metaphor分类

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高级英语修辞总结完整版

高级英语修辞总结HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】Rhetorical Devices一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。

常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如：1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。

2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。

3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。

二、隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。

1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。

2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。

三、Allusion（暗引）其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。

引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。

语言学名词解释metaphor

语言学名词解释metaphor语言学名词解释：隐喻概述：隐喻是一种语言现象，用于通过比较两个不同的事物或概念来传达意义。

它是一种修辞手法，在语言学中被广泛研究和应用。

通过隐喻，人们可以通过将一个概念或事物与另一个相关但不同的概念或事物进行比较，创造出新的意义和理解。

定义：隐喻是一种以比较为基础的修辞手法，用于将一个概念或事物与另一个不同但相关的概念或事物进行比较，并在此基础上传达意义。

它通过将两个不同领域的知识联系起来，创造出新的思维路径和理解方式。

构成：隐喻通常由两个主要组成部分构成：源领域和目标领域。

源领域是已知且易于理解的部分，而目标领域则是需要被描述或解释的部分。

通过将源领域中的特征、属性或关系应用到目标领域中，人们可以形成具有新意义的隐喻。

类型：1. 类比式隐喻：这种类型的隐喻基于相似性和类似性。

通过将两个相似的事物进行比较，人们可以传达出新的意义。

"他是一只狮子"将一个人与狮子进行比较，以强调其勇敢和强大。

2. 暗示式隐喻：这种类型的隐喻通过暗示和间接表达来传达意义。

它通常使用一些常见的词语或短语，而不是直接说明。

"她是一朵盛开的花"中的“盛开的花”暗示了女性的美丽和魅力。

3. 视觉隐喻：这种类型的隐喻通过视觉形象来传达意义。

它利用图像、颜色、形状等视觉元素来比较不同概念或事物。

一幅画中描绘了黑暗和光明之间的对比，以传达希望与绝望之间的差异。

应用：隐喻在语言学中有广泛应用，并在各种文学作品、修辞学、广告和日常交流中被使用。

它可以增强表达的效果、激发读者或听众的情感反应，并帮助人们更好地理解抽象或复杂的概念。

总结：隐喻是一种通过比较不同的事物或概念来传达意义的语言现象。

它通过将两个不同领域的知识联系起来，创造出新的思维路径和理解方式。

隐喻可以分为类比式隐喻、暗示式隐喻和视觉隐喻等类型。

它在语言学中有广泛应用，并被用于各种文学作品、修辞学、广告和日常交流中。

举例说明谬语的定义和分类

举例说明谬语的定义和分类
谬语是一种基于模棱两可的語句，涉及到了具有挑战性的思维和语言技巧。

它的定义是以违反逻辑作为特征，通过一些非常智力考验，很有趣的笑话和玩笑来暗示意义。

一般情况下，它也涉及到了一些语义上的混乱。

谬语也可以被视为一种特殊的释义，它可以通过使用不同的字句表达出来，例如借用一些比喻或俚语来暗示意义。

谬语可以分为四个主要类别：反讽（Irony）、叠字式谬语（Chiasmus）、隐喻式谬语（Metonymy）和比喻式谬语（Metaphor）。

反讽是一种非常常见的谬语形式，它可以被用来嘲笑、挑衅或讽刺某人或某事。

举例来说，“我太聪明了，所以我只能发现我愚蠢的行为”就是一种典型的反讽。

叠字式谬语是一种变体的语言形式，它强调了重复调节语义的型式，例如，“苦乐无穷亦无穷”，就是一种叠字式谬语。

隐喻式谬语是一种可以暗示某一属性或特征但并未完全释义的形式。

例如，“星星是地球的眼睛”就是一种隐喻式谬语，因为暗示了星星是地球的友好顾问或守护者，但却并未宣称是真的。

最后，比喻式谬语可以将一个概念与另一个概念比喻起来来
