【自考复习】【00830-现代语言学】2014年10月全国自考现代语言学考前密卷00830(含答案)
2020年年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题
xx年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ。
Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneoft hefourchoicesbestpletesthestatementandputtheletterA，B，CorDinthebrackets.（2%×10=20%）1.Chomskyusestheterm（）torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser‘sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticmunication.ngueB.petenceC.paroleD.performance2.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation，thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof（）。
A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.dental3.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby（）in1957.A.L.BloomfieldB.F.SaussureC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday4.Naturallanguagesareviewedtovaryaordingto（）setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.A.AdjacentConditionB.parametersC.CaseConditionD.Caserequirement5.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich “girl”and“lass”belongiscalled（）synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialectalC.emotiveD.collocational6.Theillocutionarypointof（）istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.representativesB.missivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.ModernEnglishwordsman，woman，child，eat，fight，ect.originatefrom（）。
04年10月自考现代语言学试题(1)
04年10月自考现代语言学试题(1) 课程代码：00830ⅰ.directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter a,b,c or d in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.a. langueb. competencec. paroled. performanceterms of the place of articulation, the following sounds share the feature of ( ).a. palatalb. alveolarc. bilabiald. dentalgenerative grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.a. l. bloomfieldb. f. saussurec. n. chomsky a. k. hallidaylanguages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on ug principles to particular values.a. adjacent conditionb. parametersc. case conditiond. case requirement5. synonyms are classified into several kinds. the kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms.a. stylisticb. dialectalc. emotived. collocational6. the illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.a. representativesb. commissivesc. expressivesd. declaratives7. modern english words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).a. middle englishb. old englishc. frenchd. norman french8. in a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the h-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the l-variety.a. geneticb. socialc. directd. closeaphasics do not show total language loss. rather, different aspects of language are impaired. aphasicsin ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.a. werniker’sb. visualc. motord. broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.a. instrumentalb. functionalc. integratived. socialⅱ. directions: fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. note that you are to fill in one word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11. if a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed .12. stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are therefore consonants.13. m is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. a is the movement of an auxiliary verb to thesentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.15. r is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.16. in austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.17. in the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. a s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.19. people may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rulesand regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.ⅲ.directions: judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. put a t for true or f for false in the brackets in front of each statement. if you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. ( ) the writing system of a language is alwaysa later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.22. ( ) in such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) the part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.24. ( ) the relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.25. ( ) the contextualist view of meaning holds thatmeaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.27. ( ) one kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. this kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.28. ( ) there are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. the differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.29. ( ) the left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere BECause the left hemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) a child born to a chinese or english speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.ⅳ.directions: explain the following terms, usingone or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole39. the sapir-whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅴ. answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41. the phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.。
全国自考《现代语言学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】
全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年10⽉全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》真题及详解课程代码：00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某⼀时期的语⾔特征属于共时研究，故选C项。
2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[?]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是⾆齿⾳，故D项正确。
[t]是齿龈⾳（alveolar），[p]爆破⾳（plosive），[?]是腭⾳（palatal）。
3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思⽽改变单词词性的词素，-ed将单词由动词变为形容词，属于曲折词素，故D项正确。
de-和-ate是派⽣词素，forest是词根。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语⾔的句法规则都是有限的，但是⼈们能够制造并理解⽆数句⼦，这是由语⾔的递归性和⼆重性决定的，故A项正确。
自考《现代语言学》复习讲义
自考《现代语言学》复习讲义自考《现代语言学》复习讲义一、常考题型1.填空2.单项选择3.判断正误4.解释词语并举例说明对名词解释并举一两个例子进行说明5.回答问题做题要求：用英文进行答题。
二、各章节学习要点Chapter 1 Introduction （绪论）is linguisticsDefinition （语言学的定义）Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Linguistics studies not any particular language, ., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but in language in general.The Scope of linguistics （语言学的研究范畴）—4The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics(普通语言学).This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics tothe research of other areas.Main branches of linguistics 语言学的主要分支：1）phonetics（语音学）2)phonology （音系学）3)morphology （形态学） 4)syntax （句法学） 5)semantics （语义学） 6)pragmatics （语用学）The study of all these aspects of language forms the core of linguistics.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applie3d to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics.Macrolinguistics 宏观语言学：1) Psycholingusitcs (心理语言学)；2) Sociolinguistics (社会语言学)；3) Anthropological linguistics (人类语言学)；4) Computational linguistics (计算语言学) Some important distinctions in linguistics —71.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive （规定性和描述性）Modern linguistics, ., linguistic study carried out in this century is mostly descriptive.1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic （共时性和历时性）In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.1.3.3 Speech and writing （口头语和书面语）Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.1.3.4 Langue and parole （语言和言语）The distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early 20th century.1.3.5 Competence and performance （语言能力和语言运用）Similar to Saussure’s dis tinction between langue and parole is the distinction between competence and performance, which was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.While Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are verysimilar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.2. What is languageDefinitions of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(语言是人类在交际中使用的一套任意的声音符号系统。
现代语言学_自考本科00830
Chapter 1——1
Some important distinctions in linguistics
Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.
Competence and performance
He defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.
Chapter 1——2
What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Sapir uses “ideas” “emotions” and “desires” in his definition. Hall, like Sapir, treats language as a purely human institution. Chomsky’s definition is quite different, it focus on the purely structural properties of languages and to suggest that these properties can be investigated from a mathematically precise point of view.
自考00831现代英语语法复习资料【考前必看】
自考现代英语语法考前必看资料第一部分：引言《现代英语语法》是由李基安先生编写，全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会指定的全国高等教育自学考试教材。
关于这门课程的考试要求，可参见该教程第425所附录的《英语语法自学考试大纲》。
大纲是方向、目标，广大考生必须仔细了解。
英语语法是关于英语语言结构的理论知识。
通过该课程的学习，学员能够比较系统地认识英语从词，句到语篇的构造，从而提高他们应用英语的规范性。
在学习该教材时，学员普遍存在两种倾向：一是，由于该教材都是用英文编写，里面又涉及很多专业术语，许多学员觉得高深、难懂；二是，有些学员认为，自己从学英语开始就在学习英语语法，没有必要在这门功课上花太多的精力，所有的语法书都大同小异，自己稍做准备就能对付过去。
其实，两种看法都失偏颇。
现代语法的发展与传统语法已经存在比较明显的差异，例如：传统语法认为，英语有九种（甚至十六种）时态，该教程则采取的是‘a system of two tenses and two aspects’—-—-—-两时两体体系。
另外对phrases, clauses 的概念也有不同的定义。
书中提到的一些其他语言现象，如：外位[extraposition], 分隔[discontinuity], 分裂句[cleft sentence]等都是一般语法书所不提及或者阐述不同。
该教材也并非高深莫测，毕竟多数语言现象还是我们日常英语学习中所耳濡目染的，只不过我们许多英语学习者没有考究过它们形成的理论根据，来龙去脉而已。
所以，为了使自己的英语更加规范，让自己能用英语更准确、有效地传递信息、表达思想，英语专业的学生还是很有必要把这门课程学好。
现在我们就结合《现代英语语法》教材，近几年英语语法专业考试试题，讲述英语语法考试中考生容易忽略的测试要点或难点。
我们先通过几道语法题来检测你现有的现代语法水平，接着探讨一下该教材的学习方法，最后把教材各章的要点、难点归纳给大家。
10月现代语言学自考试题(1)
