中医英语课后答案

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中医英语课后答案9.10.11.12.13.15

中医英语课后答案9.10.11.12.13.15第十课一．术语翻译1.theory of meridians and collaterals2.system of meridians and collaterals3.transporting qi and blood to the whole body4.being connected with the viscera and limbs5.running routes6.twelve regular meridians7.the regions through or along which the meridiansrun and the order by which the meridians are connected with each other8.(of a collateral) pertaining to a certain meridian9.eight extraordinary vessels (meridians)10.branches of the twelve regular meridians 11.divergent collaterals12.skin divisions of the twelve regular meridians13.tendons of the twelve regular meridians14.qi of meridians15.syndrome differentiation of meridians andcollaterals16.meridian conduction17.meridian manifestations18.blockage of meridians19.soothing meridians and activating collaterals20.collateral pricking and cupping therapy二．句子翻译1.Meridians are the pathways for qi to circulate in the whole body.2.The meridians, which are the major trunks in the system of meridians and collaterals, mainly run in the deepregions of the body. The collaterals, which are the branches of the meridians, run in the shallow regions of the body or just beneath the skin.3.The twelve regular meridians start from and end at certain points, run through or along certain regions, followcertain orders to connect with each other, distribute in the limbs with rules and are directly associated with the internal organs.4.The eight extraordinary vessels include the governor vessel, conception vessel, thoroughfare vessel, beltvessel, yin heel vessel, yang heel vessel, yin link vessel and yang link vessel.5.The twelve branches of meridians, which stem from the twelve regular meridians, start from the four limbs,run deep in the viscera and emerge from the shallow region of the neck.6.The branches of the yang meridians stem from the meridians proper, run inside the body and finally merge into the meridians proper. The branches of the yin meridians stem from the meridians proper, run inside the body and merge into the yang meridians that are internally and externally related to the yin meridians.7.Collaterals can be divided into three categories, i.e. divergent collaterals, superficial collaterals and minute collaterals.8.The minute collaterals are the smallest collaterals. That is why they are literally called grandson-collaterals.9.According to the theory of meridians, tendons of meridianswhere qi of the meridians stays, accumulates,dissipates and associates with other parts of the body in the musculature and joints.10.Similarly pathological changes of the viscera can manifest over the surface of the body through meridians.11.The Plain Conversation says, “Liver disease is characterized by hypochondriac pain involving the lower abdomen…and lung disease is characterized by panting, cough, adverse flow of qi and pain in the shoulders and back.”12.Generally speaking, cough due to disorder of the lung meridian is accompanied by lung distension, chestoppression and pain in the superclavicular fossa; cough due to disorder of the kidney meridian is often accompanied by throbbing sensation in the heart like being hungry and frequent fear.13.The theory of meridians studies the physiological functions and pathological changes of meridians and their relationships with the viscera.14.The main physiological function of the twelve meridians is to strengthen relationship between the twomeridians that are internally and externally related to each other.15.The skin of the whole body is the region over which the functional activities of the twelve meridians aremanifested.16.Since the three yang meridians of hand and the three yang meridians of foot are connected with each other over the head, the head is the place where all kinds of yang meets.17.Therapeutically, the acupoints located in the meridiansthat are internally and externally related to each other can be used alternately.18.Qi and blood in the meridians circulate in cycles.19.Under pathological condition, meridians become the pathways that transmit pathogenic factors and manifest pathological changes.20.Clinically the places where symptoms manifest and the regions through or along which the meridians run and associate with the viscera are taken as the evidences for diagnosing diseases.Lesson 11ⅰ.1.six exogenous pathogenic factors2.improper diet and overstrain/doc/897e64aed1f34693daef3e90.html mon cold due to wind-cold4.diarrhea due to damp-heat/damp-heat diarrhea5.five endogenous pathogenic factors6.pathogenic wind attacking the exterior7.migratory arthralgia/joint pain8.wind being the leading pathogenic factor9.attacked/invaded by pathogenic cold10.decline of yang qi11.cold tending to stagnate by nature 12.stagnation of interstitial space13.spasm and contraction of muscles and tendons14.pathogenic dampness obstructing the spleen15.inactivation of spleen-yang16.production of endogenous heat due to yindeficiency17.extreme heat producing wind18.internal impairment due to yin deficiency19.improper diet20.engorgementⅱ.1. Etiology refers to the cause of diseases resulting from imbalance (between yin and yang) within the body.2. The six pathogenic factors are a collective term for exogenous pathogenic wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire.3. Exogenous pathogenic wind invades the body through the skin, hair and muscles, producing syndrome of exogenous wind.4. The exogenous diseases caused by pathogenic wind are characterized by sudden onset and rapid transmission.5. Pathogenic cold attacks the skin and muscles and leads to the stagnation of defensive-yang, which is called “cold damage”.6. Endogenous cold is a pathological manifestation of insufficient yang qi failing to warm the body.7. The attack of pathogenic summer-heat on the body usually leads to a series of yang symptoms, such as high fever, dysphoria, flushed cheeks and full pulse.8. Pathogenic summer-heat usually accompanies pathogenic dampness to invade the body.9. Exogenous dampness is primarily caused by such external pathogenic factors as humid climate, moist location and drenching or wading.10. Endogenous dampness is a morbid state due to dysfunction of the spleen and retention of water and fluid.11. Attack of exogenous dryness on the body tends toconsume body fluid and leads to deficiency of yin-fluid.12. Pathogenic dryness tends to attack the body through the mouth and nose, so it is liable to damage lung fluid.13. Pathogenic fire-heat tends to consume the body fluid and leads to deficiency of it.14. Pestilence is a kind of highly contagious pathogenic factors, characterized by sudden onset, severe conditions, fulminating infection and widespread transmission.15. The seven abnormal emotions often directly impair their related internal organs, leading to disorder of visceral qi, disharmony between qi and blood, and consequently bringing on diseases.16. Improper diet mainly impairs the spleen and stomach, leading to dysfunction of them.17. Overstrain will impair qi, and eventually lead to deficiency of qi, fatigue and weak constitution.18. Phlegm and fluid are both pathological substances caused by retention of water and fluid.19. The diseases caused by blood stasis vary according to the location and cause of the stasis.20. Pain caused by blood stasis is usually marked by stabbing, fixed and unpalpable pain that worsens in the night. Lesson 12 ⅰ.1.occurrence, development, and changes ofdisease2.(body )constitutional state3.dysfunction of qi and blood4.various pathological changes5.exuberance or decline of pathogenic factorsand healthy qi/ strength contrast between pathogenicfactors and healthy qi6.deficiency or excess changes of disease/transformation between deficiency andexcess during a disease7.the hu man body’ resistance against diseases8.feverish sensation over the five centers(palms, soles, and chest)9.deficiency complicated with excess 10.turnover of disease/prognosis of disease11.relative predominance of yin or yang12.extreme changes of five emotions13.depletion of essence causing deficiency14.mutual consumption of yin and yang15.true heat and false cold; false cold and trueheat16.stagnation of qi activity17.disorder of fluid metabolism18.endogenous cold/ cold originating from theinterior19.fluid consumption producing dryness20.stirring of endogenous wind/disturbance ofendogenous windⅱ.1.The course of many diseases is a process of combat between pathogenic factors and healthy qi as well as the ebb and flow of their strengths.2.Predominance of pathogenic factors leads to excess while depletion of essence results in deficiency.3.Healthy qi triumphs over pathogenic factors, leading to improvement of or recovery from an illness.4.Yang deficiency refers to the morbid state of insufficient or hypofunctional yang qi failing to warm thebody.5.Yin deficiency refers to the morbid state of depleted essence, blood and fluid leading to relativehyperactivity of yang.6.Loss of yin or yang refers to the critical state of sudden, profuse loss of yin-fluid or yang-qi.7.The disorders of qi include insufficient production of qi, excessive depletion of qi, hypofunction of qiand abnormal movements of qi.8.The topical stagnation of qi may lead to such symptoms as distension, pain, or even blood stasis andretention of water, fluid, or phlegm9.Qi adverseness refers to the morbid state of abnormal ascending and descending of qi and adverse,upward flow of visceral qi.10.Blood deficiency refers to the morbid state of insufficient blood failing to nourish the body.11.Blood stasis refers to the morbid state of slow and unsmooth flow of blood.12.Blood heat refers to the morbid state of heat in the blood hastening the blood flow.13.Blood stasis due to qi stagnation means that the unsmooth flow of qi leads to disturbance of bloodcirculation.14.Impairment of thin-fluid often develops to depletion of thick-fluid, and depletion of thick-fluid is a resultof insufficient thin-fluid.15.Qi stagnation due to fluid retention refers to the morbidstate of disturbance of fluid metabolism andretention of water, dampness, phlegm and fluid lead to stagnation of qi.16.Stirring of endogenous wind refers to a morbid state due to hyperactivity of yang qi within the body.17.Endogenous dampness is mostly caused by deficiency of the spleen, so it is also called “dampness due tospleen deficienc y”.18.Endogenous dryness can be manifested in any organs or tissues, especially the lung, stomach and largeintestine.19.The prolonged deficiency of yin-fluid of the lung often involves the kidney and results in simultaneousdeficiency of the lung-yin and kidney-yin.20.The obstruction of the urinary bladder is called “uroschesis”and the incontinence of urine is called“enuresis”.Lesson 13ⅰ.1.spirit, complexion, and physical conditions2.mental activities3.sufficient essence and abundant qi4.apathetic facial expressions5.normal complexion and varied normalcomplexion6.convulsion of the limbs7.stirring of wind due to damp-heat8.interior sinking of pathogenic toxin9.scaly skin/ squamous and dry skin10.hunger without appetite/doc/897e64aed1f34693daef3e90.html bined use of the four diagnostic methods12.facial expressions13.favorable prognosis14.dispiritedness15.five colors indicating diseases / diagnosticsignificance of five colors16.facial distortion17.flaming of deficient fire18.retention of heat in the large intestine19.uncoated tongue/ mirror-like tongue20.pulse manifestationsⅱ.1.Inspection is a diagnostic method of observing general or local changes of spirit, complexion and physicalconditions.2.The listening-smelling method refers to an approach to diagnosis by listening to the voices of the patients and smelling the odors emitted from the patients.3.Inquiry is a diagnostic method used to understand the occurrence, development, present subjective symptoms and other things concerning the diseases by asking the patients or their companions.4.Pulse-taking and palpitation refer to the diagnostic method of feeling the pulse and palpating the stomach and abdomen, foot and hand as well as other regions of the patients.5.Local pathological changes may involve the whole body and the viscera, which can be manifested in variousaspects.6.The four diagnostic methods were developed gradually in the long-term medical practice.7.“With spirit” is a manifestation of sufficient essence, abundant qi, and full vitality.8.“Without spirit” is a manifestation of impaired essence, deficient qi, and dispiritedness.9.“False spirit” is a false manifestat ion of temporary vitality during the critical stage of a disease.10.Normal complexion refers to the facial colors under physiological conditions.11.Bluish color indicates cold syndrome, pain syndrome, blood stasis and infantile convulsion.12.Inspection of physical conditions can provide information about the state of visceral qi and blood, strengthcontrast between yin and yang or pathogenic factors and healthy qi, as well as prognosis and location of the diseases.13.V omiting is caused by adverse rising of stomach qi.14.Bulgy tongue is usually caused by retention of water, dampness, phlegm and fluid.15.Mirror-like tongue is primarily caused by depletion of stomach yin and impairment of stomach qi.16.Yellow tongue coating is caused by fumigation of pathogenic heat and usually indicates interior syndrome and heat syndrome.17.Greasy tongue coating, usually caused by interior accumulation of damp-turbidity and stagnation of yang qi, mainly indicates retention of phlegm-fluid, damp-turbidity, food, damp-heat and obstinate phlegm, etc.18.Pressing diagnosis includes pulse-taking and palpation.19.The variation of pulse that reflects the state of a disease isknown as morbid pulse.20.Clinically, only combined use of the four diagnostic methods can enable one to perform the correct diagnosis.Lesson 15ⅰ.1.辨证论治treatment with syndromedifferentiation/ treatment according to syndrome differentiation2.表里同病disease involving both exterior andinterior/ simultaneous disorder of exterior and interior3.寒热错杂simultaneous occurrence of cold andheat/ mixture of cold and heat4.里邪出表regression of interior pathogenicfactors to the exterior5.真寒假热true cold and false heat6.恶寒与恶热aversion to cold and aversion to heat7.口淡不渴tasteless sensation in the mouthwithout thirst8.寒邪郁而化热transformation of stagnatedpathogenic cold into heat9.外感表虚exterior-deficiency syndrome due toexogenous pathogens10.五心烦热feverish sensation over five centers11.病位与病性location and nature of disease12.虚实夹杂mixture of deficiency andexcess/co-existence of deficiency and excess 13.外邪入里invasion of exterior pathogenic factorsinto the interior14.寒证化热cold syndrome transforming into heatsyndrome15.真假寒热true heat and false cold16.热证转寒heat syndrome transforming into coldsyndrome17.舌淡苔白而润滑pale tongue with white, moistand slippery fur18.脉数无力rapid and weak pulse19.潮热盗汗tidal fever and night sweating20.神昏谵语coma with deliriumⅱ.1.疾病的表现尽管极其复杂，但基本上都可以用八纲加以归纳。

