rubble 毛石，块石saddle 鞍座scaffold脚手架scatter 分散，散开，撇开，驱散semi-solid半无限固体semi-weathered 半风化的shrinkage 收缩shuttering 模板shy 怕羞的，畏缩的，害羞的sidewalk 人行道significance 重要（性），紧要，重大significantly 意味深长的，值得注目的simply supported 简支simulate 模仿sinuous 曲折的，错综复杂的slab bridge 板桥slenderness 细长比slope 斜坡，斜面，倾斜sodden 泡胀了的soft coal 烟煤span-by-span 逐孔spectra 范围，光谱spilt 劈开，裂开，分裂，分离stiffness 刚度stiffness 坚硬，硬度submit 服从，顺从，提交，递交subsoil 地基substructure 下部结构sufficient 充分的，足够的sulphur dioide 二氧化硫sulphur extened asphalt 掺硫沥青sulphur 硫硫磺硫化的硫磺的summary 概要，摘要superimposed load 附加荷载superstructure 上部结构susceptible 易受影响的，易感动的，容许…..的suspension bridge 悬索桥swampy 沼泽的，多沼泽的，潮湿的tack coat （沥青）黏层，黏结层tank 箱t-beam T梁tender 投标tendon 钢束tension 拉力terminate 停止，结束，终止terrain 地形thaw 解冻three-dimensional 三维的tie beam 系梁topography 地形学topography 地形（测量）学，地形，地势tower 塔transit 经过，通行，搬运，通过，经过transmit 传递transverse 横向的trend 倾诉，趋势，伸向，通向truss 桁架turnpike 收费公路up to 直到usable 可用的，合用的，便于使用的versatility多能性，多换性，多用途version 译文，译本，翻译versus 与……相对vibration 振动waterproof 防水的，不透水的，防水物料，防水布weakening 弱化well 井wingwall 翼墙zonal 带状的。
桥渡专业英语
一：汉译英短语1专业英语English for special purpose2 土木工程civil engineering3屈服准则yield criterion4主应力principal stress5固体排水原理the principle of displacement of water by solid body6地球自转the rotation of the earth on its own axis7使用钢筋混凝土the employment of reinforced concrete8 变形deformation9刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material10减低车速reduce speed11粉碎educe to power12降低温度reduce the temperature13缩短时间reduce the time14削减工程开支reduce construction expenses15缩小工程规模reduce the scales of construction16减少交通事故Reduce the numbers of traffic accidents17钢铁工业The iron and steel industry18机器运转正常。
The machine works properly.19可以问老师一些问题The teacher may be asked questions.。
20分解Decompose/break down/dissociate21吸附过程的原理The principle of absorption22这些书每十本一捆These books are packed in tens.23这些商品数以百计。
The commercial products are counted by hundreds.24削减工程开支Reduce construction expenses25缩小工程规模Reduce the scales of construction26 分子结构molecular structure27通过X射线衍射的方法by means of the X-ray diffraction28太阳能solar energy29 混合物与化合物mixtures and compounds30.大型结构large structure31. 变形缝expansion joints32值得赞扬be most commendable33忽视公路安全ignorant of the safety on highways34.新发现的材料the newly discovered material35. 力学性能mechanical property36 史前时代in prehistoric time37. 全世界throughhout the world38.不带铰链的连续梁桥a continuous girder bridge with no hinges39 从事教学活动的土木工程师teaching civil engineers engage40 基础研究和应用研究basic research41 初期数据preeliminary data42. 完全不同的支撑和荷载条件the totally different conditions of support andloading43. 临时结构和永久结构temporary structure and permanent structure44. 在挖掘过程中during the process of excavation45 侧向土压力lateral earth pressure46海拔、高度elevation47（正）垂直视图elevation view / vertical48view水平投影horizontal view49 侧视图lateral plan50耐久性durability51充分使用considerable use52工程技术与工程管理engineering technology and management53脆性材料和柔性材料brittle and ductile materials54不同材料具有不同的力学性质Different materials differ in their mechanical behavior.55所有材料都热胀冷缩All substances expand when heated and contract when cooled.56素混凝土梁plain concrete beam57一切就绪All preparations were done.58施工现场construction site59静荷载和活荷载dead load and live load60附加承载力additional capability61梁的水平轴线（中性面）horizontal axis of the beam(neutral plane)62旋转力矩或扭转力矩rotating or turning motion63现代最引人注目的工程事故之一One of the most spectacular engineering failures of modern times64上表面向下凹或向内弯曲The top surface is concave or bend inward.句子1路面根据表面传递荷载形式分为刚性路面和柔性路面。
路桥工程专业(森工)外语,带翻译
Unit 1 Highway Introduction公路简介(1) Road classification道路分类Road路,道路,公路, highway公路;干道, freeway高速公路;高速干道, expressway高速公路, street街,街道,(2) Road concept道路概念Road layout道路布局,planning 城市规划,土地规划, spacing 间隔, network网状物;网状系统, location位置;场所,所在地, terrain 地形;地势, drainage排水系统,排水设备;下水道, survey 测量,勘测,测绘(3) Road structure道路结构Alignment线型surface面,表面, subgrade路基,地基curvature弯曲, (几何)曲率, gradient 坡度,倾斜度, ditch沟;壕沟,水道,渠道, turnout产量,产额,4) Materials材料Gravel 砂砾,碎石,石子dirt污物;烂泥;灰尘,泥土, soil土,泥土,土壤, asphalt沥青;柏油, cement水泥, concrete 混凝土的, 具体的Rubble毛石，块石, flag薄层，薄层砂岩, stone石,石头,石块, slab石板，厚板,平板;厚片, grout薄泥浆;水泥浆,石灰浆lime石灰, cement水泥,胶结材料Bottom layer底层/intermediate layer中间层/upper layer上层/top layer顶层The Empire帝国/ the Dark Ages黑暗时代/ the Middle Ages中世纪Topograph地形图/topography地形;地形学;地形测量学/topographic地形(学)上的Turnpike收费公路/toll system收费系统/ETC –Electronic Toll Collection电子收费3. Highway types公路类型Freeway高速公路;高速干道: freeway/expressway高速公路Controlled access highway控制进入高速公路Conventional highway传统的公路Highway公路;干道: arterial highway干线公路/bypass旁道,旁路/divided highway双向分隔行驶的公路;双向之间有分车带的公路/through street通过街/through highway通过公路Parkway停车道Scenic highway风景公路Street街,街道: Cul-de-Sac street小路尽头的街道/dead end street尽头街道/frontage street正街/local street地方街道Road路,道路,公路: frontage road街面道路/local road地方道路/toll road 收费道路(bridge桥,桥梁, tunnel隧道,地道)1. Technical termsCross section横断面/ Profile 纵断面(图),剖面(图)/Plan view平面视图Longitudinal section/ Transverse section 纵/横截面Lane/ Multilane/ Multiple lanes行车/多通道/多车道Roadway巷道Through traffic/ Local traffic/ Traffic island通过交通/交通/交通岛MedianRoadbed/ curb/ shoulder路基/ 路边,(人行道旁的)镶边石,边栏/肩Right-of-way 公路用地Surface course表面过程/ Wearing course磨损过程/ Basecourse基层/Flexible pavement柔性路面/ Rigid pavement刚性路面Cohesion凝聚力/ cohesive有粘着力的;凝聚性的;有结合力的Roadbase基层/ Subbase基层Crack/ Break/ Stress/ Distress裂纹/打破/压力/痛苦,窘迫的Modulus of elasticity弹性模量2. Main points1 Geometric Cross Section on Highway几何截面的公路上1.1 Lane巷1.2 Median位数1.3 Outer separation外部分离1.4 Roadbed路基1.5 Roadside路边1.6 Roadway巷1.7 Shoulder肩1.8 Travel way旅行方式Unit 4 Asphalt and Mix Asphalt沥青和沥青混合Technical termsMix/ mixture/ compound混合/混合物/复合Petroleum石油/ crude oil原油/ gasoline汽油/ diesel柴油/ gas可燃气;煤气;沼气/ petrol汽油Bitumen沥青/ bituminous 沥青的;含沥青的/ pitch搭(帐篷);扎(营)/asphalt沥青/ asphaltum沥青/ tar焦油;柏油,沥青Hydrocarbon碳氢化合物/ hydrau液Destructive distillation破坏性蒸馏Disulfate硫酸盐Emulsify乳化/ emulsion乳胶;乳状液/Dilute稀释/ diluents稀释剂/solvent有溶解力的/ cutter stock刀具的库存Oxygen氧,氧气/ oxidize使氧化/ oxidation 氧化(作用)/ oxidization 氧化/ dioxide二氧化物/ hydrogen氢/ sulphur硫磺Waterproof不透水的,防水的Acid/ alkalis/ salt/ alcohol酸/碱/盐/酒精Liquid/ fluid/ liquor/ liquefy液/液/液/液化Semi-solid半固态/ hard-brittle solid硬脆性固体/ water-thin liquidBinder粘结剂,捆缚(或包扎)用具;绳索,带子/ sticky粘的;涂有粘胶物质的;泥泞的/ viscous粘的/ adhesive粘的;粘着的;有粘性的/ viscosity粘质;粘性Hard-surface硬地/ hard-face硬面/ hard-surfaced road坚硬的路Tack coat粘结层Cut-back asphalt稀释沥青Penetration. 