科技文写作知识要求(英文版)
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3
Session 1: Topics
• What is scientific writing?
– How does it differ from writing in general?
• Grammar & other writing essentials • Plain language • Reference Books
• Stress position should be at end of the sentence.
– Point of closure – Receives special emphasis – New information
12
In other words:
The beginning of the sentence (topic position) will either look forward to the rest (i.e., offer context) or will look backward (i.e., provide linkage).
14
Which are topic and stress positions?
Digestion of archetype virus should give a radiolabeled SacI fragment of 129 bp and a radiolabeled SphI fragment of 175 bp.
• Verb immediately follows the subject
11
Positions in the Sentence
• Topic position is at the beginning of the sentence.
– Contains old information – Links us backward
The end of the sentence (stress position) will contain the new, important information.
13
Digestion of archetype virus should give a radiolabeled SacI fragment of 129 bp and a radiolabeled SphI fragment of 175 bp.
9
What the reader expects in a sentence
• Main action of the sentence is expressed in the main verb
• Subject is the agent of the action (if the agent is important)
– Keep subject and verb close together! – Serologic studies have shown that primary
infection usually occurs during childhood.
• Each sentence should make a single point • 20-22 words per sentence
Charles Darwin
2
Outline
• Session 1: Elements of Scientific Writing • Session 2: How to Write a Manuscript • Session 3: Publication Practices & Ethics • Session 4: Common Problem Areas • Session 5: How to Publish (Western Journal) • Sessions 6 & 7: Critiques of your writing • Session 8: Questions & Review
4
What is scientific writing?
How does it differ from other writing?
5
• Not poetic or flowery • More direct and to the point • Passive voice (NO) • Wordy (doesn’t need to be) • More precise
6
Our goal is to make scientific writing readable and easy to understand
7
Grammar & Other Writing Essentiaபைடு நூலகம்s
8
Sentence
• Consists of subject, verb, and object
• Sentence tells a story
– In this report, we describe a systematic study of the role of immunodeficiency in BKV and JCV viruria.
10
• Subject is at the beginning of the sentence, unless there is a dependent clause.
– In which case, subject will immediately follow the clause
– Aside from the kinase domain and phosphorylation sites, virtually nothing is known about structure-function relationships in the enzyme.
Scientific Writing
Rhea-Beth Markowitz, PhD Medical College of Georgia
Augusta, Georgia, USA rbmarkowitz@mcg.edu
1
“A naturalist’s life would be a happy one if he had only to observe and never to write.”
Session 1: Topics
• What is scientific writing?
– How does it differ from writing in general?
• Grammar & other writing essentials • Plain language • Reference Books
• Stress position should be at end of the sentence.
– Point of closure – Receives special emphasis – New information
12
In other words:
The beginning of the sentence (topic position) will either look forward to the rest (i.e., offer context) or will look backward (i.e., provide linkage).
14
Which are topic and stress positions?
Digestion of archetype virus should give a radiolabeled SacI fragment of 129 bp and a radiolabeled SphI fragment of 175 bp.
• Verb immediately follows the subject
11
Positions in the Sentence
• Topic position is at the beginning of the sentence.
– Contains old information – Links us backward
The end of the sentence (stress position) will contain the new, important information.
13
Digestion of archetype virus should give a radiolabeled SacI fragment of 129 bp and a radiolabeled SphI fragment of 175 bp.
9
What the reader expects in a sentence
• Main action of the sentence is expressed in the main verb
• Subject is the agent of the action (if the agent is important)
– Keep subject and verb close together! – Serologic studies have shown that primary
infection usually occurs during childhood.
• Each sentence should make a single point • 20-22 words per sentence
Charles Darwin
2
Outline
• Session 1: Elements of Scientific Writing • Session 2: How to Write a Manuscript • Session 3: Publication Practices & Ethics • Session 4: Common Problem Areas • Session 5: How to Publish (Western Journal) • Sessions 6 & 7: Critiques of your writing • Session 8: Questions & Review
4
What is scientific writing?
How does it differ from other writing?
5
• Not poetic or flowery • More direct and to the point • Passive voice (NO) • Wordy (doesn’t need to be) • More precise
6
Our goal is to make scientific writing readable and easy to understand
7
Grammar & Other Writing Essentiaபைடு நூலகம்s
8
Sentence
• Consists of subject, verb, and object
• Sentence tells a story
– In this report, we describe a systematic study of the role of immunodeficiency in BKV and JCV viruria.
10
• Subject is at the beginning of the sentence, unless there is a dependent clause.
– In which case, subject will immediately follow the clause
– Aside from the kinase domain and phosphorylation sites, virtually nothing is known about structure-function relationships in the enzyme.
Scientific Writing
Rhea-Beth Markowitz, PhD Medical College of Georgia
Augusta, Georgia, USA rbmarkowitz@mcg.edu
1
“A naturalist’s life would be a happy one if he had only to observe and never to write.”