英语翻译定稿!!!!

1.An abstract serves an important function in a research report. It communicates the scope of your paper and the topics discussed to your reader. In doing so, it facilitates research. Abstracts help scientists to locate materials that are relevant to their research from among published papers, and many times scientists will only read a paper’s abstract in order to determine whether the paper will be relevant to them. Considering your audience and their needs will help you to determine what should be included in your abstract.——摘要在研究报告中发挥着重要作用。它把你论文的视野和讨论的主题传达给读者。这样做有利于研究。摘要帮助科学家从发表的论文中找到与他们研究相关的文献资料，科学家常常只阅读一篇论文的摘要从而决定此论文是否与他们的研究有关。考虑到你的读者和他们的需求会将帮助你决定摘要该包含什么。

2.An informative abstract acts as a report in miniature, encapsulating the whole paper. It summarizes the key information from every major section in the body of the report, and provides the key facts and conclusions from the body of the report. A good way to develop an informative abstract is to devote a sentence or two to each of the major parts of the report. If space permits, you can provide contextual information such as background of the problem and the significance of the research, but you can also omit contextual information because the abstract is not supposed to serve as an introduction to the subject matter of the report----your introduction will serve that role. You should, however, include key numerical facts to make the informative abstract brief and readers will not be surprised to see key data in an informative abstract.——信息性摘要作为微型报告，概括了整篇论文。它总结了报告主体各个主要部分的关键信息，并且提供了报告主体的关键事实和结论。写信息摘要的一个很好的方法就是从报告的每一主要部分提炼一两句话。如果篇幅允许，你可以提供给一些与上下文有关的信息，如问题背景和研究的意义，但是你也可以省略这些信息，因为摘要不应作为文章主要内容的介绍，因为你的引言担当这一角色。然而你应该要包含关键数据从而使得信息摘要简洁明了，并且读者将不会因在信息摘要中看到关键数据而惊讶。

3.An indicative abstract (sometimes called descriptive abstract) merely includes information about the purpose, scope and methods used to arrive at the findings contained in the original document.The function of indicative abstract is to help readers understand the general nature and scope of the research article. An indicative abstract indicates the subject and main findings of the paper but it does not go into a detailed step-by-step account of the process involved. It is brief and concise, from which readers can decide if they should continue to read the entire paper. This type of abstract is often used in writing theoretical papers, commentary articles, and in some circumstances, conference proceedings.

——指示性摘要有时候也称作描述性摘要，仅仅包含原文中的目的、范围和为了获得研究结果所使用的方法。指示性摘要的作用是帮助读者理解学术论文的一般性质和视野。指示性摘要表明论文的主题和主要发现，并不对试验过程进行一步一步详细的解释。指示性摘要简明扼要，读者能据此决定是否需要继续阅读整篇文章。这种类型的摘要经常用于理论论文和评论文章，在某些情况下，也会用于会议论文。

4.Put simply，abstracts and summaries are similar-they both represent abbreviated forms of longer works and occasionally the terms are used interchangeably-but they are not identical. Abstracts which frequently accompany journal articles and technical reports condense the document to give readers essential information about research purpose, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations. Most abstracts are a single paragraph，and seldom more than one page. By contrast, summaries are thorough though usually longer than abstracts. They are less concerned with condensing the document than with emphasizing results, conclusions and recommendations. Independent or executive summaries precede document, concluding summaries end a document.——简而言之，摘要和总结是有相似之处的--它们将篇幅较长的文章呈现出短小精悍的规格，有时候两者也会交替使用但又不完全相同。期刊文章和技术报告经常使用摘要，将文章进行压缩，为读者提供诸如研究目的、方法、结果、结论和建议等这些必要的信息。大多数摘要就只有一个单独的段落，并且很少超过一页。相比之下，总结较为周密，通常比摘要长。比起浓缩的文章来，两者重在强调结果、结论和建议。独立的摘要在文章之前，总结性的摘要结束一篇文章。

5.An abstract must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. It can't assume (or attempt to provoke) the reader into flipping through looking for an explanation of what is meant by some vague statement. It must make sense all by itself. Some points to consider include: Meet the word count limitation. If your abstract runs too long, either it will be rejected or someone will take a chainsaw to it to get it down to size. Your purposes will be better served by doing the difficult task of cutting yourself , rather than leaving it to someone else who might be more interested in meeting size restrictions than in representing your efforts in the best possible manner.——摘要必须是论文一个完整的自成体系的压缩描述。它不能假设（或试图驱使）读者为了寻找一个含糊不清话语的解释而阅读摘要。它本身必须是有意义的。需要考虑的几点如下：满足字数限制。如果你的摘要写的太长，要么会被退回，要么会有人把你的摘要缩短直到满足要求。如果你自己压缩，完成这一艰巨的任务，会更好地将你的目的呈现出来，而不是把它交给一个单纯为了缩短篇幅展现形式而不顾