针入度Versatility多样化的/ flexibility易曲性;适应性,灵活性;弹性/ durability耐久性/ ability能力;能耐/ capacity 容量, 能力,才能,接受能力,理解力/ compactability紧/Rigidity 坚硬;严格;刚直;死板/ strength强度;(酒等的)浓度/ hardness硬性;硬度/ elastic 有弹性的,有弹力的/ rigid坚硬的;坚固的;不易弯曲的/ modules of elasticity弹性模数/Cold temperature cracking低温开裂/ warm temperature rutting高温车辙Performance 履行;实行;完成,演出/ grade等级;级别;阶段/ Performance Grading性能分级(PG)Aggregate使聚集Bin (贮藏谷物等的)箱子,容器,仓/ dryer干燥剂,催干剂/ pug mill练泥机/ drum鼓状物;圆桶/ tank (贮水,油,气等的)柜,罐,箱,槽latex乳汁;乳胶sulphur extended asphalt硫磺沥青混合料sulphur dioxide二氧化硫hydrogen sulphide硫化氢1. Technical termsStability 稳定,稳定性/ stabilize 使稳定,使稳固/availability有效;有益;可利用性/ available 可利用的,可得到的/Sense 感觉;意识;观念/ sensitivity敏感性;感受性Solubility 可溶性, 溶解度/ soluble 可溶解的/ solution溶解,解答;解决(办法); /Rutting车辙/ rust锈,铁锈;(脑子等的)迟钝;(能力等的)荒废/ tar焦油;柏油,沥青Roadstone石马路By-product副产品/ coke 焦,焦炭,焦煤/ coal gas 煤气/ kerosene煤油,火油Residue 残余,剩余,滤渣,残余物/ residual残留的;剩余的/ remain剩下,余留strengthen 加强;增强;巩固/ strength 力,力量, 强度/ deformation 毁坏;变形/ deform 使变形/ reform 改革,革新,改良elastic有弹性的,有弹力的/elasticity 弹性;弹力/plastic可塑的,塑性的/plasticity 可塑性;适应性;柔软性/chipping碎屑permanent永久的,永恒的;永远的, 固定性的;常在的/ temporary 临时的;暂时的,一时的poise使平衡;使平稳/ Dyne达因/ Newton 牛顿stiffness劲度/ stiff 硬的,僵直的,僵硬的/ stress压力;紧张;应力/ strain拉紧;拖紧;伸张/ fatigue疲劳,劳累Deduce演绎,推论/ deduction 扣除,减除,推论;演绎(法/ composition 构成;构图;成分penetration test渗透测试/ softening point test软化点试验/ ring and ball test环和球试验internal diameter 内部直径/ external diameter外部直径sample样品,样本;例子,实例/ water bath水浴arbitrary反复无常的,任性多变的;独断的,专制的/ pragmatic 实际的;实干的/ pragmatism 实用主义/fluidity 流动性;流状;易变(性)/ segregate分离/ susceptibility敏感性/ susceptible 敏感的, rheology流变学/ rheological 流变rolled asphalt碾压沥青synthetic polymer 合成聚合物/ additive附加的epoxy resin环氧树脂impart to传授/ deter威慑住,吓住;使断念/ deterrent 威慑的;遏制的container terminal集装箱码头/ airfield apron机场停机坪Unit 5 Cement and Concrete水泥和混凝土A. Technical termsCement水泥,胶结材料/ chalk粉笔/ matrix矩阵Cementitious 水泥Calcium钙/ calciferous钙/Lime石灰/ limestone石灰石Silica 硅土,二氧化硅/ silicate硅酸盐Aluminium铝/ alumina氧化铝/ aluminate铝sinter烧结coarse clinker粗水泥熟料calcium aluminate 铝酸钙/ calcium silicate硅酸钙hydrate水合物/ cure治疗/Work工作/ workable 可使用的,可运转的/ workability可使用性Shrinkage收缩/ swell膨胀/ swellable膨胀/ swellability溶胀strain拉紧;拖紧;伸张grout薄泥浆;水泥浆constituent组织/ ingredient成分/ component组成Thermal热的;热量的/ thermal coefficient of expansion热膨胀热系数Compressive strength抗压强度/ tensile strength拉伸强度Compressive压缩/ tensile 拉伸Reinforce加固/ reinforcing bar钢筋/ reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土Stiffness劲度Vulnerable脆弱的Efflorescence 风化/ weather天气/ weathering气候Column 柱/ volume体积/Pressure vessel压力容器1. Technical termsPrestress预应力Crew船员Contract 合同/ contractor承包商Resident engineer驻地工程师Inspector检查员Structural member结构构件Steel strand钢绞线Bridge girder桥主梁Pier cap墩帽Deck slab甲板Pretensioning先张法/ post-tensioning后张法Precast预制/ cast -in-place就地浇Box girder箱梁Predetermined stress预定压力Stretch拉伸/ relax 放松/ shorten 缩短/ induce诱导Duct 输送管;导管/ conduit导水管,导管/ pipe管,导管,输送管/ tube 管;筒/ canal管,道/ vessel 容器Anchor 锚/ Anchorage锚具corrosion腐蚀;侵入rebar钢筋/ reel卷轴tarpaulin 防水油布condense压缩/ condensation冷凝require要求/ requisite必要/ prerequisite不可缺的;事先需要的uniform 制服/ uniformity统一vary使多样化/ various不同的;各种各样的,形形色色的/ variable / variationcamber deflection 上弯翘起挠度creep蠕变Standard Specification 标准规范/ Sampling Guide取样指南Couple一双（对）/ coupler联结器Stir搅拌/ stirrup镫筋,箍筋/Web网络/ flange凸缘/ rib肋,肋骨/ side form形式Flimsy脆弱的Galvanize strip steel 镀锌带钢/ sheet steel钢片Weld焊接;熔接;锻接，使结合/ seam 缝;接缝,缝合处,接合口;裂缝Helical螺旋/helically螺旋形的/ helicopter直升飞机Contra-flexure反向弯曲/ parabolic curve抛物曲线Uplift隆起的Wobble摆动/ twist扭转;扭弯;旋转/ spall破碎Case事实，实例，案件/ Encase装箱Increment增加;增加量;增额Slack松弛的,不紧的;不严的Pressure gauge压力表/ load cell负载单元/ stretcher担架/ dynamometer动力计;力量计;握力计Dead end 尽头;困境/ stressing end强调结束Elongation measurement伸长测量法Spliced strand拼接链Tendon筋腱、预应力钢索、钢筋束Inject注射/ eject 逐出,轰出；喷射,吐出/ injection /ejectionVent通风孔,排气孔/ slut邋遢女子/ inlet valve入口阀Unit 6 Measuring Technology and Equipment测量技术及设备A. Technical termsSurvey测量/ surveyor测量员Horizontal/vertical/plumb/slope/ plan/plane垂直/水平/垂直/倾斜/计划/飞机Elevation高程Odometer 测距仪Circumference 圆周;周长/ circle圆/ circulate流通；传播/ circular 圆Tape带子,线带Tacheometry 视距测量Stadia 视距Theodolite /transit 经纬仪Rod 测杆、标尺Telescope望远镜Topographic survey地形测量Topographic mapping地形测绘Hydrographic mapping水文图Electronic distance measurement(EDM)电子距离测量Terrain地形;地势Electromagnetic电磁(体)的Velocity/speed速度/速度Band传送带；带,细绳Infrared/ ultraviolet 红外/紫外Module/ modulate模块/调节Passive/ active/ positive/ negative 被动/主动/积极/消极Perpendicular/ parallel 垂直/平行Clinometer / abney 测斜仪/水准仪Sextant六分仪/ sexagesimal 六十分数Compass界线;周围,圆规Protractor 量角器Unit 8 The Subgrade Design and Construction Technology路基设计与施工技术A. Technical termsUppermost / top soil 最上面/土壤Embankment / excavation路堤/挖掘Fill / cut填充/切割Foundation建立,创办；基础;基本原则Organic / inorganic / organ / organization有机/无机/机关/组织Imported soil / borrow sources进口/借用来源Dense / density / condense密/密度/凝结Moisture content含水量Classification分类;分级Differ / different / difference / differentiate不同的/不同/不同/分化Cobble / gravel / sand / silt / clay卵石/砾/砂/泥/粘土Fine grained soil细粒土Dry mass / dry matter干质量／干物质Semi-weathered半风化In-situ在原处;在原位置Infer推断Resilient modulus 回弹模量Manual 手的;手工的;用手操作的；体力的Backcalculate 反演计算Overlay覆盖;铺在...