说明某个意义，例如“时光如流水”，暗示了时间的短暂和不可逆转。

总之，谬语可以用一些模棱两可的语句和思维技巧来暗示一些语义，它通常会引起两种反应：一种是“大笑”，另一种则是思考并深入理解后的回应。

因此，谬语的种类和内容可能会从人而异，但它都以违反逻辑作为特征。

Metaphor

• 隐喻是从一个概念域（conceptual domain 或称认知域cognitive）向另一个概念域和认知域的结构映射，即从“始发域” （source domain）向“目的域”（target domain）的映射。即是说，一个范畴赖以得到解释的概念域是用另一个概念域来解
释的。比如我们把“垂直”概念域映射 “数量”概念域，就会得到“Price may rise up/go up/skyrocket”这样的隐喻句。
• “computer virus”可以给电脑爱好者提供对付电脑病毒的思维模式，去避免电脑病毒乃至帮助找出消除电脑病毒的办法。
• 丹麦著名物理学家Niels Bohr 通过观察研究发现电子绕原子核运行，恰似行星绕太阳运行一样，于是在此基础上使用隐喻“The atom is a (miniature) solar system”建立了 “原子结构理论( atomic structure theory) ”。
• “看文字, 须是如猛将用兵, 直是鏖战一阵。”
• “（看文字）如酷吏治狱, 直是推勘到底, 决是不恕他, 方得。”
• “看文字, 正如酷吏之用法深刻, 都没人情, 直要做到底。若只恁地等闲看过了, 有甚滋味！大凡文字有未晓处, 须下死工夫, 直要见得道理是自家底, 方住。”
• “看文字如捉贼, 须知道盗发处, 自一文以上赃罪情节, 都要勘出。若只描摸个大纲, 纵使知道此人是贼, 却不知何处做贼。”
义阵营正在获得越来越多的支持,人们试图通过研究隐喻(尤其是业已积淀为语言中极普通的表达方式的某些基本隐喻即
rootmetaphors)揭示语言的起源、发展和使用乃至人类认识和智能发展的奥秘。
• A. 光阴流似水。（元稹诗） • B. 鬓发茎茎白，光阴寸寸流。（白居易） • C. 1997年快过去了，1998年就要来了。

(完整word版)metaphor(暗喻)

含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）2、含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）Metaphor（汉译名为“隐喻”或“暗喻”），也是一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接把甲事物（喻体）当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其比喻关系隐含在句意中，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。

Webster’s New World Dictionary的解释是：“a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase or dinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another”这个解释的意思是说，隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，他通常的基本用法是，表述某一事物的词或短语被用来表述另外的一种事物。

由于比喻是隐含的，决定了它的本体与喻体的关系必然十分紧密。

与simile相比较，不但不需要as, like之类的比喻词，有时甚至可以连本体也不出现。

基于这种情况，有些词典或著作常常对metaphor 和simile同时论述，称之为“浓缩的明喻（a compressed or condensed simile）”。

如A Dictionary of Literary Terms对Metaphor的定义就是如此，“Metaphor: A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit.”下面用实例对这两种修辞格做一比较：1a. Life is like an isthmus between two eternities. (simile)生活像永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。

figurative language 分类

figurative language 分类：
Figurative language 可以分为以下几类：
1.隐喻（Metaphor）：隐喻是一种比较直接的比喻方式，它使用一个事物来描述另一
个事物，通常是为了表达比喻对象的某些特征或品质。

