江苏高考：专题三+阅读理解+专题增分2+第四讲+词义猜测题

60．What does the underlined word “blow-up” in the last
paragraph most probably mean?
A．Hot-air balloon.
B．Digital camera.
C．Big photograph.
D．Bird's view.
(2015·福建高考阅读 E 节选)[2]If you're tired of wandering
around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you
can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your 典
第四讲 词义猜测题 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解必考的题型之一，它可以是对 一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的 推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可 以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的 词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语 境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉 的词或短语的含义。
[典例] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读 B 节选)We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back — he with his Newman's Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn't see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
[常见设问方式] ·The word “...” refers to/probably means ________. ·The underlined word “...” could best be replaced by ________. ·What do you think the expression “...” stands for? ·By saying “...” the author means ________. ·“...” as used in the passage can best be defined as ________. ·Which of the following words can take the place of the word “...”？
2．定义 作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义， 尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时， 常使用的信号词有：i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as 等。
(2015·江苏高考阅读 D 节选)Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling 典 over helpless masses. 例 65.What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to？ A.Countries where their people need help B.Powerful states with higher civilization. C.Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom. D.Governments ruled with absolute power.
说明，这些例子能帮助考生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的信
号词有：such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially 等。
典 (2016·江 苏 高 考 阅 读 B 节 选 ) Chimps ( 黑 猩 猩 ) will 例 cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to
6．代词 在平时的学习中，熟悉代词的含义十分重要。在文章的具 体语境中常出现的代词有：it, this, that, he, them, they, one, those 等。一般来讲，it/this/that 指代一件事；it/he/them/they/ one/those 可指代上文提到的人或事。
怎么解——活用 5大猜词技法 要做好词义猜测题，考生必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定 的词汇，在平时的训练中还要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词 法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要 学会根据上下文语意进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。 下面介绍 5 种行之有效的猜词技法，希望对考生提高阅读 理解词义猜测题的解题能力有所帮助。
[ 典 例 ] (2019·全 国 卷 Ⅲ 阅 读 B 节 选 )“China is impossible to overlook，” says Hill. “Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement.”Of course, not only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China — some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs — and beating them hands down in design and sales，” adds Hill.
Christiansen 在照片上看到公园的全景。画线词后面一句中
出现了 the photos，定冠词 the 特指前面提及的事物，即
blow-up，两者为近义词，由此可推知，blow-up 意为“放
大的照片”。故选 C。
5．反义词 有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两
个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或 反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether ...) or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand 等。
分析：根据节选段第一句中的“NASA decided to ...by taking
photographs of Yellowstone.”和画线词后的“As soon as
Christiansen saw the photos ...million acres — was
caldera.” 可 知 ， NASA 拍 摄 了 黄 石 国 家 公 园 的 照 片 ，
通过画线词后的定义“one very powerful man ruling 分 over helpless masses”一个有强大权力的人统治着无助 析 的群众，可知，tyrannies 应意为“专政，暴君统治”，
故正确答案为 D 项。
3.举例 有时，画线词后会跟有一些具体的例子对画线词进行解释
26．What do the underlined words “taking on” in paragraph 4
mean? A．learning from
B．looking down on
C．working with
D．competing against
分析：画线词汇所在的句子中有破折号，而画线词又位于破 折号之前，因此，须特别注意破折号后面的内容。根据第二 个破折号后面的内容可知，三位中国最优秀的时装设计者在 设计和销量方面击败了三位顶尖西方设计师，据此可推知， take on 在该句中应表示“与……较量”，故选 D 项。
protect their territory. 分 根据下文的举例“like gathering in war parties to protect 析 their territory”可推知，画线单词的意思应是“合作”。
4.同义词或近义词 在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的 单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只 要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词 的意思。
workout on track. 例
73.The underlined word “upbeat” in thቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ second
paragraph probably means “________”．
A.cheerful
B.average
C.serious
D.temporary
B．average D．temporary 根据语境可知，upbeat 应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反， 分 故本题正确选项为 A 项。 析
技法一 利用上下文线索猜测词义 1．重述 作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词汇或术语的含义更清楚，通 常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。 重述部分通过逗号(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)与句 子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。常见的信号词有： or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way 等。
[典例] (2019·江苏高考阅读 B 节选)Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors' centers.As soon as Christiansen saw the photos, he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera: almost the whole park — 2.2 million acres — was caldera.The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across — much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level.At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.