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新世纪大学英语综合教程4第四册Unit 4

Brainstorming
Directions: What words will occur to you whenever we mention the phrase “choosing a career”. Write down as many words as possible about it.
Operating engineers
Global reading
1 Structure Analysis
2
Table Completion
3
True or False
Structure Analysis
Parts Paras. Main Ideas
The author explains his understanding of work, labor, and play. Whether one is a laborer or a 1~3 worker has little to do with whether he or she is doing a physical or a mental job, but with the attitude he or she takes towards the job he or she does.
1
2
4
In the author’s eyes, the majority of people in a modern technological society are laborers rather than workers. The author stresses the two negative aspects of technology and the division of labor: by eliminating the need for special skills, they turned enjoyable work into boring labor and by increasing productivity, they give people excessive leisure time.

全新版大学英语综合教程4课后翻译（完整版）

全新版大学英语综合教程4课后翻译Unit 11. Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm.多尔蒂先生和他的家人目前正在农场忙于秋收。

2. We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the most sophisticatedweapons.我们不能低估敌人,他们装备了最先进的武器。

3. Having been cut of a job/Not having had a job for 3months, Phil is getting increasinglydesperate.菲尔已经三个月没有找到工作了,正在变得越来越绝望。

4. Sam, as the project manager, is decisive, efficient, and accurate in his judgment.作为项目经理,山姆办事果断,工作效率高,且判断准确。

5. Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of solution, the village neighborhoodcommittee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.既然已经证实这家化工厂是污染源,村委会决定将其关闭,为此损失了一百个工作岗位。

Unit 21.There was an unusual quietness in the air, except for the sound of artillery in the distance.空气有一种不寻常的寂静,只有远处响着大炮的声音。

2. The expansion of urban areas in some African countries has been causing a significant fall inliving standards and an increase in social problems.在某些非洲国家城市的扩展已经引起生活水平相当大的下降和社会问题的增多。

幼儿园数字4的正确写法

《幼儿园数字 4 的正确写法》
亲爱的小朋友们，今天老师要和大家一起学习数字 4 的正确写法哦。

小朋友们，咱们先来看看数字 4 像什么呀？它呀，有点像小旗子在飘呢。

写数字 4 的时候，咱们要先准备好小铅笔和小本子。

第一步，先在本子上轻轻地画一个小斜线，就像滑梯一样，从左上慢慢滑到右下。

老师给大家讲个小故事吧。

有一天，小猴子去游乐场玩滑梯，它从高高的地方一下子就滑了下来，可开心啦！咱们写数字 4 的这第一步，就像小猴子滑滑梯。

接下来，再画一个竖线，要直直的，像小竹子一样。

然后呀，再画一个小斜线，从右上滑到左下。

最后，把下面封上口，数字 4 就写好啦！
小朋友们看，写好的数字 4 是不是很漂亮呀？
老师再给大家举个例子。

比如说，咱们有 4 个小苹果，就可以用数字 4 来表示。

小朋友们可以一边念着“小滑梯，小竹子，再滑一下封上口”，一边写数字 4 。

咱们班的小明小朋友，一开始写数字 4 总是写不好，但是他不放弃，每天都认真练习，现在写得可漂亮啦！
小朋友们，咱们多练习几次，一定能把数字 4 写得又好看又正确。

等大家都学会写数字 4 了，老师会给大家奖励小贴画哟！
加油，小朋友们，相信你们都能写好数字 4 ！。

Unit 4 词法翻译 - 增词法和省词法

Unit 4. Translation Techniques of Words and Expressions 词法翻译（2）Outline of this unit1. Addition 增词法2. Omission 省词法1. Addition 增词法增补翻译是在原文的基础上，增加一些词语，使译文的语法结构、修辞方式及语言表达符合汉语的行文要求。

要点：增词不增义，增加原文中已省略但汉语表达所需要的词语，不能随心所欲地增加。

增词法的主要类型：语法方面：动词、量词、时态词、名词修辞方面：名词复数、语气词逻辑方面：表示概括性、承上启下、逻辑关联的词语语法方面：动词、量词、时态词、名词上述这些词汇在英语语法中省略了，但在汉语中不可或缺，译文中要增加。

动词：英语动词呈显性；汉语动词在句中是表意的重心，不可少，并且汉语动词不受形态的约束，运用极为灵活，在汉语中备受青睐。

I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.Histories make men wise, poets witty, the mathematics subtle, natural philosophy deep, moral grave, logic and rhetoric able to contend.After the football match, he’s got an important meeting.He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.练习：I am looking forward to the holidays.We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.The world needn’t be afraid of a possible shortage of coal, oil, natural gas or other sources of fuel for the future.接下来看增加量词的情况。