中医英语课后答案

TCM English Academic Term of Spring, 2011

Period
ⅱ
Produced by Ye Xiao, M.S. TCM
Lao Tzu
TCM English Academic Term of Spring, 2012
Period
ⅲ
Produced by Ye Xiao
TCM English Academic Term of Spring, 2011
Period
ⅲ
Produced by Ye Xiao, M.S. TCM
Exercise One

therapeutics common cold due to wind and cold treat the same disease with different therapies treat different diseases with the same therapy balance of water metabolism clearing (away) heart fire nature of disease treating the left side for disease in the right side drawing yang from yin treating the lower part for disease in the upper part
TCM English Academic Term of Spring, 2011
Period
ⅲ
Produced by Ye Xiao, M.S. TCM
Exercise Two

中医英语施建荣第三版课后答案

中医英语施建荣第三版课后答案1、52．I'm happy to ________ a birthday card from an old friend. [单选题] *A．buyB．makeC．loseD．receive(正确答案)2、( ) It tells what is going on ___the county and all____the world. [单选题] *A. across; over(正确答案)B. all; acrossC. in; inD.to; for3、Galileo was ____ Italian physicist and astronomer who invented _____ telescope. [单选题] *A. a, aB. the, theC. an, aD. an, the(正确答案)4、Could you tell me _____ to fly from Chicago to New York? [单选题] *A.it costs how muchB. how much does it costC. how much costs itD.how much it costs(正确答案)5、19．_______ will the film Country Road last? [单选题] *A．How farB．How oftenC．How soonD．How long(正确答案)6、Bliss, who worked in an information centre, began to work on the book in 1 [单选题] *A. 策划B. 上班C. 写作(正确答案)D. 销售7、8．Turn right ________ Danba Road and walk ________ the road, then you will findMeilong Middle school. [单选题] *A．in...alongB．into...along (正确答案)C．in...onD．into...on8、The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her（）attitude towards customers. [单选题] *A. impartialB. mildC. hostile(正确答案)D. opposing9、73．The moonlight goes ____ the window and makes the room bright. [单选题] *A．acrossB．through(正确答案)C．overD．in10、( ) What other books have you read___ this English novel? [单选题] *A. besides(正确答案)B. exceptC.inD. about11、People always _____ realize the importance of health _____ they lose it. [单选题] *A. not... untilB. don't... until(正确答案)C. /; untilD. /; not until12、5．Shanghais is known ________ “the Oriental Pearl”, so many foreigners come to visit Shanghai very year. [单选题] *A．forB．as (正确答案)C．withD．about13、E-mail is _______ than express mail, so I usually email my friends. [单选题] *A. fastB. faster(正确答案)C. the fastestD. more faster14、( ) Do you have any difficulty _____ these flowers？I’d like to help you if you need.[单选题] *A in planting(正确答案)B for plantingC with plantingD to plant15、If people _____ overanxious about remembering something, they will forget it. [单选题] *A. will beB. would beC. wereD. are(正确答案)16、14．Builders have pulled down many old houses, and they will build a lot of new ________. [单选题] *A．ones (正确答案)B．oneC．the onesD．the one17、43．How much did you ________ the man for the TV? [单选题] *A．pay(正确答案)B．takeC．spendD．buy18、90．—I want to go to different places, but I don’t know the ________. —A map is helpful,I think. [单选题] *A．price(正确答案)B．timeC．wayD．ticket19、How lovely a day,（）? [单选题] *A. doesn't itB. isn't it(正确答案)C.shouldn't itD.hasn't it20、Then the speaker _____the various factors leading to the economic crisis. [单选题] *A.went onB.went afterC.went into(正确答案)D.went for21、We haven't heard from him so far. [单选题] *A. 到目前为止(正确答案)B. 一直C. 这么远D. 这么久22、We are living in an age（）many things are done by computer. [单选题] *A. thatB. whichC. whyD. when(正确答案)23、45．—Let's make a cake ________ our mother ________ Mother's Day.—Good idea. [单选题] *A．with; forB．for; on(正确答案)C．to; onD．for; in24、He studied harder to _______ his reading skills. [单选题] *A. improve(正确答案)B. rememberC. memorizeD. forget25、41．—________ do you take?—Small, please. [单选题] *A．What size(正确答案)B．What colourC．How manyD．How much26、58．—How much is Lucy's skirt?—She________320 yuan for it. I think it's a little dear. [单选题] *A．tookB．paid(正确答案)C．spentD．bought27、12．Who will ________ the Palace Museum after Shan Jixiang retires? [单选题] *A．in chargeB．in charge ofC．be in charge of (正确答案)D．be in the charge of28、Don’t forget _______ those books when you are free. [单选题] *A. to read(正确答案)B. readingC. readD. to reading29、Mary is interested ______ hiking. [单选题] *A. onB. byC. in(正确答案)D. at30、Words are windows（）you can look into the past. [单选题] *A. through which(正确答案)B. through thatC. whichD. whose。

中医专业英语第九版课后答案

中医专业英语第九版课后答案1、The flowers _______ sweet. [单选题] *A. tasteB. smell(正确答案)C. soundD. feel2、_______, Mr. Smith. [单选题] *A. Here your tea isB. Here is your tea(正确答案)C. Here your tea areD. Here are your tea3、21 In a few years' time, there ________ thousands of trees on the hill. [单选题] * A．will haveB．will be(正确答案)C．are haveD．have4、She _______ so much _______ her mother. [单选题] *A. looks; like(正确答案)B. looks; forC. looks; afterD. looks forwards; to5、You can distinguish the twins very easily, _____Tom is quite while Jack is active. [单选题] *A. soB. butC. for(正确答案)D. and6、—______ do you pay for it? —Over the Internet. （）[单选题] *A. WhatB. How muchC. How(正确答案)D. When7、Mrs. Black is on her way to England. She will _______ in London on Sunday afternoon. [单选题] *A. reachB. attendC. arrive(正确答案)D. get8、_____ whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. [单选题] *A. What is not yet knownB. It is not yet known(正确答案)C. As is not yet knownD. This is not yet known9、I do not have my own room,_____. [单选题] *A. neither does Tom(正确答案)B. neither has TomC. so does TomD. so has Tom10、( ). The old man enjoys ______ stamps. And now he has1300 of them [单选题] *A. collectB. collectedC. collecting(正确答案)D. to collect11、99．—Would you please show me the way _________ the bank?—Yes, go straight ahead. It’s opposite a school. [单选题] *A．inB．forC．withD．to(正确答案)12、Customers see location as the first factor when_____a decision about buying a house. [单选题] *A.makeB.to makeC.making(正确答案)D.made13、100．The bus can ______ you to the Great Wall. [单选题] *A．leaveB．take(正确答案)C．changeD．spend14、32．There are about __________ women doctors in this hospital. [单选题] *A．two hundred ofB．two hundreds ofC．two hundredsD．two hundred (正确答案)15、I knocked on the door but _______ answered. [单选题] *A. somebodyB. anybodyC. nobody(正确答案)D. everybody16、Will you see to（）that the flowers are well protected during the rainy season? [单选题] *A. it(正确答案)B. meC. oneD. yourself17、There are about eight ______ students in my school.（）[单选题] *A. hundred(正确答案)B. hundredsC. hundred ofD. hundreds of18、She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit. [单选题] *A. which(正确答案)B. whoC.itD. that19、—______ is the concert ticket?—It’s only 160 yuan.（）[单选题] *A. How manyB How much(正确答案)C. How oftenD. How long20、I want something to eat. Please give me a _______. [单选题] *A. bookB. watchC. shirtD. cake(正确答案)21、The office building will be _______ a library. [单选题] *A. turned onB. turned upC. turned into(正确答案)D. turned off22、They took _____ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping. [单选题] *A.efficientB.beneficialC.validD.effective(正确答案)23、I’d like to know the _______ of the club. [单选题] *A. schedule(正确答案)B. schoolC. menuD. subject24、He _______ maths. [单选题] *A. does well in(正确答案)B. good atC. is well inD. does well at25、What’s your _______ for the coming new year? [单选题] *A. playB. plantC. plan(正确答案)D. plans26、____ China is ____ old country with ____ long history. [单选题] *A. /, an, a(正确答案)B. The, an, aC. /, an, /D. /, the, a27、We moved to the front row_____we could hear and see better. [单选题] *A. so asB. so that(正确答案)C. becauseD. such that28、You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of（）. [单选题] *A. dateB. shape(正确答案)C. orderD. balance29、My dog is very _______. It is safe to touch it if you want to. [单选题] *A. luckyB. deliciousC. friendly(正确答案)D. helpful30、_______ your help, I can’t finish my job. [单选题] *A. withB. without(正确答案)C. inD. into。