2010年10月现代语言学自考试题全国2010年10月自考现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. （）A. lexical B. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.（）A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. （）A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. （）A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker. （）A. back-formation B. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man. （）A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguistic B. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%10=10% ) 11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historicaldevelopment of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne” (“not”) and “nfre” (“not” “ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of thegrammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c .19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integr ative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2%10=20% ）21. （）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again, such as English stops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t] the flow of air is blocked through the mouth only.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of a compound is always perceived from the meanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters” theory, “principles” refer to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while “parameters” allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y isa prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X must be true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into five general categories, which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and decalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced [ks], but the word asking is pronounced [skI?]. It is interesting that in Old English the verb ask was aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. This means that a historical metathesis rule switched these two consonants, producing ask in most dialects of English. Metathesis is the phonological process thatreorders segments, often by transposing two adjoining sound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties are regarded as substandard languages. Only standard varieties are regarded as the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas in communication.29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%2=20% ) 41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism” with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. Whatwill result in euphemistic clichs?。
《现代语言学》自考真题试题与答案解析
《现代语言学》自考真题试题与答案解析卷面总分：98分答题时间：80分钟试卷题量：49题一、单选题（共39题，共78分）1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what ______ is and how it works.• ngue• B.linguist• nguage• D.learning正确答案：C语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结;其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性;最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium oflanguage and individual sounds within that range as ______.• A.vowels• B.consonants• C.sounds• D.speech sounds正确答案：D在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.• A. the internal structure• B.morpheme• C.the rules by which words are formed• D.word正确答案：B正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.• rge• B.small• C.finite• D.infinite正确答案：C对于任何一种自然语言，一套句法规则可以产生出无穷多的句子，也就是说，任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，而说话人能够说出和理解的句子的数量是无限的。
全国自考(现代语言学)模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)
全国自考（现代语言学）模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 填空题 3. 判断题 4. 名词解释 5. 论述题单项选择题1．According to F．de Saussure，________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community．( ) A．paroleB．performanceC．langueD．language正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查索绪尔关于语言的定义。
根据索绪尔的观点，语言指的是某一特定的语言社区中的所有成员所共有的那种抽象的语言系统。
2．In general，the ________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year．( )A．babbingB．one-wordC．two-wordD．multiword正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查双词句阶段。
一般说来，双词句阶段大概开始于儿童一岁半到两岁期间。
3．Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ________ set on UG principles to particular values．( )A．principlesB．rulesC．parametersD．theories正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查普遍语法原则上的参数值对语言变化的影响。
我们可以认为，自然语言是按照设定在普遍语法原则上的参数值而变化的。
4．In the following four choices，________ is a pair of homophone．( ) A．sight and siteB．lead(n．)and lead(v．)C．wind(n．)and wind(v．)D．blue and blown正确答案：A解析：本题主要考查同音异形异义词的定义及其辨认。
00830现代语言学复习资料
现代语言学复习资料教材购买：第一章绪论?. , .. (普通语言学), , . （语音学）. （音系学）. （形态学）. （句法学）. （语义学）. （语用学）. （社会语言学）. （心理语言学）( ) . （应用语言学）, , ., （人类语言学） , （神经语言学） , （数字语言学） . （计算机语言学）, , , ..., “” .; . , ., .:. ;. ;. , , .[ə'ə]. ., .. , .语言能力和语言运用. ’.’ , . .?.“”“”“” ., , ., .甄别性特征..)., . ., . , . .), .), , , . , , . . ), , . . , .), , .**********************************音系学., . . “” ., .(语言的声音媒介) .（语音）.． ?；’ .（发音语音学）, ’ . .（听觉语音学），’ . .（声学语音学）， . ..咽腔口腔鼻腔语音解剖图发音器官图–. (字母符号) , (宽式音标). (变音符号), (窄式音标). 音的比较[][]音的比较在元音前，叫清晰音，在宽式音标中不作标示，写作：[][][][]，在窄式音标中加变音符号[])发音方式分塞音或爆破音: [] [] [] [] [] []擦音：[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []塞擦音：[][][] [][] [] [][] [])[] [] [] [][] [][] [][] [] [] [] [] [] [][][][][][] [] [][])前元音：[:] [] [] [] []中元音：[[:] [[] []后元音：[:] [] [:] [] [:])闭元音：[:] [] [:] []半闭元音：[] [[:]开元音：[] []半开元音：[[] [:] [] [] [:])不圆唇元音：[:] [] [] [] [] [[:] [[] [] [:] 圆唇元音：[:] [] [:] [])长元音[:] [[:][:] [:] [:]短元音[] [] [] [] [[] [] [] []音系学., ;, . ., ,. . .定能区分意义。
自考《现代语言学》复习讲义
自考《现代语言学》复习讲义一、常考题型1.填空2.单项选择3.判断正误4.解释词语并举例说明对名词解释并举一两个例子进行说明5.回答问题做题要求：用英文进行答题。
二、各章节学习要点Chapter 1 Introduction （绪论）is linguisticsDefinition （语言学的定义）Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Linguistics studies not any particular language, ., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but in language in general.The Scope of linguistics （语言学的研究范畴）—4The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics(普通语言学).This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics tothe research of other areas.Main branches of linguistics 语言学的主要分支：1）phonetics（语音学） 2)phonology （音系学） 3)morphology （形态学） 4)syntax （句法学） 5)semantics （语义学） 6)pragmatics （语用学）The study of all these aspects of language forms the core of linguistics.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applie3d to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics.Macrolinguistics 宏观语言学：1) Psycholingusitcs (心理语言学)；2) Sociolinguistics (社会语言学)；3) Anthropological linguistics (人类语言学)；4) Computational linguistics (计算语言学)Some important distinctions in linguistics —71.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive （规定性和描述性）Modern linguistics, ., linguistic study carried out in this century is mostly descriptive.1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic （共时性和历时性）In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.1.3.3 Speech and writing （口头语和书面语）Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.1.3.4 Langue and parole （语言和言语）The distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early 20th century.1.3.5 Competence and performance （语言能力和语言运用）Similar to Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole is the distinction between competence and performance, which was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.While Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.2. What is languageDefinitions of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(语言是人类在交际中使用的一套任意的声音符号系统。
全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题
全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s de finition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language,and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. （）A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.（）A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. （）A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. （）A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical partic ipant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker. （）1 全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor.There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man. （）A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.2 全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c .19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occ urs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2%×10=20% ）21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is total orcomplete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again, such asEnglish stops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t] the flow of air is blocked throughthe mouth only.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of a compound is always perceived from themeanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters”theory, “principles”refer to highly abstractproperties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generatephrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while “parameters”allowgeneral principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particulargrammars of natural languages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Y is true,X must be true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into five generalcategories, which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives anddecalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced [æks], but the wordasking is pronounced [æskIŋ]. It is interesting that in Old English the verb ask was aksian,3 全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题with the/k/preceding the/s/. This means that a historical metathesis rule switched these twoconsonants, producing ask in most dialects of English. Metathesis is the phonologicalprocess that reorders segments, often by transposing two adjoining sound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties are regarded assubstandard languages. Only standard varieties are regarded as the only correct, logical andpure, and are effective in expressing ideas in communication.29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in whichdifferent L2 learners acquire a new language.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism”with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?4 全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题。
自考00830现代语言学串讲