上面;镀；压倒Prototype原型;标准;模范Frost冰冻/ thaw融化,融解/ heave举起,拉起, /Guide / guidance / guideline指导/指南/指导方针Expansive soil 膨胀土Bentonitic shale 膨胀土页岩Soil modifier土壤改良剂Culvert阴沟;地下电缆管道；涵洞桥Form / formulate / formulation / formula形式/制定/公式化；规划;构想/公式Title——Highway Subgrade Construction公路路基施工1. Technical termsExcavation挖掘;开凿Borrow pit借土坑Sidestep回避Borrow ditch借沟Dispose / disposal处理/处置Surplus material剩余材料Approach接近,靠近Conforming / nonconforming material合格/不合格材料Top soil / superficial coatTurf 草皮土壤/表层stake mark危险标记subgrade edge路基边缘top of slope / foot of slope顶坡/坡脚berm 便道peg 桩facility 设施silt 泥沙,淤泥/ scour 冲刷permeable有渗透性的;可穿过的/ torrent 急流earthwork 土方量over-excavation挖blast 爆炸,爆破/ fetch soil 取土transverse 横向的;横断的;横切的/ longitudinal excavation纵向开挖hauling牵引backfill 回填self-dumper 自卸车segment / segmental部分；线段side wall侧壁rock filling填石/ borrow filling 借方填筑compaction machine压实机/ rolling passes碾压cut off切断;中断provided 以...为条件;假如(that)bench长凳;长椅；法官席;法官;法庭tamp / tamper 夯具Unit 9 Pavement Design and Construction Technology 路面设计与施工技术A. Technical termsSkid / skidding 打滑/集材/拖曳Free-draining自由排水Standing water站在水Imported/treated material进口/处理材料Platform平台,台Bound/unbound material绑定/绑定材料Bitumen-based material沥青基材料Unbound granular material松散颗粒材料Ingress入口Regular / Regularity /regulate定期/规律/调节Permeable / impermeable / permeability 渗透/渗透/渗透impermeability不渗透性Texture组织,结构,质地Tolerance忍耐,忍耐力；宽容,宽大Deep-seated 根深蒂固/由来已久/顽固的Remedy / remedial / diagnose药物/治疗/诊断Propagate / Propagation / propaganda路床面宣传/传播/宣传Formation 形态,结构Deem 认为Clear-cut 轮廓鲜明的/ 清晰的/ 皆伐Onset 开始Design life设计寿命Roadwork道路工程Discount折扣;打折扣1. Technical termsMacadam碎石Impetus 动力/推动Rubble瓦砾Avenue / street / road 路/街/路Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) 沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料Sprayer喷雾器Gritting machine 铺砂机Mixing plant搅拌设备Spreader散布者；(涂奶油用的)奶油刀Paver摊铺机Roller 滚动物;滚柱;滚筒;滚轴Road binder道路粘合剂Guss asphalt/concrete 摊铺地沥青/混凝土Stone quarry 采石场Wear and tear磨损Unit 10 Highway Alignment Design 公路线形设计A. Technical termsHorizontal/vertical alignment水平/垂直对齐Configuration. 结构;表面配置Safe operating speed安全操作速度Sight distance视距Highway capacity / traffic volume公路容量/交通量tangent正切;切线Superelevation 超高Rate of grade change速度等级变化Horizontal/vertical curve 水平/垂直曲线criteria(判断、批评的)标准,准则,尺度simple circular curve简单的圆曲线spiral transition curve 螺旋缓和曲线compound curve 复合曲线sharp curve锐曲线sharp/slight curvature 急剧的；锋利的;尖的/轻微弯曲swept path扫路centerline. 中线runoff决赛;终投票outline外形;轮廓minimum curve radii最小曲线半径long / length / lengthen长/长度/延长reverse curve 反向曲线superelevation transition超高过渡providing / provided (that) 假如…urban / suburban / rural城市/郊区/农村stopping/passing sight distance停止/超车视距multiple decision point多个决策点sight line瞄准线middle ordinate 中距/正矢no-passing zone禁区1. Technical termsGrade line分数线Crest/sag vertical curve嵴/凹形竖曲线Auxiliary lane辅助车道Maximum/minimum grade最高/最低等级Detrimental有害的warp使变形;使弯曲;Standpoint观点Climbing lane爬坡车道Offset补偿;抵消Ramp exit gore匝道出口高尔Headlight beam前照灯光束Encroach侵犯Ponding water积水Water table地下水位Pavement box路面盒Prism棱柱(体),角柱(体)Balance point平衡点Unit 14 Bridge Introduction 桥梁简介A. Technical termsPipeline / cycle track / pedestrian管道/周期轨道/行人Superstructure / substructure上层建筑/结构Single storey building单层建筑物Handrail扶手/ guardstone守护石Bearing 关系,关联；举止,风度;体态Plan view平面视图Pier墩,墩/abutment桥墩;桥基;桥台；毗邻;接界处/wingwall翼墙/approach接近,靠近/apron 裙板Rivetment 固结Masonry石造工程;石造建筑Retaining wall挡土墙Subsoil / Earthfill地基/填土Well foundation 井筒基础Footpath小径,(乡间)小路Parapet wall 栏杆、女儿墙Topple 倾覆Buckle 受弯屈服Arch bridge 拱桥/Three Gorge三峡/ span墩距;跨度slab bridge / 板桥T-beam T梁bow string girder bridge 弓弦梁桥suspension bridge吊桥Cable-stayed bridge斜拉桥steel bridge桥梁钢rainbow bridge彩虹桥Niagara river 尼亚加拉河Shutter百叶窗;活动遮板Head room头部空间Tie beam系梁Thrust用力推；刺；插;塞;挤出(路)Arch rib 拱肋Suspender / stay吊带/保持Tower塔;塔楼;高楼Orthotropic deck正交异性桥面Continuous girder连续梁Three-dimensional三维Stiffening girder加劲梁Transverse/longitudinal/radial bracing横向/纵向/径向支撑Moment of inertia转动惯量Truss bridge桁架桥Rigid frame bridge刚构桥Axial force轴向力Portal frame门架Clearance清除,清扫;出空；空地;空隙Spandrel braced arch 腹拱、肩拱Trussed arch桁架拱桥1. Technical termsInclement恶劣的Investigation / FBI调查/调查局Reconnaissance侦察;勘察;事先考查Feasibility可行性;可能性Right angle直角Erosion侵蚀;腐蚀Whirl / cross current / scour旋转/交叉电流/冲刷render给予,提供；使得,使成为inerodable strata地层High Flood Level(HFL)高水位Discharge排出(液体,气体等)；允许...离开;释放;解雇Waterway航道Pier thickness桥墩厚度High flood大洪水Current meter电流表Velocity rod流速杆Free board自由板Catchment area汇水盆地,汇水区域Watershed转折点;关键时刻；流域Boring 钻孔、钻探Rainfall降雨,下雨;降雨量Span墩距;跨度Culvert涵洞桥Ordinary Flood Level(OFL)普通洪水水位Low Water Level(LWL)低水位Afflux 雍水Head room头部空间Viaduct 高架桥Trestled bent栈桥弯曲Causeway 漫水桥Submersible潜水Cross-drainage横向排水Temporary/ permanent bridge临时/永久性桥Deck/through/semi-through bridge上/下/中承式桥Formation 建造、路床面Pony小马；小型的东西Headway进展Vertical lift bridge 垂直升降桥Bascule bridge开合式桥Swing bridge 旋开式桥Box/pipe/arch culvert盒/管/拱涵Cast iron铸铁;生铁Bearing capacity承载能力Earth cushion地垫Unit 15 Bridge Superstructure桥梁上部结构A. Technical termsWeight limit重量限制supplier供应者Span Arrangement跨径布置Bridge Project Manager大桥项目经理Redundant多余的,过剩的specification 规格;明细单;详细计划书Fracture critical骨折的关键Collapse倒塌；崩溃,瓦解Ability / Inability能力/能力Bolt螺栓stringer纵梁;纵桁span / single-span / multi-span跨度/单跨/连栋continuous spans连续跨越steel/concrete superstructure bridge钢筋混凝土桥梁rolled beam 辊压梁cover plate盖板welded plate girder焊接板梁box girder 箱梁truss扎,捆,缚,绑；用构架支撑cable stayed斜拉tied arch 系杆拱桥vertical/inclined web垂直/斜腹板top/bottom flange plate顶部/底部法兰盘hollow rectangular/trapezoidal section空心的矩形/梯形截面aesthetics美学torsional resistance扭阻力curved bridge曲线桥stringer / floor beam斯特林格/地板梁top/bottom chord顶部/底部和弦vertical/diagonal member垂直/斜成员lateral/sway bracing侧/斜撑axial load/force轴向载荷/力量concrete deck / steel girder混凝土桥面/钢大梁Box beam箱梁Strongback定位板Fabricate / fabrication / fabricator制造/生产/制造Balanced cantilever平衡悬臂Strain gage应变计Homogeneity / non-homogeneity 均匀/非均匀性Erratic 不定、无规律的Deflection偏斜;偏向;挠曲;偏度;挠度Mid-span / middle span / side span跨中/ 中跨/ 边跨Yield出产;结出(果实);产生(效果,收益等)Non-linearity非线性的Prescribe规定,指定Limiting