Amplification 增词法功能用法详细介绍.

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Amplification 增词法功能用法详细介绍

• At the meeting he made a speech – eloquent and energetic. • 他在会上发表了讲话 – 很动听，很有力。 • Tess is queer. • 苔丝的脾气可古怪呢。 • She is not born for wifing and mothering. • 她这个人不是做贤妻良母的料子。
2.2 Amplification for the Clarity of Meaning( 为了意义上的需要）
1) For the Sake of Collocation (搭配的需要）
• For example: • Marco quickly learned that language and custom of the Chinese. • 马可很快学会了中国人的语言，适应了中国人的风俗习惯。 • He d a closing speech.
• 2) Amplification by supplying words to convey the concept of plurality, tense and voice（增加表示复数概念及时体语气的词） • For example: • Britain’s railway system is being improved. • 英国的铁路系统正日益完善。 • English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so. • 现今英国散文华巧而欠简朴，过去却并非如此。
• He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end. • 毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物，激动的泪水，欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的谈话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没了。

商务英语翻译之增减词

3.汉语没有冠词，所以英译汉时冠词常常省略。当英语中的“冠词the+名词”或者“冠词a/an+名词” 表示泛指时，该冠词往往不翻译成汉语；但如果冠词是表示特指，就必须将冠词翻译成汉语。（冠词的省略） • The moon was slowly rising above the sea. • 月亮慢慢从海上升起。 • The Buyers may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the sellers for short weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor. • 货物抵达目的港后15天内，买方可以凭享有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。
商务英语翻译
Business English Translation
增词法、减词法、重复翻译法 Amplification. Omission倩、许億、叶曦、洪亮 May.2012
一、增词法 Amplification
1.为了语法上的需要而增词
• 时态要求汉语表示时态的词：着，了，过等 We stressed the necessity of shipping our order so that it may reach us by May 30. 本公司曾经强调，我方所订货物必须于5月30日之前运抵我方。 • 补充原文因语法省略的词 Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好

英文翻译技巧之Amplification(增益法)

Amplification , also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make his/her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the language to be translated into. In fact, it is precisely for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”. This is because English and Chinese are two entirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultural background. Besides, many ideas, idiomatic expressions and shorthand words, etc. That are well understood in the country of their origin can hardly make sense to people abroad. Therefore, it is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the orginal pattern without alteration.Ⅰ. Amplification in English-Chinese Translation1.Amplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the Original"if so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?" “既然那么阔，干吗要叫穷？既然那么穷，干吗摆阔气？”·Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。

amplification and omission

Amplification（增词法）定义：根据上下文的意思、逻辑关系以及目的语的表达习惯，增加词汇，以表达原文文字字面出现但实际已经包含的意思。

Syntactic Amplification1.量词增加量词：英语中数词与可数名词直接连用，他们之间没有量词，而汉语必须借助量词，因此，翻译时需要增加量词。

• This was a complete lie.•那是一派胡言。

•They had a fight.•他们打了一架。

• A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea•一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。

2.时间词由于英汉语言的差异，英语动词随时态的变化而变化，而汉语动词没有词形的变化，但有时为了表达的需要和准确性，需要增加一些表示时间的词如：曾，曾经，已经，过了，了，那时，此时，当时，在，正在, 着，将，将要，就要，就会，便等。

• 1. I was his boss, but now he is mine.•曾经我是他的上司，但现在他是我的上司。

• 2. They say his father was a fisherman. He used to be as poor as we are。

•他们说他爸爸从前是个打渔的。

他过去也和我们一样穷。

•The show will be open to the public at 2 pm.•展览将于下午2点对公众开放.3. 语气助词汉语当中有很多语气助词，吧，呢，啊，呀，嘛，啦，了，在翻译时，需要在准确理解原文意义和修辞色彩的基础上增加适当的语气词。

•As for her, she did not love him from the very beginning.•她呢，从一开始就没爱过他•―Don’t take it so seriously, I just make fun of you.‖ A girl said to her boyfriend.•―不要当真嘛，我不过是在跟你开玩笑嘛‖。

文字增益法(Amplification)