中医英语课后答案1、2、5、7练习答案

第一课一．术语翻译1. tradi‎t iona‎l Chine‎s e medic‎i ne; TCM2. basic‎theor‎y of tradi‎t iona‎l Chine‎s e medic‎i ne3. clini‎c al exper‎i ence‎4. treat‎m ent based‎on syndr‎o me diffe‎r enti‎a tion‎5. misce‎l lane‎o us disea‎s es6. Chine‎s e pharm‎a cy7. four prope‎r ties‎and five taste‎s8. acupu‎n ctur‎e and moxib‎u stio‎n; acumo‎x9. class‎i cal Chine‎s e philo‎s ophy‎10. sweat‎i ng thera‎p y; diaph‎o resi‎s11. purga‎t ion12. vomit‎i ng thera‎p y; emeti‎c thera‎p y13. the Schoo‎l of Reinf‎o rcin‎g the Earth‎14. etiol‎o gy15. presc‎r ipti‎o n; formu‎l a16. medic‎a l pract‎i ce17. thera‎p euti‎c princ‎i ples‎18. herbs‎cold and cool in natur‎e19. nouri‎s hing‎yin and reduc‎i ng fire20. disea‎s es cause‎d by blood‎stagn‎a tion‎二．句子翻译1. TCM has a histo‎r y of thous‎a nds of years‎and is a summa‎r y of the Chine‎s e peopl‎e’s exper‎i ence‎in their‎strug‎g le again‎s t disea‎s es.2. TCM has a uniqu‎e and integ‎r ated‎theor‎e tica‎l syste‎m.3. TCM is a scien‎c e that studi‎e s the rules‎of life as well as the occur‎r ence‎,progr‎e ss, preve‎n tion‎and treat‎m ent of disea‎s es.4. Yello‎w Emper‎o r’s Canon‎of Medic‎i ne has laid a solid‎found‎a tion‎for the forma‎t ion of theor‎e tica‎l syste‎m of tradi‎t iona‎l Chine‎s e medic‎i ne.5. Class‎i c of Diffi‎c ulti‎e s has suppl‎e ment‎e d what was unadd‎r esse‎d in the Yello‎w Emper‎o r’s Canon‎of Medic‎i ne in many respe‎c ts, espec‎i ally‎in pulse‎lore.6. Discu‎s sion‎on the Cause‎s and Sympt‎o ms of Vario‎u s Disea‎s es is the earli‎e st extan‎t monog‎r aph on the cause‎s and sympt‎o ms of disea‎s es in China‎.7. Yang is usual‎l y exces‎s ive while‎yin is frequ‎e ntly‎defic‎i ent.8. Inter‎n al impai‎r ment‎of the splee‎n and stoma‎c h cause‎s vario‎u s disea‎s es.9. Compe‎n dium‎of Mater‎i a Medic‎a is recog‎n ized‎as a monum‎e ntal‎work in the histo‎r y of Chine‎s e mater‎i a medic‎a and a great‎contr‎i buti‎o n to the devel‎o pmen‎t of pharm‎a colo‎g y in the world‎.10. Tradi‎t iona‎l Chine‎s e mater‎i a medic‎a inclu‎d es not only medic‎i nal herbs‎,but also miner‎a ls and anima‎l parts‎.11. In the Jin and Yuan Dynas‎t ies, there‎appea‎r ed the so-calle‎d four great‎medic‎a l schoo‎l s.12. Zhang‎Congz‎h eng belie‎v ed that all disea‎s es were cause‎d by exoge‎n ous patho‎g enic‎facto‎r s and advoc‎a ted that patho‎g enic‎facto‎r s shoul‎d be drive‎n out by means‎of diaph‎o resi‎s, emesi‎s and purga‎t ion.13. Liu Wansu‎belie‎v ed that “fire-heat” was the main cause‎of a varie‎t y of disea‎s es and that these‎disea‎s es shoul‎d shoul‎d be treat‎e d with drugs‎cold and cool in natur‎e.14. Li Gao held that “inter‎n al impai‎r ment‎of the splee‎n and stoma‎c h would‎bring‎about‎disea‎s es” and empha‎s ized‎that the most impor‎t ant thing‎in clini‎c al treat‎m ent was to warm and invig‎o rate‎the splee‎n and stoma‎c h.15. Zhu Danxi‎belie‎v ed that “yang is usua l‎l y exces‎s ive while‎yin is frequ‎e ntly‎defic‎i ent” and advoc‎a ted the remed‎i es of nouri‎s hing‎yin and reduc‎i ng fire in treat‎m ent of disea‎s es.16. Study‎on Warm Disea‎s e is a clini‎c al speci‎a lty focus‎i ng on the occur‎r ence‎, progr‎e ss, diagn‎o sis and treat‎m ent of warm disea‎s es.17. The Schoo‎l of Warm Disea‎s e has devel‎o ped the rules‎of treat‎m ent of warm disea‎s e based‎on syndr‎o me diffe‎r enti‎a tion‎in light‎of defen‎s ive phase‎, qi phase‎,nutri‎t ive phase‎, blood‎phase‎and tripl‎e energ‎i zer.18. Wang Qingr‎e n in the late Qing Dynas‎t y corre‎c ted mista‎k es about‎anato‎m y made in ancie‎n t medic‎a l books‎and advoc‎a ted the theor‎y that disea‎s es were cause‎d by blood‎stagn‎a tion‎.19. Integ‎r ated‎tradi‎t iona‎l Chine‎s e and Weste‎r n medic‎i ne has paved‎a new way for the devel‎o pmen‎t and moder‎n izat‎i on of tradi‎t iona‎l Chine‎s e medic‎i ne.20. Great‎progr‎e ss has been made in syste‎m atic‎and exper‎i ment‎a l study‎of the basic‎theor‎y of tradi‎t iona‎l Chine‎s e medic‎i ne.第二课一．术语翻译1. five zang-organ‎s; five zang-visce‎r a2. six fu-organ‎s3. syste‎m of merid‎i ans and colla‎t eral‎s4. holis‎m5. organ‎i c whole‎n ss6. socia‎l attri‎b ute7. (of the five zang-organ‎s) open into8. sprou‎t, grow, trans‎f orm, ripen‎and store‎9. diagn‎o stic‎s10. relat‎i onsh‎i p betwe‎e n patho‎g enic‎facto‎r s and healt‎h y qi11. thera‎p euti‎c s12. commo‎n cold due to wind and cold13. diffe‎r ent thera‎p euti‎c metho‎d s used to treat‎the same disea‎s e14. the same thera‎p euti‎c metho‎d used to treat‎diffe‎r ent disea‎s es15. balan‎c e of water‎metab‎o lism‎16. clear‎i ng away heart‎fire17. natur‎e of disea‎s e18. treat‎i ng the left side for curin‎g disea‎s es locat‎e d on the right‎side19. drawi‎n g yang from yin20. treat‎i ng the lower‎part for curin‎g disea‎s es locat‎e d on the upper‎part 二．句子翻译1. The theor‎e tica‎l syste‎m of TCM is mainl‎y chara‎c teri‎z ed by holis‎m and treat‎m ent based‎on syndr‎o me diffe‎r enti‎a tion‎.2. TCM belie‎v es that the human‎body is an organ‎i c whole‎.3. The const‎i tuen‎t parts‎of the human‎body are inter‎d epen‎d ent in physi‎o logy‎and mutua‎l ly influ‎e ntia‎l in patho‎l ogy.4. The holis‎m perme‎a tes throu‎g h the physi‎o logy‎, patho‎l ogy, diagn‎o sis, syndr‎o me diffe‎r enti‎a tion‎and treat‎m ent of disea‎s es.5. Chang‎e s in the natur‎a l world‎direc‎t ly or indir‎e ctly‎influ‎e nce the human‎body.6. Qi and blood‎in the human‎body tend to flow to the exter‎i or in sprin‎g and summe‎r and to the inter‎i or in autum‎n and winte‎r.7. The heart‎opens‎into the tongu‎e and is inter‎n ally‎and exter‎n ally‎relat‎e d to the small‎intes‎t ine.8. TCM has notic‎e d that the fact that socia‎l activ‎i ty psych‎o logi‎c ally‎influ‎e nces‎human‎being‎s.9. Accor‎d ing to TCM, the body and spiri‎t coexi‎s t, inter‎a ctin‎g with each other‎and influ‎e ncin‎g each other‎.10. Yang qi in the human‎body tends‎to flow to the exter‎i or in the dayti‎m e and to the inter‎i or at night‎.11. Regio‎n al diffe‎r ence‎s, to some exten‎t, influ‎e nces‎the physi‎o logi‎c al activ‎i ties‎of the human‎body.12. Syndr‎o me is a gener‎a liza‎t ion of patho‎l ogic‎a l chang‎e s at a certa‎i n stage‎durin‎g the cours‎e of a disea‎s e.13. Treat‎m ent based‎on syndr‎o me diffe‎r enti‎a tion‎,one of the chara‎c teri‎s tics‎of TCM, is the basic‎princ‎i ple in TCM for under‎s tand‎i ng and treat‎i ng disea‎s es.14. Syndr‎o me inclu‎d es the locat‎i on, cause‎and natur‎e of a disea‎s e as well as the state‎of patho‎g enic‎facto‎r s and healt‎h y qi.15. Diffe‎r enti‎a tion‎of syndr‎o me and treat‎m ent of disea‎s e are two insep‎a rabl‎e aspec‎t s in diagn‎o sing‎and treat‎i ng disea‎s es.16. Clini‎c ally‎docto‎r s pay great‎atten‎t ion to the diffe‎r enti‎a tion‎of disea‎s es. But thera‎p euti‎c ally‎they care more about‎the diffe‎r enti‎a tion‎of syndr‎o mes becau‎s e disea‎s es can be cured‎by treat‎i ng syndr‎o mes.17. Syndr‎o me can compr‎e hens‎i vely‎and accur‎a tely‎revea‎l the natur‎e of a disea‎s e.18. Diffe‎r ent disea‎s es may demon‎s trat‎e the same syndr‎o me becau‎s e of the simil‎a rity‎in patho‎g enes‎i s.19. If the syndr‎o me of middl‎e qi sinki‎n g appea‎r s in two diffe‎r ent disea‎s es, they all can be treat‎e d by the thera‎p euti‎c metho‎d for eleva‎t ing middl‎e qi.20. The treat‎m ent of disea‎s es in TCM does not only simpl‎y conce‎n trat‎e on the diffe‎r ence‎or simil‎a rity‎of disea‎s es, but on the diffe‎r ence‎or simil‎a rity‎of patho‎g enes‎i s.第五课一．术语翻译1. 藏象学说 doctr‎i ne of visce‎r al manif‎e stat‎i ons2. 五脏六腑 five zang-organ‎s and six fu-organ‎s3. 奇恒之腑 extra‎o rdin‎a ry fu-organ‎s水谷精微 nutri‎e nts of water‎and food传化水谷 trans‎m itti‎n g and trans‎f ormi‎n g water‎and food贮藏精气 stori‎n g essen‎c e表里关系 inter‎n al and exter‎n al relat‎i onsh‎i p治疗效应 thera‎p euti‎c effec‎t s临床实践 clini‎c al pract‎i ce藏而不泻 stora‎g e witho‎u t disch‎a rge泻而不藏 disch‎a rge witho‎u t stora‎g e形体诸窍 physi‎c al build‎and vario‎u s orifi‎c es开窍(of five zang-organ‎s) open into精神情志 spiri‎t and emoti‎o ns心藏神 the heart‎stori‎n g spiri‎t肺藏魄 the lung stori‎n g corpo‎r eal soul肝藏魂 the liver‎stori‎n g ether‎e al soul脾藏意 the splee‎n stori‎n g consc‎i ousn‎e ss肾藏志 the kidne‎y stori‎n g will其华在面 the luste‎r manif‎e stin‎g upon the face二．句子翻译1. 藏象学说是‎研究人体各‎个脏腑的生‎理功能、病理变化及‎相互关系的‎学说。

中医英语课后答案5-6课李照国.doc

中医英语课后答案5-6课李照国第五课一.术语翻译1. 藏象学说doctrine of visceral manifestations2. 五脏六腑five zang-organs and six fu-organs3. 奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs水谷精微nutrients of water and food传化水谷transmitting and transforming water and food 贮藏精气storing essence表里关系internal and external relationship治疗效应therapeutic effects临床实践clinical practice藏而不泻storage without discharge泻而不藏discharge without storage形体诸窍physical build and various orifices开窍(of five zang-organs) open into精神情志spirit and emotions心藏神the heart storing spirit肺藏魄the lung storing corporeal soul肝藏魂the liver storing ethereal soul脾藏意the spleen storing consciousness肾藏志the kidney storing will其华在面the luster manifesting upon the face二.句子翻译1. 藏象学说是研究人体各个脏腑的生理功能、病理变化及相互关系的学说。

The theory of visceral manifestation studies the physiological functions and pathological changes of viscera and their relations.2. 藏象学说在中医学理论体系中占有极其重要的地位。

