供应链的综合计划
供应链管理与优化计划三篇
供应链管理与优化计划三篇《篇一》供应链管理与优化是一项复杂而关键的任务，它涉及到多个环节，包括采购、生产、库存管理、物流配送等。
为了有效地管理供应链并优化其性能，我制定了一个详细的工作计划。
我的工作内容主要包括以下几个方面：1.数据收集与分析：收集供应链中的各项数据，包括采购记录、库存水平、销售数据等。
通过分析这些数据，能够了解供应链的现状，并找出存在的问题和瓶颈。
2.供应商管理：与供应商建立良好的合作关系，并定期评估他们的表现。
通过谈判和协商，确保供应商能够高质量的产品和及时的交付。
3.库存管理：优化库存管理流程，确保库存水平与市场需求相匹配。
采用先进的库存预测技术，以减少库存积压和缺货情况的发生。
4.物流配送：优化物流配送流程，选择最佳的运输方式和路线。
通过与物流合作伙伴的合作，确保产品能够准时送达客户手中。
按照以下步骤进行工作：1.数据收集与分析：首先收集供应链中的各项数据，并建立数据库。
然后，使用数据分析工具和方法，对数据进行深入分析，以了解供应链的现状和问题。
2.供应商管理：与供应商进行沟通和合作，建立供应商评估体系。
定期评估供应商的表现，并与他们一起改进和提升供应链的性能。
3.库存管理：制定库存管理策略，并实施库存预测模型。
监控库存水平，并及时调整库存策略，以满足市场需求和减少库存成本。
4.物流配送：与物流合作伙伴合作，优化物流配送流程。
选择最佳的运输方式和路线，并确保产品能够准时送达客户手中。
工作的设想：通过供应链管理与优化工作，我希望能够实现以下目标：1.提高供应链的效率：通过数据分析和流程优化，我希望能够提高供应链的整体效率，减少浪费和成本。
2.提高客户满意度：通过及时交付和优质的产品，我希望能够提高客户的满意度和忠诚度。
3.降低库存成本：通过精确的库存管理和优化，我希望能够降低库存积压和缺货的风险，从而降低库存成本。
按照以下计划进行工作：1.第1-2周：收集供应链中的数据，建立数据库，并熟悉数据分析工具和方法。
2024年的工作计划加强供应链管理与优化
2024年的工作计划加强供应链管理与优化2024年的工作计划：加强供应链管理与优化随着全球经济的发展和竞争加剧，供应链管理对企业的重要性日益凸显。
作为一个供应链经理，我深知供应链管理的关键性，因此，我制定了2024年的工作计划，旨在进一步加强供应链管理与优化，提高企业综合竞争力和客户满意度。
一、供应商管理与合作优化在2024年，我将加强与供应商的合作关系，建立良好的合作伙伴关系，从而确保供应链的顺畅运作。
为此，我将采取以下措施：1. 建立供应商绩效评估体系：制定一套科学合理的供应商绩效评估指标，对供应商的交货准时率、产品质量、售后服务等方面进行评估，及时发现问题并予以改进。
2. 供应商培训与技术支持：加强与供应商的沟通与合作，提供培训和技术支持，共同提高供应商的质量控制能力和生产技术水平。
3. 发展战略性合作伙伴关系：与部分优质供应商建立长期的战略合作伙伴关系，共同推进技术创新和产品升级，实现供应链优势的共享。
二、库存管理与仓储优化库存管理是供应链管理中的一个重要环节，合理的库存管理可以提高资金周转率、降低库存成本，提高客户满意度。
在2024年，我将采取以下措施优化库存管理与仓储：1. 建立库存数据分析系统：针对不同产品的销售数据进行统计和分析，根据产品生命周期和市场需求变化，合理预测销售量，优化库存规模和结构。
2. 优化仓储布局与流程：对现有仓储设备进行评估和改进，优化仓储布局，提高空间利用率。
同时，优化仓储流程，减少仓储环节中的浪费和错误，提高物流效率。
3. 推广物联网和自动化技术：应用物联网技术，实现库存的实时监控和管理，提高库存信息的准确性和及时性。
同时，引进自动化设备，提高仓储操作效率和安全性。
三、物流运输优化物流运输是供应链中不可或缺的环节，对于降低成本、提高交货速度和准时率具有重要影响。
在2024年，我将采取以下措施优化物流运输：1. 优化运输计划与路线：根据订单量、交货地点和交货时间等因素，合理制定货物的运输计划和路线，最大限度地降低物流成本。