strain极限应变flexure弯曲;弯曲部分,曲率neutral axis中性轴centroid距心lever arm杠杆臂resultant compression/tension/force/load由此产生的压缩/拉伸/ /载荷equivalent stress block等效应力块investigation / FBI调查/调查局under-reinforced / over-reinforced少筋/ 超筋stress intensity应力强度product产品,产物;产量;出产nomenclature学术用语;术语表Unit 16 Bridge Substructure桥梁下部结构A. Technical termsCap-and column type pier柱式墩帽Strut 支撑、加固T-type pierT型Hammerhead pier锤头码头Taper逐渐减少;逐渐变弱Rectangular/oval column矩形或椭圆柱Wall type pier墙式墩Strut and tie model拉压杆模型footing(稳固的)地位;基础single column/multi-column单/多列concentrated load集中荷载wall abutment墙台caisson 沉箱gutter 槽stepped/terraced wall configuration加强/梯田壁配置stub abutment直式桥台integral abutment整体式桥台wingwall 翼墙bridge seat 桥座backwall 背墙stem柄,把,杆approach slab 搭板contour轮廓;轮廓线；外形;结构1. Technical termsSpread footing扩展基础Cofferdam 围堰Negative skin friction / downdrag force负摩/下拉荷载力Friction pile摩擦桩End bearing pile端承桩Drilled caisson钻孔灌注Constructibility可构成性Embedment嵌入Casing箱;盒Confinement curbing约束控制Wire mesh basket 网笼Gabion 枝条筐streambed河床Unit 20 ——Construction Management and Cost Estimate 施工组织与概预算A. Technical termsSchedule 进度表Event / task / action /activity活动/任务/行动/活动Ultimate disposition 最后安排Expense / expenditure / cost费用/费用/成本Recast重铸Uncertainty不确定;不确信;易变;不可靠Production rate / productivity生产效率/生产力Gantt chart / bar chart甘特图表/图表Superimpose叠加Critical Path Method (CPM)关键路径法Critical task关键任务Logic diagram逻辑图Superintendent监督人,监管者Activity-on-the-arrow (AOA)活动箭Activity-on-the-node (AON)节点活动Dummy activity 虚拟工序Early start time / late start time开始时间早/晚开始时间Early finish time / late finish time最早完成时间/最晚完成时间Double line / bold line / color highlighted line / dash line双行线/颜色/大胆突出线/虚线Float / total float / free float 浮动/总时差/自由浮动interfering float 时差Preceding activity / succeeding activity前面的活动/后继活动Title——Construction Cost Estimate 建筑成本预算1. Technical termsBreakdown故障,损坏,崩溃;破裂Parameter / parametric参数/参数Direct/indirect cost直接/间接成本Finance / budget财务/预算Craftman钱包Scheme / schematic计划/方案Unit cost/price单位成本/价格Lump sum总金额Site visit网站访问Checklist核对用的清单Take-off脱下;移去；起飞；休假Overhead / profit / bond费用/利润/债券Escalation / contingence升级/偶然Shift 转移;替换,推卸Craft行业,职业Ownership and operating cost所有权和经营成本Dozer / bulldozer推土机/推土机Vendor 卖主Tax税;税金Markup 售价Similarity / dissimilarity相似/相异Unit 21 Tendering and Contract 投标与合同A. Technical termsTender敏感的,嫩的;柔软的；温柔的,体贴的Bid / bidder招标投标Agreement同意,一致；协定,协议Bond结合力;联结,联系Insurance保险;保险契约Makeup补足；编造；组成Owner / architect / designer / supplier / party业主/建筑师/设计师/供应商/派对Public agency / private company公共部门/私营公司Responsibility职责,任务;义务,负担General/special/technical provision一般/特殊/技术discretion判断力;辨别力；谨慎,考虑周到addenda补遗;追加；附加物Title——Types of construction contracts and bonds建筑合同和担保的类型1. Technical termsNegotiation / renegotiation协商/谈判Arctic / Antarctic北极/南极Cost plus a fixed fee成本加固定费用Cost plus a percentage成本加百分比Incentive刺激;鼓励;动机Thrifty 节约Innovation革新,改革,创新Compensate补偿,赔偿;酬报Procure 获得、实施Popular / popularity / population流行/流行/人口Recoup 收回surety / obligee担保/债权人forfeiture 没收、罚金penal / penalty刑法/处罚underwrite / constraint认购/约束default 违约option选择;选择权;选择自由lien 扣留权、留置权。
道路工程专业英语翻译
13.4交织区域的分析Weavin g areashave been the subjec t of a greatdeal of resear ch sincethe late 1960s,yet many featur es o f curren t proced uresrely heavil y on judgme nt. This is primar i l y due to the greatdiffic ultyin and cost of collec tingcompre hensi ve data on weavin g operat ions. Weavin g areascoversignif icant length s and genera lly requir e videot aping from elevat ed vantag e points or time-linked separa te observ ation of entrya n d e x i t termin als and visual matchi ng of vehicl es. Furthe r, thereare a largenumber of variab les affect ing weavin g operat ions,and,theref ore, a largenumber of sitesreflec tingthesevariab les wouldneed to be observ ed.自20世纪60年代后期就对交织区域问题进行了大量的研究,然而，许多现行规程的特点主要还是依赖于判断。
这主要是由于在交织运作方面的全面的数据收集存在极大的困难和成本。
路桥工程专业英语赵永平英译汉翻译
11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 11111111111111南昌大学教材：《路桥工程专业英语》主编：赵永平；副主编：盛可鉴；人民交通出版社，2007年学分：0.5学时：16 周学时：2 上课周数：8上课内容：第一课：Highway Introduction公路概论第二课：Asphait & Mix Asphalt沥青及沥青混合料第三课：The Subgrade Design and Construction Technology路基设计与施工技术第四课：Freeway and it’s Accessory Facilities高速公路及附属设施第五课：Traffic Engineering Introduction交通工程学概论第六课：Bridge Introduction桥梁概论第七课：Prestressed Concrete Beam Construction Technology预应力混凝土梁桥施工技术第八课：The Bridge T esting Technology桥梁测试技术上课方法：课堂讲解、翻译课后训练：背单词；阅读教材并口译；考核方法：笔试与口试结合（待定）第一课：Highway Concept公路概论A.Text The Highway Concept 公路概论B.Reading Material Highway Cross Section and Pavement 道路横断面和铺装层1.A historical note 历史回顾The first road builders of any significance in western Europe were the Romans, to whom the ability to move quickly from one part of the Empire to another was important for military and civil reasons.罗马人是西欧任何意义上的第一条道路的建设者，他们具有的从帝国的一个地方迅速移动到另一个地方的能力对政治军事而言都是非常重要的。
(路桥)土木工程工程专业英语第四课翻译共16页word资料
(路桥)土木工程工程专业英语第四课翻译第四课 Freeway and its Accessory Facilities高速公路及其附属设施 Text: Freeway DesignReading Material: Freeway Accessory FacilitiesTextFreeway Design高速公路设计Freeway are the highest form of arterials and have full access control. The full control of access is need for prioritizing the need for through traffic over direct access. A freeway’s primary function is to provide mobility, high operating speed, and level of service, while land access is limited. Access connections,where deemed necessary, are provided through grade separated interchanges.The major advantages of access controlled freeways are high capacity of the facility, high operating speeds, efficiency of the facility, and safety to all highway users.高速公路干道和最高形式，有完整的访问控制。
完整的访问控制是需要优先需要通过直接访问的流量超过。
高速公路的主要功能是提供流动性，高运行速度和服务水平，而土地使用权是有限的。
访问连接，在认为必要的情况下，提供通过分层interchanges.The的主要优点是访问控制的高速公路设施的高容量，高运行速度，效率的设施，所有公路使用者安全。
路桥专业英语课程教学大纲