1. What is linguistics?1.1 Definition1.2 The scope of linguistics1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics1.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic1.3.3 Speech and writing1.3.4 Langue and parole1.3.5 Competence and performance2. What is language?2.1 Definitions of language2.2 Design featuresStudy questionsChapter 2 Phonology1. The phonic medium of language2. Phonetics2.1 What is phonetics?2.2 Organs of speech2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions2.4 Classification of English speech sounds2.4.1 Classification of English consonants2.4.2 Classification of English vowels3. Phonology3.1 Phonology and phonetics3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair3.4 Some rules in phonology3.4.1 Sequential rules3.4.2 Assimilation rules3.4.3 Deletion rule3.5 Suprasegmental features—stress, tone, intonation3.5.1 Stress3.5.2 Tone3.5.3 IntonationStudy questionsChapter 3 Morphology1. Definition2. Morpheme2.1 Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language2.2 Types of morphemes2.2.1 Free morphemes2.2.2 Bound morphemes2.2.3 Morphological rules3. Compounding3.1 Types of compound words3.2 Features of compoundsStudy questionsChapter 4 Syntax1.Syntax as a system of rules2. Sentence structure2.1 The basic components of a sentence2.2 Types of sentences2.2.1 The simple sentence2.2.2 The coordinate sentence2.2.3 The complex sentence2.3 The linear and hierarchical structures of sentences2.3.1 The linear word order of a sentence2.3.2 The hierarchical structure of a sentence2.3.3 Tree diagrams of sentence structure3. Syntactic categories3.1 Lexical categories3.2 Phrasal categories4. Grammatical relations5. Combinational rules5.1 Phrase structure rules5.2 The recursiveness of phrase structure rules5.3 X-bar theory6. Syntactic movement and movement rules6.1 NP- movement and WH- movement6.2 Other types of movement6.3 D-structure and S-structure6.4 Move α—a general movement rule7. Toward a theory of universal grammar7.1 General principles of Universal Grammar7.2 The parameters of Universal GrammarStudy questionsChapter 5 Semantics1. What is semantics?2. Some views concerning the study of meaning2.1 The naming theory2.2 The conceptualist view2.3 Contextualism2.4 Behaviorism3. Lexical meaning3.1 Sense and reference3.2 Major sense relations3.2.1 Synonymy3.2.2 Polysemy3.2.3 Homonymy3.2.4 Hyponymy3.2.5 Antonymy4. Sense relations between sentences5. Analysis of meaning5.1 Componential analysis—a way to analyze lexical meaning5.2 Predication analysis—a way to analyze sentence meaningStudy questionsChapter 6 Pragmatics1. What is pragmatics?1.1 Definition1.2 Pragmatics vs. semantics1.3 Context 1.4 Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning2. Speech act theory3. Principle of conversationStudy questionsChapter 7 Historical Linguistics1. The purpose and significance of the historicalstudy of language2. The nature of language change3. The historical development of English3.1 Major periods in the history of English3.1.1 Old English3.1.2 Middle English3.1.3 Modern English3.2 linguistic change of English3.2.1 Sound change3.2.2 Morphological change3.2.3 Syntactic change3.2.4 Lexical change3.2.5 Semantic change4. Language family4.1 Classifying genetically related languages4.2 The Indo-English language family5. The causes of language change5.1 Sound assimilation5.2 Rule simplification and regularization5.3 Internal borrowing5.4 Elaboration5.5 Sociological triggers5.6 Cultural transmission5.7 Children’s approximation t oward the adultgrammarStudy questionsChapter 8 Sociolinguistics1. Language variation1.1 Speech community1.2 Speech variety1.3 Regional variation1.4 Social variation1.5 Stylistic variation1.6 Idiolectal variation2. Standard and nonstandard language2.1 Standard and nonstandard language2.2 Lingua francas2.3 Pidgins2.4 Creoles3. Diglossia and bilingualism3.1 Diglossia3.2 Bilingualism4. Ethnic dialect4.1 Black English, a case study of ethnic dialect4.2 The social environment of Black English5. Social dialect5.1 Education varieties5.2 Age varieties5.3 Gender varieties5.4 Register varieties5.5 Address terms5.6 Slang5.7 Linguistic taboo5.8 EuphemismStudy questionsChapter 9 Psycholinguistics1. The biological foundations of language1.1 The case of Phineas Gage1.2 The human brain1.3 Brain lateralization2. Linguistic lateralization2.1 Left hemispheric dominance for language2.2 Dichotic listening research3. The language centers3.1 Broca’s are a3.2 Wernicke’s area3.3 The angular gyrus3.4 Language perception, comprehension andproduction4. The critical period for language acquisition4.1 The critical period hypothesis4.2 The case of Genie and the degeneration oflanguage faculty with age5. Language and thought5.1 Early views on language and thought5.2 The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis5.3 Arguments against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis5.3.1 Words and meaning5.3.2 Grammatical structure5.3.3 Translation5.3.4 Second language acquisition5.3.5 Language and world views5.4 Understanding the relation of language andthought5.4.1 Major functions of language5.4.2 The development and blending of language5.4.3 Thinking without language5.4.4 Language as a conventional coding system toexpress thought5.4.5 The ways in which language affects thoughtStudy questionsChapter 10 Language Acquisition1. First language acquisition1.1 The biological basis of language acquisition1.2 Language acquisition as the acquisition ofgrammatical rules1.3 The role of input and interaction1.4 The role of instruction1.5 The role of correction and reinforcement1.6 The role of imitation2. Stages of first language acquisition2.1 The prelinguistic stage2.2 The one-word stage2.3 The two-word stage2.4 The multiword stage3. The development of the grammatical system3.1 The development of phonology3.2 The development of syntax3.3 The development of morphology3.4 The development of vocabulary and semantics4. Second language acquisition4.1 Acquisition vs. learning4.2 Transfer and interference4.3 Error Analysis and the natural route ofdevelopment4.4 Interlanguage and fossilization4.5 The role of input4.6 The role of formal instruction4.7 Individual learner factors4.7.1 The optimum age for secondacquisition4.7.2 Motivation4.7.3 Acculturation4.7.4 PersonalityStudy questionsSuggested Answers to Study QuestionsAn English-Chinese Glossaryis generally defined asThe study of language asIn a narrow sense,linguistics refers to the application ofprinciples and theories to language teachinglearning, especially the teaching of foreignsecond languages. In a broad sense, it refersapplication of linguistic findings to the solutionpractical problems such as the recovery ofA study of the featuresthe English used in Shakespeare’s time isA diachronic studylanguage is a historical study, which studiestime. e.g. a study of the changes Englishundergone since Shakespeare’s time is a diachronicThe ideal user’knowledge of the rules of his language.transformational-generative grammar（转化生成语法）is a model of language competence.performance islanguage usby all the members of acommunity; Langue is the set of conventionsrules which language users all have toLangue is relatively stable, it does notin actual use; parole is the concrete use ofvaries from person to person, andLanguage is a system oflanguage. It means that there is noconnection between meanings and sounds. ALanguage is productivemakes possible theLanguage is a system, whichat the lower or basic level, and the otherthings which are present or not present, realfar-away places. In other words, language canused to refer to contexts removed fromWhile we arethe detailsany language are not genetically transmitted,It refers to thethat distinguishFrench words.)Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 8.Chomsky的语言能力competence和语言使用performance各指什么？(American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance.)Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc…Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard (偶然的).9.How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? And what is their difference?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out one aspect of language for serious study.They differ in that Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.10.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.First of all, language is a system, i.e. elements of language are combined according to rules. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it refers to.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.The term “human” is meant to specify that language is human-specific.11.What features of human language have been specified by Charles Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system? 人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？1.Arbitrariness（任意性）: (课本答案：a sign of sophistication only humans are capable of) It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Although language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the total number. The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2.Productivity（创造性）: （课本答案：creativity: animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send）Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con¬struction and interpretation of an infinitely large number of sentences, including those they have never said or heard before.3.Duality（二重性）: （课本答案：a feature totally lacking in any animal communication）It means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structureof individual and meaningless sounds, which can begrouped into meaningful units at the higher level.This duality of structure or dou¬ble articulation oflanguage enables its users to talk about anythingwithin their knowledge.4.Displacement（移位性）: （课本答案：no animalcan “talk”about things removed from theimmediate situation）Language can be used to referto things which are present or not present, real orimagined matters in the past, present, or future, orfar-away places. In other words, language can beused to refer to contexts removed from theimmediate situations of the speaker.5. Cultural transmission（文化传递性）：（课本答案：details of human language system are taught andlearned while animals are born with the capacity tosend out certain signals as a means of limitedcommunication）While we are born with the abilityto acquire language, the details of any language arenot genetically transmitted, but instead have to betaught and learned.12.Do you think human language is entirelyarbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirelyarbitrary, because there are a limited number ofwords whose connections between forms andmeanings can be logically explained to a certainextent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words whichare coined on the basis of imitation of sounds bysounds such as bang, crash, etc.. Take compoundsfor another example. The two elements “photo” and“copy” in “photocopy”are non-motivated, but thecompound is not arbitrary.Chapter 2: Phonology1.Define the terms:1).phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study ofthe phonic medium of language; it is concerned withall the sounds that occur in the world’ s languages2).auditory phonetics: It studies the speech soundsfrom the hearer’s point of view. It studies how thesounds are perceived by the hearer.3).acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech soundsby looking