供应链运营综合计划
供应链运营综合计划在供应链运营综合计划中，我们致力于打造一个坚韧、高效且具有弹性的供应链体系，确保我们能够应对市场变化，满足客户需求，同时保持成本效益和品质卓越。
我们要巩固与供应商的合作关系，这是供应链成功的基石。
我们将实施供应商评估和认证程序，确保供应商能够满足我们的质量、交付和成本要求。
通过与供应商共享市场信息和需求预测，我们可以实现更精准的库存管理，减少供应中断的风险，并提高供应链的整体响应速度。
在生产流程优化方面，我们将深入应用精益生产和六西格玛管理方法，以消除生产过程中的浪费，提升生产效率。
我们将引入自动化和技术，减少人为错误，同时提高生产线的灵活性和可扩展性。
我们还将投资于员工培训和技术提升，确保我们的团队能够掌握最新的生产技术，保持竞争优势。
库存管理是供应链中的关键环节。
我们将实施先进的库存优化策略，如经济订货量（EOQ）模型和周期库存控制，以降低库存成本并提高库存周转率。
通过实时数据分析和预测建模，我们将能够更准确地预测需求波动，从而避免过剩或缺货的情况，保持库存水平的最佳状态。
物流网络的设计和运营对于供应链的效率至关重要。
我们将构建一个多模式的物流网络，包括公路、铁路、海运和空运，以提供灵活的运输解决方案。
我们将与物流服务提供商建立紧密的合作关系，以获得更具成本效益的运输服务。
同时，我们还将采用物流管理软件，实现货物跟踪和运输优化，减少运输时间和成本。
客户服务是我们的核心竞争优势。
我们将建立一个全面的客户服务系统，提供全天候的售前和售后支持。
我们的客户服务团队将接受专业的培训，以确保他们能够快速有效地解决客户的问题和关切。
我们将定期收集客户反馈，以不断改进我们的产品和服务，确保我们能够满足客户的期望和需求。
在风险管理方面，我们将制定应急计划和业务连续性管理策略，以应对潜在的供应链中断和危机。
我们将进行定期的风险评估，以识别潜在的威胁和机遇，并实施相应的风险缓解措施。
通过建立灵活的供应链和多元化的供应商网络，我们将能够更好地应对市场的不确定性。
供应链综合计划
供应链综合计划
供应链综合计划是企业实施供应链管理的全面计划，该计划综合考虑供应商、分销商、物流商、客户及竞争对手等各个部分的关系，从而实现经济有效的价值创造和优化价值链。
供应链综合计划可以帮助企业通过加强物流管理、优化设备及维护流程等，有效地节约成本和改善物流效率，以及进行供应商联盟，提高供应商合作水平，实现共同利益。
同时，也可以进一步地建立跟踪系统，以便对采购、运输、库存、客户定制等进行分析，对企业进行实时监控，调整配送路径，减少库存，改善维修服务等。
此外，供应链综合计划还可以通过建立供应链管理信息系统，以技术支持实现供应链管理，进一步提高供应链管理水平，从而为企业发展带来明显的收益。
基于此，推行供应链综合计划是企业提升竞争优势的不二之选。
因此，企业要充分考虑自身实际情况，深入分析其发展现状，采取科学合理的实施措施，以提高收益，甚至也可以改善客户体验，进而增强企业竞争力。
《供应链管理实务》任务五供应链的综合计划
制定计划
2
数据，以建立准确的基础数据。
将收集到的数据进行分析，根据需求制
定可操作和可实施的计划，同时考虑风
险与预算。
3
执行计划
落实计划并监控采购、生产、运输等各
个环节，确保计划执行的顺利。
评估和改进
4
对执行结果进行检查和比较，发现问题 并采取行动，以促进持续改进。
供应链综合计划的关键要素
合作关系
与供应商建立稳定、长期、可靠的合作关系， 分享信息和风险，共同实现成本和质量控制。
供应链的变化和风险是综合计划制定和实施过程中必须面对的，包括不可预知的事件和 突发资源短缺。
综合计划的评估和改进
步骤
1. 设定目标和指标 2. 收集数据和信息 3. 评估绩效和效果 4. 采取行动改进
评估方法
• 计量方法：利用定量数 据和指标，定期评估绩 效，确定进展。
• 质性方法：定期组织调 查和交流，了解员工和 客户对综合计划和供应 链的看法和体验。
实施综合计划的挑战
1 组织结构和文化