路桥专业英语课程教学大纲课程名称：专业英语（路桥）英文名称：Specialized English（Road and Bridge）课程编码：x2071631学时数：32其中实践学时数：0 课外学时数：0学分数：2.0适用专业：道路桥梁与渡河工程一、课程简介《专业英语（路桥）》是道桥与渡河工程专业的专业基础课。
包括公路、桥梁、建筑材料、路基和路面设计与施工技术、线形设计等方面内容的英文内容；要求同学熟练掌握现代道路及交通工程专业知识和桥梁工程的专业知识英文表达。
《专业英语（路桥）》从发展高度拓宽同学们的知识和专业面出发，以适应未来行业对人才的需求。
通过学习，使道桥与渡河工程专业的学生掌握路桥工程专业外语方面的基本方法和相关技能，进一步掌握高速公路、桥梁、力学、工程材料、线形设计、路基路面等方面的专业知识和阅读、写作和翻译能力。
二、课程目标与毕业要求关系表三、课程教学内容、基本要求、重点和难点（一）Lesson 1 Highway Introduction1. 教学内容The Highway Concept。
2. 基本要求（1）了解部分：Highway Cross Section and Pavement；（2）理解部分：A Historical Note；（3）掌握部分：The Aims of Highway Engineering；（4）熟练掌握：Highway Types。
3. 重点和难点（1）重点：The Aims of Highway Engineering；（2）难点：Highway Types。
（二）Lesson 2 Asphalt & Mix Asphalt1. 教学内容Asphalt & Asphalt Paving Materials。
2. 基本要求（1）了解部分：Bitumen and its Properties；（2）理解部分：Asphalt Defined；The Activity To Modify Asphalt Properties; （3）掌握部分：Asphalt Binder Grading；（4）熟练掌握：Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA)。
桥梁专业外语——英文和中文翻译
可靠性分析：混凝土桥梁的结构管理工具钢筋混凝土结构容易受到各种各样退化机理的影响，其中包括碱氯离子侵蚀和冻融作用等。
大量有关这些机制和其他问题的研究工作已经开始了。
这种情况在过去20年左右的时间里尤为明显，其目的是要查明原因，后果和发展补救战略。
研究已经改善了人们对于钢筋混凝土长期表现的理解和促进了技术的进步，增加了混凝土的抵抗退化的能力。
目前，最常用的方法是问题被确定以后，采取相应的措施，被称作后期维护。
这也许不是最经济的解决方案，因为况下，维护比采取预防措施昂贵。
然而，业主往往不愿意在退化发生之前支付预防性措施所需要的钱财。
早期治疗的应用程序可能无法在长期运行的最优解。
综合恶化和性能预测建模是至积极主动的计划和优先检查，以及测试和维护的关键。
这已成为越来越多的基础设施老化和维修问题的重要关键。
绩效评估可以通过调查，测试和计算来实现，最好在正规网站的数据表示，尽可能准确，数据的结构。
通过建立和整合与评估工具和性能标准模型预测的恶化（在元素，结构或组级）就有可能建立在以时间为依据的文件之上。
这在完整的造价程序当中是有很大的关联性的。
大量有关这些机制和其他问题的研究工作已经开始了。
这种情况在过去20年左右的时间里尤为明显，其目的是要查明原因，后果和发展补救战略。
研究已经改善了人们对于钢筋混凝土长期表现的理解和促进了技术的进步，增加了混凝土的抵抗退化的能力目前，最常用的方法是问题被确定以后，采取相应的措施，被称作后期维护。
这也许不是最经济的解决方案，因为况下，维护比采取预防措施昂贵。
然而，业主往往不愿意在退化发生之前支付预防性措施所需要的钱财。
早期治疗的应用程序可能无法在长期运行的最优解。
综合恶化和性能预测建模是至积极主动的计划和优先检查，以及测试和维护的关键。
这已成为越来越多的基础设施老化和维修问题的重要关键。
可靠性分析已经成为在这个多目标管理过程中的重要工具，它必须考虑到安全性，功能性和可持续性标准。
道桥专业文献翻译
英文翻译LIMIT ANALYSIS OF SOIL SLOPES SUBJECTED TOPORE-WATER PRESSURESBy J.Kim R.salgado, assoicite member, ASCE ,and H.S., member,ASCEABSTRACT: The limit-equilibrium method is commonly, used for slope stability analysis. However, it is well known that the solution obtained from the limit-equilibrium method is not rigorous, because neither static nor kinematic admissibility conditions are satisfied. Limit analysis takes advantage of the lower-and upper-bound theorem of plasticity to provide relatively simple but rigorous bounds on the true solution. In this paper, three nodded linear triangular finite elements are used to construct both statically admissible stress fields for lower-bound analysis and kinematically admissible velocity fields for upper-bound analysis. By assuming linear variation of nodal and elemental variables the determination of the best lower-and upper-bound solution maybe set up as a linear programming problem with constraints based on the satisfaction of static and kinematic admissibility. The effects of pro-water pressure are considered and incorporated into the finite-element formulations so that effective stress analysis of saturated slope may be done. Results obtained from limit analysis of simple slopes with different ground-water patterns are compared with those obtained from the limit-equilibrium method.Key words: Soil Slop；Stability；The Pore-Water Pressure；The Limit-Equilibrium Method INTRODUCTIONStability and deformation problem in geotechnical engineering are boundary-value problem; differential equations must be solved for given boundary conditions. Solutions are found by solving differential equations derived from condition of equilibrium, compatibility, and the constitutive relation of the soil, subjected to boundary condition. Traditionally, in soil mechanics, the theory of elasticity is used to set up the differential equations for deformation problems, while the theory of plasticity is used for stability problems. To obtain solution for loadings ranging from small to sufficiently large to cause collapse of a portion of the soil mass,a complete elastoplastic analysis considering the mechanical behavior of the soil until failure may be thought of as a possible method. However, such an elastoplastic analysis is rarely used in practice due to the complexity of the computations. From a practical standpoint, the primary focus of a stability problem is on the failure condition of the soil mass. Thus, practical solutions can be found in a simpler manner by focusing on conditions at impending collapse.Stability problem of natural slopes, or cut slopes are commonly encountered in civil engineering projects. Solutions may be based on the slip-line method, the limit-equilibrium method, or limit analysis. The limit-equilibrium method has gained wide acceptance in practice due to its simplicity. Most limit-equilibrium method are based on the method of slices, in which a failure surface is assumed and the soil mass above the failure surface is divided into vertical slices. Global static-equilibrium conditions for assumed failure surface are examined, and a critical slip surface is searched, for which the factor of safety is minimized. In the development of the limit-equilibrium method, efforts have focused on how to reduce the indeterminacy of the problem mainly by making assumptions on inter-slice forces. However, no solution based on the limit-equilibrium method, not even the so called “rigorous”solutions can be regarded as rigorous in a strict mechanical sense. In limit-equilibrium, the equilibrium equations are not satisfied for every point in the soil mass. Additionally, the flow rule is not satisfied in typical assumed slip surface, nor are the compatibility condition and pre-failure constitutive relationship.Limit analysis takes advantage of the upper-and lower-bound theorems of plasticity theory to bound the rigorous solution