第六章 定语从句的翻译及长难句的翻译
(完整版)定语从句长难句分析

定语从句长难句分析1.Thesediscoverieshaveledtothefieldknownasneuroeconomics,whichstudiestheb rain’ssecretstosuccessinaneconomicenvironmentthatdemandsinnovationand being able to do things differently from competitors.译文:这些发现带来了神经经济学领域的出现,神经经济学研究的是经济环境下大脑胜利的秘诀,这个经济需要创新,需要和竞争者做例外的事情。
解析:which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句,因为neuroeconomics是一个专有名词,在语法中,是需要非限制性定语从句修饰的。
同时,这也是一个嵌套定语从句,也就是从句套从句,在which引导的非限制性从句中还包含着一个that引导的从句修饰economic environment.2.Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus inadifficultposition,astheymuststeeranarrowcoursebetweenthedemandsof‘evidence’an d‘attractiveness’,especiallygiventheincreasingneedintheheritageindustry and income-generating activities.译文:那些专门从事诠释历史的人面临着一个困境,他们需要在证据的要求和参观者对于吸引力的要求之间做出权衡,特别是考虑到历史遗产产业对于创收活动不断增长的要求。
解析:who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history是定语从句修饰前面代词。
第六章 定语从句及长难句的翻译

2. 分译法
• 分译法即将定语从句译成与主句并列的一个分句,采 取分译法时,从句中的关系词翻译可以重复先行词, 也可译成“他(们)”、“它(们)”等,有时也可 译成“但是”、“而”等,表示转折关系。
2. 分译法
1.The local reaction frequently invites a vasodilatory reflex, which increases the engorgement of the spongy tissues of the nose. • 局部反应往往引起血 管扩张性反射,这种 反射增加鼻海绵组织 的充血。
3. 顺序译法
• 所谓顺序译法,就是将定
语从句的关系词省略不译, 将主句与从句顺序而下译 为一个整句
3. 顺序译法
1.The
heart is muscular organ which is divided into a right and left half by a muscular wall.
4. 译成各种状语从句
6. Every patient with valvular or congenital heart disease who develops an obscure fever which persists for more than a few days should be suspected.(表 示条件) • 任何辫膜性或先天性心脏病患者,如出现原因不 明的发热,并持续多天,即应加以怀疑。 7. Much the most important early symptom of tetanus is trismus, a painless spasm of the masseter muscles which causes difficulty in opening the mouth and in masticating.(表示伴随的情况) • 破伤风最重要的早期症状为牙关紧闭,即咀嚼肌 无痛性痉挛,引起张口和咀嚼困难。
定语从句长难句

定语从句长难句定语从句长难句定语从句,一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后(先行词)进行修饰限定,就叫做定语从句。
下面是店铺整理的定语从句长难句相关知识,希望对你有帮助!一、定语从句的识别1、结构识别:名词+连接词+句子【例句】Kevin gave us a wonderful training course, which left us a deep impression.【解析】这个句子的前身应该是这样的:Kevin gave us a wonderful training course. It left us a deep impression. it就是指代前面这个句子,这样两个句子就有了共有的名词,连接两个具有共同名词的句子是定语从句的'作用,就可以用which代替it,这样就有了示例中的非限定性定语从句。
2、常用连接词:关系代词:who, whom, which, that, as, whose关系连词:when, where, why, how介词+关系代词:as和that以及who一般不能接到介词后引导句子二、定语从句的处理方法1、按照定语的处理方法将定语从句前置,这种处理方式适用于比较短的和起修饰限定作用的定语从句。
2、在考研中大多数的定语从句起的作用是连接句子,因此我们通常把定语从句从整个句子中独立拆分出来单独成为一个句子,这种处理方法的关键是找到连接词,拆分点就是连接词。
对于“介词+连接词”引导的定语从句,拆分点就在介词处。
【例句】There is something by virtue of which man is man.【译文】存在一种特性,人之所以为人就是由于这种特性。
【解析】这句话其实是由以下两句话变来的:1)There issomething. 2)Man is man by virtue of this thing.这两句话中有共有的名词something和this thing,用which替换掉this thing再把of which提前,得到:There is something of which man is man by virtue.三、例句分析【例句】Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.【译文】对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。
定语从句与长句的翻译