公司组织和文化对实现供应链综合计划有很大影响。如果各部门不合作或不愿相互沟通 交流，或者缺乏清晰的角色和责任，那么综合计划难以顺利实现。
2 信息技术和准确性
信息技术的收集、管理和分析对计划实现具有重要意义。需要确保信息的准确性、完整 性和及时性。
3 供应链变化和风险管理
调度管理
针对供应链中的物流环节进行管理，以优化物 流、减少周期时间和减少成本。
库存管理
由于库存水平对供应链效率具有重要影响，因 此需要精确计算库存水平并制定库存管理策略。
绩效衡量
建立合适的绩效评估机制，对综合计划的执行 和效果进行评估，为管理和改进提供依据。
供应链物流管理周工作计划
供应链物流管理周工作计划本周的供应链物流管理工作计划主要包括以下几个方面：一、物流运输方面：1.核对本周需要运输的货物清单，与供应商确认发货时间和方式，确保货物能按时到达仓库。
2.与物流公司协调运输安排，监控货物运输过程，确保安全、及时地送达目的地。
3.跟踪货物运输情况，及时与客户沟通，解决运输中的问题，保证客户满意度。
二、仓储管理方面：1.对仓库存货情况进行盘点，确保库存准确无误。
2.合理规划货物存放位置，保证仓库空间的最大利用，并确保货物易于查找和取出。
3.加强对仓库设施和设备的维护保养，保障仓库运作的顺畅。
三、供应商管理方面：1.与供应商沟通确认下周订货计划，及时向供应商发出采购订单，保证原材料的及时供应。
2.跟踪供应商交货进度，及时处理供应商延迟交货等问题，保证生产计划顺利执行。
3.定期评估供应商的绩效，与供应商建立长期合作关系，共同提高产品质量和服务水平。
四、信息系统管理方面：1.对系统数据进行定期备份，确保数据安全性。
2.优化系统界面和功能，提高工作效率和用户体验。
3.培训员工使用系统的操作技能，增强团队整体信息化水平。
五、人员管理方面：1.安排员工的工作任务和时间表，合理分配工作量，确保工作任务的完成。
2.加强员工日常培训和技能提升，提高员工综合素质。
3.主动听取员工意见和建议，促进团队合作，共同努力完成工作任务。
综合以上几点工作计划，我们将全力以赴，确保本周供应链物流管理工作顺利进行，提升公司整体运营效率和客户满意度。
感谢各位员工的配合和努力，让我们共同努力，取得更好的成绩！。
供应链综合计划与供求规划
8 1600 0
0
23000
6 1725 8625 160 54 21 4200 0
0
34500
5800
7000 160000
计划方案二：工人人数不变(假定有40名工人)，仅改变库存水平。
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(5)
(6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
月 期初 能力 实际产量 需求 期末库存 缺货 缺货费用 安全 超储 库存 正常时间
产品
A B C D
代表产品和假定产品的计算
计划年产 台时定额 折换成代 折换成假
量
表产品C 定产品的
的产量 产量
50
20
100
30
125
40
25
80
25
27
75
82
125
136
50
55
合计
300
275
300
代表产品的计算
A： 50×20/40 = 25 （台） B： 100×30/40 = 75（台） C： 125 （台） D: 25×80/40 = 50（台）
份 库存 工时 (2)÷5 预测 (1)+(3)-(4) 数 (6)×5 库存 (5)-(8) 费用 总费用
1 400 7040 1408 1800 8
0
0 450 0 0 28160
2 8 6080 1216 1500 -276 276 1380 375 0 0 24320
3 -276 6720 1344 1100 -32 32 160 275 0 0 26880
月份
1 2 3 4 5 6
需求预测
1800 1500 1100 900 1100 1600
第八章供应链的综合计划
how can a firm best use the facilities it has?