at the sound waves. It studies thephysical means by which speech sounds aretransmitted through the air from one person toanother.4).international phonetic alphabet [IPA]: It is astandardized and internationally accepted system ofphonetic transcription.5).Broad transcription: the transcription withletter-symbols only, i.e. one letter-symbol for onesound. This is the transcription normally used indictionaries and teaching textbooks.6).Narrow transcription: is the transcription withletter-symbols together with the diacritics. This isthe transcription used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.7).diacritics: is a set of symbols which can be addedto the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions thanthe letters alone make possible.8).Voiceless（清音）: when the vocal cords are drawnwide apart, letting air go through without causingvibration, the sounds produced in such a conditionare called voiceless sounds.9).Voicing（浊音）: Sounds produced while thevocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds.10).Vowel: the sounds in production of which noarticulators come very close together and the airstream passes through the vocal tract withoutobstruction are called vowels.11).Consonants: the sounds in the production ofwhich there is an obstruction of the air stream atsome point of the vocal tract are called consonants.12).phonology: Phonology studies the system ofsounds of a particular language; it aims to discoverhow speech sounds in a language form patterns andhow these sounds are used to convey meaning inlinguistic communication.13).phone: Phones can be simply defined as thespeech sounds we use when speaking a language. Aphone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does notnecessarily distinguish meaning.14).phoneme: a collection of abstract phoneticfeatures, it is a basic unit in phonology. It isrepresented or realized as a certain phone by acertain phonetic context.15).allophone: The different phones which canrepresent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of thatphoneme. For example [l] and [l]16).phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers tothe relation between two phonemes. If twophonemes can occur in the same environment anddistinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.17).Complementary distribution: refers to therelation between two similar phones which areallophones of the same phoneme, and they occur indifferent environments.18).minimal pair:When two different forms areidentical in every way except for one sound segmentwhich occurs in the same place in the strings, thetwo words are said to form a minimal pair. Forexample: bin and pin.19).suprasegmental features: the phonemicfeatures that occur above the level of the segmentsare called suprasegmental features. The mainsuprasegmental features include stress, tone andintonation.20).tone: Tones are pitch variations, which arecaused by the differing rates of vibration of thevocal cords. Pitch variation can distinguish meaningjust like phonemes. The meaning-distinctivefunction of the tone is especially important in tonelanguages, for example, in Chinese.21).intonation: When pitch, stress and sound lengthare tied to the sentence rather than the word inisolation, they are collectively known as intonation.For example, English has four basic types ofintonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, thefall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.2.What are the two major media ofcommunication? Of the two, which one isprimary and why? 语言交际的两大媒介是什么？哪一个是基本的交际媒介？为什么？Speech and writing are the major media ofcommunication. Speech is considered primary overwriting. The reasons are: speech is prior to writingin language evolution, speech plays a greater role indaily communications, and speech is the way inwhich people acquire their native language.3.What are the three branches of phonetics? Howdo they contribute to the study of speech sounds?语音学的三个分支是什么。
2014年10月《语言学概论》自考真题及答案
刷题次数: 2754错误率: 94%
22.下列各词中属于仿译词的有
A.足球
B.黑板
C.沙发
D.激光
E.蜜月
正确答案
A;B;E
知识点名称
仿译词
难易程度
一般
讲解
仿译词是用本族语言的语素逐个对译外语原词的语素造成的词,这种词不仅把原词的词义翻译过来,而且保持了原词的内部构成方式。例如,汉语中的"黑板"(131ackboard、"足球"({Football、"马力"(}lorsepower、"蜜月"(}loneymoon、"热狗"(hot dog、"超级市场"(supermal:ket、"黑马"(dark horse、"黑匣子"(1~laekbox、"软件"(soft—ware等就都是这种仿译词。
统计
刷题次数: 4386错误率: 24%
9.下列的词中属于古语词的是
A.过去
B.番茄
C.囹圄
D.苍白
正确答案
C
知识点名称
古语词的定义和分类
难易程度
简单
讲解
古语词与新造词相反,是指古代就已经产生,但又不算基本语汇,现在只是偶尔还使用的词,所以也是一般语汇的一部分。古语词又包括两小类:一类是"历史词语".如汉语"鼎、皇帝、状元、格格"等。现实生活中已不再用了,但在文献资料中还会碰到。另一类是"文言词语".如"余(我、足(脚、观(看、俸禄(工资、囹圄(监狱等。
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刷题次数: 3621错误率: 21%
6.下列各项中有歧义的是
自考00830现代语言学 自考核心考点笔记 自考重点资料
自考00830现代语言学自考核心考点笔记自考重点资料0830 - 现代语言学 2.1 The naming theory 2.2 Dichotic listening research of time. e.g. a study of the changes English has 3. The language centers 2.2 The conceptualist view undergone since Shakespeare’s time is a 完整版9.5页 3.1 Broca’s area 2.3 Contextualism diachronic study. 笔记依据教材 3.2 Wernicke’s area ompetence: The ideal user’s 2.4 Behaviorism 6).Language c《现代语言学》3. Lexical meaning 3.3 The angular gyrus knowledge of the rules of his language. A 何兆熊、梅德明主编外语教学与研究出版社 3.1 Sense and reference 3.4 Language perception, comprehension and transformational-generative grammar(转化生成语笔记依据目录 3.2 Major sense relations production 法)is a model of language competence. Chapter 1 Introduction 4. The critical period for language acquisition 3.2.1 Synonymy7).Language performance: performance is the 1. What is linguistics? 4.1 The critical period hypothesis 3.2.2 Polysemy actual realization of the ideal language user’s 1.1 Definition 4.2 The case of Genie and the degeneration of 3.2.3 Homonymy knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication. 1.2 The scope of linguistics 3.2.4 Hyponymy language faculty with age 8).Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic 1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 3.2.5 Antonymy 5. Language and thought system shared by all the members of a speech 1.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive 4. Sense relations between sentences 5.1 Early views on language and thought community; Langue is the set ofconventions and 1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic 5. Analysis of meaning 5.2 The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis rules which language users all have to follow; 1.3.3 Speech and writing 5.1 Componential analysis—a way to analyze 5.3 Arguments against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Langue is relatively stable, it does not change 1.3.4 Langue and parole lexical meaning 5.3.1 Words and meaning frequently. 1.3.5 Competence and performance 5.2 Predication analysis—a way to analyze 5.3.2 Grammatical structure 9).Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue 2. What is language? sentence meaning 5.3.3 Translation in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the 2.1 Definitions of language Study questions5.3.4 Second language acquisition conventions and the application of the rules; parole 2.2 Design features Chapter 6 Pragmatics 5.3.5 Language and world views varies from person to person, and from situation to Study questions 1. What is pragmatics? 5.4 Understanding the relation of language and situation. Chapter 2 Phonology 1.1 Definition thought 10).Language: Language is a system of arbitrary 1. The phonic medium of language 1.2 Pragmatics vs. semantics 5.4.1 Major functions of language vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. Phonetics 1.3 Context5.4.2 The development and blending of language 11).Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of 2.1 What is phonetics? 1.4 Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning 5.4.3 Thinking without language language. It means that there is no logical 2.2 Organs of speech 2. Speech act theory 5.4.4 Language as a conventional coding system connection between meanings and sounds. A good 2.3 Orthographic representation of speech 3.Principle of conversation to express thought example is the fact that different sounds are used sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions 5.4.5 The ways in which language affects thought Study questions to refer to the same object in different languages. 2.4 Classification of English speech sounds Study questions Chapter 7 Historical Linguistics12).Productivity: Language is productive or 2.4.1 Classification of English consonants Chapter 10 Language Acquisition 1. The purpose and significance of the historical creative in that it makes possible the construction 2.4.2 Classification of English vowels 1. First language acquisition study of language and interpretation of new signals by its users. 3. Phonology 2. The nature of language change 1.1 The biological basis of language acquisition 13).Duality: Language is a system, which consists 3.1 Phonology and phonetics 3. The historical development of English 1.2 Language acquisition as the acquisition of of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of 3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone 3.1 Major periods in the history of English grammatical rules sounds at the lower or basic level, and the other of 3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, 3.1.1 Old English 1.3 The role of input and interaction meanings at the higher level. and minimal pair 3.1.2 Middle English 1.4 The role of instruction 14).Displacement: language can be used to refer 3.4 Some rules in phonology 3.1.3 Modern English 1.5 The role of correction and reinforcement to things which are present or not present, real or 3.4.1 Sequential rules 3.2 linguistic change of English 1.6 The role of imitation imagined matters in the past, present, orfuture, or 3.4.2 Assimilation rules 3.2.1 Sound change 2. Stages offirst language acquisition in far-away places. In other words, language can 3.4.3 Deletion rule 3.2.2 Morphological change 2.1 The prelinguistic stage be used to refer to contexts removed from the 3.5 Suprasegmental features—stress, tone, 3.2.3 Syntactic change 2.2 The one-word stage immediate situations of the speaker. intonation 2.3 The two-word stage 3.2.4 Lexical change 15).Cultural transmission: While we are born 3.5.1 Stress 2.4 The multiword stage 3.2.5 Semantic change with the ability to acquire language, the details of 3.5.2 Tone 3. The development of the grammatical system 4. Language family any language are not genetically transmitted, but 3.5.3 Intonation 4.1 Classifying genetically related languages 3.1 The development of phonology instead have to be taught and learned. Study questions 4.2 The Indo-English language family 3.2 The development of syntax 16).Design features: It refers to the defining Chapter 3 Morphology 5. The causes of language change 3.3 The development of morphology properties of human language that distinguishit 1. Definition 5.1 Sound assimilation 3.4 The development ofvocabulary and semantics from any animal system of communication 2. Morpheme 5.2 Rule simplification and regularization 4. Second language acquisition 2.Explain the following definition of linguistics: 2.1 Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of 5.3 Internal borrowing 4.1 Acquisition vs. learning Linguistics is the scientific study of language. language 4.2 Transfer and interference 5.4 Elaboration Linguistics investigates not any particular language, 2.2 Types of morphemes 5.5Sociological triggers 4.3 Error Analysis and the natural route of SLA but languages in general. 