to a stability problem from below and above. Limit analysis solutions are rigorous in the sense that the stress field associated with a lower-bound solution is in equilibrium with imposed loads at every point in the soil mass, while the velocity field associated with an upper-bound solution is compatible with imposed displacements. In simple terms, under lower-bound loadings, collapse is not in progress, but it may be imminent if the lower bound coincides with the true solution lies can be narrowed down by finding the highest possible lower-bound solution and the lowest possible upper-bound solution. For slope stability analysis, the solution is in terms of either a critical slope height or a collapse loading applied on some portion of the slope boundary, for given soil properties and/or givenslope geometry. In the past, for slope stability applications, most research concentrated on the upper-bound method. This is due to the fact that the construction of proper statically admissible stress fields for finding lower-bound solutions is a difficult task. Most previous work was based on total stresses. For effective stress analysis, it is necessary to calculate pore-water pressures. In the limit-equilibrium method, pore-water pressures are estimated from ground-water conditions simulated by defining a phreatic surface, and possibly a flow net, or by a pore-water pressure ratio. Similar methods can be used to specify pore-water pressure for limit analysis.The effects of pore-water pressure have been considered in some studies focusing on calculation of upper-bound solutions to the slope stability problem. Miller and Hamilton examined two types of failure mechanism: (1) rigid body rotation; and (2) a combination of rigid rotation and continuous deformation. Pore-water pressure was assumed to be hydrostatic beneath a parabolic free water surface. Although their calculations led to correct answers, the physical interpretation of their calculation of energy dissipation, where the pore-water pressures were considered as internal forces and had the effect of reducing internal energy dissipation for a given collapse mechanism, has been disputed. Pore-water pressures may also be regarded as external force. In a study by Michalowski, rigid body rotation along a log-spiral failure surface was assumed, and pore-water pressure was calculated using the pore-water pressure ratio ru=u/ǐz, where u=pore-water pressure, ǐ=total unit weight of soil, and z=depth of the point below the soil surface. It was showed that the pore-water pressure has no influence on the analysis when the internal friction angle is equal to zero, which validates the use of total stress analysis with Φ=0. In another study, Michalowski followed the same approach, except for the use of failure surface with different shapes to incorporate the effect of pore-water pressure on upper-bound analysis of slopes, the writers are not aware of any lower-bound limit analysis done in term of effective stresses. This is probably due to the increased in constructing statically admissible stress fields accounting also for the pore-water pressures.The objectives of this paper are (1) present a finite-element formulation in terms of effective stresses for limit analysis of soil slopes subjected to pore-water pressures; and (2) to check the accuracy of Bishop’s simplified method for slope stability analysis by comparingBishop ’s solution with lower-and upper-bound solution. The present study is an extension of previous research, where Bishop ’s simplified limit-equilibrium solutions are compared with lower-and upper-bund solutions for simple slopes without considering the effect of pore-water pressure. In the present paper, the effect of pore-water pressure is considered in both lower-and upper-bound limit analysis under plane-strain conditions. Pore-water pressures are accounted for by making modifications to the numerical algorithm for lower-and upper-bound calculations using linear three-noded triangles developed by Sloan and Sloan and Kleeman. To model the stress field criterion, flow of linear equations in terms of nodal stresses and pore-water pressures, or velocities, the problem of finding optimum lower- and upper-bound solutions can be set up as a linear programming problem. Lower- and upper-bound collapse loadings are calculated for several simple slope configurations and groundwater patterns, and the solutions are presented in the form of chart.LIMIT ANALYSIS WITH PORE-WATER PRESSUREAssumptions and Their implementation Limit analysis uses an idealized yield criterion and stress-strain relation: soil is assumed to follow perfect plasticity with an associated flow rule. The assumption of perfect plasticity expresses the possible states of stress in the formF('ij σ) = 0 (1)Where F('ij σ) = yield function; and 'ij σ = effective stress tensor.Associated flow rule defines the plastic strain rate by assuming the yield function F to coincide with the plastic potential function G , from which the plastic strain rate p ij ε can be obtained though''p ij ij ijG F ελλσσ∂∂==∂∂ （2）where λ= nonnegative plastic multiplier rate that is positive only when plastic deformations occur.Eq. (2) is often referred to as the normality condition, which states that the direction of plastic strain rate is perpendicular to the yield surface. Perfect plasticity with an associated with very large displacements are of concern. In addition, theoretical studies show that the collapse loads for earth slopes, where soils are not heavily constrained, are quite insensitive towhether the flow rule is associated or non-associated.Principle of Virtual WorkBoth the lower-and upper –bound theorems are based on