Specify operational parameters over the time horizon
ProRduoctlioen oratfeAggregate –PlanSnuibncogntracting
3. Describe the information needed to produce an aggregate plan.
4. Explain the basic trade-offs to consider when creating an aggregate plan.
5. Formulate and solve basic aggregate planning problems using Microsoft Excel.
bor/machine hours required per unit
Inventory holding cost ($/unit/period)
Stockout or backlog cost ($/unit/period)
Constraints – overtime, layoffs, capital available, stockouts, backlogs, from suppliers
8
Aggregate Planning in a Supply Chain
1. Identify the decisions that are best solved by aggregate planning.
2. UndLeersatarnnditnhegimOpobrjtaenccetiovfeagsgregate planning as a supply chain activity.
第8章供应链综合计划
能和劳动力数量成本较低的情况
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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劳动力或产能的时间柔性策略
作为杠杆
• 均衡策略 – 将库存作为杠杆 • 量身定制或混合策略 - 策略的组合
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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12
追赶策略与均衡策略
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
8 – 12
追赶战略
• 随着需求的变化，不同的机器产能或雇用和裁 员
• 使用多余的机器产能 • 劳动力数量稳定，工作小时数各不相同 • 使用加班或灵活的计划 • 灵活的员工队伍，避免士气问题 • 库存水平低，降低设备平均利用率 • 在库存持有成本较高，且设备产能成本相对低
时使用
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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8 供应链综合计划
PowerPoint presentation to accompany Chopra and Meindl Supply Chain Management, 6e
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
8–1
学习目标
1. 了解综合计划在供应链活动中的重要性。 2. 描述制定综合计划所需的信息和输出的结果。 3. 解释管理者在制定综合计划时需要权衡的问
第八章 供应链综合计划 (《供应链管理》PPT课件)
5
75
4.30 4.37
15
红番茄工具公司
• 加权平均法
– 每件综合产品单位的材料成本为 =(15×0.10)+(7×0.25)+(9×0.20) +(12×0.10)+(9×0.20)+(9×0.20)+(13×0.15) =10美元
• 同样方法
– 每件综合产品单位的收益为40美元 – 单位净生产时间为4小时
利用规划求解建立综合计划电子数 据表
利用规划求解建立综合计划电子数 据表
利用规划求解建立综合计划电子数 据表
• 设置目标单元格:C22 • 等于:最小值 • 可变单元格:B5:I10 • 约束如下:
➢ B5:C10=integer{雇用和解雇的员工数量为整数} ➢ B5:I10≥0{所有决策变量为非负数} ➢ F10≥500{第6期期末的库存至少为500} ➢ G10=0{第6期期末的缺货等于0} ➢ M5:M10=0{Wt-Wt-1-Ht+Lt=0,t=1,2,…,6} ➢ N5:N10≥0{40Wt+Ot/4-Pt≥0,t=1,2,…,6}
中可能发生的一些问题,尤其是改变劳动力数量导致的 问题 • 减少了库存水平,同时降低了生产设备的平均利用率 • 适用于库存成本相对较高,而设备产能成本相对较低的 情况
均衡策略
• 稳定的设备产能和劳动力数量,以使产出 均衡
• 产品短缺和过剩导致库存水平随时间改 变
• 积累大量的库存,顾客的订单可能被延迟 • 适用于库存和延期交货成本相对较低的
库存水平
F5:F10
It=MAX(It-1+Pt+Ct-Dt-St- =MAX(F4+I5+H5-G4-
供应链综合计划：实现可追溯性
供应链综合计划：实现可追溯性在供应链管理领域，综合计划的核心在于确保从原材料采购到成品交付的每个环节都能高效、经济地协同运作。
面对市场上产品多样性、需求多变性以及供应链的复杂性，供应链综合计划必须应对诸多挑战。
其中，关键之一便是确保供应链的可追溯性。
所谓可追溯性，指的是在供应链中，产品从原产地到最终消费的全过程—涵盖生产、运输、储存等环节—都能够被详细追踪和记录。
供应链的可追溯性对于加强供应链管理、提高客户满意度、减轻风险与成本具有至关重要的作用。
为构建一个可追溯的供应链，首要任务是打造一个健全的信息系统。
该系统应具备收集、储存和处理各种供应链信息的能力，从而能够实时监控产品的位置和状态，确保产品在适当的时间和地点得到恰当处理。
进一步地，供应链各环节的标准化亦不可或缺。
统一的包装、标识和储存条件规范，对于保持信息一致性和准确性至关重要。
同时，对供应链各参与方的认证与审计也是保障标准得到遵守的必要手段。
建立一个有效的监控机制对供应链各环节进行实时监控和分析，能够及时识别并应对潜在问题和风险。
例如，通过分析运输路线和时间，可以更有效地优化运输计划，从而减少成本和时间消耗。
最终，供应链各环节的协同管理同样重要。
与供应商、分销商、零售商等建立稳固的合作关系，共享信息，协调计划和操作，将有效提升供应链的整体效率和响应能力，同时降低成本和风险，继而增强客户满意度和市场竞争力。
供应链的可追溯性是管理中的一个核心挑战。