例如，“人生如戏”就是一个隐喻。

2.拟人（Personification）：拟人是指将非人类的事物赋予人类的特点或行为，使它们
看起来更加生动和富有情感。

例如，“阳光在微笑”就是一个拟人句。

3.夸张（Hyperbole）：夸张是指使用言过其实的词语来强调某种效果，使得描述更加
强烈、突出。

例如，“他兴奋得几乎要跳到天上去了。

”
4.反讽（Irony）：反讽是指使用与实际意思相反的词语来表达意思，通常是为了讽刺
或强调某件事情。

例如，“这房间真是太漂亮了，简直就是人间仙境。

”
5.明喻（Simile）：明喻是指使用“像”、“如同”等词语来比较两个不同的事物，以强调
它们的相似之处。

例如，“她的笑容像阳光一样温暖。

”
6.象征（Symbolism）：象征是指使用某个事物来代表另一个事物，通常是为了表达某
种抽象的概念或情感。

例如，“鸽子象征和平。

”。

英语常见修辞格分类总结

英语常见修辞格分类总结**《英语常见修辞格分类总结工作总结（一）》**在英语学习和使用中，修辞格的运用就像是给语言穿上了华丽的衣服，让表达变得更加生动有趣。

**一、明喻（Simile）让表达更加形象**我觉得明喻这个修辞格就像一个放大镜，能把事物的特点放大，让人们看得更清楚。

就像莎士比亚在他的作品中经常使用明喻，“Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?（我能否将你比作夏日？）”他把心爱的人比作夏天，夏天有着美好的阳光、温暖的气息，这样一比喻，我们就能深刻感受到他对爱人那种热烈的喜爱之情。

我自己在写英语作文或者描述事物的时候，也试着用明喻。

比如说描述一个很害羞的女孩，我会写“S he is like a timid little rabbit.（她就像一只胆小的小兔子）”。

这一下就能让读者在脑海中勾勒出这个女孩害羞的模样。

每次我用明喻的时候，就感觉像是在给读者画一幅画，把我看到的、感受到的，用一种很直观的方式传递给他们。

**二、隐喻（Metaphor）蕴含更深的含义**隐喻啊，它有点像一个神秘的宝藏盒。

表面上看只是普通的一句话，但里面却藏着很深的意义。

拿马丁·路德·金来说，他的演讲中就有很多隐喻。

他说“I have a dream that one da y this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to beself - evident, that all men are created equal.'（我有一个梦想，有一天这个国家会站起来，实现其信条的真正含义：我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的，即人人生而平等。

）”这里把美国这个国家的发展隐喻为一个人的“站起来”，暗示着国家走向平等和正义。

metaphor暗喻

此例以“肥料”(manure) 喻革命志士与暴君之血。
2）用形象具体的事物, 比喻抽象的事物或概念
It’s the same with Negro in America. That
shoe ... the white man’s system ... has pinched
and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it has almost destroyed him. 美国黑人的情况也是这样。白人制度这只鞋夹紧了他的灵魂，使之受磨难, 几乎要把他毁掉了。用夹紧黑人的灵魂的一只“鞋子”来比喻美国的白人制度, 这是典型的以具体事物比喻抽象事物
2）用of连接喻体和本体, 这是 metaphor 另一结构, 其中的介词 of 表示同位关系。
The Dutchman was six-foot, a great red-faced,
hot-tempered treckox of a man.
那荷兰人身高六尺，大块头，红脸膛, 急脾气，简直是一条拉车的公牛。句中的of 连接喻体 treck-ox 和本体a man。这个metaphor 的实质就是A man is a treckox.
The speaker, and the school master, and the thir d grown person presents, all backed a little, and swept with their eyes the inclined plane of little vessels then and there arranged in order, r eady to gave imperial gallons of facts poured int o until they well full to the brim.

《metaphor分类》PPT课件

Page 4
Classification
5) Idiomic or proverbial metaphor Idiomatic or proverbial metaphor refers to a metaphor which contain an idiom or proverb. * He was almost at the end of his tether when he stumbled on the solution of his difficulty.
Page 2
Classification
1) Nominal metaphor Nominal metaphor refers to the metaphor in which the metaphorical meaning is mainly expressed by noun. * Time is money. 2) Verbal metaphor Verbal metaphor refers to the metaphor whose metaphorical implication is by verb. * Her eyes bored into him. * Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
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Classification
(11) Dead Metaphor Dead metaphor refers a metaphor, in which the metaphorical novelty or freshness has faded. * When they reached the foot of the mountain, they found a running rock. * He lit a fresh cigar, and said, " Now we have come to some common points.