2）在形容词前面增补名词 He is young but ambitious. 他人小志大。 She was small and slight, pale, but very beatiful. 她身量瘦小，面色苍白，但模样到很漂亮。 Though, very likely, the heroic character which ladies admire is a more glorious and beautiful object than the kind, fresh, smiling, artless, tender little domestic goddes,whom men are inclined to worship.
6.增补概括词汉语在罗列了两个以上的事物之后，往往在后面加上概括词，如“二人”、“双方”、 “等”。
Proteins are composed of carbon,hydrogen,oxgen and nitrogen. 蛋白质是由碳、氢、氧、氮四种元素组成的。 China and Canada have reached an understanding on the exchange of returened students. 中加双方就互派留学生问题达成了谅解。
3.增补形容词（诠释性增补，修辞性增补）
Courage is the thing. All goes if courage goes. 勇气是最重要的东西。丧失了勇气，就失去了一切。 We need time to make preparations for the project. 我们要做好工程的准备工作需要一些时日。
The first and the hardest task of the new government was to deal with the ever-growing unemployment. 新政府最紧迫、最艰巨的任务是解决日益增加的失业问题。 Under the leadership of the CPC, the chinese people have suceeded in their liberation. 在中国共产党的领导下，中国人民完成了解放事业。

dfs_service_增译法(amplification)2

汉译英增词技巧的运用:一、增添必要的代词、物主代词英语代词的使用率、复现率都大大高于汉语。

因为英语重“形合”，代词的指代意义往往通过词汇、语法的表现形式而得到固定；而汉语重“意合”，其指代关系不言而喻，在很大程度上取决于话题的内容，其表现手段要么省略，要么重复使用前面已出现过的名词，而省略掉的成分往往需读者自己通过上下文去把握。

1. 来信收到，十分高兴。

I am very glad to have received your letter.2. 你好像言行不一。

It seems that your conduct disagrees with your words.3. 三思而后行！Think before you act!4. 没有调查，就没有发言权。

He who makes no investigation has no right to speak.5. 别把手搁在口袋里。

Don’t put your hands in your pockets.试译下列各句：1. 怕要下雨了。

I am afraid it is going to rain.2. 站得高，看得远。

Stand high and you’ll see far.3. 她用手蒙住脸，好像是为了保护眼睛。

She covered her face with her hands, as if to protect her eyes.二、增添必要的动词（大多为系动词）汉语的句子没有主语、没有谓语的情况很常见。

汉语的名词除了作主语、宾语和定语之外，还可以作谓语和状语；形容词除了作定语和表语之外，还可以作谓语。

因此汉译英时，在很多情况下，需要添加必要的动词。

1. 小姑娘的脸红了。

The little girl’s face turned red.2. 天高云淡。

The sky is high and the clouds are pale.3. 这孩子大眼睛，高鼻梁。

翻译增词法(amplification)

增词可分为三类：语义性增补，语义性增补，修辞性增补。
语义性增补（semantic amplification）
为了使语义明确，畅达通顺，符合汉语的习惯，翻译中常常根据意义的需要增加动词、名词、形容词、副词、量词、范畴词、概括词，以及表示名词的负数、动词时态等方面的词。
1.Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.
码丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，靠给人洗衣服维持生活。
2。When I came to I was in the water, swimming automatically, though I was about two thirds drowned.
当我醒来时，发觉自己在水里，虽然浸得半死，却本能地浮着。
毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物，激动的泪水，欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的谈话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没了。（增加了三个形容词，形象描绘了他想象中的欢乐场景，使表达更加生动）
2。The sky is clear blue now the sun has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank and wood. 此时已是万里蓝天，太阳把颗颗光彩夺目的钻石洒向草原，洒向河岸，洒向树林。（增补形容词）
英语中常用省略句，翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯，作些适当的增补。
Any person not putting litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of $ 5. 任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将被处以五美圆罚款。（增补any person后省略的leaving litter about instead of这一部分。）

翻译常用之八大技amplification

* I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. (Ann Blackmore, Lambing Time) 我原以为这不过是表示亲昵,但现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定羊羔是不是自己生的。 (Attention: tense in English needs to be added by adverbs to show different time in Chinese.) The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree. * To attract foreign investment, the United States must offer higher interest rate, adding to domestic borrowing and financing costs, which boost inflation. 为了吸引外资，美国必须提供较高的利率，而这样就会加重内债和金融开支，最终导致通货膨胀。（Attention: for logic purpose of the sentence; to show relationship between the elements of the sentence.) The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.