the principle of virtual work. The virtual work equation is applicable, given the assumption of small deformations before collapse, and can be expressed as either'()A B A B A B i i i i ij ij s V V A B ij ij ij V T v dS X v dV dV p dV σεσδε-+==+⎰⎰⎰⎰ （3）Or 'A B A B B i i i i ij ij S V VT v dS X v dV dV σε+=⎰⎰⎰ （4） Where A i T = boundary loadings; A ij X -= body forces not including seepage and buoyancy forces; A ij X = body forces including seepage and buoyancy forces;A ij σ= total stress tensor inequilibrium with A i T and A ij X -; 'A ij σ= effective stress tensor in equilibrium with A i T and A ij X ; ij δ= Kronecker delta; p = pore-water pressure; and B ij ε = strain rate tensorcompatible with the velocity field B i v .There is no need for A ij σ, A i T , and A ij X -to be related to B ij ε and B i v in any particular way for (3) or (4) represent the rate of the external work, while the right-hand sides represent the rate of the internal power dissipation done by the assumed stress field and external loads on the assumed strain and velocity fields. The difference between (3) and (4) is the way to incorporate the effect of pore-water pressure: the pore-water pressures are considered as internal force, reducing the internal power dissipation, in (3), while they are considered external force in (4). By taking advantage of the normality condition , it can be easily shown that elastic stress and strain have no influence on the collapse load; that is, only plasticdeformation occurs during plastic flow, and ij ε= P ij ε.This makes limit analysis a simplemethod to solve stability problems, without loss of rigor, assuming rigid perfect plasticity. Lower-bound TheoremIf the stress field within the soil mass is stable and statically admissible, then collapse doesnot occur; that is, the true collapse load is definitely greater than the applied load. This can be written in the form of the virtual work equation, using (3), as'()L L L L i i i i ij ij ij ij ij S V V V T v dS X v dV dV p dV σεσδε-+==+⎰⎰⎰⎰ ()ij ij ij V VD dV dV εσε≤=⎰⎰ (5) Where L ij σ= statically admissible stress field in equilibrium with the traction L i T and bodyforce A ij X -not including the seepage and buoyancy force; ij σ = actual stress; ij ε = actual stain rate; and i v = velocity fields.In (5), the inequality is due to the principle of maximum plastic dissipation, according to which the actual strain rate field is always larger than the rate of work done on the actual strain rate field by a stress field not causing collapse. In (5), only the equilibrium condition and the stress boundary conditions not taken into account. The best lower bound to the true collapse load can be found by analyzing various trial statically admissible stress fields.中文翻译：孔隙水压力作用下土坡的极限分析摘要：极限平衡法一般用于土坡的稳定性分析。
(路桥)土木工程工程专业英语第四课翻译
第四课Freeway and its Accessory Facilities高速公路及其附属设施Text: Freeway DesignReading Material: Freeway Accessory FacilitiesTextFreeway Design高速公路设计Freeway are the highest form of arterials and have full access control. The full control of access is need for prioritizing the need for through traffic over direct access. A freeway’s primary function is to provide mobility, high operating speed, and level of service, while land access is limited. Access connections,where deemed necessary, are provided through grade separated interchanges.The major advantages of access controlled freeways are high capacity of the facility, high operating speeds, efficiency of the facility, and safety to all highway users.高速公路干道和最高形式，有完整的访问控制。
完整的访问控制是需要优先需要通过直接访问的流量超过。
高速公路的主要功能是提供流动性，高运行速度和服务水平，而土地使用权是有限的。
访问连接，在认为必要的情况下，提供通过分层interchanges.The的主要优点是访问控制的高速公路设施的高容量，高运行速度，效率的设施，所有公路使用者安全。
桥梁工程专业英语100词【范本模板】
1、桥梁施工节段法施工segmental construction method无支架施工erection without scaffolding顶推法施工Incremental launching method转体法施工construction by swing纵向拖拉法erection by longitudinal pulling浮运架桥法bridge erection by floating平衡悬臂施工balanced cantilever construction悬臂浇筑法free cantilever casting method cast—in-place cantilever method导梁launching nose架桥机bridge-erection crane2、桥梁结构横梁cross beam纵梁stringerlongitudinal beam桥头搭板transition slab桥面板bridge deck slab桥面系bridge floor system盖梁bent cap单向推力墩single direction thrusted pier低承台桩基low capped pile foundation沉井open caisson刃脚cutting edge桥梁类型人行桥pedestrian bridge跨线桥over crossing bridge立交桥grade separation bridge轻轨交通桥rapid transit bridge施工便桥service bridge简支梁桥simply supported bridge刚架拱桥tied arch bridge斜腿刚架桥rigid frame bridge单索面斜拉桥cable-stayed bridge with singe cable plane斜拉-悬索组合体系桥hybrid cable-supported bridge system上承式桥deck bridge中承式桥half—through bridge下承式桥through bridge梁式桥girder bridge公铁两用桥rail—cum—road bridge《公路桥梁抗风设计规范》（JTG/TD60-01-2004）《Wind-resistent design specification for highway bridges》基本风速basic wind speed设计基本风速design standard wind speed风攻角wind attack angle静阵风系数static gust factor地表粗糙度terrain roughness空气静力系数aerostatic factor静力扭转发散aerostatic torsional divergence静力横向屈曲aerostatic lateral buckling颤振flutter驰振galloping抖振buffeting涡激共振vortex resonance颤振检验风速flutter checking wind speed静力三分力aerostatic force节段模型试验sectional model testing风振控制wind-induced vibration control《公路桥梁铅芯橡胶支座》(JT/T822—2011）《Lead rubber bearing isolator for highway bridge》设计压应力design compressive stress屈服前刚度pre—yield stiffness屈服后刚度post-yield stiffness第一形状系数1st shape factor第二形状系数2nd shape factor等效阻尼比equivalent damping ratio水平等效刚度shear equivalent stiffness弹性储能elastic strain energy铅芯屈服力lead—yield force《公路桥梁摩擦摆式减隔震支座》(JT/T852-2013）《Friction pendulum seismic isolation bearing for highway bridges》减隔震起始力bolt broken force隔震周期oscillation period竖向转角vertical rotation减隔震位移the maximum displacement capacity of the bearing减隔震转角the maximum rotation capacity of the bearing回复力re-centring force《公路桥涵设计通用规范》(JTGD60—2015）《General