Metaphor

2、用形象具体的事物，比喻抽象的事物或概念 It’s the same with Negro in America. That shoe…the white man’s system…has pinched and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it has almost destroyed him. 美国黑人的情况也是这样，白人制度这只鞋夹紧了他的灵魂，使之受磨难，几乎要把他毁掉了。
5 Consisting of a paragraph In the center of your heart and my heart, there is wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and nfinite, so long as you are young. When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you’ve grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die even at 80.
2
"verb" pattern动词型动词型: 动词型 Snow clothes the ground. The case snowballed into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history. A stranger then is still dogging us. 一个陌生人仍在跟踪我们。 My desk is flooded with paper. 我的桌子上堆满了纸，就像洪水泛滥一样。 The years have silvered her hair. 岁月已使她的鬓发如霜。 The population mushroomed in the postwar decades. My heart was pumping He doesn't have any idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say.

metaphor的定义与举例

metaphor的定义与举例Metaphor（隐喻）是一种修辞手法，通过将一个事物与另一个事物进行比较来传达特定的意义。

隐喻常用于文学作品中，可增加表达的鲜明度和形象感。

下面列举十个关于隐喻的定义和举例：1. 隐喻是一种比喻手法，通过将两个不同的事物进行比较来传递特定的含义。

例如，人生是一场旅程，我们都在不同的道路上前行。

2. 隐喻是一种象征性的表达方式，通过将一个事物表示为另一个事物来传递信息。

例如，他是一只狼，意味着他凶猛且有攻击性。

3. 隐喻是一种修辞手法，通过将抽象的概念转化为具体的形象来增强表达的力度。

例如，时间是一把无形的刀，悄悄地将青春割去。

4. 隐喻是一种意象化的表达方式，通过将一个事物的特点用于描述另一个事物，以便更好地理解。

例如，他的笑容如阳光般温暖，给人带来希望和快乐。

5. 隐喻是一种比较的手法，通过将一个事物与另一个事物进行对比，以便更好地传递意义。

例如，她的眼睛是湖水般清澈明亮，让人陶醉其中。

6. 隐喻是一种修辞手法，通过将一个事物的属性或特点用于描述另一个事物，以便更好地说明。

例如，他的声音如同丝绸般柔软，让人心旷神怡。

7. 隐喻是一种运用想象力的表达方式，通过将一个事物的形象用于描述另一个事物，以便更好地传达感受。

例如，他的心如同一片荒凉的沙漠，干涸而寂寞。

8. 隐喻是一种创造性的修辞手法，通过将一个事物的特点用于描述另一个事物，以便更好地传递信息。

例如，她的微笑如同春天的花朵，绽放着温暖和希望。

9. 隐喻是一种将抽象概念转化为具体形象的表达方式，以便更好地理解和表达。

例如，爱情是一座桥梁，连接着两颗相爱的心。

10. 隐喻是一种拓展思维的手法，通过将一个事物的属性用于描述另一个事物，以便更好地传递意义。

例如，他的眼神如同星空般璀璨，散发着无尽的光芒。

通过以上的例子，我们可以看到隐喻是一种富有想象力和创造力的修辞手法，能够使表达更加生动、形象和深入人心。

隐喻的运用不仅可以丰富文学作品的表达，也能够在日常交流中增强语言的表现力，使人们更好地理解和沟通。

浅析隐喻(Metaphor)和换喻(Metonymy)的区别与联系

浅析隐喻（Metaphor）和换喻（Metonymy）的区别与联系作者：郑雅楠来源：《人间》2016年第32期（哈尔滨师范大学，黑龙江哈尔滨 150025）摘要：传统的修辞理论把隐喻和换喻作为两个并列的修辞格。

许多隐喻理论常常把换喻作为隐喻的一个种类。

本文从概念、结构、功能和运作机制等角度对隐喻和换喻进行分析两者之间的区别与联系。

关键词：隐喻；换喻；认知功能；运作机制；区别中图分类号：H05 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1671-864X（2016）11-0257-01一、隐喻与换喻的概念（一）隐喻的概念。