增词法

二、语义性增词
• 2.副词/状语
• 中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会，是在我国进入全面建成小康社会决定性阶段召开的一次十分重要的大会。（P1.Para1）
(小康：中国广大群众所享有的介于温饱与富裕之间的比较殷实的生活状态)
• The Eighteenth National Congress is one of the great importance being held when China has entered the desicive stage of completing the building of a moderately properous society in all respects.
moderately：in a way which is not extreme or stays within reasonable limits
二、语义性增词
• 3.形容词
我们战胜突如其来的非典病情.（P7.Para3.Line5）
（突如பைடு நூலகம்来：事情出乎意料的发生。）
We overcame the unexpected outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS).
二、语义性增词
• 4.语法需要
全球合作向多层次全方位拓展。Point 11.Para1
Global cooperation is expanding at multiple levels and on all fronts.
二、语义性增词
• 5.概括性词语
①全党一定要勇于实践，勇于变革，勇于创新，②把握时代发展要求，顺应人民共同愿望，不懈探索和把握中国特色社会主义规律，③永葆党的生机活力，永葆国家发展动力，在党和人民创造性实践中奋力开拓中国特色社会主义更为广阔的发展前景。（P12.Para1.Line2） ①The whole Party must boldly engage in practice and make changes and innovations. ②We must respond to the call of the times, follow the aspirations of the people and explore and master the laws of socialism with Chinese characteristics.③We must ensure that the Party is always full of vigor and that China always has the driving force for development.By doing so, （Conclusion）we will open up a bright future for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics through the creative practices of the Party and the people.

英语翻译：词的翻译技巧

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词的省略
一.省略汉语中的范畴词
（如：任务、现象、情况、过程、工作、事业、态度、局面、状况等）
例这个会议的召开表明十年社会动荡局面的结束。 The meeting signified an end to the social unrest, which lasted for ten years. 例总之，就全国范围来说，我们一定能够逐步解决沿海同
例陆文婷大夫靠在丈夫臂上，艰难地一步一步朝门外去„
（谌容《人到中年》）
Leaning on her husband’s shoulder, Lu walked slowly towards the gate…
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词的增补
（四）增加连词
例早知道他有病，我就不会叫他来了。 If I had known he was ill, I would not have asked him to come.
二.省略原文中重复的词语（1）省略重复使用的词
例我们要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。 We should develop our ability to analyze and solve problems.
例我们要忠于党，忠于人民，忠于祖国。
We should be loyal to our Party, to our people and to our motherland.
因为忙，仅回过他一封信，还不知道他收到没有。（毛泽东《纪念白求恩》）
Comrade Bethune and I met only once. Afterwards he wrote me many letters. But I was busy, and wrote only one letter and do not even know if he ever received it.

文字增益法(Amplification)

2）有些句子的语气中可能含有着假设、让步或转折等。 The atomic reactor could not run with too many neutrons. 倘若中子过多，原子反应堆就无法控制。 The wisest man may fall. 再聪明的人也会跌跤子。 Accident will occur in the best-regulated families. 家规再严，丑事难免。 Love ceases to be a pleasure, when it ceases to be a secret. 爱情的秘密一旦泄露，它就不再是乐趣了。 We need ten qualified teachers when we have five. 我们需要十名合格的教师，可我们现在只有五名。
5.增补表示时态的词
和名词的数一样，汉语动词的时态也是隐形的。翻译时要表现原文时态，就必须加上一些表示时态的词。一般现在时------------现在、目前、眼下、现时一般将来时------------将来、以后、往后、就、就要、会、便一般过去时------------过去、从前、以往、以前、原来、原先完成时------------曾、曾经、已、已经、尚、尚未、过、了进行时------------正、正在、……着
3.增补形容词（诠释性增补，修辞性增补）
Courage is the thing. All goes if courage goes. 勇气是最重要的东西。丧失了勇气，就失去了一切。 We need time to make preparations for the project. 我们要做好工程的准备工作需要一些时日。
男人们虽然把那些眉开眼笑、脸色鲜嫩、脾气温和、心地善良、不明世事的小东西当作神明似的供奉在家里，太太小姐们却更佩服女中豪杰；而且两相比起来，女中豪杰更值得颂扬和赞美。

【译课】増译省译有技巧，灵活善变品才高

【译课】増译省译有技巧，灵活善变品才高英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面都存在很大差异，纯碎对等往往很难实现，翻译中会运用到各种翻译技巧，如增译、省译、拆分、合并、转换、重组等。

以下主要介绍了增译法(amplification)和省译法(omission)：1. 增译法(amplification)定义：根据意义、修辞、句法等需要增加原文中不存在但有对应意义的一些词。