全中医英语课后答案课李照国

KevinLee.第一课一．术语翻译1.traditional Chinese medicine; TCM2.basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine3.clinical experience4.treatment based on syndrome differentiation5.miscellaneous diseases6.Chinese pharmacy7.four properties and five tastes8.acupuncture and moxibustion; acumox9.classical Chinese philosophy10.sweating therapy; diaphoresis11.purgation12.vomiting therapy; emetic therapy13.the School of Reinforcing the Earth14.etiology15.prescription; formula16.medical practice17.therapeutic principles18.herbs cold and cool in nature19.nourishing yin and reducing fire20.diseases caused by blood stagnation二．句子翻译has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in their struggle against diseases.has a unique and integrated theoretical system.is a science that studies the rules of life as well as the occurrence, progress, prevention and treatment of diseases.Emperor’s Canon of Medicine has laid a solid foundation for the formation of theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine.of Difficulties has supplemented what was unaddressed in the Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine in many respects, especially in pulse lore. on the Causes and Symptoms of Various Diseases is the earliest extant monograph on the causes and symptoms of diseases in China.is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient.impairment of the spleen and stomach causes various diseases.of Materia Medica is recognized as a monumental work in the history of Chinese materia medica and a great contribution to the development of pharmacology in the world.Chinese materia medica includes not only medicinal herbs, but also minerals and animal parts.the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared the so-called four great medical schools.Congzheng believed that all diseases were caused by exogenous pathogenic factors and advocated that pathogenic factors should be driven out by means of diaphoresis, emesis and purgation.Wansu believed that “fire-heat” was the main cause of a variety of diseases and that these diseases should should be treated with drugs cold and cool in nature.Gao held that “internal impairment of the spleen and stomach would bring about diseases”and emphasized that the most important thing in clinical treatment was to warm and invigorate the spleen and stomach. Danxi believed that “yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient” and advocated the remedies of nourishing yin and reducing fire in treatment of diseases.on Warm Disease is a clinical specialty focusing on the occurrence, progress, diagnosis and treatment of warm diseases.School of Warm Disease has developed the rules of treatment of warm disease based on syndrome differentiation in light of defensive phase, qi phase, nutritive phase, blood phase and triple energizer.Qingren in the late Qing Dynasty corrected mistakes about anatomy made in ancient medical books and advocated the theory that diseases were caused by blood stagnation.traditional Chinese and Western medicine has paved a new way for the development and modernization of traditional Chinese medicine.progress has been made in systematic and experimental study of the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine.第二课一．术语翻译zang-organs; five zang-viscerafu-organsof meridians and collateralswholenssattribute7.(of the five zang-organs) open into, grow, transform, ripen and storebetween pathogenic factors and healthy qicold due to wind and coldtherapeutic methods used to treat the same diseasesame therapeutic method used to treat different diseasesof water metabolismaway heart fireof diseasethe left side for curing diseases located on the right sideyang from yinthe lower part for curing diseases located on the upper part二．句子翻译theoretical system of TCM is mainly characterized by holism and treatment based on syndrome differentiation.believes that the human body is an organic whole.constituent parts of the human body are interdependent in physiology and mutually influential in pathology.holism permeates through the physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation and treatment of diseases.in the natural world directly or indirectly influence the human body. and blood in the human body tend to flow to the exterior in spring and summer and to the interior in autumn and winter.heart opens into the tongue and is internally and externally related to the small intestine.has noticed that the fact that social activity psychologically influences human beings.to TCM, the body and spirit coexist, interacting with each other and influencing each other.qi in the human body tends to flow to the exterior in the daytime and to the interior at night.differences, to some extent, influences the physiological activities ofthe human body.is a generalization of pathological changes at a certain stage during the course of a disease.based on syndrome differentiation, one of the characteristics of TCM, is the basic principle in TCM for understanding and treating diseases. includes the location, cause and nature of a disease as well as the state of pathogenic factors and healthy qi.of syndrome and treatment of disease are two inseparable aspects in diagnosing and treating diseases.doctors pay great attention to the differentiation of diseases. But therapeutically they care more about the differentiation of syndromes because diseases can be cured by treating syndromes.can comprehensively and accurately reveal the nature of a disease.diseases may demonstrate the same syndrome because of the similarity in pathogenesis.the syndrome of middle qi sinking appears in two different diseases, they all can be treated by the therapeutic method for elevating middle qi. treatment of diseases in TCM does not only simply concentrate on the difference or similarity of diseases, but on the difference or similarity of pathogenesis.第三课一．术语翻译concepttransformationof yin and yangbetween yin and yangcold turning into heatchangespredominancerule of pathogenesiswhat it lacks ofwind and dispersing coldinhibiting and promotinginhibiting and restrainingof yin leading to decline of yangand supplementary to each otherwholeof yang involving yinof both yin and yangcold syndromeyang and eliminating wind三．句子翻译and yang are two concepts in classical Chinese philosophy.and yang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in nature.formation, development and changes of all things in the universe are the result of the movement of yin and yang that oppose to each other and unite with each other.celestial qi pertains to yang because it is light and lucid, while the terrestrial qi pertains to yin because it is heavy and turbid.course of mutual restraint and inhibition between yin and yang signifies their progress in mutual reduction and promotion.cannot exist alone without yang and vice versa.of yin and yang results in exhaustion of essence.through constant reduction, growth and balance can the normal development of things be maintained.given conditions, either yin or yang may transform into its counterpart. of things signifies transformation while extreme development of things indicates change.and yang are indispensable the human body.pertain to yang while substances to yin.yin and yang fail to promote each other and are thus separated from each other, it will lead to the end of life.matter how complicated pathological changes of a disease are, they are nothing more than relative predominance of yin or yang.so-called healthy qi refers to the structure and functions of the body, including body resistance against diseases.any part of the body, either yin or yang, becomes deficient to a certain extent, it will inevitably lead to insufficiency of the other part. between yin and yang is the intrinsic factor responsible for the occurrence and progress of a disease.manifestations of complexion can tell whether a disease pertains to yin or yang in nature.basic therapeutic principle is to supplement insufficiency and reduce excess.when appropriate herbs are chosen can excellent therapeutic effects be ensured.第四课一．术语翻译doctrine of five elements; the theory of five phasesdevelopmentbe generated and to generatein generationis characterized by growing freely and peripherally.is characterized by cultivation and reaping.is characterized by moistening and downward flowing.restriction and counter-restrictionover restricts earth because it is deficient., restriction, inhibition and transformationof a mother-organ involving its child-organof essence and blood in the liver and kidneydeficiency in the heart and liverfire in the heartof liver yinof kidney yangof the spleen and stomachthe liver and harmonizing the stomachof kidney yinbetween water and fire二．句子翻译, fire, earth, metal and water are the five most essential materials indispensable to human existence.formation of the theoretical system of TCM was deeply influenced by the doctrine of five elements.is characterized by moistening and downward flow.liver pertains to wood because it controls elevation.spleen pertains to earth because it controls transportation and transformation.kidney pertains to water because it controls water metabolism.implies that one thing brings under control or restraint of the other. wood generates fire, wood is the generator of fire; since fire generates earth, fire is the generator of earth.or over restriction means to launch a violent attack when a counterpart is weak.wood is too strong, it will over restrict the spleen and counter-restrict metal.the heart can warm the body, it pertains to fire.liver stores blood to complement the liver.kidney stores essence to nourish blood in the liver.idea that the disorder of a child-organ attacks the mother-organs means that the disease is transmitted from a child-organ to its mother-organ. human body is an organic whole. So disorders of the internal organs can be manifested over the surface of the body.includes over restriction and counter-restriction, both of which are abnormal restriction among the five elements.basic relationships among the five elements are generation, restriction, over restriction and counter-restriction.one that generates is the mother-element while the one that is being generated is the child-element.the doctrine of five elements is used to decide therapeutic principles and methods.doctrine of five elements obviously has certain limitations and is still in need of further improvement.第五课一．术语翻译1.藏象学说doctrine of visceral manifestations2.五脏六腑five zang-organs and six fu-organs3.奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs4.水谷精 of water and food5.传化水谷transmitting and transforming water and food6.贮藏精气storing essence7.表里关系internal and external relationship8.治疗效应therapeutic effects9.临床实践clinical practice10.藏而不泻storage without discharge11.泻而不藏discharge without storage12.形体诸窍physical build and various orifices13.开窍(of five zang-organs) open into14.精神情志spirit and emotions15.心藏神the heart storing spirit16.肺藏魄the lung storing corporeal soul17.肝藏魂the liver storing ethereal soul18.脾藏意the spleen storing consciousness19.肾藏志the kidney storing will20.其华在面the luster manifesting upon the face二．句子翻译1.藏象学说是研究人体各个脏腑的生理功能、病理变化及相互关系的学说。

中医英语第3版课后答案施建蓉答案

中医英语第3版课后答案施建蓉答案How many channels and vessels are in human body totoally? [单选题] *the twelve channels & the eight extraordinary vessels(正确答案)the twenty channels & the eight extraordinary vesselstwelve channels & the eighteen extraordinary vesselstwenty channels & the eighteen extraordinary vesselsWhich three aspects of the functions of the channels and network vessels are introduced in the text? [单选题] *physiology & biology & pattern identification and treatmentpathology & pattern identification and treatment & physicspattern identification and treatment & physiology & pathology(正确答案)fluidics & pathology & pattern identification and treatmentHow many most common uses does pattern identification and treatment have? [单选题] * 243(正确答案)1What is the meaning of “the extraordinary vessels’ ? [单选题] *奇经八脉(正确答案)十五络脉手厥阴心包经十二经筋How many regions do twelve channel sinews and twelve cutaneous regions divide the body’s musculature and integument? [单选题] *1012(正确答案)1416Channel cheory was largely derived from_________ and the subjective experiences and patients undergoing acupuncture treatment. [单选题] *anatomytreatmentclinical practice(正确答案)herbsThe channel and network vessels include the channel vessels and the ______ vessels. [单选题] *twelvenetwork(正确答案)extraordinarygrandchild networkWhich one belongs to network vessels? [单选题] *grandchild network vessel(正确答案)eight extraordinary vesselstwelve channelsmajor channelsWhat is one of the symtoms of liver fire flaming upwards [单选题] * coughingsneezingred eyes(正确答案)stomachachewhich one is not the function of the channels? [单选题] *providing nourishmentproviding warmthconnecting organs and other parts of the bodyreleasing wastes(正确答案)When entering the needle, which angle is appropriate？ [单选题] *15-30 degree30-60 degree15-60 degree15-90 degree(正确答案)What are the four basic needling techniques of acupuncture? [单选题] * lifting,thrusting,twiring,rotating(正确答案)lifting,thrusting,pressing,twiringrotating,kneading,pinching,liftingthrusting,pulling,lifting,pressingWhich of the following diseases cannot be cured by acupuncture? [单选题] * addictions(正确答案)lower backachearthritic conditionsallergic reactionsIf you are sprained, which of the following treatments is best? [单选题] * acupuncturemoxibustioncupping(正确答案)acupuncture pressureWhich of the following treatments is the most popular alternatives to acupuncture? [单选题] *moxibustionacupuncture pressure(正确答案)cuppingmassageWhich is not the procedures that fall into the range of acupuncture treatment? [单选题] * electro-acupunctureauriculotherapyherbs(正确答案)lasers and sound wavesAcupuncture and ______ are considered complementary forms of treatment. [单选题] * cuppingacupuncture pressuremoxibustion(正确答案)massageWhich is not the material used in cupping? [单选题] *plastic jar(正确答案)metal jarwood jarglass jarAuricular acupuncture has been successful in treating problems like obesity, alcoholism,and _____ etc. [单选题] *drug addiction(正确答案)coldbackachecondylitisWhen pathways become ________,yin and yang are said to be thrown out of balance. [单选题] *smoothfullfailedobstructed(正确答案)。