隐喻通常是指两个不同领域事物之间的联系，一般用于通过A事物理解或解释B事物，涉及到两个概念的映射。

（二）换喻的概念。

换喻着重的是事物本身的特点或它与其他事物之间的特殊关系，基本上是利用A事物的某一显著特征来指认该事物，基本不涉及事物特征的转移。

二、隐喻与换喻的结构（一）隐喻的结构。

从结构上来看，隐喻由“本体”，“喻体”和“喻底”三部分组成。

如：她纯洁得永远像春天像蝴蝶。

其中，“她”是本体，“春天’夕、“蝴蝶”是喻体，而“纯洁”是喻底。

需要注意的是只有符合“通过一事物来理解另一事物”才能被称为隐喻。

因此，就隐喻的本质来说，隐喻是通过某一事物来理解另外一事物。

喻体与本体之问的关系是差异中的相似。

所谓差异，指的是本体和喻体两者属于小同的领域，这是构成隐喻的基础，例如：百科全书是一座金矿。

“百科全书”与“金矿”为小同的事物，分属小同的领域。

但在这两者之问却存在着某方面的相似。

例如在上例中，说“百科全书”是“一座金矿”因为两者都“值得挖掘”，因此这就构成了一个隐喻。

（二）换喻的结构。

换喻也可以看作由三个部分组成：本体、喻体和喻底。

但与隐喻小同的是，在换喻中，本体从不出现，喻体就是喻底。

本体和喻体是以隐含的方式在起作用的。

本体和喻体之问是一种替代的关系。

而这两个事物之问并小存在一种相似的关系，喻体之所以可以替代本体，因为它代表了本体的某一特征。

Metaphor隐喻

Metaphor
隐喻
Definition
• Metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another, ... A comparison is usually implicit, whereas in simile it is explicit.
--- A Dictionary of Literary Terms
隐喻也是一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接甲事物（喻）当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其比喻关系隐含在句意中。从而更生动，更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。
隐喻与明喻的不同点
• 1. 明喻常用“似”, “像”之类的比喻词，而隐喻则绝对不用； • 明喻：Life is like an isthmus between two eternities.
• 暗喻：Life is an isthmus between two eternities.
• 2. 明喻的主体和喻体一定同时出现在句子中，而隐喻中的主体和喻体却不一定。
分类
• Lakoff and Johonson （莱可夫和约翰逊） classify conceptual metaphors into three categories: • ontological metaphors（实体隐喻） • structural metaphors（结构隐喻） • orientational metaphors（方位隐喻）

Metaphor

格译为 “ 喻 ” “ 喻 ” 然而，语中ｍｔｙｙ应的修辞格宜为借代。文对ｍｔｈｒｍｅｎｍ借或转。汉ｅｎｍ相ｏ本ｅａｏ和ｐｔｙｙ进行对比，ｏ比较它们在概念、构、程、结过目标、观与客观和效果等方面的差异，主并通过对比喻的思维方式的分析，讨暗探喻产生的原因；同时，两种辞格同汉语辞格加以比较，将尝试一条有效的教学途径，以指导教学。
ＭｅａｈｒＭｅｏｙ英汉修辞比较ｔｐｏ与ｔｎｍｙ的
刘沛富
（尔滨师范大学呼兰学院，哈黑龙江呼兰１００）５５０
【键词】喻；代；体；体；体关暗借本喻代 ‘
【摘
要】ｅｐｏ（ｍｔｈｒ暗喻）ｍｔｙｙ借代）ａ和ｅｏｍ（ｎ是英语修辞学中重要的辞格。我们在教学中常常把ｍｔｙｙ这一辞ｅｏｍｎ
ｍｒｙｐａｅｓ（ｌａｈｋｓｅｒ）ｅｅｌｒ，ＷｉｉＳａｅｐａｅｌｙｌｍ
整个世界是一座舞台，有的人都是演员而已。（所莎士比
亚）
Ｈｏｄｆｓｔｄｅｍ，ＦｒｉｄｅｍｓｄｅＬｆｓａｂｏｅｌａｔｏｒａｓｏｆｒａｉ，ｉｉｒｋｎ— ｅ
Ａｌｔｅｗｒｄｉｔｇ，ａｄａｌｔｅｍｅｎｏｎａｅｌｈｏｌｓａｓｅａｎｌｈｎａｄｗｍｅｒ

metaphor

8. Conceptual metaphorPre-questions;1. What’s the relation and distinction of metaphor studies in traditional rhetoric and in cognitive linguistics?2. What’s the basis of conceptual metaphor?3. What is the significance for second language acquisition?4. What’s the major limitation?8.1 Metaphor in traditional rhetoric8.1.1 Definitions隐喻是用另外一事体的某些相似特性来描绘某事体的想象性方法，被视为一种修辞手段，是非正常的语言使用，属于文学、修辞学等学科的研究范畴。