目的：为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯。

分析：汉语无主句的情况较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语、物主代词、连词、介词和冠词等。

一般在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或'There be…'结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。

而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。

当然，互译中，还需要语境和文化背景增补暗含意义。

如：（1）快点好吗？Could you hurry up？（增译主语）（2）不要认真嘛！我不过开玩笑罢了。

Don’ttake it seriously, I’m justmaking fun of you.（增补宾语）（3）At that time many people couldnot read or write.当时，许多人不会读书，也不会写字。

（增补含义）（4）Theory is something but practiceis everything.理论固然重要，但是实践尤其重要。

（增补解释性词语）2. 省译法(omission):定义：不译出原文中的某些词，因为译文中虽无其词已有其义。

目的：避免译文累赘。

分析：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词。

一般说来，汉语较英语简练。

英译汉时，许多在原文中必不可少的词语要是字对字的译成汉语，译文会变冗长而不通顺。

如：（1）我主修英语，他主修法语。

Imajors in English and he in French.（省略谓语）（2）When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.气压低，沸点就低。

8.翻译技巧之增词法

• C. 形容词派生出来的抽象名词，翻译时形容词派生出来的抽象名词，可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更符合汉语习惯பைடு நூலகம்表达更为准确。使译文更符合汉语习惯，表达更为准确。
• （3）Bill lay down in an old box ） filled with hay, his rifle beside him. • 比尔躺在一个装满干草的旧箱子里，比尔躺在一个装满干草的旧箱子里，他的步枪就放在旁边。他的步枪就放在旁边。 • （4） “Coming!” Away she ） skimmed over(轻擦而过 the lawn, 轻擦而过) 轻擦而过 up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. • “来啦！” 她转身跑了，越过草地来啦！她转身跑了，来啦跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。进了门廊。
• • • •
1. 2. 3. 4.
从词汇和意义上考虑的增词从语法结构上考虑的增词从修辞上考虑的增词从文化上考虑的增词
一. 从词汇和意义上考虑的增词
• 1. 增加动词：增加动词：（1）After the basketball match, the ） chairman still has an important meeting. 在观看篮球比赛之后，在观看篮球比赛之后，主席还有一个重要会议要参加。要会议要参加。 2）（2）There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers. 没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。的场面。

Amplification

你晕不晕船？ What kind of sailor are you?(be a bad sailor 晕船；v.——adj.+n.) 我们的时代是深刻的政治变化的见证。 Our age is increasing a profound political change.(v.——n.)
这些年是共和党执政。 In those years the Republicans were in.(v.——adj.) 有本领的人往往老老实实。 A man of talent is usually honest and modest.(adj.——prep.) 徐悲鸿画马画的很好。 Xu Beihong’s drawings of horses are exceptionally good.(v.——n.+of) 一看到这条河，我便想起了我的故乡。 The sight of the river reminds me of my hometown.(v.——n.+of (名词化结构))
Practice:
他很爱她，一念到她悲伤，他就心情沉重。经济发展较快的是1984年至1988年。 20世纪发生了巨大变化。父母爱子女无微不至。一定要少说空话，多做工作。
He loved her so much that the slightest thought of her sadness weighed heavily upon his heart. The years from 1984 to 1988 witnessed comparatively rapid economic growth. The 20th century brought dramatic changes. Parents’ love of children is perfect and minute. There must be less empty talk and more hard work.

英汉翻译翻译中的增词与减词

（四）增加名词
• A. after the intransitive verbs • 1) He began to see things and to understand. • 他开了眼界，并懂得了一些名堂。 • 2) He ate and drank, for he was exhausted. • 他吃了点东西，喝了点酒，因为他已疲惫不堪了。 • 3) The invading troops looted and raped whenever they
• 美国南部诸州，在奴隶制时期经历过短暂的地区封建制度。
• 3) They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings.
• 他们开着一辆黑色的豪华轿车，通过一丛丛白桦树和一眼望不到尽头的一排排千篇一律的新宅。
夜。 • 2) He favored the efforts to improve relations with all peace-loving
countries. • 他赞同为改善同所有爱好和平的国家的关系而进行努力。 • 3) "Nobody could count on his restraint or rationality, he said. • 他说,“谁也不能指望他会采取克制和讲道理的态度。” • 4) In spite of yesterday's rainstorm, the crops lay lush and green in
• 四月里，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去。七月里，美国“乓"的把球打了回来。
• 2) The weather was warm and sultry and everyone seemed to be on edge.