中医英语课后答案术语1

中医英语术语Lesson 11.中国医药学traditional Chinese medicine; TCM2.中基基础理论basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine3.临床经验clinical experience4. 辩证论治treatment based on syndrome differentiation5.杂病miscellaneous diseases6. 中药学Chinese pharmacy/ Chinese materia medica7. 四气五味four properties and five tastes 8. 针灸acupuncture and moxibustion; acumox9.古代中国哲学classical Chinese philosophy 10. 汗法sweating therapy; diaphoresis11.下法purgation/ purgative therapy 12. 吐法vomiting therapy /emetic therapy13.补土派the School of Reinforcing the Earth 14. 病因学etiology15.方剂学prescription / formula 16. 医学实践medical practice17.治疗原则therapeutic principles 18. 寒凉药物herbs cold and cool in nature19.滋阴降火nourishing yin and reducing fire 20. 瘀血致病diseases caused by blood stagnationLesson21.五脏five zang-organs; five zang-viscera2.六腑six fu-organs2.经络系统system of meridians and collaterals 4. 整体观念concept of holism5.有机整体organic whole（ness）6. 社会属性social attribute7.开窍(of the five zang-organs) open into 8. 生长化收藏sprout, grow, transform, ripen and store9.诊断学diagnostics 10. 邪正关系relationship between pathogenic factors and healthy qi11.治疗学therapeutics 12. 风寒感冒common cold due to wind and cold13.同病异治different therapeutic methods used to treat the same disease14. 异病同治the same therapeutic method used to treat different diseases15.水液代谢平衡balance of water metabolism 16. 清心火clearing away heart fire17.疾病本质nature of disease 18. 以左治右treating the left side for curing diseases located on the right side 19.从阴引阳drawing yang from yin 20. 病在上者下取之treating the lower part for curing diseases located on the upper part Lesson 31.哲学概念philosophical concept2. 相互转化mutual transformation3.阴平阳秘balance of yin and yang4. 阴阳转化transformation between yin and yang5.寒极生热extreme cold turning into heat6. 病理变化pathological changes7.绝对偏盛absolute predominance 8. 病机总纲general rule of pathogenesis9. 补其不足supplementing what it lacks of 10. 祛风散寒eliminating wind and dispersing cold 11.相互消长mutually inhibiting and promoting/ mutual warring and waxing 12. 相互制约mutually inhibiting and restraining13.相互依存interdependence 14.阴胜则阳病excess of yin leading to decline of yang 15.相反相成contrary and supplementary to each other 16. 有机整体organic whole17.阳损及阴impairment of yang involving yin 18. 阴阳两虚deficiency of both yin and yang19.虚寒证deficiency cold syndrome 20. 潜阳熄风suppressing yang and eliminating wind Lesson 41.五行学说the doctrine of five elements; the theory of five phases2.条达舒畅free development3.生我，我生to be generated and to generate4.生中有制restraint in generation5.木曰曲直Wood is characterized by growing freely and peripherally.6.土爰稼穑Earth is characterized by cultivation and reaping.7.水曰润下Water is characterized by moistening and downward flowing. 8.相乘相侮over restriction and counter-restriction9.土虚木乘Wood over restricts earth because it is deficient. 10.生克制化promotion, restriction, inhibition and transformation11.母病及子disorder of a mother-organ involving its child-organ12.肝肾精血不足insufficiency of essence and blood in the liver and kidney13.心肝血虚blood deficiency in the heart and liver 14.心火亢盛exuberant fire in the heart15.肝阴不足insufficiency of liver yin 16.肾阳式微declination of kidney yang17.脾胃虚弱weakness of the spleen and stomach 18.平肝和胃soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach 19.肾阴不足insufficiency of kidney yin 20.水火不济discordance of water and fireLesson 51.藏象学说doctrine of visceral manifestations2. 五脏六腑five zang-organs and six fu-organs2.奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs 4.水谷精微nutrients of water and food5. 传化水谷transmitting and transforming water and food6.贮藏精气storing essence7. 表里关系internal and external relationship 8.治疗效应therapeutic effects9. 临床实践clinical practice 10.藏而不泻storage without discharge11. 泻而不藏discharge without storage 12.形体诸窍physical build and various orifices13. 开窍(of five zang-organs) open into 14.精神情志spirit and emotions15.心藏神the heart storing spirit 16. 肺藏魄the lung storing corporeal soul17.肝藏魂the liver storing ethereal soul 18. 脾藏意the spleen storing consciousness19.肾藏志the kidney storing will 20. 其华在面the luster manifesting upon the faceLesson 61.心主血脉the heart governing blood and vessels2.心气充沛sufficiency of heart qi3.面色红润rosy complexion4.血液充盛sufficiency of blood5.脉道不利unsmooth vessels6.面色无华lusterless complexion7.脉象细弱thin and weak pulse 8.心藏神the heart storing spirit9.汗血同源sweat and blood sharing the same origin 10.升降出入ascending, descending, going out and going in11.宣发肃降dispersion, purification and descent 12.通调水道regulating water passage13.脾主运化the spleen governing transportation and transformation 14.水谷精微nutrients of water and food15.水液停滞stoppage of water and fluid 16.后天之本acquired base of life17.调畅气机regulating qi activity 18.肝气上逆upward adverse flow of liver qi19.先天之精innate essence 20.肾主纳气the kidney receiving qiLesson 71.奇桓之腑extraordinary fu-organs2.孤腑isolated fu-organ2.腐熟水谷digest water and food 4. 魄门anus5.肝之余气remaining part of liver qi6.上焦upper energizer7. 泌别清浊separating the lucid from the turbid 8.食物残渣residue of foods9. 大肠主津The large intestine governs thin body fluid 10.精汁bile11. 小肠主液The small intestine governs thick body fluid 12. 初步消化primary digestion13. 精气essential qi 14.七充门the seven important portals15. 胆主决断The gallbladder is responsible for making judgment 16. 排泄糟粕discharge waste17. 月经来潮occurrence of menstruation 18. 吸门epiglottis19. 形态中空morphological hollowness 20.传化水谷transporting and transforming water and food Lesson 81.先天禀赋innateness2. 精微物质nutrients; refined substance2.血液循行blood circulation 4. 水液代谢water metabolism5.气的运动形式way of qi movement6.气的升降出入运动ascending, descending, exiting and entering movements of qi7.气机调畅normal function of qi activity8. 生命的原动力primary motive force of life9. 温养脏腑warming and nourishing the viscera 10.脏腑经络之气qi of the viscera and meridians11.气机qi activity 12. 气化qi transformation13. 先天之气innate qi 14. 后天之气acquired qi15. 正气healthy qi 16. 邪气pathogenic factors17.元气primordial qi 18. 宗气thoracic qi19. 营气nutritive qi 20. 卫气defensive qiLesson 91.气生血qi promoting the production of blood2.气行血qi promoting the flow of blood3.气摄血qi commanding blood4.血载气blood carrying qi5.血生气blood generating qi6. 气生津液qi promoting the production of body fluid7.气行津液qi promoting the flow of body fluid8.气摄津液qi commanding body fluid9.津液载气body fluid carrying qi 10. 津液生气body fluid generating qi 11.津血同源body fluid and blood sharing the same origin 12. 气随液脱exhaustion of qi due to loss of body fluid 13.气随血脱exhaustion of qi due to hemorrhage 14. 气随津泄loss of qi due to profuse sweating 15气行则血行，气滞则血瘀normal flow of qi ensures normal flow of blood while stagnation of qi causes stagnation of blood 16气为血帅，血为气母qi commanding the blood and the blood carries qi 17气行则水行，气滞则水滞normal flow of qi ensures normal flow of fluid while stagnation of qi causes stagnation of fluid 18益气固脱nourishing qi to stop collapse 19亡血家不可发汗sweating therapy should be not be used to treat patients suffering from hemorrhage 20夺血者勿汗sweating therapy should not be used to treat hemorrhage Lesson 101.经络学说theory of meridians and collaterals2. 经络系统system of meridians and collaterals2.运行全身气血transporting qi and blood to the whole body 4. 联络脏腑肢节being connected with the viscera and limbs5.循行线路running routes6. 十二正经twelve regular meridians7. 循行部位和交接顺序the regions through or along which the meridians run and the order by which the meridians are connected with each other8. 络属关系(of a collateral) pertaining to a certain meridian 9. 奇经八脉eight extraordinary vessels (meridians)10.十二经别branches of the twelve regular meridians 11. 别络divergent collaterals12.十二皮部skin divisions of the twelve regular meridians 13.十二筋经tendons of the twelve regular meridians14. 经络之气qi of meridians 15. 经络辨证syndrome differentiation of meridians and collaterals 16.经络感传meridian conduction 17. 经络现象meridian manifestations 18. 经络阻滞blockage of meridians19. 舒经活络soothing meridians and activating collaterals 20. 刺络拔罐collateral pricking and cupping therapy Lesson 111.外感六淫six exogenous pathogenic factors2. 饮食劳倦improper diet and overstrain3.风寒感冒common cold due to wind-cold4. 湿热泄泻diarrhea due to damp-heat/damp-heat diarrhea5. 内生五邪five endogenous pathogenic factors6.风邪外袭pathogenic wind attacking the exterior7.游走性关节疼痛migratory arthralgia/joint pain 8. 风为百病之长wind being the leading pathogenic factor9.感受寒邪attacked/invaded by pathogenic cold 10. 阳气衰退decline of yang qi11.寒性凝滞cold tending to stagnate by nature 12. 腠理闭塞stagnation of interstitial space13.筋脉拘急收引spasm and contraction of muscles and tendons 14.湿邪困脾pathogenic dampness obstructing the spleen15.脾阳不振inactivation of spleen-yang 16.阴虚生内热production of endogenous heat due to yin deficiency 17.热极生风extreme heat producing wind 18.七情内伤internal impairment due to yin deficiency19. 饮食不节improper diet 20.暴饮暴食engorgementLesson 121疾病的发生发展变化occurrence, development, and changes of disease 2.体质强弱(body )constitutional state3气血功能紊乱dysfunction of qi and blood 4.多种多样的病理变化various pathological changes5.邪正盛衰exuberance or decline of pathogenic factors and healthy qi/ strength contrast between pathogenic factors and healthy qi6.病症的虚实变化deficiency or excess changes of disease /transformation between deficiency and excess during a disease7. 人体的抗病能力the human body’ resistance agains t diseases8. 五心烦热feverish sensation over the five centers (palms, soles, and chest)9.虚实夹杂deficiency complicated with excess 10.疾病转归turnover of disease/prognosis of disease11.阴阳偏盛relative predominance of yin or yang 12. 五志过极extreme changes of five emotions13.精气夺则虚depletion of essence causing deficiency 14.阴阳互损mutual consumption of yin and yang15.真热假寒或假寒真热true heat and false cold; false cold and true heat 16.气机郁滞不畅stagnation of qi activity17.津液代谢失常disorder of fluid metabolism 18.寒从中生endogenous cold/ cold originating from the interior19.津伤化燥fluid consumption producing dryness 20.风气内动stirring of endogenous wind/disturbance of endogenous wind Lesson 131.神色形态spirit, complexion, and physical conditions2. 精神活动mental activities2.精充气足sufficient essence and abundant qi 4.表情淡漠apathetic facial expressions5. 主色与客色normal complexion and varied normal complexion6. 四肢抽搐convulsion of the limbs7. 湿热动风stirring of wind due to damp-heat 8.邪毒内陷interior sinking of pathogenic toxin9. 肌肤甲错scaly skin/ squamous and dry skin 10.饥不欲食hunger without appetite11. 四诊合参combined use of the four diagnostic methods 12.面部表情facial expressions13. 预后良好favorable prognosis 14.精神不振dispiritedness15. 五色主病five colors indicating diseases / diagnostic significance of five colors 16.口眼歪斜facial distortion17. 虚火上炎flaming of deficient fire 18.大肠热结retention of heat in the large intestine19. 光剥舌uncoated tongue/ mirror-like tongue 20.脉象pulse manifestationsLesson 141未病先防prevention before occurrence 2.气血平和harmony between qi and blood3调摄精神regulating mental conditions 4血脉流畅smooth circulation of blood 5关机通利-smooth movement of joints 6.气机调畅-smooth flow of qi/ free activity of qi7益寿延年-prolonging life and promoting longevity 8.防治原则-preventive and therapeutic principles9.治病求本-treatment should focus on the root of diseases 10.急则治其标-treating secondary symptoms in acute disease11.缓则治其本-treating primary symptoms in chronic disease 12.标本兼治-simultaneous treatment of primary and secondary symptoms 13.正虚邪实-deficiency of healthy qi and excess of pathogenic factors 14.祛虫消积-removing parasites to eliminate accumulation 15.痰湿壅肺-accumulation of phlegm-dampness in the lung 16.血为气母-blood serving as the mother of qi17.因时因地因人制宜-treatment in accordance with seasons, locality and individuality. 18.用寒远寒-avoiding cold herbs in cold weather 19.外感秋燥-exogenous dry disease in autumn 20.辛凉润燥-moistening dryness with pungent and cool herbsLeeson151辨证论治treatment with syndrome differentiation/ treatment according to syndrome differentiation2表里同病disease involving both exterior and interior/ simultaneous disorder of exterior and interior3寒热错杂simultaneous occurrence of cold and heat/ mixture of cold and heat4里邪出表regression of interior pathogenic factors to the exterior5. 真寒假热true cold and false heat6.恶寒与恶热aversion to cold and aversion to heat7. 口淡不渴tasteless sensation in the mouth without thirst 8.寒邪郁而化热transformation of stagnated pathogenic cold into heat 9. 外感表虚exterior-deficiency syndrome due to exogenous pathogens 10. 五心烦热feverish sensation over five centers11.病位与病性location and nature of disease 12.虚实夹杂mixture of deficiency and excess/co-existence of deficiency and excess 13.外邪入里invasion of exterior pathogenic factors into the interior 14.寒证化热cold syndrome transforming into heat syndrome 15.真假寒热true heat and false cold 16.热证转寒heat syndrome transforming into cold syndrome17.舌淡苔白而润滑pale tongue with white, moist and slippery fur 18.脉数无力rapid and weak pulse19.潮热盗汗tidal fever and night sweating 20.神昏谵语coma with deliriumLeeson161中草药Chinese medicinal herbs 2.四气五味four properties and five flavors3入药部分the part used for medical purpose 4.药物采集collection of herbs5.炮制processing of herbs6.清除杂质eliminating impurity/ removal of impurity7.作用缓和mild/ moderate effect 8.发散解表relieving exterior syndrome by dispersion9.收敛固涩astringing and checking 10.软坚润下lubricant purgation by softening hardness11.燥湿健脾drying dampness to invigorate the spleen 12.升降沉浮ascending, descending, sinking and floating13.归经channel tropism/channel distribution of medicines 14.用药禁忌medication contraindication15.药物用量dosage 16.辛温解表药pungent and warm herbs with the function of relieving exterior syndrome17.祛风湿药herbs for expelling wind and dampness18.十八反、十九畏eighteen incompatible herbs and nineteen herbs of mutual antagonism19.清热凉血药herbs for clearing away heat and cooling blood 20.祛痰止咳药herbs for eliminating sputum and stopping cough Leeson17方剂学Science of prescription/prescriptionology 配伍关系compatibility/combinative relationship组成规律prescription-formulating principle 方剂的加减modification of prescriptions剂型与剂量drug form and dosage 君臣佐使sovereign, minister, assistant and guide药物毒性toxicity of medicinal herbs 缓和药性moderating /neutralizing the property of herbs引经报使guiding action 调和诸药mediating all herbs in a prescription温经散寒warming meridians to dissipate cold 宣肺平喘dispersing lung to relieve/sooth asthma灵活化裁flexible modification 清散郁热clearing away and dispersing stagnated heat随症加减modification according to symptoms 药物饮片processed herbs/prepared slices of Chinese crude herbs 内服散剂powder for oral taking 外用膏药medicinal extract for external application开水冲服mixed/infused in boiled water for oral taking 浓缩浸膏condensed extractLeeson18针灸疗法acupuncture and moxibustion therapy 针刺补泻reinforcing and reducing techniques for needling针刺手法needling techniques 进针手法methods for needle-inserting针刺止痛alleviating pain with acupuncture 针刺麻醉acupuncture anesthesia针感needling sensation 皮内针intradermal needle针刺的角度和深度angle and depth of needling 双手进针法insertion of needle with double hands行针manipulation of needle 耳针疗法ear acupuncture therapy提插捻转lifting, thrusting, twisting and rotating 水针疗法water-acupuncture therapy头针疗法scalp-acupuncture therapy 化脓灸blistering moxibustion瘢痕灸scarring moxibustion 艾炷灸moxibustion with moxa cone灯火灸lamp moxibustion 温针灸needle-warming moxibustionLeeson19推拿手法tuina manipulations 减轻疼痛alleviating pain功法训练exercise for practicing tuina 放松肌肉relaxing muscles解除肌肉紧张relieving muscular tension 活动受限restricted activity关节脱位dislocation of joint 腰椎间盘突出protrusion of lumbar vertebral disc旋转复位rotating reduction 软组织挫伤injury of soft tissue关节粘连僵硬adhesion and stiffness of joint 滑利关节lubricating joint手法补泻reinforcing and reducing manipulation 拇指平推法horizontal pushing with the thumb一指禅推法pushing manipulation with one finger 点按法point-pressing manipulation大鱼际推法kneading manipulation with the large thenar 交替搓揉alternated rubbing and kneading腰肌劳损injury of lumbar muscles 垂直用力vertical exertion of forceLeeson20辨舌象differentiation of tongue manifestations 辨脉象differentiation of pulse manifestations正邪兼顾taking account of both expelling pathogenic factors and strengthening healthy qi / balancing expelling pathogenic factors with strengthening healthy qi支饮thoracic retention of fluid 北部恶寒chills in the back/aversion to cold in the back面色黧黑dark complexion/black complexion 舌苔水滑slippery tongue coating/ moist and glossy tongue coating 弦脉taut pulse/wiry pulse 发散寒邪dispelling pathogenic cold健脾化饮invigorating the stomach to resolve fluid 滋肾水以敛肺气nourishing kidney water to astringe lung qi养阴血以护肝阴nourishing yin blood to protect liver yin 调和诸药mediating all herbs in a prescription祛邪而不伤正expelling pathogenic factors without impairing the healthy qi益气和中invigorating qi to harmonize the middle-jiao 发汗峻剂prescriptions for drastic diaphoresis表寒里饮cold in the exterior and fluid in the interior 水寒犯胃cold water attacking the stomach有效方剂effective prescriptions 手足厥冷cold hands and feet in syncope / cold limbs in syncope Leeson21补充疗法complementary therapy 替代医学alternative medicine 康复过程rehabilitation process 副作用side-effects 有效成风active ingredients 循证数据evidence-based data双盲随机试验double-blind randomized trial中风发病stroke onset 超急性期hyper-acute stage 专利药品proprietary medicine 动物模型animal models 出血的危险因素risk of bleeding作用机制mechanism of action 医疗质量低下low-quality medical treatments 物理疗法physiotherapy 神经可塑性neuroplasticity 主流药物mainstream medicine 抗血小板剂antiplatelet agent微生物分析microbial analysis 重金属研究heavy metal research。