2.2.1 Free morphemes 5.6 Cultural transmission development Linguistic study is scientific because it is based on 2.2.2 Bound morphemes 5.7 Children’s approximation toward the adult 4.4 Interlanguage and fossilization the systematic investigation of authentic(可靠的，2.2.3 Morphological rules grammar 4.5 The role of input 真实的) language data. No serious linguistic 3. Compounding Study questions 4.6 The role of formal instruction conclusion is reached until after the linguist has 3.1 Types of compound words Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics 4.7 Individual learner factors done the following three things: observing the way 3.2 Features of compounds 1. Languagevariation 4.7.1 The optimum age for second language Study questions language is actually used, formulating some 1.1 Speech community acquisition Chapter 4 Syntax hypotheses, and testing these hypotheses against 1.2 Speech variety 4.7.2 Motivation 1.Syntax as a system of rules linguistic facts to prove their validity. 1.3 Regional variation 4.7.3 Acculturation 2. Sentence structure 3.What are the branches of linguistics? What 1.4 Social variation 4.7.4 Personality 2.1 The basic components of a sentence 1.5 Stylistic variation …does each of them study? (语言学的主要分支是… (中间部分略) 2.2 Types of sentences 1.6 Idiolectal variation 完整版请——什么每个分支的研究对象是什么,) 2.2.1 The simple sentence 2. Standard and nonstandard language QQ:1273114568 索取 Linguistics mainly involves the following branches: 2.2.2 The coordinate sentence 2.1 Standard and nonstandard language 1)Generallinguistics, which is the study of 2.2.3 The complex sentence Study questions 2.2 Lingua francas language as a whole and which deals with the 2.3 The linear and hierarchical structures of Suggested Answers to Study Questions 2.3 Pidgins basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and sentences An English-Chinese Glossary 2.4 Creoles methods applicable in any linguistic study 2.3.1 The linear word order of a sentence A Detailed Note for Modern Linguistics 3. Diglossia and bilingualism 2)Phonetics, which studies the sounds that are 2.3.2 The hierarchical structure of a sentence 3.1 Diglossia Chapter 1: Introduction used in linguistic communication 2.3.3 Tree diagrams of sentence structure 3.2 Bilingualism 1.Define the following terms:3)Phonology, which studies how sounds are put 3. Syntactic categories 4. Ethnic dialect 1).Linguistics:It is generally defined as the together and used to convey meaning in 3.1 Lexical categories 4.1 Black English, a case study of ethnic dialect scientific study of language. communication 3.2 Phrasal categories 4.2 The social environment of Black English 2).General linguistics: The study of language as 4)Morphology, which studies the way in which 4. Grammatical relations 5. Socialdialect a whole is called general linguistics. morphemes are arranged to form words 5. Combinational rules 5.1 Education varieties 3).Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied 5)Syntax, which studies how morphemes and 5.1 Phrase structure rules 5.2 Age varieties linguistics refers to the application of linguistic words are combined to form sentences 5.2 The recursiveness of phrase structure rules 5.3 Gendervarieties principles and theories to language teaching and 6)Semantics, which is the study of meaning in 5.3 X-bar theory 5.4 Register varieties learning, especially the teaching of foreign and lan?guage. 6. Syntactic movement and movement rules 5.5 Address terms second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to 7)Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in 6.1 NP- movement and WH- movement 5.6 Slang the application of linguistic findings to the solution isolation, but in the context of use 6.2 Other types of movement 5.7 Linguistic taboo of practical problems such as the recovery of 8)Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language 6.3 D-structure and S-structure 5.8 Euphemism speech ability. with reference to society 6.4 M ove α—a general movement rule Study questions 4).Synchronic study: The study of a language9)Psycholinguistics, which is the study of language 7. Toward a theory of universal grammar Chapter 9 Psycholinguistics at some point in time.e.g. A study of the features of with reference to the workings of mind.7.1 General principles of Universal Grammar 1. The biological foundations of language the English used in Shakespeare’s time is a 10)Applied linguistics, which is concerned about 7.2 The parameters of Universal Grammar 1.1 The case of Phineas Gage synchronic study. the application of linguistic findings in linguistic Study questions 1.2 The human brain 5).Diachronic study: The study of a language as studies; in a nar?row sense, applied linguistics Chapter 5 Semantics 1.3 Brain lateralization it changes through time. A diachronic study of refers to the application of linguistic principles and 1. What is semantics? 2.Linguistic lateralization language is a historical study, which studies the theories to language teaching, especially the 2. Some views concerning the study of meaning 2.1 Left hemispheric dominance for language historical development of language over a period teaching of foreign and second languages. matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks languages communication. Speech is considered primary 11)Other related branches are anthropological at language from a psychological point of view and 2).auditory phonetics:It studies the speech over writing. The reasons are: speech is prior to linguistics(人类语言学), neurological linguistics(神to him competenceis a property of the mind of sounds from the hearer’s point of view. It studies writing in language evolution, speech plays a each individual. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. greater role in daily communications, and speech 经语言学), mathematical linguistics(数学语言学), 10.What characteristics of language do you 3).acoustic phonetics:It studies the speech sounds is the way in which people acquire their native and computational linguistics(计算机语言学). by looking at the sound waves. It studies the language. think should be included in a good, 4.What makes modern linguistics different physical means by which speech sounds are 3.What are the three branches of phonetics? comprehensive definition of language? from traditional grammar? (现代语言学与传统语transmitted through the air from one person to How do they contribute to the study of speech Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols 法有什么区别,) another. sounds? 语音学的三个分支是什么它们是如何研used forhuman communication. 4).international phonetic alphabet [IPA]: It is a Traditional grammar is prescriptive(规定性); it is First of all, language is a system, i.e. elements of 究语言学的, (可参照一下课文原话，可能更容易standardized and internationally accepted system based on "high "(religious, literary) written language are combined according to rules. of phonetic transcription. 理解) language. It sets models for language users to Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that5).Broad transcription: the transcription with 1)Articulatory phonetics describes the way our follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive(描述there is no intrinsic connection between the word letter-symbols only, i.e. one letter-symbol for one speech organs work to produce the speech sounds 性); its investigations are based on authentic and and the thing it refers to. sound. This is the transcription normally used in and how they differ. Third, language is vocal because the primary mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be dictionaries and teaching textbooks.2)Auditory phonetics studies the physical medium is sound for all languages. scientific and objective and the task of linguists is6).Narrow transcription: is the transcription with properties of the speech sounds, and reaches The term “human” is meant to specify that supposed to describe the language people actually letter-symbols together with the diacritics. This is important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a language is human-specific. use, whether it is "correct" or not. the transcription used by the phoneticians in their theoretical ideal. 11.What features of human language have 5.Is modernlinguistics mainly synchronic(共study of speech sounds. 3)Acoustic phonetics studies the physical been specified by Charles Hockett to show that 时性) or diachronic(历时性)? Why? 7).diacritics: is a set of symbols which can be properties of the speech sounds, the way sounds it is essentially different from any animal (The description of language at some point in time added to the letter-symbols to make finer travel from the speaker to the hearer; it deals with communication system? 人类语言的甄别性特征is a synchronic study; the description of a language distinctions than the letters alone make possible. the sound waves through the use of such as it changes through time is a diachronic study.) 8).Voiceless(清音): when the vocal cords are machines as a spectrograph(声谱仪). 