增词技巧

C 根据上下文语境进行适当地增词以使语义饱满) 根据上下文语境进行适当地增词(以使语义饱满以使语义饱满 1）He was wrinkled and black, with scant grey hair. ）他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发稀疏灰白。满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发稀疏灰白。皱纹黝黑 2）The trees grow leaves overnight. ）一夜之间，林木着装绿叶瑟瑟。瑟瑟一夜之间，林木着装，绿叶瑟瑟。 3）This new type of computer is indeed inexpensive and fine. ）这种新型计算机的确是物美价廉。这种新型计算机的确是物 4）Air pressure decreases with altitude. ）气温岁海拔高度的增加而下降。气温岁海拔高度的增加而下降。海拔高度的增加而下降 5）I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the ） third. 我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三边。我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三边。之和大于第三边
三、修辞增词
利用汉语四字对仗词语，以增添文采。利用汉语四字对仗词语，以增添文采。 busy vivid clear tardy careless winding ragged rugged
rumors calm fine words self-pity in chaos to give orders prosperous blow one’s own trumpet only for fame
D 增补动词
1）My work, my family and my friends were more than ）

[精华]amplication翻译介绍

amplication翻译介绍Amplification增词法1. In terms of Meaning and Rhetoric(1) adding verbsIn the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the show, he would work on the paper.晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看表演之后，他还得撰写论文。

There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no ordinary Chinese with paper flags and bouquets of flowers.没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有中国人挥舞纸旗鲜花的场面。

（2）adding adjs.With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!中国人民正在以多么高涨的热情建设社会主义啊！O, Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this!啊，汤姆．康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么煊赫啊！（３）adding advsAs he sit down and begin talking, words poured out.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝讲个没完．In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one:boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractors together.在那个时候的电影里，总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机了．（４）adding nounsa. after vi.First you borrow, then you beg.头一遭借钱，下一遭讨饭．Day after day, he came to his work---sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.他每天来干活－扫地，擦地板，收拾房间．For you youth, just see, save and serve.年轻人应该见点世面，攒点积蓄，为国家出点力．b．after concrete nounsHe felt the patriot rise within his breast.他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡．He allowed the father to be overuled by the judge, and declared his son guilty.他让法官的职责战胜了父子的亲情，而判决他儿子有罪．c. before adj.This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这部打字机真是价廉物美He is a complicated man---moody and mercurial.他是个性格复杂的人－喜怒无常，反复多变．d. after abstract nounsPersuasion 说服工作Preparation 准备工作Backwardness 落后状态Tension 紧张局势Arrogance 自满情绪Madness 疯狂行为Antagonism 敌对态度（５）plurality增加复数词a．reduplicative wordsFlowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花开满了庭院Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了．There are rows of houses which he has never seen before.一排排的房子，都是他从未见过的b. numeralsThe lion is king of animals.狮子是百兽之王．The emperors in China shared the same character---skeptical.中国的历代皇帝都有一个共同的特点－生性多疑．(6) words to show tense.I had once needed so much your encouragement.当年，我曾是那么需要你的鼓励．Roger was, and remain, grateful for what she did for his family.对于她为他家的付出，罗杰过去很感激，现在仍然很感激．You were and are my best friend.你过去是现在仍然是我最好的朋友．I was a business man, and now a teacher.过去我是个生意人，而如今是名教师．过去我是做生意的，如今为人师表．(7)modal particle(语气助词)Don’t take it seriously! I’m just making fun of you.不要认真嘛！As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning.我呢，从一开始就不赞成．He described his homeland—its forests, its villages, its people--- which could arise only out of deep love for one’s native.他描绘家乡的风土人情－森林啦，村庄啦，父老乡亲啦－只有深深热爱家乡的人才能说得如此娓娓动听．(8) quantifier (量词)A bike , a mou th, a lady, a piano…A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river.Once , they had a quarrel.I want to have a rest because I am tired out.9.backgroundObama’s Asian trip is later proved fruitful.美国总统．．．What little boy brought to Japanese people is nothing but tears and blood.二战期间投下的第一颗原子弹．．．10 Transitional wordsYes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion.不错，我喜欢中国菜．现在很多人喜欢中国菜，这算是有点赶时髦吧！For mistakes had been made, bad ones.因为已经犯了许多错误，而且还是严重的错误．11. 概括词general wordsIn short, and so on …总之，等等。