中医医学英语,课后练习答案

第一单元1,临床经验clinical experience2,辨证论治treatment based on syndrome differentiation3,四气五味four properties and five tastes4,针灸acupuncture and moxibustion5,补土派School of Reinforcing the Earth寒凉派School of cold and cool攻下派School of purgation滋阴派School of nourishing yin6,治疗原则therapeutic principles7,寒凉药物herbs cold and cool8,中国医药学有数千年的历史，是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结。

TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in their struggle against diseases9, 《黄帝内经》为中医学理论体系的形成奠定了基础。

Hang di’s Inner Canon has laid a foundation for the formation of theoretical system of TCM.10, 阳常有余，阴常不足。

Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient.11,金元时期出现了后世称为“金元四大家”的医学流派。

In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared the so-called “four great physicians ”in medical school.12, 刘完素认为“火热”为主要病因，用药以寒凉为主。

中医英语课后答案1、2、5、6、7练习答案

中医英语课后答案1、2、5、6、7练习答案第一课一．术语翻译1. traditional Chinese medicine; TCM2. basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine3. clinical experience4. treatment based on syndrome differentiation5. miscellaneous diseases6. Chinese pharmacy7. four properties and five tastes 8. acupuncture and moxibustion; acumox 9. classical Chinese philosophy 10. sweating therapy; diaphoresis11. purgation12. vomiting therapy; emetic therapy 13. the School of Reinforcing the Earth 14. etiology15. prescription; formula 16. medical practice 17. therapeutic principles 18. herbs cold and cool in nature 19. nourishing yin and reducing fire 20. diseases caused by blood stagnation 二．句子翻译1. TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in their struggle against diseases.2. TCM has a unique and integrated theoretical system.3. TCM is a science that studies the rules of life as well as the occurrence, progress, prevention and treatment of diseases.4. Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine has laid a solid foundation for the formation of theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine.5. Classic of Difficulties has supplemented what was unaddressed in the Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine in many respects, especially in pulse lore.6. Discussion on the Causes and Symptoms of Various Diseases is the earliest extant monograph on the causes and symptoms of diseases in China.7. Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient.8. Internal impairment of the spleen and stomach causes various diseases.9. Compendium of Materia Medica is recognized as a monumental work in thehistory of Chinese materia medica and a great contribution to the development of pharmacology in the world.10. Traditional Chinese materia medica includes not only medicinal herbs, but also minerals and animal parts.11. In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared the so-called four great medical schools.12. Zhang Congzheng believed that all diseases were caused by exogenous pathogenic factors and advocated that pathogenic factors should be driven out by means of diaphoresis, emesis and purgation.13. Liu Wansu believed that “fire-heat” was the main cause of a variety of diseases and that these diseases should should be treated with drugs cold and cool in nature. 14. Li Gao held that “internal impairment of the spleen and stomach would bring about diseases” and emphasized that the most important thing in clinical treatment was to warm and invigorate the spleen and stomach.15. Zhu Danxi believed that “yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient” and advocated the remedies of nourishing yin and reducing fire in treatment of diseases.16. Study on Warm Disease is a clinical specialty focusing on the occurrence, progress, diagnosis and treatment of warm diseases.17. The School of Warm Disease has developed the rules of treatment of warm disease based on syndrome differentiation in light of defensive phase, qi phase, nutritive phase, blood phase and triple energizer.18. Wang Qingren in the late Qing Dynasty corrected mistakes about anatomy made in ancient medical books and advocated the theory that diseases were caused by blood stagnation.19. Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine has paved a new way for the development and modernization of traditional Chinese medicine.20. Great progress has been made in systematic and experimental study of the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine. 第二课一．术语翻译1. five zang-organs; five zang-viscera2. six fu-organs3. system of meridians and collaterals4. holism5. organic wholenss6. social attribute7. (of the five zang-organs) open into 8. sprout, grow, transform, ripen and store 9. diagnostics10. relationship between pathogenic factors and healthy qi 11. therapeutics12. common cold due to wind and cold13. different therapeutic methods used to treat the same disease 14. the same therapeutic method used to treat different diseases 15. balance of water metabolism 16. clearing away heart fire 17. nature of disease18. treating the left side for curing diseases located on the right side19. drawing yang from yin20. treating the lower part for curing diseases located on the upper part 二．句子翻译1. The theoretical system of TCM is mainly characterized by holism and treatment based on syndrome differentiation.2. TCM believes that the human body is an organic whole.3. The constituent parts of the human body are interdependent in physiology and mutually influential in pathology.4. The holism permeates through the physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation and treatment of diseases.5. Changes in the natural world directly or indirectly influence the human body.6. Qi and blood in the human body tend to flow to the exterior in spring and summer and to the interior in autumn and winter.7. The heart opens into the tongue and is internally and externally related to the small intestine.8. TCM has noticed that the fact that social activity psychologically influences human beings.9. According to TCM, the body and spirit coexist, interacting with each other and influencing each other.10. Yang qi in the human body tends to flow to the exterior in the daytime and to the interior at night.11. Regional differences, to some extent, influences the physiological activities of the human body.12. Syndrome is a generalization of pathological changes at a certain stage during the course of a disease.13. Treatment based on syndrome differentiation, one of the characteristics of TCM, is the basic principle in TCM for understanding and treating diseases.14. Syndrome includes the location, cause and nature of a disease as well as the state of pathogenic factors and healthy qi.15. Differentiation of syndrome and treatment of disease are two inseparable aspects in diagnosing and treating diseases.16. Clinically doctors pay great attention to the differentiation of diseases. But therapeutically they care more about the differentiation of syndromes because diseases can be cured by treating syndromes.17. Syndrome can comprehensively and accurately reveal the nature ofa disease. 18. Different diseases may demonstrate the same syndrome because of the similarity in pathogenesis.19. If the syndrome of middle qi sinking appears in two different diseases, they all can be treated by the therapeutic method for elevating middle qi. 20. The treatment of diseases in TCM does not only simplyconcentrate on the difference or similarity of diseases, but on the difference or similarity of pathogenesis. 第五课一．术语翻译1. 藏象学说 doctrine of visceral manifestations2. 五脏六腑 five zang-organs and six fu-organs3. 奇恒之腑 extraordinary fu-organs 水谷精微 nutrients of water and food传化水谷 transmitting and transforming water and food 贮藏精气storing essence表里关系 internal and external relationship 治疗效应 therapeutic effects 临床实践 clinical practice 藏而不泻 storage without discharge 泻而不藏 discharge without storage形体诸窍 physical build and various orifices。

中医英语课后答案3-4课李照国

中医英语课后答案3-4课李照国中医是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为中华的繁荣昌盛做出了极大的贡献。