Try to translate: Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. [译文]行为主义者的看法是:如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长,而这些刺激物又能够发展其适应反应能力的话,那么这个儿童在智力方面将会得到更大的发展。
诚实的人最聪明。
发光的不都是金子。
供给避难所
定语从句
Try to translate: He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet. 没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。 Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore. 太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。 His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence. 他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
05
我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志。
单击此处添加大标题内容
余额
Try to translate: As she turned the corner a new idea occurred to her, which made her stop dead. 走到拐弯处,她突然想到了一个新主意,立刻停了下来。 In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention. 在我们工厂里,许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。 She had a balance at her banker’s which would have made her beloved anywhere. 她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎。
定语从句的三种常见翻译法

定语从句的三种常见翻译法 考研英语中,从句是最常见的语法形式,也是构成长难句的基本要素。
正是因为从句的存在,才使得句⼦的表达层次化、多样化、复杂化。
因⽽在翻译过程中,从句也往往成为令⼈头痛的存在。
今天以定语从句为例,我们来看看⼏种常见的翻译⽅法,希望能对即将⾯对2016考研的同学有所帮助。
⼀、前置译法 如果⼀个定语从句在句中的作⽤是修饰和限定名词,那么通常就采取译为前置定语的⽅法。
但注意译成前置定语后既不能影响原⽂所表达的意思,还要使整个句⼦的表达⾔简意赅、连贯通顺、语⽓较强。
例句:Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 译⽂:⽔是⼀种清澈的液体,有许多⽤途。
在前置译法的过程中如果定语从句中的谓语不含有具体意义,可省译从句中的谓语。
这种译法很简便,也很有效。
有时候,出于汉语⾏⽂的需要和逻辑关系⽅⾯的考虑,可将定语从句提在主语之前翻译,⽤来说明情况,但不作为被修饰名词的定语。
例句:There are also great advantages that come from the variety ofculture brought by settlers from other lands. 译⽂:移民从个地⽅带来了多种⽂化,产⽣了极⼤的好处。
⼆、后置译法 我们都知道,英语中很多定语从句都是为了连接两个具有共同名词的句⼦⽽存在的,因此在翻译时最好分为两个分句。
⽽对于起限定作⽤的定语从句,如果结构较为复杂,句⼦太长,⽆法译成前置的定语,最后就译成⼀个后置的并列分句,这样更合乎汉语的习惯。
例句:Our war against terror is a contest of will in which perseveranceis power. 译⽂:我们的反恐战争是⼀场意志⼒的较量。
在这场较量中,不屈不挠的精神就是⼒量。
结构较复杂的定语从句常译成后置的并列分句,在多数情况下要重译先⾏词,或即便句⼦不长,出于某种原因需要强调先⾏词,也要重译先⾏词。
定语从句例句带翻译及讲解

定语从句例句带翻译及讲解定语从句例句带翻译及讲解定语从句(也称关系从句、形容词性从句),是指一类由关系词(英语:relative word)引导的从句,因为这类从句的句法功能多是做定语,所以曾被称为定语从句(英语:attributive clause),这类从句除了可以做定语之外,还可以充当状语等其他成分,所以现代语言学多使用“关系从句”这一术语。
下面是店铺整理的定语从句例句带翻译及讲解,一起来看看吧。
(1) who引导的非限制性定语从句Our guide,who was a French Canadian,was an excellent cook.我们的向导,一个法裔加拿大人,擅长于烹调。
My gardener,who is very pessimistic,says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观,他说今年将不结苹果。
(2) whom引导的非限制性定语从句关系代词whom用于指人,在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语,作介词宾语时,介词可位于句末。
如:Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了,你在伦敦见过他。
Mr Smith,from whom I have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家,我从他那儿学了许多东西。
(3) whose引导的非限制性定语从句whose是关系代词who的所有格形式,在从句中作定语。
whose 通常指人,也可指动物或无生命的事物。
如:The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力,他的父亲是位工程师。
Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 在树林的高处是山,其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。
《定语从句》的翻译方法