通过建立完善的信息系统、实施标准化、构建监控机制以及实行协同管理，供应链的可追溯性得以显著提升，进而优化供应链效率和响应速度，减少成本和风险，最终达到提高客户满意度和市场竞争力的目的。
任务五----供应链综合计划
单元教学设计基本框架（二）综合计划在供应链中的应用综合计划就是这样一个过程：公司通过它决定在一定时期内理想的产能、生产、转包、库存水平、缺货甚至定价等问题。
综合计划的目标就是满足需求并使利润最大化。
综合计划，顾名思义就是关于全局综合性的决策，而不是关于最小库存单位级的决策。
因此，综合计划适用于解决3～18个月的决策问题，在这段时间，以最小库存单位来决定生产水平有点为时过早，但建立一套新的生产设施又太晚。
所以，综合计划回答了这样一个问题，“怎样才能最好地利用现有设施?”传统上，很多综合计划都是聚焦于企业内部，很少被看成是供应链管理的一部分，然而综合计划却是一个重要的供应链问题。
为了更有效率，它需要考虑整条供应链的各部分信息，它的结果也会对供应链的绩效产生重大影响。
就像我们了解到的，合作预测由多个供应链企业共同制定，是综合计划的主要输入。
好的预测需要与下游供应链伙伴一起进行，而且很多综合计划的约束因素都来自企业外部的供应链伙伴。
没有这些来自上下游的参考因素综合计划就不能发挥它的最大潜力来创造价值。
综合计划的输出对供应链的上下游也都有价值。
企业的生产计划决定了对供应商的需求，也导致了顾客的供应约束。
这一部分旨在建立综合计划的基础，可以全部在企业内使用，也可以贯穿整个供应链。
综合计划者的主要目标就是识别在特定时期下的以下运作参数：●生产速率：单位时间（如每月或每周）完成的产品数量。
●劳动力：生产需要的员工数量或产能数量。
●加班量：计划加班时间的量。
●机器产能水平：生产需要的机器产能的单位数量。
●转包：在计划期内的转包生产能力。
●延期交货需求：当期没有满足而转移至未来期交付的需求。
●现有库存：计划期内各个时期的库存持有水平。
（三）综合计划的有关问题综合计划的目的就是满足需求并实现利润最大化，我们将综合计划要解决的问题描述如下：在计划期每个时期的给定需求预测下，决定每期的生产水平、库存水平和产能（内部的和外包的）水平，以使企业利润最大化。
综合计划在供应链活动中的重要性
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任务五供应链综合计划
单元教学设计基本框架（英文版）Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthenparty laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Y ears, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulationsrepeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the FifthPlenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs DepartmentThe first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee PoliticalBureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revisionof the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Y an to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline andto implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists ona positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," atotal of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule >real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen yearsimplement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses.Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Y an Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline,exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility shouldbe depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effectiveconvergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for actsof mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Applicationof this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situationmade explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give。
第七章供应链综合计划
Role of Aggregate Planning in a Supply Chain
The main objective of aggregate planner is to identify the following operational parameters over the specified time horizon:
Outline
Role of aggregate planning in a supply chain The aggregate planning problem Aggregate planning strategies(三种策略) Aggregate planning using linear programming Implementing linear programming for aggregate
– Overtime (加班量): the amount of overtime production planned.