如今，中医和西医都被世界各地的医生用来治疗疾病。

中医，以其独特的诊断手法、悠久的历史和显著的疗效被用来医治各种癌症和重大疾病。

下面是店铺整理的中医英语课后答案3-4课，希望对大家有帮助。

一.术语翻译1. philosophical concept2. mutual transformation3. balance of yin and yang4. transformation between yin and yang5. extreme cold turning into heat6. pathological changes7. absolute predominance8. general rule of pathogenesis9. supplementing what it lacks of10. eliminating wind and dispersing cold 11. mutually inhibiting and promoting 12. mutually inhibiting and restraining13. interdependence14. excess of yin leading to decline of yang 15. contrary and supplementary to each other 16. organic whole17. impairment of yang involving yin 18. deficiency of both yin and yang 19. deficiency cold syndrome20. suppressing yang and eliminating wind一.句子翻译1. Yin and yang are two concepts in classical Chinese philosophy.2. Yin and yang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in nature.3. The formation, development and changes of all things in the universe are the result of the movement of yin and yang thatoppose to each other and unite with each other.4. The celestial qi pertains to yang because it is light and lucid, while the terrestrial qi pertains to yin because it is heavy and turbid.5. The course of mutual restraint and inhibition between yin and yang signifies their progress in mutual reduction and promotion.6. Yin cannot exist alone without yang and vice versa.7. Separation of yin and yang results in exhaustion of essence.8. Only through constant reduction, growth and balance can the normal development of things be maintained.9. Under given conditions, either yin or yang may transform into its counterpart.10. Sprout of things signifies transformation while extreme development of things indicates change.11. Yin and yang are indispensable the human body.12. Functions pertain to yang while substances to yin.13. If yin and yang fail to promote each other and are thus separated from each other, it will lead to the end of life.14. No matter how complicated pathological changes of a disease are, they are nothing more than relative predominance of yin or yang.15. The so-called healthy qi refers to the structure and functions of the body, including body resistance against diseases.16. If any part of the body, either yin or yang, becomes deficient to a certain extent, it will inevitably lead to insufficiency of the other part.17. Imbalance between yin and yang is the intrinsic factor responsible for the occurrence and progress of a disease.18. The manifestations of complexion can tell whether adisease pertains to yin or yang in nature.19. The basic therapeutic principle is to supplement insufficiency and reduce excess.20. Only when appropriate herbs are chosen can excellent therapeutic effects be ensured.第四课一.术语翻译1. the doctrine of five elements; the theory of five phases2. free development3. to be generated and to generate4. restraint in generation5. Wood is characterized by growing freely and peripherally.6. Earth is characterized by cultivation and reaping.7. Water is characterized by moistening and downward flowing. 8. over restriction and counter-restriction9. Wood over restricts earth because it is deficient. 10. promotion, restriction, inhibition and transformation 11. disorder of a mother-organ involving its child-organ12. insufficiency of essence and blood in the liver and kidney13. blood deficiency in the heart and liver 14. exuberant fire in the heart 15. insufficiency of liver yin 16. declination of kidney yang17. weakness of the spleen and stomach18. soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach 19. insufficiency of kidney yin 20. balance between water and fire二.句子翻译1. Wood, fire, earth, metal and water are the five most essential materials indispensable to human existence.2. The formation of the theoretical system of TCM was deeply influenced by the doctrine of five elements.3. Water is characterized by moistening and downward flow.4. The liver pertains to wood because it controls elevation.5. The spleen pertains to earth because it controls transportation and transformation.6. The kidney pertains to water because it controls water metabolism.7. Restriction implies that one thing brings under control or restraint of the other.8. Since wood generates fire, wood is the generator of fire; since fire generates earth, fire is the generator of earth.9. Subjugation or over restriction means to launch a violent attack when a counterpart is weak. 10. When wood is too strong, it will over restrict the spleen and counter-restrict metal. 11. Since the heart can warm the body, it pertains to fire. 12. The liver stores blood to complement the liver.13. The kidney stores essence to nourish blood in the liver.14. The idea that the disorder of a child-organ attacks the mother-organs means that the disease is transmitted from a child-organ to its mother-organ.15. The human body is an organic whole. So disorders of the internal organs can be manifested over the surface of the body.16. Restriction includes over restriction and counter-restriction, both of which are abnormal restriction among the five elements.17. The basic relationships among the five elements are generation, restriction, over restrictio and counter-restriction.18. The one that generates is the mother-element while the one that is being generated is the child-element.19. Clinically the doctrine of five elements is used to decide therapeutic principles and methods. 20. The doctrine of five elements obviously has certain limitations and is still in need offurther improvement.。

中医英语课后答案

3、4、8、9课后练习答案课后练习答案第三课第三课一．术语翻译一．术语翻译 1. philosophical concept 2. mutual transformation 3. balance of yin and yang 4. transformation between yin and yang 5. extreme cold turning into heat 6. pathological changes 7. absolute predominance 8. general rule of pathogenesis 9. supplementing what it lacks of 10. eliminating wind and dispersing cold 11. mutually inhibiting and promoting 12. mutually inhibiting and restraining 13. interdependence 14. excess of yin leading to decline of yang 15. contrary and supplementary to each other 16. organic whole 17. impairment of yang involving yin 18. deficiency of both yin and yang 19. deficiency cold syndrome 20. suppressing yang and eliminating wind 一．句子翻译一．句子翻译1. Yin and yang are two concepts in classical Chinese philosophy. 2. Yin and yang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in nature. 3. The The formation, formation, formation, development development development and and and changes changes changes of of of all all all things things things in in in the the the universe universe universe are are are the the the result result result of of of the the movement of yin and yang that oppose to each other and unite with each other. 4. The celestial qi pertains to yang because it is light and lucid, while the terrestrial qi pertains to yin because it is heavy and turbid. 5. The course of mutual restraint and inhibition between yin and yang signifies their progress in mutual reduction and promotion. 6. Yin cannot exist alone without yang and vice versa. 7. Separation of yin and yang results in exhaustion of essence. 8. Only through constant reduction, growth and balance can the normal development of things be maintained. 9. Under given conditions, either yin or yang may transform into its counterpart. 10. Sprout Sprout of of of things things things signifies signifies signifies transformation transformation transformation while while while extreme extreme extreme development development development of of of things things things indicates indicates change. 11. Yin and yang are indispensable the human body. 12. Functions pertain to yang while substances to yin. 13. If yin and yang fail to promote each other and are thus separated from each other, it will lead to the end of life. 14. No matter how complicated pathological changes of a disease are, they are nothing more than relative predominance of yin or yang. 15. The The so-called so-called so-called healthy healthy healthy qi qi qi refers refers refers to to to the the the structure structure structure and and and functions functions functions of of of the the the body, body, body, including including including body body resistance against diseases. 16. If If any any any part part part of of of the the the body, body, body, either either either yin yin yin or or or yang, yang, yang, becomes becomes becomes deficient deficient deficient to to to a a a certain certain certain extent, extent, extent, it it it will will inevitably lead to insufficiency of the other part. 17. Imbalance Imbalance between between between yin yin yin and and and yang yang yang is is is the the the intrinsic intrinsic intrinsic factor factor factor responsible responsible responsible for for for the the the occurrence occurrence occurrence and and progress of a disease. 18. The manifestations of complexion can tell whether a disease pertains to yin or yang in nature. 19. The basic therapeutic principle is to supplement insufficiency and reduce excess. 20. Only when appropriate herbs are chosen can excellent therapeutic effects be ensured. 第四课第四课一．术语翻译一．术语翻译1. the doctrine of five elements; the theory of five phases 2.free development 3.to be generated and to generate 4.restraint in generation 5.Wood is characterized by growing freely and peripherally. 6.Earth is characterized by cultivation and reaping. 7.Water is characterized by moistening and downward flowing. 8. over restriction and counter-restriction 9. Wood over restricts earth because it is deficient. 10. promotion, restriction, inhibition and transformation 11. disorder of a mother-organ involving its child-organ 12. insufficiency of essence and blood in the liver and kidney 13. blood deficiency in the heart and liver 14. exuberant fire in the heart 15. insufficiency of liver yin 16. declination of kidney yang 17. weakness of the spleen and stomach 18. soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach 19. insufficiency of kidney yin 20. balance between water and fire 二．句子翻译二．句子翻译1. Wood, Wood, fire, fire, fire, earth, earth, earth, metal metal metal and and and water water water are are are the the the five five five most most most essential essential essential materials materials materials indispensable indispensable indispensable to to human existence. 2. The formation of the theoretical system of TCM was deeply influenced by the doctrine of five elements. 3. Water is characterized by moistening and downward flow. 4. The liver pertains to wood because it controls elevation. 5. The spleen pertains to earth because it controls transportation and transformation. 6. The kidney pertains to water because it controls water metabolism. 7. Restriction implies that one thing brings under control or restraint of the other. 8. Since wood generates fire, wood is the generator of fire; since fire generates earth, fire is the generator of earth. 9. Subjugation or over restriction means to launch a violent attack when a counterpart is weak. 10. When wood is too strong, it will over restrict the spleen and counter-restrict metal. 11. Since the heart can warm the body, it pertains to fire. 12. The liver stores blood to complement the liver. 13. The kidney stores essence to nourish blood in the liver. 14. The idea that the disorder of a child-organ attacks the mother-organs means that the disease is transmitted from a child-organ to its mother-organ. 15. The human body is an organic whole. So disorders of the internal organs can be manifested over the surface of the body. 16. Restriction Restriction includes includes includes over over over restriction restriction restriction and and and counter-restriction, counter-restriction, counter-restriction, both both both of of of which which which are are are abnormal abnormal restriction among the five elements. 17. The The basic basic basic relationships relationships relationships among among among the the the five five five elements elements elements are are are generation, generation, generation, restriction, restriction, restriction, over over over restriction restriction and counter-restriction. 18. The The one one one that that that generates generates generates is is is the the the mother-element mother-element mother-element while while while the the the one one one that that that is is is being being being generated generated generated is is is the the child-element. 19. Clinically the doctrine of five elements is used to decide therapeutic principles and methods. 20. The doctrine of five elements obviously has certain limitations and is still in need of further improvement. 第八课第八课一．术语翻译一．术语翻译1. innateness 2. nutrients; refined substance 3. blood circulation 4. water metabolism 5. way of qi movement 6. ascending, descending, exiting and entering movements of qi 7. normal function of qi activity 8. primary motive force of life 9. warming and nourishing the viscera 10. qi of the viscera and meridians 11. qi activity 12. qi transformation 13. innate qi 14. acquired qi 15. healthy qi 16. pathogenic factors 17. primordial qi 18. thoracic qi 19. nutritive qi 20. defensive qi 二．句子翻译二．句子翻译1. Qi is the most essential substance to constitute the body. 2. Qi in the body is derived from innate qi that is transformed from the kidney essence inheriting from the parents, and acquired qi from both food nutrients that are transformed by the spleen and stomach and fresh air that is inhaled by the lung. 3. The innate essence depends the essential qi stored in the kidney to takes effect. 4. The nutrients from water and food are transformed and absorbed through the function of the spleen and stomach in transportation and transformation. 5. Qi is a sort of refined substance with powerful activity. 6. Body temperature is maintained with the warming function of Qi. 7. In terms of its defensive function, qi mainly protects the whole body and prevents exogenous pathogenic factors from invading the body. 8. Qi prevents blood and body fluid from losing. 9. Failure of qi to control blood may lead to various kinds of bleeding. 10. Qi transformation refers to changes caused by qi movement. 11. Qi flows all through the body to promote and stimulate various physiological functions of the body. 12. The The organs organs organs and and and tissues tissues tissues like like like viscera viscera viscera and and and meridians meridians meridians are are are all all all the the the places places places where where where qi qi qi ascends ascends ascends and and descends as well as exits from and enters into the body. 13. If qi stops ascending, descending, exiting and entering, it will lead to an end of life activities. 14. The primordial qi is the most essential and important qi and is the primary motive force of life. 15. Innate weakness or improper care after birth or prolonged illness will lead to deficiency and decline of the primordial qi, and consequently causing various diseases. 16. The thoracic qi is accumulated in the chest and functions to invigorate the heart and regulate heart rate and the rhythm of heartbeat. 17. The nutritive qi comes from the nutrients transformed from water and food by the spleen and stomach. 18. The nutritive qi is distributed in the blood vessels and flows to the whole body as part of the blood. 19. The defensive qi flows outside the blood vessels with strong force and high speed. 20. The The nutritive nutritive nutritive qi qi qi pertains pertains pertains to to to yin yin yin because because because it it it maintains maintains maintains inside inside inside the the the body body body while while while the the the defensive defensive defensive qi qi pertains to yang because it governs the surface of the body. 第九课第九课一．术语翻译一．术语翻译1. qi promoting the production of blood 2. qi promoting the flow of blood 3. qi commanding blood 4. blood carrying qi 5. blood generating qi 6. qi promoting the production of body fluid 7. qi promoting the flow of body fluid 8. qi commanding body fluid 9. body fluid carrying qi 10. body fluid generating qi 11. body fluid and blood sharing the same origin 12. exhaustion of qi due to loss of body fluid 13. exhaustion of qi due to hemorrhage 14. loss of qi due to profuse sweating 15. Normal flow of qi ensures normal flow of blood while stagnation of qi causes stagnation of blood. 16. Qi commands the blood and the blood carries qi. 17. Normal flow of qi ensures normal flow of body fluid while stagnation of qi causes stagnation of body fluid. 18. nourishing qi to stop collapse 19. Sweating therapy should be not be used to treat patients suffering from hemorrhage. 20. Sweating therapy should not be used to treat hemorrhage. 二．句子翻译二．句子翻译1. Qi, blood and body fluid are the basic substances for maintaining life activities. 2. Since qi pertains to yang because it is active in nature while the blood pertains to yin because it is static in nature, the relationship between qi and the blood can be understood according to the relationship between yin and yang. 3. The production of blood depends on the qi transforming activities of several viscera. 4. The idea that qi commands the blood means that qi governs the blood and keeps it to flow inside the vessels. 5. The blood and body fluid depend on each other and transform into each other physiologically and influence each other pathologically. 6. Both Both the the the blood blood blood and and and body body body fluid, fluid, fluid, pertaining pertaining pertaining yin yin yin in in in nature nature nature as as as compared compared compared with with with qi, qi, qi, are are are liquid liquid substances that nourish and moisten the body. 7. The spleen and stomach play an important role in the production of body fluid. 8. The blood is composed of fluid and nutritive qi. That is why fluid is an important part of the blood. 9. The The metabolism metabolism metabolism of of of body body body fluid fluid fluid is is is characterized characterized characterized by by by opening opening opening and and and losing losing losing activities activities activities under under under the the promotion and transformation of qi. 10. The body discharges fluid through urination and sweating. 11. The body fluid transforms into qi, the mechanism of which is the same as that of the blood in generating qi. 12. Pathologically excessive consumption of body fluid and profuse fluid oozing from the vessels will lead to emptiness of the vessels. 13. Sweating therapy cannot be used to treat patients with deficiency of blood and insufficiency of body fluid because profuse sweating will further consume body fluid. 14. The blood and body fluid not only depend on each other and transform into each other, but also share the same source of production. That is to say that they all come from the nutrients of water and food. 15. Metabolism of fluid depends on qi to promote and transform. 16. The state and flow of qi influence the movement of body fluid. 17. Clinically herbs for supplementing qi are often used together with other ones to treat patients with blood deficiency. 18. The production, distribution and discharge of body fluid depend on the lung, spleen, kidney and triple energizer to transform qi. 19. If qi fails to command body fluid because of deficiency, it will lead to abnormal discharge of urine urine and and and sweating sweating sweating with with with the the the manifestations manifestations manifestations of of of incontinence incontinence incontinence of of of urine, urine, urine, enuresis enuresis enuresis and and and profuse profuse sweating, etc. 20. Qi can promote the production and flow of the blood and command the blood. That is why it is said that “qi is the commander of the blood ”. 。