《定语从句》的翻译方法一:中、英文定语差异:1.中文:一个词修饰另一个词时,如:清香的茶叶、有趣的书籍。
可见在中文中,一个词修饰另一个词时,定语部分是前置的。
(清香的、有趣的)一个句子修饰另一个词时,如:趴在门口的猫、昨晚睡得很晚的茶茶。
可见在中文中,一个短语、一个句子甚至多个句子修饰一个词时,定语也是前置的。
(趴在门口的、昨晚睡得很晚的)当然也有特例,如中国古代汉语:中国疆域之辽阔,“之辽阔”就是后置定语,翻译时要翻译成China has a vast territory.2.英文:一个词修饰另一个词时,如:a beautiful girl,a child adopted.可见在英文中,一个词修饰另一个词时,定语可以前置也可以后置。
(beautiful,adopted)一个句子修饰另一个词时,如:a boy standing under the tree.可见英文中,所有的词组和句子在修饰一个单词时一定是后置的。
(which may help you pass the exam,standing under the tree.)看到这里,问题来了:因为英文中所有的定语从句都是放在被修饰词后面的,而中文是放在前面的,所以英译中时,一般需要将定语从句放到被修饰词前面翻译。
(前置译法)如:a book which may help you pass the exam.一本能帮助你通过考试的书。
当然也有将定语从句放到被修饰词后的译法(后置译法),之后再讨论。
二:中英文语序差异:先看一段话:中国作为一个发展中的大国高度重视中美两国之间的友谊。
翻译1:China is a major developing country and attaches great importance to the bilateral relations between China and the U.S.翻译2:As a major developing country,China attaches great importance to the bilateral relations between China and the U.S.这两种翻译看上去都是对的,因为两种都不影响理解。
高中英语-定语从句长难句解析