– Machine capacity level (机器生产能力): the number of units of machine capacity needed for production.
Chase strategy (追逐战略）– using capacity as the lever
Time flexibility （弹性时间）from workforce or capacity strategy – using utilization as the lever
供应链管理工作计划
供应链管理工作计划•相关推荐供应链管理工作计划（精选5篇）光阴如水，又将迎来新的工作，新的挑战，写一份工作计划，为接下来的工作做准备吧！做好工作计划可是让你提高工作效率的方法喔！下面是小编整理的供应链管理工作计划（精选5篇），仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
供应链管理工作计划1本人自接手供应部工作以来，一直以服务生产需要，控制采购成本，提供高性价比物资材料为己任。
经过不断的学习和实践，针对本部门所负责采购工作目前的状态，现对的工作做出如下计划：一、供应商的选择。
首先我们供应部要积极开发新的物料资源，做好市场价格调查，做到所有原材物料货比三家，并且同种物料至少一家的网络比价（淘宝或阿里等），控制价格审核流程，让供应部的采购工完成现有原材料供应商的评级工作，为公司后期的大批量生产采购做好准备。
同时进一步发展新的供应商网络，用以获得最理想的采购价格和品质。
二、账务的清理。
物资供应是一份繁琐，复杂的工作。
同时因为其工作性质关系，对公司产品的成本有直接影响。
另外因为相关物资在采购工作的运作过程中不可避免的有退、换、修、废等情况发生，这些情况又会直接或间接增加产品的成本。
因此必须对每一批物资的采购以及合同执行情况进行监控记录，并且做好跟踪检查。
做到每笔定单和采购计划的进行情况都可追溯，可查核，流程清晰，账目清晰。
三、品质保证。
采购标准，减少不必要的浪费。
及时与车间、技术、仓库沟通，了解相关物资的使用状况，对所采物资的使用状态进行跟踪。
与质检部门沟通了解相关参数指标性能，收集数据进行同类产品的对比，并及时对供应商的选择和采购计划作出调整。
四、成本控制。
供应部将在日常工作中进一步提高工作效率，合理安排采购时间减少人力和物力的浪费。
提前做好信息搜集工作，除采购价格方面的控制外，物资运输成本也应控制在内，尽量做到最低。
五、采购效率。
供应部将进一步完善的供应商网络的建设以及采购模式的优化，做到采购有计划性（配合车间生产、仓库库存合理制定采购计划），有目的'性（跑最少的路干最多的事）。
供应链主管工作规划及目标
一、工作规划1. 优化供应链管理体系作为供应链主管，首先需要对现有的供应链管理体系进行全面梳理，找出存在的问题和不足。
在此基础上，结合公司发展战略和市场需求，制定优化方案，提高供应链管理的整体效率。
2. 强化供应商管理供应商是供应链的重要组成部分，对供应链的稳定性和成本控制具有重要影响。
因此，需要加强对供应商的筛选、评估、合作与沟通，确保供应商的优质资源能够得到充分利用。
3. 提升物流配送效率物流配送是供应链中的关键环节，直接影响客户满意度。
为此，需优化物流配送流程，提高配送速度，降低配送成本，确保货物安全、及时地送达客户手中。
4. 强化信息管理供应链信息管理是提高供应链效率的重要手段。
需建立完善的信息管理系统，实现供应链各环节的信息共享和协同，提高决策效率。