是什么, Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing drawn wide apart, letting air go through without 4.Where are the articulatory apparatus of 1.Arbitrariness(任意性): (课本答案:a sign of on the present-day language. Unless the various causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a human being contained? sophistication only humans are capable of) It states of a language are successfully studied, it will condition are called voiceless sounds. means that there is no logical connection between Pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity and nasal cavity. not be possible to describe language from a 9).Voicing (浊音): Sounds produced while the meanings and sounds. Although language is5.What is voicing and how is it caused? 什么叫diachronic point of view. vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. 浊音化,它是如何形成的,6.Which enjoyspriority in modern linguistics, 10).Vowel: the sounds in production of which no Non-arbitrary words make up only a small Voicing is the result of the vibration of the vocal speech or writing? Why? articulators come very close together and the air percentage of the total number. The arbitrary cords. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, Modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken stream passes through the vocal tract without nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it letting air go through without causing vibration, the language for the following reasons: obstruction are called vowels. makes it possible for language to have an sounds produced in such a way are voiceless. First, speech precedes writing. The writing system 11).Consonants: the sounds in the production of unlimited source of expressions. When vocal cords are held together tautly so that is always a later invention used to record the which there is an obstruction of the air stream at2.Productivity(创造性): (课本答案:creativity: the air stream vibrates them, the sounds produced some point of the vocal tract are called speech. There are still some languages that only animals are quite limited in the messages they are in this way are voiced. consonants. have the spoken form. able to send)Language is productive or creative in 6.What is the function of nasal cavity? How 12).phonology: Phonology studies the system of Then, a larger amount of communication is carried that it makes possible the con?struction and sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover does it perform this function? out in speech than in writing. interpretation of an infinitely large number ofhow speech sounds in a language form patterns Third, speech is the form in which infants acquire The function of nasal cavity is to nasalize the sentences, including those they have never said or and how these sounds are used to convey their native language. sounds that are produced. It does this by closing heard before. meaning in linguistic communication.7.Saussure 是如何区分语言langue和言语the air passage connecting the oral and nasal 3.Duality(二重性): (课本答案:a feature totally 13).phone: Phones can be simply defined as the cavities so that the air stream can only go through parole的, lacking in any animal communication)It means that speech sounds we use when speaking a language. the nasal cavity. (The distinction between langue and parole was language is a system, which consists of two sets of A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not 7.Describe the various parts in the oral cavity made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower necessarily distinguish meaning. which are involved in the production of speech Saussure early this century. Langue and parole are level and the other of meanings at the higher level.14).phoneme: a collection of abstract phonetic sounds? French words.) At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure features, it is a basic unit in phonology. It is Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system The various pats of the tongue: the tip, the front, of individual and meaningless sounds, which can represented or realized as a certain phone by a shared by all the members of a speech community, the blade, and the back; the uvula; the soft palate; be grouped into meaningfulunits at the higher level. certain phonetic context. and parole refers to the realization of langue in the hard palate; the teeth ridge (alveolar); the This duality of structure or dou?ble articulation of 15).allophone: The different phones which can actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and upper and lower teeth; the lips. language enables its users to talk about anything represent a phoneme in different phonetic rules which language users all have to follow while 8.How broad transcription and narrow within their knowledge. environments are called the allophones of that parole is the concrete use of the conventions and transcription differ? 宽式标音和严式标音有什4.Displacement(移位性): (课本答案:no animal phoneme. For example [l] and [l] the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is can “talk” about things remov ed from the 16).phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers 么区别, not the language people actually use, but parole is immediate situation)Language can be used to to the relation between two phonemes. If two The broad transcription is the transcription of concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring phonemes can occur in the same environment and refer to things which are present or not present, sounds by using one letter to represent one sound. language events. Langue is relatively stable, it distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic real or imagined matters in the past, present, or The narrow transcription is the transcription with does not change frequently; while parole varies contrast. future, orfar-away places. In other words, diacritics (变音符号) to show detailed articulatory from person to person, and from situation to17).Complementary distribution: refers to the language can be used to refer to contexts removed features of sounds. situation. relation between two similar phones which are from the immediate situations of the speaker. In broad transcription, the symbol [l] in used for the8.Chomsky的语言能力competence和语言使用allophones of the same phoneme, and they occur 5. Cultural transmission(文化传递性): (课本sound [l] in words like leaf [li:f], feel [fi:l], build [bild], performance各指什么, in different environments. 答案:details of human language system are taught and health [helθ]. The sound [l] in all these words is18).minimal pair: When two different forms are (American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s and lear ned while animals are born with the differ slightly. The [l] in [li:f], occurring before a identical in every way except for one sound proposed the distinction between competence and capacity to send out certain signals as a means of vowel, is called a clear [l], and no diacritic is segment which occurs in the same place in the performance.) limited communication)While we are born with the needed to indicate it; the [l] in [fi:l] and [bild], strings, the two words are said to form a minimal Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s occurring before another consonant, is called dark ability to acquire language, the details of any pair. For example: bin and pin. knowledge of the rules of his language. This [l], indicated in narrow transcription as [l]. Then in language are not genetically transmitted, but 19).suprasegmental features: the phonemic internalized set of rules enables the language user [helθ], the sound [l] isfollowed by the dental sound instead have to be taught and learned. features that occur above the level of the segments to produce and understand an infinitely large [θ], it is thus called a dental [l], and transcribed as 12.Do you think human language is entirely are called suprasegmental features. The main number of sentences and recognize sentences [helθ](注:l下有一个向下的框，无法打印) in narrow arbitrary? Why? suprasegmental features include stress, tone and that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According transcription. Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely intonation. to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization 9.How are the English consonants classified? arbitrary, because there are a limited number of 20).tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are of this knowledge in linguistic communication. words whose connections between forms and 英语的辅音是如何分类的, caused by the differing rates of vibration of the Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother meanings can be logically explained to a certain 1)by manner of articulation. vocal cords. Pitch variation can distinguish tongue is perfect, his performances may have extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words a.stops(plosive爆破音):[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g] meaning just like phonemes. The mistakes because of social and psychological which are coined on the basis of imitation of meaning-distinctive function of the tone is b.fricatives(磨擦音): [f],[v],[s],[z],[ θ],[,ð], [? ], [?], [h] factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc… sounds by sounds such as bang, crash, etc.. especially important in tone languages, for Chomsky believes that whatlinguists should study c.affricates(破擦音): [ t?], [d?] Take compounds for another example. The two example, in Chinese. is the competence, which is systematic, not the d.liquids(lateral边音，流音): [l], [r] elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are 21).intonati on: When pitch, stress and sound performance, which is too haphazard (偶然的). e.nasals(鼻音): [m],[ n],[,, ?] non-motivated, but the compound is not length are tied to the sentence rather than the word 9.How is Saussure’s distinction between arbitrary. f.glide s (semivowels半元音): [w], [ j] in isolation, they are collectively known as langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s … … (中间部分略) 2)by place of articulation : intonation. For example, English has four basic 完整版请—— distinction between competence and a.bilabial(双唇音): [p],[b],[m],[w] types of intonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, QQ:1273114568 索取performance? And what is their difference? biodental(唇齿音): [f],[v] the fall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone. Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction c.dental(舌齿音): [θ],[,, ð] 2.What are the two major media of Chapter 2: Phonology between the abstract language system and the d.alveolar(齿龈音): [t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r] communication?Of the two, which one is 1.Define the terms: actual use of language. Their purpose is to single e.palatal(腭音): [?], [?],[ t? ], [d?], [j] primary and why? 