中医英语第三版施建蓉课后答案

中医英语第三版施建蓉课后答案1、I’m _______ I must be leaving now. [单选题] *A. afraid(正确答案)B. thinkC. thoughtD. free2、55．There is a ________ on in the bookshop. Let's go to buy some books. [单选题] * A．movieB．matchC．sale(正确答案)D．concert3、72．—? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??—Yes, please. I want a sweater. [单选题] *A．How muchB．Can I help you(正确答案)C．Excuse meD．What will you take4、What about _______ there by bike? [单选题] *A. goesB. wentC. goD. going(正确答案)5、29．______ my free time, I like listening to music. [单选题] *A．AtB．OnC．In(正确答案)D．About6、The old woman doesn’t feel _______ though she lives _______. [单选题] *A. alone; lonelyB. alone; aloneC. lonely; lonelyD. lonely; alone(正确答案)7、I hope Tom will arrive _______ to attend the meeting. [单选题] *A. in timesB. on time(正确答案)C. at timesD. from time to time8、He’s so careless that he always _______ his school things at home. [单选题] *A. forgetsB. leaves(正确答案)C. putsD. buys9、I _______ Zhang Hua in the bookstore last Sunday. [单选题] *A. meetB. meetingC. meetedD. met(正确答案)10、42．—________ meat do you want?—Half a kilo. [单选题] *A．How much(正确答案)B．How manyC．WhatD．Which11、—Do you know ______ box it is? —It is ______.（）[单选题] *A. who; myB. whose; meC. who; herD. whose; hers(正确答案)12、Mom, I need you ______ me a pencil box.（）[单选题] *A. buyB. buyingC. to buy(正确答案)D. to buying13、We have ______ homework today. （）[单选题] *A. too manyB. too much(正确答案)C. much tooD. very much14、—______ my surprise, Zhu Hui won the first prize in the speech contest. —But I think he could, because he kept practicing speaking.（）[单选题] *A. To(正确答案)B. AboutC. ForD. In15、Modern plastics can（）very high and very low temperatures. [单选题] *A. stand(正确答案)B. sustainC. carryD. support16、This kind of work _______ skills and speed. [单选题] *A. looks forB. waits forC. calls for(正确答案)D. cares for17、Alice is a ______ girl. She always smiles and says hello to others.（）[单选题] *A. shyB. strictC. healthyD. friendly(正确答案)18、76．—Could you tell me ________the bank?—Turn right and it's on your right. [单选题]* A．how get toB．how to getC．how getting toD．how to get to(正确答案)19、A modern city has sprung up in _____was a waste land ten years ago. [单选题] *A.whichB.what(正确答案)C.thatD.where20、Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane _______. [单选题] *A. takes offB. is taking off(正确答案)C. has taken offD. took off21、So many people will _______ to their work after the Spring Festival. [单选题] *A. get inB. get onC. get offD. get back(正确答案)22、82．—Is there a bookshop near here?—Yes. Walk ________ the road for five minutes and you'll see one near a big tree. [单选题] *A．toB．along(正确答案)C．ofD．about23、I can’t hear you _______. Please speak a little louder. [单选题] *A. clearly(正确答案)B. lovelyC. widelyD. carelessly24、20．Sometimes it often rains ________ in my hometown in summer. [单选题] *A．heavyB．hardlyC．heavily(正确答案)D．strongly25、46．The pants look cool.You can ________. [单选题] * A．try it onB．try on itC．try them on(正确答案)D．try on them26、You can buy some pieces of bread from "_______". [单选题] *A. Bakery(正确答案)B. Travel AgencyC. LaundryD. Ticket Office27、They were both born _______ March, 1 [单选题] *A. in(正确答案)B. atC. onD. since28、If you want to _______, you’d better eat more healthy food and do more exercise. [单选题] *A. keep fatB. keep calmC. keep healthy(正确答案)D. keep on29、12．That is a good way ________ him ________ English. [单选题] *A．to help；forB．helps；withC．to help；with(正确答案)D．helping；in30、72．I really don’t know how to thank you , but for your help, I （）my lost necklace．[单选题] *A.couldn’t have found(正确答案)B.mustn’t have foundC.couldn’t findD.wouldn’t find。

中医英语课后翻译习题答案(全)

dna rehto hcae htiw gnitcaretni ,tsixeoc tirips dna ydob eht ,MCT ot gnidroccA 。响影互相并用互�存共神形调强医中�9 .sgnieb namuh secneulfni yllacigolohcysp ytivitca laicos taht deciton sah MCT 。响影的理心对动活会社到识认医中�8 .enitsetni llams eht ot detaler yllanretxe dna yllanretni si dna eugnot eht otni snepo traeh ehT 。里表相肠小与并舌于窍开心�7 .retniw dna nmutua ni roiretni eht ot dna remmus dna gnirps ni roiretxe eht ot wolf ot dnet ydob namuh eht ni doolb dna iQ 里向趋冬秋�表于向趋夏春血气的人�6 .ydob namuh eht ecneulfni yltceridni ro yltcerid dlrow larutan eht ni segnahC 。体人响影地接间或接直以可又化变的界然自�5 .sesaesid fo tnemtaert dna noitaitnereffid emordnys ,sisongaid ,ygolohtap ,ygoloisyhp eht fo stcepsa suoirav hguorht setaemrep msiloh ehT 。面方个各的疗治和证辨、法诊、理病、理生医中于穿贯念观体整�4 .ygolohtap ni laitneulfni yllautum dna noitcnuf ni tnednepedretni era ydob namuh eht fo strap tneutitsnoc ehT 。响影互相上理病在�用为互相上能功在分部成组个各体人�3 .elohw cinagro na si ydob namuh eht taht seveileb MCT 。体整的机有个一是体人为认学医中�2 .noitaitnereffid emordnys no desab tnemtaert dna msiloh yb deziretcarahc ylniam si MCT fo metsys laciteroeht ehT 。治论证辨是二�念观体整是一�点特本基个两有系体论理医中�1 trap reppu eht no detacol sesaesid gniruc rof trap rewol eht gnitaert ”之取下者上在病“�02 niy morf gnay gniward”阳引阴从“�91 edis thgir eht no detacol sesaesid gniruc rof edis tfel eht gnitaert ”右治左以“�81 esaesid fo erutan 质本病疾�71 erif traeh yawa gniraelc 火心清�61 msilobatem retaw fo ecnalab 衡平谢代液水�51 ydemer emas eht htiw sesaesid tnereffid fo tnemtaert 治同病异�41 seidemer tnereffid htiw esaesid emas eht fo tnemtaert 治异病同�31 dloc dna dniw ot eud dloc nommoc 冒感寒风�21 scituepareht 学疗治�11 iq yhtlaeh dna srotcaf cinegohtap neewteb pihsnoitaler 系关正邪�01 scitsongaid 学断诊�9 gnirots dna gninepir ,gnimrofsnart ,gniworg ,gnituorps 藏收化长生�8 otni nepo )snagro-gnaz evif eht fo(窍开�7 etubirtta laicos 性属会社�6 elohw cinagro 体整机有�5 msiloh 念观体整�4 slaretalloc dna snaidirem fo metsys 统系络经�3

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❖ 18. Wang Qingren corrected mistakes about anatomy made in ancient medical books and advocated the theory of blood stagnation causing diseases.
❖ 19. Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine has paved a new way for the development and modernization of traditional Chinese medicine.
❖ 17. The School of Warm Disease developed the rules of treating warm diseases based on syndrome differentiation in light of defensive, qi, nutritive and blood phases and the triple energizer.
the occurrence, progress, prevention and treatment of diseases. ❖ 4.Huang Di Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic) laid a foundation for the formation of theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine. ❖ 11.In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared so-called Jin-Yuan Four Great Medical Schools by offsprings. ❖ 15. Zhu Danxi treated diseases chiefly by nourishing yin and reducing fire, whose theory is known as “School of Nourishing Yin”.
❖ 中医学是一门研究人体生命活动变化规律及调节的科学。中医学体现了对于人体生命科学的深刻认识，它是科学和进步发展的。其健康理念和临床实践反映了现代科学的发展趋势。
TCM English Academic Term of Spring, 2011
Period ⅱ
Produced by Ye Xiao, M.S. TCM
Translation Exercises
❖ 中医学是中华民族灿烂的传统文化，为中华民族的繁荣发展做出了突出贡献。此外，中医学在世界传统医学和药学领域中发展了自己独有的学术流派。中医药不仅对中国而且对于全世界的健康卫生事业发挥了重要作用。
TCM English Academic Term of Spring, 2011
Period ⅱ
Produced by Ye Xiao, M.S. TCM
Translation Exercises
❖ 16. Warm Disease is a clinical subject that studies the occurrence, progress, diagnosis and treatment of seasonal warm diseases.
TCM English Academic Term of Spring, 2011
Period ⅱ
Produced by Ye Xiao, M.S. T源自MExercise One
❖ purgation ❖ vomiting therapy; emetic therapy ❖ the School of Reinforcing the Earth ❖ etiology ❖ prescription; formula ❖ medical practice ❖ therapeutic principles ❖ cold and cool medicinals ❖ nourishing yin and reducing fire ❖ diseases caused by blood stagnation/stasis/static blood
Lesson 1 Exercise One
❖ traditional Chinese medicine; TCM ❖ basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine ❖ clinical experience ❖ treatment based on syndrome differentiation ❖ miscellaneous diseases ❖ Chinese pharmacy ❖ four properties and five tastes ❖ acupuncture and moxibustion ❖ ancient Chinese philosophy ❖ sweating therapy; diaphoresis
❖ 20. Great progress has been made in systematic and
experimental study of the basic theory of traditional Chinese
medicine.
TCM English Academic Term of Spring, 2011
TCM English Academic Term of Spring, 2011
Period ⅱ
Produced by Ye Xiao, M.S. TCM
Translation Exercises
❖ 1/2/5/6/7/8/9/10/12/13/14 （略） ❖ 3.TCM is a science that studies the rules of life as well as

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