5. 持续提升团队素质作为供应链主管，需要关注团队成员的专业技能和综合素质提升，定期组织培训，提高团队整体竞争力。
二、工作目标1. 提高供应链整体效率通过优化供应链管理体系、强化供应商管理、提升物流配送效率等措施，将供应链整体效率提升20%。
2. 降低供应链成本通过优化供应链结构、降低物流配送成本、提高采购谈判能力等措施，将供应链成本降低10%。
3. 提升客户满意度通过优化物流配送、提高供应链响应速度、加强售后服务等措施，将客户满意度提升至90%。
4. 建立稳定的供应链体系通过筛选优质供应商、加强合作与沟通，建立稳定、高效的供应链体系，确保供应链各环节的顺畅运行。
5. 提升团队竞争力通过定期培训、激励措施等手段，提升团队成员的专业技能和综合素质，使团队整体竞争力得到显著提升。
三、实施计划1. 制定详细的工作计划，明确各阶段目标和时间节点。
2. 定期召开团队会议，总结经验教训，调整工作策略。
3. 加强与各部门的沟通协作，确保供应链各环节的顺畅运行。
4. 定期对供应商进行评估，筛选优质供应商，优化供应商结构。
5. 优化物流配送流程，提高配送速度，降低配送成本。
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解雇员工的成本
500美元/人
需要的劳动时间
4小时/单位
正常工资
4美元/小时
加班成本
6美元/小时
转包成本
300美元/单位
案例分析
决策变量
W t： t月 的 工 人 人 数 ， 1 t 6 H t ： t 月 初 雇 佣 的 工 人 人 数 ， 1 t 6 L t ： t 月 初 解 雇 的 工 人 人 数 ， 1 t 6 P t： t月 生 产 的 产 品 数 量 ， 1 t 6 I t： t月 结 束 时 的 库 存 量 ， 1 t 6 S t ： t 月 结 束 时 的 缺 货 量 或 延 期 交 货 量 ， 1 t 6 C t： t月 的 转 包 数 量 ， 1 t 6 O t： t月 的 加 班 小 时 数 ， 1 t 6
追逐战略使供应链库存水平降低，却使生产能力和工人人数变化 水平增高。它适用于库存成本很高而改变生产能力和工人人数的 成本很低的情况。
（2）工人人数或生产能力的弹性时间战略——将利用率 作为杠杆。
在这种情况下，劳动力和生产能力是不变的，然而，工作小时数 却随时间而变化，以此来使生产与需求保持一致。
总体计划问题的目的在于满足需求并使利润最大化。 我们将总体计划要解决的问题描述如下：
（1）为制定总体计划，公司首先必须明确计划所覆盖的 期间。计划期是总体计划制定出决策的时间，它通常是 3~18个月。公司也必须详细规定计划期内每一时期的长 度，如星期、月份和季度。
（2）为计划期内的每一个时期制定需求预测。
目标函数
将 t 期的需求记为Dt， Dt的值如表8-1预测所示。目标函数要将计划期内 的总成本最小化。成本包括以下几个部分：
供应链的综合计划
Ⅲ篇 计划供应链的需求和供给
第八章 供应链的综合计划
❖ 8.1 综合计划在供应链中的作用
公司通过综合计划决定在一定时期内理想的产能、生产、 转包、库存水平、缺货甚至定价等问题。
综合计划，顾名思义，就是关于全局综合性的决策，而 不是最小库存单元的决策。
综合计划适用于制定大约3~18个月的决策。在这段时间， 以最小库存单位来决定生产水平有点为时过早，而建设 一套新的生产设施又有点晚。因而，总体计划要回答这 样一个问题：“公司怎样利用其现有的设施？”
这个战略虽使库存水平降低，但其生产设备的平均利用率却比追 逐战略还要低。当库存成本很高或改变生产能力的代价较小时， 适合用这种战略。