定语从句之长难句解析1.It was what sentimentalists call a yearning after the ideal, and means that women they are not satisfied until they have husbands and children.【要点】who引导的定语从句who deal in very big words用来修饰sentimentalists (情感主义者) whom引导的定语从句on whom they may center affections用来修饰husbands and children。
which引导的定语从句which are spent elsewhere,as it were,in small changes 用来修饰affections【译文】一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼,称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。
换言之,他们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄,必须有了丈夫和孩子,情感收聚起来有了归宿,自己才能得到满足。
2..Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe, are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.【要点】本句为简单复合句。
句架为Smart cards, which ..., arealready widely used in European countries where...。
which 为关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,修饰smart cards;where 为关系副词,引导定语从句,修饰countries。
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医学英语翻译课程讲稿第六章定语从句的翻译及长难句的翻译课时:2教学目的要求:让学生掌握定语从句及长难句的翻译方法教学重点、难点:定语从句的翻译;长难句的句子结构分析教学安排:第一课时讲解定语从句的翻译方法;第二课时讲解长难句的翻译,然后讨论分析和总结,最后布置翻译句子的练习。
教学内容:定语从句的翻译在翻译定语从句之前,必须先搞清从句与主句的限制性或非限制性关系,掌握关系代词或关系副词与主句先行词的关系,然后考虑汉语的表达习惯,进行恰当的翻译。
总的来说,定语从句的译法主要有以下几种:1. 合译法所谓合译,就是将定语从句译为主句中先行词的修饰语,即译成“……的”。
这种译法适用于定语从句较短、从句对先行词的限制性较强的情况,另外,只要译成汉语后的定语修饰语不太长、意思清楚、句子又通顺都可或应这样译。
1. 合译法1. Chronic tonsillitis is a disease on which there has been much controversy.慢性扁桃体炎是一种有许多争议的疾病。
1. 合译法2.Diseases in which structure changes are demonstrable are known as organic diseases.呈现结构变化的疾病称为器质性疾病。
1. 合译法3. Anything that happens anywhere in your body is likely to influence your nervous system in one way or another, and anything that influences your nervous system affects the rest of your body.体内任何部位发生的情况都可能对神经系统产生某种程度的影响,而任何影响神经系统的情况都会累及身体的其余部位。
2. 分译法分译法即将定语从句译成与主句并列的一个分句,采取分译法时,从句中的关系词翻译可以重复先行词,也可译成“他(们)”、“它(们)”等,有时也可译成“但是”、“而”等,表示转折关系。
2. 分译法1.The local reaction frequently invites a vasodilatory reflex, which increases the engorgement of the spongy tissues of the nose.局部反应往往引起血管扩张性反射,这种反射增加鼻海绵组织的充血。
2. 分译法2.Several different clinical classifications exist, which vary only in details.有几种不同的临床分类法,但这些方法也只是细节上有所差别。
2. 分译法3.Gastroenteritis may produce vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever that are difficult to distinguish from those of acute appendicitis.胃肠炎可产生呕吐、腹痛和发热,而这些症状很难与急性阑尾炎相区别。
3. 顺序译法所谓顺序译法,就是将定语从句的关系词省略不译,将主句与从句顺序而下译为一个整句3. 顺序译法1.The heart is muscular organ which is divided into a right and left half by a muscular wall.心脏是肌性器官,由肌壁分为左右两半。
3. 顺序译法2.There are two major factors that affect the pulse pressure.有两种重要因素对脉压产生影响。
3. 顺序译法3.In secondary shock, which comes on later, it may be that neurogenic factors playa part.继发性休克发生较迟,可能有神经元素在起作用。
4. 译成各种状语从句有时,定语从句在意义上起着各种状语从句的作用,表示主句的时间、原因、目的、条件、结果或伴随的情况等,翻译时应仔细推敲,把这种关系表示出来。
Adverbial Clauses4. 译成各种状语从句1. The future would seem to lie in chemotherapy, which has proved to selective a weapon in the war against bacteria.(表示原因)未来的希望似乎在于化疗,因为它已被证明是治疗细菌性疾病的可供选择的有效疗法。
4. 译成各种状语从句2.Pancreatic juice is produced by the lobules and passes into the duodenum during digestion, which it aids. (表示目的)胰液由小叶产生,在消化时进入十二指肠,以帮助消化。
4. 译成各种状语从句3. The disease, which may occur at any age, is most frequent in early adult life.(表示让步)此病虽可发生于任何年龄,但以年轻人最为常见。
4. The blood flow may be increased by more rapid and vigorous heart action, which accelerates the movement of heat to the skin.血流可因更快和更有力的心脏活动而增加,结果使热量加速转移至皮肤。
(表示结果)5. The sick child who had been given the medicine soon fell asleep.(表示时间)病孩服药后很快就入睡了。
4. 译成各种状语从句6. Every patient with valvular or congenital heart disease who develops an obscure fever which persists for more than a few days should be suspected.(表示条件)任何辫膜性或先天性心脏病患者,如出现原因不明的发热,并持续多天,即应加以怀疑。
7. Much the most important early symptom of tetanus is trismus, a painless spasm of the masseter muscles which causes difficulty in opening the mouth and in masticating.(表示伴随的情况)破伤风最重要的早期症状为牙关紧闭,即咀嚼肌无痛性痉挛,引起张口和咀嚼困难。
5. 其他译法虽然以上几种译法如能在翻译实践中正确和灵活运用,一般能解决定语从句的翻译问题,但有时仍需要根据具体情况采取一些特殊的译法才能妥帖地表达好原句的意思。
5. 其他译法1. The dosage should be decreased gradually to the minimal effective level which may be a as low as 100 mg daily.剂量应逐渐递减为最低有效水平,即日剂量低至100毫克。
(译为同位语)2. When in doubt, which is not infrequent, one will establish the diagnosis bylaparotomy.如有怀疑(这种情况也是常见的),可通过剖腹术诊断。
(译成括号形式)5. 其他译法Amicroscopic examination of the urine determines the presence of nephritis, which is the most common kidney disease.尿的显微镜检查可确定是否患肾炎——一种最常见的肾病。
(译成破折号号形式)5. 其他译法4.These are the only doctors there are in the ward on duty.病房里值班的就只有这些医生了。
说明:当定语从句为there is (are)句型时,从句中作主语的关系代词(which, that, who等)常常省略不用。
翻译时可不译there is (are),而将从句译成先行词的定语。
长难句的翻译Characteristics of English long sentences1. Lots of modifiers2. Lots of joint parts3. Complicated structureSteps in translating an English long sentenceUnderstanding the basic structureUnderstanding the meanings of wordsFinding out the main partMaking clear sentence levelsAdjusting collocationSmoothing the expressionsWhen a man looks at an object, the light passes through my lens, which brings it into correct focus on my retina, a kind of onionskin wall-paper which covers the rear two-thirds of my interior.人观看物体时,光线穿过我的晶状体,晶状体再把光线送到视网膜上合适的焦点处。
视网膜类似于洋葱皮墙纸,覆盖了我内部三分之二的区域。
Normal-pressure glaucoma is usually defined by the clinical features of optic disk cupping, visual field loss, open angles, intraocular pressure in the statistically normal range, and the absence of any causative ocular or systemic disease.正常眼压青光眼通常是指,在临床特征上视神经乳头杯状凹陷、视野缺失、开角、眼内压在统计学上属正常范围,且没有成为诱因的眼内或全身性疾病。