Metaphor is an innovative use of language or of the figurative application of a single term to a new referent.对比论和替代论都将隐喻看作是词语层次上的一种修辞方式，都将隐喻的功能看作是一种附加的、可有可无的装饰，就其结构和形式而言，都认为是正常语言规则的一种偏离。

互动论把隐喻作为一种语义现象，并放到句子层次进行考察。

8.1.2 Types方达尼尔以“有生命的”和“无生命的”为标准，把隐喻分成五类：（1）一生物的特征向另一生物转移，（2）无生命实体的特征向无生命抽象事物转移，（3）无生命事物向生物转移，（4）从生物向无生命事物转移的物理隐喻，（5）从生物向无生命事物转移的道德隐喻。

又可分为两类：实体间的物理性隐喻和抽象事物与实体间的道德隐喻。

8.2 Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics类推和隐喻式推理是所有认知活动的基础。

metaphor_外语学习-英语学习

ContentsAbstractⅠ.IntroductionⅡ.A brief survey1.Defition of metapho2.Types of metaphor3.Metaphors in Chinese and Western studiesⅢ.Metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures1.correspondin, non-correspondence2.Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor ;the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures ;The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Ⅳ. 1.metaphorical expression of cultural conflict2. different living conditions caused differences of metaphor3.the metaphor arising from religious and cultural differencesⅤ. Translation of metaphors1.On the standard of translation2.Obstacles in the translation of metaphor3.Skills in translation of metaphorⅥ. ConclusionBibliographyAcknowledgementsAbstractⅠ.Introduction: Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition ofmetaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on.Ⅱ.A brief survey1.Defition of metaphorMetaphor is the concept of understanding one thing in terms of another. A metaphor is athat constructs an analogy between two things or ideas; the analogy is conveyed by the use of a metaphorical word in place of some other word.2.T ypes of metaphormon types:①A dead metaphor is one in which the sense of a transferred image is absent. Examples: "to grasp a concept" and "to gather what you've understood" use physical action as a metaphor for understanding. Most people do not visualize the action — dead metaphors normally go unnoticed. Some people distinguish between a dead metaphor and a cliché. Others use "dead metaphor" to denote both. ②An extended metaphor (conceit), establishes a principal subject (comparison) and subsidiary subjects (comparisons). The As Y ou Like It quotation is a good example, the world is described as a stage, and then men and women are subsidiary subjects further described in the same context. ③A mixed metaphor is one that leaps from one identification to a second identification inconsistent with the first. Example: "If we can hit that bullseye then the rest of the dominoes will fall like a house of cards... Checkmate." Quote from Futurama TV show character Zapp Brannigan.2.2.Uncommon typesOther types of metaphor have been identified as well, though the nomenclatures are not as universally accepted:2.2.1.An absolute or paralogical metaphor (sometimes called an anti-metaphor) is one in which there is no discernible point of resemblance between the idea and the image.2.2.2.An active metaphor is one which by contrast to a dead metaphor, is not part of daily language and is noticeable as a metaphor.2.2.3.A complex metaphor is one which mounts one identification on another. Example: "That throws some light on the question." Throwing light is a metaphor: there is no actual light, and a question is not the sort of thing that can be lit up.2.2.4.A compound or loose metaphor is one that catches the mind with several points of similarity. Example: "He has the wild stag's foot." This phrase suggests grace and speed as well as daring. 2.2.5.An implicit metaphor is one in which the tenor is not specified but implied. Example: "Shut your trap!" Here, the mouth of the listener is the unspecified tenor.3.Metaphors in Chinese and Western studiesIn 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. "Ⅲ.Metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures1. Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages- English and Chinese. Metaphor have the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on .This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, the whole of human society and cultural backgroundare certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience.2.non-correspondence: English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages , resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the correspondingnon-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories:2.1. Vehicle is same, Yu Yi does not correspond toEnglish and Chinese in some cases there are , but in in the meaning of their own language and culture the metaphor means different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum)2.2.Yu Yi is same, the vehicle does not correspond toThe two nations, English and Chinese, due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao.2.3.Yu Yu Yi and the meaning do not correspond toSome of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with apiece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor .3.1.Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphorMetaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience.3.2.the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western culturesAs the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences.3.3. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influenceLanguage is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse.Ⅳ.1.1.metaphorical expression of cultural conflictDifferent nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures have a lot of conflicts or inconsistency metaphor. Such as the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." "Dragon" give a different connotation.So the same analogy in different cultures have different meaning.1.2.different living conditions caused differences of metaphorIn English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society.1.3.the metaphor arising from religious and cultural differencesReligious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on.Ⅴ. T ranslation of metaphors1.On the standard of translationIn the field of translation, the standard of translation has been a fierce controversy, including Nida‟s formal correspondence vs. Functional Equivalence, Newmark‟s semantictranslation vs. communication translation, literal translation vs. free translation, form vs. content,source-oriented vs. target-oriented, author-centered vs. reader-centered, the purpose of theauthor vs. the purpose of the translation and so on; [12]P5 Therefore, it is impossible to define astandard for the translation of all metaphors. Metaphor reveals the aesthetics of language; what‟smore, it reflects the speaker or writer‟s education, experiences, observation, conception towardsthe world ect., so it is very important to keep the metaphorical meaning and the images by usingany skills of translation, that is, metaphors can be translated in flexible ways to convey theinformation and the effect of the source language.2.Obstacles in the translation of metaphorFor the differences between languages, the obstacles in translation sometimes make it very difficult even impossible to convey the effect of the source metaphor. As Chinese is regardedcontextual language, which always turns to be obstacles on translation into English. Thefollowing cases are among the most common.eg.1她就是这样风里来雨里去。