specifications for design of highway bridges and culverts》设计基准期design reference period设计使用年限design woking lifedesign service life极限状态limit states承载能力极限状态ultimate limit states正常使用极限状态serviceability limit states设计状况design situations结构耐久性structural durability永久作用permanent action偶然作用accidental action作用的标准值characteristic value of an action作用的代表值representive value of an action可变作用的伴随值accompanying value of a variable action可变作用的组合值quasi—permanent value of a variable action作用效应effect of action作用组合combination of actions荷载组合load combination作用基本组合fundamental combination of actions分项系数partial safety factor结构重要性系数factorfor importance of structure《公路桥梁加固设计规范》（JTG/T J22—2008)《Specifications for strengthing design of highway bridges》桥梁加固strengthing of existing bridges原构件existing structure member主要承重构件main structure member纤维复合材料fiberrein forced polymer植筋bonded rebars锚栓anchor bolt结构胶黏剂structural adhesives聚合物砂浆polymer mortar环氧混凝土epoxy resin concrete阻锈剂corrosion inhibitor for reinforcing steel in concrete增大截面加固法structure member strengthing with R。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
南昌大学第四课Freeway and its Accessory Facilities高速公路及其附属设施Text: Freeway DesignReading Material: Freeway Accessory FacilitiesTextFreeway Design高速公路设计Freeway are the highest form of arterials and have full access control. The full control of access is need for prioritizing the need for through traffic over direct access. A freeway’s primary function is to provide mobility, high operating speed, and level of service, while land access is limited. Access connections,where deemed necessary, are provided through grade separated interchanges.The major advantages of access controlled freeways are high capacity of the facility, high operating speeds, efficiency of the facility, and safety to all highway users.高速公路干道和最高形式，有完整的访问控制。
完整的访问控制是需要优先需要通过直接访问的流量超过。
高速公路的主要功能是提供流动性，高运行速度和服务水平，而土地使用权是有限的。
访问连接，在认为必要的情况下，提供通过分层interchanges.The的主要优点是访问控制的高速公路设施的高容量，高运行速度，效率的设施，所有公路使用者安全。
The major differences between freeway and other arterials include the following elements: grade separations at cross roads and streets; the grade separated cross road connections between the freeway and crossroad are accomplished through exit and entrance ramps; and full control of access. Expressways can be designed with both freeway and non-freeway design elements. The use of jughandle style interchanges and use of right turn channelization is not considered freeway design, but can be used in expressway design.高速公路和其他主干道之间的主要区别包括以下元素：交叉道路和街道的立体交叉;分层交叉的高速公路和十字路口之间的道路连接都是通过出入口坡道和全面的访问控制。
可以设计快速公路与高速公路和非高速公路的设计元素。
不考虑使用jughandle风格交汇处右转和使用的信道化高速公路设计，但可以用于在高速公路设计Urban freeways generally have more travel lanes and carry more traffic than rural freeways. Urban freeways can be eigher depressed, elevated, at ground level, or a combination of the above. Urban freeways usually have a narrower median than rural freeways and tend to have more connections than rural freeways.Rural freeways are generally similar in concept to urban freeways, except that the horizontal and vertical alignments are more conservative in design. This level of design is normally associated with higher design speeds and greater accessibility to right of way. Due to the ruralnature, right of way is typically more available and less expensive. This allows for a wider median which improves the safety of the facility. In addition to the increase in safety of a rural freeway, the higher design speeds in a rural setting allow for greater capacity, a higher level of mobility, and potencially a reduced need for multiple lanes. Rural freeways are normally more comfortable from a driver perspective, and generally have lower maintenance costs. The sections below discuss the different design elements of urban and rural freeways.城市的高速公路一般有更多的旅游专线，并进行更多的流量比农村高速公路。
城市高速公路可以非此即彼郁闷，高架，地面水平，或上述的组合。
城市的高速公路通常具有更窄的中位数比农村高速公路，往往有更多的比农村高速公路连接。
农村高速公路，城市快速路的概念大致相同，除了水平和垂直对齐方式都比较保守的设计。
这个级别的设计通常是与更高的设计速度和更大的无障碍权利的方式。
由于农村的性质，权利的方式通常是更容易获得和更便宜。
这允许更广泛的中位数，从而提高了安全设施。
此外在乡村的高速公路的安全性的增加，在农村设置更高的设计速度，允许更大的容量，更高级别的迁移率，需要为多个车道potencially减少。
农村高速公路通常更舒适，从司机的角度来看，一般具有较低的维护成本。
下面的部分将讨论城市和农村高速公路不同的设计元素。
1 Design SpeedIn general, the design speed of freeways should be similar to the desired running speed during off peak hours, keeping in mind a reasonable and prudent speed. In some urban areas, with populations under 50,000, the posted freeway speed is 65 mph. In other more densely populated urban areas (over 50,000), the posted speed is 55 mph. Because of the different posted speeds, the design speed chosen may vary. In many urban areas the amount of available right of way can be restricted and achieving high design speeds can be very costly. In balancing the need for safety and providing a high speed facility with consideration for right of way costs, the design speed for urban freeways shall be a minimum of 60 mph. For those sections of freeway, in which a 60-mph design speed is recommended by the Project Team, approval by the Roadway Engineering Manager is required.1设计速度在一般情况下，高速公路的设计时速应该是类似于所需的运行速度在非高峰时段，同时要注意合理和审慎的速度。
在一些城市地区，人口5万，发布的高速公路速度为65英里。
在其他人口较稠密的市区（超过50,000），车速为55英里。
因为不同的发布速度，设计速度的选择可能会有所不同。
在许多城市地区的金额可以限制可用的路权，并达到设计速度高，可以是非常昂贵。
在平衡安全需要和权利的方式成本代价提供高速度设施为城市快速路，设计行车速度应至少60英里每小时。
对于这些高速公路路段，其中一个60英里每小时的设计速度，建议由项目团队，巷道支护工程经理的批准是必需的。
In mountainous terrain it can be very difficult to achieve high design speeds due to horizental and vertical limitations of the terrain. It is important, though, to design freeways, urban and rural, that provide a consistent roadway for drivers. Due to terrain limitation the design speed of rural freeways in mountainous terrain shall be a minimum of 60 mph.在山区，它可以是非常难以实现的高的设计速度，由于地形的horizental和垂直局限性。