（3）水平战略——将库存作为杠杆。
在这种战略中，稳定的机器生产能力和劳动力人数保持一个不变 的产出率。要么根据未来的需求预测提前建立库存，要么从旺季 转入淡季时处理积压产品。当库存成本和积压产品成本相对较低 时，适合使用这种战略。
综合计划的主要目标就是识别在特定时期下的以下运作 参数：
生产速率 劳动力 加班量 机器产能水平 转包 延期交货需求
– 当期没有满足而转移至未来期交付的需求。
现有库存
– 计划期内各个时期的库存持有水平。
在理想情况下，供应链各部分都应该能够协作，以创造 最好的绩效。
❖ 8.2 综合计划的有关问题
公司以40美元的单价销售其工具。1月份的库存为1000个工具，1月初有80名员工。每 个月每条生产线有20 个工作日，每个工人每小时收入4美元。每个工人每天工作8小时， 其余时间休息。生产线的生产能力主要取决于工人工作总时数。根据成本在当月库存结清时才记入。公司目标是：制定出最合理的总体计划，它将 使库存量在6月底至少为500个单位。
工人）和增加或减少机器生产能力的成本（美元/机器）；
单位产品所需的劳动成本或机器工作小时数； 库存成本（美元/单位/期间）； 库存缺货或积压的成本（美元/单位/期间）； 限制性因素（约束）
– 加班时间的限制 – 解雇的限制 – 可利用资本的限制 – 库存缺货或积压的限制
这些信息用于制定总体计划，反过来帮助公司制订下列决策：
❖ 8.4 利用线性模型制定综合计划
8.4.1 例题8.1 红番茄公司
Red Tomata’s 公司的运营主要是将购进的原材料制造成多用途的园艺工具。由于 生产线需要的工具和场地是有限定的， Red Tomata’s 公司的生产能力主要有劳动力人 数决定。公司的产品需求季节性很强，需求最旺的时间在春季。公司的选择是，当旺季 到来时增加工人，签订转包合同，在淡季建立库存，将积压订单登记入册，以后再将产 品送达顾客。 Red Tomata’s 公司供应链副总裁从预测下6个月的需求着手工作（见表 8-1）。
（3）为计划期内的每一个时期确定生产水平、库存水平 和生产能力水平，以使公司利润最大化。
制订综合计划需要下列信息：
每一期 t 的需求预测 Ft（假定计划期间为T）； 生产成本； 劳动成本。日常劳动成本（美元/小时）和加班劳动成本； 转包劳动成本（美元/小时或美元/单位）； 改变生产能力成本，更具体地，雇佣或解雇工人的成本（美元/
由于价格固定，计划期内利润最大化和成本最小化是一致的。
表8-1 需求预测
月份
需求预测
1
1600
2
3000
3
3200
4
3800
5
2200
6
2200
表8-2 成本信息
成本项目
成本
原材料成本
10美元/单位
库存成本
2美元/单位/月
缺货或延期交货的边际成本
5美元/单位/月
雇佣或培训员工的成本
300美元/人
❖ 8.3 综合计划战略
基本权衡
产能（正常时间、加班时间和转包时间） 库存 缺货导致的未结订单/失去的销售额
在3种成本之间权衡，通常可以得到3种不同的总体计划战略。
（1）追逐战略——将生产能力作为杠杆。
在这种战略中，当需求变动时，通过改变机器的生产能力或雇佣 劳动力，使生产率和需求率保持一致。
正常时间的产量、加班时间的产量和转包生产的数量：用来决定 工人数和供应商的购买水平。
库存：用来决定仓库容量和运营资本的需要量。 库存积压或库存缺货的数量：用来决定客户服务水平。 雇用或者解雇的工人的数量：用来处理可能出现的劳资纠纷。 机器生产能力的增加或减少：用来决定是否购买新的生产设备。