孟德尔随机化代谢物分类

孟德尔随机化代谢物分类
孟德尔是一位著名的遗传学家，他的研究对于生物学领域产生了深远的影响。

在他的研究中，他发现了遗传因子的存在，并提出了随机化的概念。

随机化是指在遗传过程中，基因的组合会以一种随机的方式进行，从而产生不同的特征和代谢物。

代谢物是生物体内产生的化学物质，它们参与了生物体的各种生理活动。

根据孟德尔的研究，我们可以将代谢物分为不同的分类。

我们可以将代谢物分为有机物和无机物。

有机物主要由碳、氢和氧元素组成，包括糖类、脂肪类和蛋白质等。

无机物则主要由无机元素组成，如水、盐等。

我们可以将代谢物按照其在生物体内的作用进行分类。

例如，核酸是DNA和RNA的组成部分，它们承载了遗传信息；酶是调控化学反应的催化剂，它们参与了代谢过程；激素是调节生物体内平衡的化学信号分子，如胰岛素、甲状腺激素等。

代谢物还可以按照其来源进行分类。

例如，食物中的营养物质被消化吸收后转化为能量，这些能量代谢产生的物质可以被归类为代谢物。

同时，生物体内还会通过新陈代谢等过程产生代谢废物，如二氧化碳、尿素等。

代谢物还可以按照其在生物体内的浓度进行分类。

一些代谢物在生
物体内的浓度较高，有重要的生理作用，如氧气、葡萄糖等；而另一些代谢物的浓度较低，但仍然具有重要的功能，如维生素、矿物质等。

总的来说，孟德尔的随机化理论为我们理解代谢物的分类提供了基础。

通过对代谢物的分类，我们可以更好地理解生物体的生理活动，并为疾病的预防和治疗提供指导。