语言与语用Speech ActsⅡ

Non-conventional Indirect Speech Act
Non-conventional indirect speech act is much more flexible that the conventional indirect speech act. The hearers can not infer the speakers’ meaning from the linguiHale Waihona Puke Baidutic forms mainly depend on the mutual knowledge among speakers and hearers and the contexts. Searle explained that someone using an indirect speech act wants to communicate a different meaning from the apparent surface meaning; the form and function are not directly related.
whether the content of uttered words for some acts matches the world, or the opposite e.g. promise---get the world to match words
c. Expressed psychological state
Example:
A: Let’s go out for a walk. B: A friend of mine is coming soon.
Common sense : the answer is acceptance or rejection or demand for explanation But B’s answer is not a relevant Additional meaning response. A knows B’s obligation to wait for the friend. B can not accept the proposal
What is Indirect Speech Acts?
"In indirect speech acts the speaker communicates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of relying on their mutually shared background information, both linguistic and nonlinguistic, together with the general powers of rationality and inference on the part of the hearer." --By J.R.Searle
Real-world prerequisites for the speech act.
3）sincerity condition
It relates to speaker’s state of mind.
4）essential condition
S intends that the utterance of T will place him under an obligation to do A. (Searle 1969:57-60)
Unit 4.Speech ActsⅡ
英语学院10级2班 董威 渊博 周怀宇 王兴博
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Searle focused on what Austin had called illocutionary acts. His theory aroused great interest in both the philosophic and the linguistic circles. Many scholars continued to study this theory. John Searle (1932___), Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. Noted for contributions in the Philosophy of language, Philosophy of mind and consciousness, and on the characteristics of socially constructed versus physical realities.
e.g. a man who apologizes for doing A:expressed regret at having done A
d. Propositional content
is concerned with the reference and prediction of a locution e.g. a prediction:must be about the future
做某事是说话人应该 承担的责任
真诚条件
基本条件
Typology of Speech Act
Austin’s taxonomy
Verdictives: give a verdict
Exercitives: exercising power, rights or influence
Commissives: promising or otherwise undertaking Behabitives: showing attitudes and social behavior Expositives: utterance in the course of an argument or conversation
Searle's taxonomy of speech acts
category Explanation Illocutionary acts Direction of fit Psyc holog ical state
The soldiers are struggling on through the snow Represent Represent some state Assertions, claims Wordsbelief
2）preparatory condition
3）sincerity condition 4）essential condition
1)propositional content
It concerns the state of affairs portrayed in an utterance.
2）preparatory condition
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Speech Acts(Ⅱ)
Felicity conditions Typology of speech acts
Indirect speech acts
1932.7.31 American philosophy
More about Searle
Felicity conditions
Felicity condition—constitutive rules: rules that create the activity itself (speech act) Develop from original Austinian felicity condition 1)propositional content
atives of affairs world Commands, orders, Worldrequests words threats Apologizing, congratulating, thanking Worldwords Words-psy chological world wish
Searle's Typology
Austin’s typology Lack of unite standard Classification of verbs not speech acts
Searle discussed twelve differences among speech acts Five prominent differences-------group standard
B’s primary illocutionary point is to reject the proposal.
Indirectness is costly and risky
• Mrs. Zhang: Your daughter has started taking piano lessons, hasn’t she? I envy you, because you can be proud of her talent. You must be looking forward to her future as a pianist. I am really impressed by her talent - every day, she practices so hard, for hours and hours, until late at night. • Mrs. Yang: Oh, no, not at all. She is just a beginner. We don’t know her future yet. We hadn’t realized that you could hear her playing. I am so sorry you have been disturbed by her noise.
Turn the TV down to do Directives Get the addressee
something ves some future course of action attitude or state in the speaker
I’ll be back in ten minutes Commissi Commit the speaker to Offers, promises, Well done, Elizabeth! Expressiv Express a psychological
es Declaratio Bring about a state of I now pronounce you ns affairs
intenti on feelin gs
Marrying, and both husbandnaming, wife
arresting, firing from employment
指令或请求行为 （for a request）
命题内容条 件 说话人讲出听话人 将要做的某事
允诺或承诺言语行为 （for a promise）
说话人讲出自己将要 做的某事
准备条件
听话人能够实施某 事（行为） 说话人希望听话人 做某事
说话人试图让听话 人做某事
说话人能够实施某事 ，听话人希望说话人 试试某事 说话人愿意做某事
a.Illocutionary point
the purpose or intention of an illocution
e.g. Order---an attempt to get the hearer to do something
b. Direction of fit between the words and world
Conventional (规约性) Indirect Speech Acts
non-conventional （非规约性）
Conventional Indirect Speech Act
Conventional indirect speech act refers to the indirect speech acts people derived from the “literal force” of the sentence through a general derivation. Searle said that a speaker using a direct speech act wants to communicate the literal meaning that the words conventionally express; there is a direct relationship between the form and the function.