语言交际的两大媒介是什么,1).phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of out one aspect of language for serious study.f.velar(软腭音): [k], [g], [? ] the phonic medium of language; it is concerned 哪一个是基本的交际媒介,为什么, They differ in that Saussuretakes a sociological with all the sounds that occur in the world’ sg.glottal(喉音，声门单): [h] view of language and his notion of langueis a Speech and writing are the major media of10.What criteria are used to classify the Assimilation rule: rule assimilating one sound similar to the following one by copying one ofits English vowels? 英语的元音是如何分类的, phonetic features. 1) According to the position of the tongue, vowels Deletion rule: rule governing the deletion of a may be distinguished as front vowels such as [i:] [i] sound in a certain phonetic context although it is [e] [æ] [a], central vowels such as [?:] [?] [?], and represented in spelling. back vowels such as [u:] [? ] [?:] [? ] [ɑ:] 17.What are supresegmental features? How do 2) According to the openness of the mouth, we the major suprasegmental features of English classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels function in conveying meaning? 什么是超音位such as [i:] [i] [u:] [? ], semi-close vowels such as [e] [?:], semi-open vowels such as [?] [?:], and 特征,它是如何影响语义的, (p40) open vowels such as [æ] [a] [? ] [? ] and [ɑ:]. Suprasegmental features are phonological 3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are features above the sound segment level. divided into rounded vowels and unrounded The major suprasegmental features in English are vowels. In English all the front and central vowels word stress, sentence stress and intonation. are unrounded vowels, all the back vowels, with 1)The location of stress in English distinguishes exception of [ɑ:], are rounded. meaning, such as`import and im`port. The similar 4) According to the length of thevowels, the alternation of stress also occurs between a English vowels can also be classified into long compound noun and a phrase consisting of the vowels and short vowels. The long vowels include same elements. A phonological feature of the [i:] [?:] [?: ] [u:] [ɑ:]，while the rest are short vowels. English compounds is that the stress of the word11.What is the difference between a always falls on the first element and the second monophthong and a diphthong? element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not A monophthong is one for which the organs of speech remain in a given position for a period of necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is time. A diphthong is a vowel sound consisting of a black. deliberate glide. The organs of speech starting in 2) Sentence stress refers to the relative force the position of one vowel and immediately moving which is given to the words in a sentence. The more important words such as nouns, main verbs, in the direction of another vowel, for example: [i:], [i] adjectives, adverbs, and demonstrative pronouns, are monophthongs, and [a? ], [e? ] are are pronounced with greater force and made more diphthongs. 12.How do phonetics and phonology differ in prominent. And the other categories of words (articles, personal pronouns, auxiliary verbs, their focus of study? Who do you think will be prepositions, and conjunctions) are usually not more interested in the difference between stressed. But to give special emphasis to a certain [l]and [l], [p] and [ph], a phonetician or a notion, a word in sentence that is usually phonologist? Why? unstressed can be stressed to。
10月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1. The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languagessuch as .A. ChineseB. EnglishC. Chinese and EnglishD. English and French2. V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of .A. the velumB. the vocal cordsC. the glottisD. the uvula3. The words that contain only one morpheme are called .A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called .A. phase structure rulesB. syntactic rulesC. lexical rulesD. transformational rules5. The naming theory was proposed by .A. the Greek scholar PlatoB.C.K. Ogden and I.A. RichardsC. the British linguist J. FirthD. the American linguist L. Bloomfield6. Speech act theory was first proposed by .A. John AustinB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Firth7. linguistics refers to the study of a language or languages at a single point in time,without reference to earlier or later stages.A. DiachronicB. SynchronicC. HistoricalD. Comparative8. Different functional speech varieties known as are expected in, say, a churchsermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast.A. registersB. stylesC. dialectsD. accents9. is the study of language in relation to the mind.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. Semantics10. In general, children’s holophrastic sentences begin .A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year1B. in the second half of the second yearC. between two and three years oldD. between four and five years oldⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary v symbols used for humancommunication.12. To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols calledd are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similarsounds.13. The meaning of a compound is often i ,not always being the sum total of the meaningsof its components.14. The clause into which another clause is embedded is called a m clause.15. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called s features.16. C is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by thespeaker and the hearer.17. The major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great V owel Shiftinvolves seven long, or t , vowels of Middle English.18. Certain words in all societies are considered t -- they are forbidden or to be avoided.19. It’s known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a particularhemisphere of the brain. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l .20. C speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. whenthey talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%) 21.( ) According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an unlimited numberof sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about his language. 22. ( ) Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they canbe applied to all languages.23. ( ) Under the Case Condition principle, when the Move αrule operates to change asentence from the active voice to the passive voice, it can move a noun phrase to anyCase receiving position.24. ( ) Lexical categories are generally known as parts of speech, and a language has majorand minor lexical categories of a finite set.25. ( ) A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.26. ( ) All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or thesame illocutionary point.227. ( ) Borrowing occurs when one language takes a word or morpheme from anotherlanguage and adds it to its lexicon.28. ( ) It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of language.29. ( ) Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure of their vocal cords.30. ( ) According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assumecorrect forms of the language of their community when their “bad” speech getscorrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)32. phoneme33. linguistic competence34. syntactic movement35. homonymy36. derivation37. idiolect38. the critical period hypothesis39. intrapersonal communication40. telegraphic speechⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, and modify the meaning of a stem, but usually donot change the part of speech of the original word. Do you think it is true? Support your answer with examples.42. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Please give examples to show howthe flouting of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature (Give at least two examples, each flouting a different maxim).3。
【密训】00830 现代语言学
现代语言学（课程代码：00830）Chapter1:Introduction1.Define the following terms:1).Linguistics:It is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2).General linguistics（普通语言学）:The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics.3).Applied linguistics（应用语言学）:In a narrow sense,applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning,especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.In a broad sense,it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.4).Synchronic study（共时性研究）:The study of a language at some point in time.e.g.A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare's time is a synchronic study.5).Diachronic study（历时性研究）:The study of a language as it changes through time.A diachronic study of language is a historical study,which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.e.g.a study of the changes English has undergone since Shakespeare's time is a diachronic study. 6).Language competence（语言能力）:The ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.A transformational-generative grammar（转化生成语法）is a model of language competence.7).Language performance（语言行为）:performance is the actual realization of the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication. 8).Langue（语言）:Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community;Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow;Langue is relatively stable,it does not change frequently.9).Parole（言语）:Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use;parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules;parole varies from person to person,and from situation to situation.10).Language（语言）:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.11).Arbitrariness（任意性）:It is one of the design features of language.It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.12).Productivity（多产性）:Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.13).Duality（二元性）:Language is a system,which consists of two sets of structure,or two levels,one of sounds at the lower or basic level,and the other of meanings at the higher level.14).Displacement（移位性）:language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present,real or imagined matters in the past,present,or future,or in far-away places.In other words,language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.15).Cultural transmission（文化传递性）:While we are born with the ability to acquire language,the details of any language are not genetically transmitted,but instead have to be taught and learned.16).Design features（普遍特征）:It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication2.Explain the following definition of linguistics:Linguistics is the scientific study of language.Linguistics investigates not any particular language,but languages in general. Linguistic study is scientific because it is based on the systematic investigation of authentic(可靠的，真实的)language data.No serious linguistic conclusion is reached until after the linguist has done the following three things:observing the way language is actually used,formulating some hypotheses,and testing these hypotheses against linguistic facts to prove their validity.3.What are the branches of linguistics?What does each of them study?(语言学的主要分支是什么。
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2014年10月全国自考现代语言学考前密卷00830(含答案)一、Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)第1题“I like this shirt very much.” has ____a rguments. ()A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four【正确答案】 B【你的答案】本题分数2分第2题 In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements, i.e.,____. ()A. things and referentB. thought and referenceC. views and ideasD. words and phrases【正确答案】 D【你的答案】本题分数2分第3题 Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ____ properties of the stream of sounds which aspeaker issues.()A. oralB. mentalC. physicalD. recorded【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第4题 Sense and reference are two related ____ different aspects of meaning.()A. butB. andC. orD. as well as【正确答案】 A【你的答案】本题分数2分第5题The superordinate term of the group of words “love, anger, happiness, sadness, fear, emotion” is____.()A. fearB. angerC. loveD. emotion【正确答案】 D【你的答案】本题分数2分第6题Proponents of ____learning theory suggested that a child’s verbal behaviour was conditioned through association between a stimulus and the following response.()A. biologicalB. naturalistC. behavioristD. nativist【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第7题In the sentence “He put forward a strong argument for it.”the word“strong”and “argument”are in a relation. ( )A. synchronicB. paradigmaticC. syntagmaticD. diachronic【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第8题 As regards the relationship between language and thought, those who hold that thinking and speaking are the same activity are said to be( )A. empiricistsB. behavioristsC. mentalistsD. structuralists【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第9题 Words that are opposite in meaning are( ).A. antonymsB. hyponymsC. synonymsD. homophones【正确答案】 A【你的答案】本题分数2分第10题 When a word is employed as a medium of thinking by means of its conceptualizing system, we say it is used for communication.( )A. intrapersonalB. interpersonalC. individualD. textual【正确答案】 A二、Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change第1题 The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s___ features.【正确答案】 suprasegmental【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第2题 In semantic analysis, p___ is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.【正确答案】 prediction【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第3题Children’s language development starts from the p___cooing and babbling stage.【正确答案】 prelinguistic【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第4题 The preschool years are a c___ period for first language acquisition.【正确答案】 crucial【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第5题 There are occasions when one can think without l___, just as one may speak without thinking.【正确答案】 language【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第6题 Language is p___ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.【正确答案】 productive【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第7题 An a___ is a logical participant in the predication analysis, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.【正确答案】 argument【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第8题 Evidence in support of l___ for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening test.?【正确答案】 lateralization【你的答案】本题分数1分修改分数你的得分第9题 In a d___ listening test, stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is known as the right ear advantage.【正确答案】 dichotic【你的答案】本题分数1分修改分数你的得分第10题 c___ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.【正确答案】 creole【你的答案】三、Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you第1题()The language system provides all specifics of one’s world view.【正确答案】 F(No,it does not.)【你的答案】修改分数本题分数2分你的得分第2题 ()Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.【正确答案】 F(Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.)【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第3题 ()In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usually precedes the verb.【正确答案】 F(The verb follows the subject.)【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第4题 ()The right ear advantage shows that the right ear is more sensitive to signals, both linguistic and non?linguistic, than the left ear.【正确答案】 F(It passes signals to the left hemisphere.)【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第5题 ( ) The angular gyrus is supposed to be crucial for commanding of the syntax system of one’s language.【正确答案】 F (The angular gyrus is not.)?【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第6题 ( ) Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon but not a context dependent behavior.【正确答案】 T【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第7题 ( ) One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in collocation.【正确答案】 F (It will not be possible.)?【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第8题 ( ) The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.【正确答案】 T ?【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第9题 ( ) The error analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.【正确答案】 T?【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第10题 ( ) The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gender markings only.【正确答案】 F (The most dramatic loss concerns the loss of affixes.)?【你的答案】四、Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% ×10=30%)第1题 subvocal speech【正确答案】 Language and thought may be viewed as independent circles overlappingin some parts, where language and thought are consistent with each other and onenever occurs without the other. When language and thought are identical or closelyparallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech”, and speechas “overt thought”.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第2题 antonymy【正确答案】 The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning between lexical items, such as the meanings between hot and cold, sad and happy.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第3题 blending【正确答案】 Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts ofother words. For example, smog—smoke+fog , motel—motor+hotel.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第4题 apocope【正确答案】【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第5题 hapology【正确答案】 Hapology refers to the loss of one of two phonetically similarsyllables in sequence. For example, the Old English word “Engla?land” (the landof Angles) came to be pronounced “England” through the assimilation of “la?la” sounds.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第6题 morphology【正确答案】 Morphology is a branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. What it studies includesmorphemes, allomorphs, roots, affixes etc.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第7题 epenthesis【正确答案】 In the linguistic change of English, a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or a vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis. Below are some examples of English epenthesis. The underlined sounds are epenthesis in modern English. spinle → spindleemty → emptyglimse →glimpsetimer → timber【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第8题 semantic broadening【正确答案】 Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. For example, the older meaning of “aunt” was father’s sister, but its modern referent can also be mother’s sister. The word “holiday” was originally used to mean a day of religious significance because it was a “holy day”. Today its meaning is broadened to refer to any day on which peop le don’t have to work.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第9题 standard language【正确答案】 The standard language is a supposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. For example, the c ommon speech of the Chinese language and King’s English in Britain.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第10题 componential analysis【正确答案】 Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. This is parallel to the way a phoneme is analyzed into smaller components called distinctive features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalizedletters. Fo r example, the word “man” is analyzed as consisting the semantic features of +HUMAN, +ADULT,+ANIMATE, +MALE. The features of “girl” can be represented as +HUMAN, -ADULT, -MALE. ?【你的答案】五、Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)第1题 What do langue and parole mean respectively?【正确答案】According to F·de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by; it is abstract. Parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; it is concrete.【你的答案】本题分数10分你的得分修改分数第2题 Why is language defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication?【正确答案】 Short as it is, this definition has captured the main features of language. First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules. If language were not constructed according to certain rules, it could not be learned or used consistently. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a word and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. All evidence points to the fact that writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms and thatthey are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper. Fin ally, the term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific, i.e. it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, such as bird songs and bee dances.【你的答案】。