4的艺术写法

4的艺术写法
数字“4”的艺术写法可以有多种形式，具体如下：
1. 硬笔书法形式：例如张恒成、司惠国、钱沛云、曾庆福等书法家的硬笔书法，他们的“4”字书写流畅、有力，线条流畅自然，整体造型美观。

2. 楷书形式：例如侯明浩、张恒成、阎锐敏、袁强等书法家的楷书，他们的“4”字书写规范、工整，笔画清晰，字形端庄。

3. 草书形式：例如司惠国、张恒成、刘少英、曾庆福等书法家的草书，他们的“4”字书写简约、流畅，线条变化多端，整体造型生动。

4. 隶书形式：例如沙舟、张恒成、柯春海、曾庆福等书法家的隶书，他们的“4”字书写规整、庄重，笔画粗细相间，整体造型古朴。

5. 篆书形式：例如李泽成、周稚云、张恒成、李永忠等书法家的篆书，他们的“4”字书写流畅、圆润，线条婉转自然，整体造型优美。

以上是一些常见的数字“4”的艺术写法，不同的书法家会有不同的风格和表现方式。

4的数字代表什么意思有什么含义

4的数字代表什么意思有什么含义在中国民间，许多人都因“四”与“死”的发音相近，面对“四”有所忌讳，和西方社会对“十三”的忌讳是类似的。

那么，你知道4的数字代表什么意思吗?接下来就跟着店铺一起去看看数字4的含义吧。

数字4的含义(一)数字4的含义：执行数数字四代表物质的坚固性，也就是物质的组成和建造。

一个坚固的物质或实体，是它众多构成体的整体组合，同时它自己又是二个新的整体。

绝对的一以数字四来定义自己，因爲他同时是一个整体和所有构成体(创造)的组合。

埃及人运用四个简单的现象(火、风、土、水)来形容构成物质所必需的四元素的作用角色。

火是活跃的，凝结的法则;土是接收的、格式化的法则，风是细微的、沉思的法则，会影响力量的交换;水是总和，是人、土、水的组合法则，水也是一种在它们之上的物质。

数字4总是呈现出苦难的特质，它代表着生命中那些让你感觉受限、需要收敛自我的方面。

面对种种困难应该采取怎样的解决之道，我们在面对逆境的时又应当如何规范自己的工作生活，都需要极强的组织思维与自律性，数字4便是带给我们这样的人生课题。

数字4的含义(二)关键词：限制、规范、服务象征符号：四方型属性：计算智商型对应色彩;绿色五行：阴火星座排行：巨蟹这个数字在形态上就像一把三角量尺，代表精算，中规中矩，同时每一笔都是直挺的，见棱见角，象征着死板，不知变通。

四季分春夏秋冬，方向分东南西北，物质存在的四元素分为火、水、风、地，数字4代表了完整的秩序。

数字4的物质平面结构就像一个正方盒子，坚固、完善、安全。

数字本质都带有原始的意义，1和2的结合创造了3，当组合成一个家庭时，就要靠数字4来稳定生存的基本“安全”，4的任务就是实现和显化。

正面优势帮助他人，实际，秩序，效率，自律，组织力，可靠，实干，诚恳，有勇气，任劳任怨，未雨绸缪，稳重，做事认真，坚定，忠实，逻辑分明负面挑战心胸狭隘，情绪紧张，不妥协，过分固执，过于谨慎，约束，拒绝改变，自我保护，挑剔，嫉妒心，吝啬，心胸狭窄，缺乏想象力，说教，不变通，无趣乏味恐惧变化，不稳定，生活危机数字4的含义(三)起初，人们都认为“四”最一般的象征含义是四方和四时。

阅读教程一Unit 4

___T___ 3. All of the author’s studies show that a noticeable
number of people are not satisfied with their jobs.
___F___ 4. In the author’s opinion, many things have to be
• The conversation would lull for a while.
平静，安静；平息
lull n. 暂停；间歇；平静期
• a lull in the fighting / political violence /
conversation / storm
Para. 10
dull adj.
What would you do if you take a job you don’t like? Give reasons to support your idea.
Reading One – Enjoy Your Job
Style of Writing
• Argumentation
Structure
Para. 10
dull adj.
• The coffin closed with a dull thud.
• （声音）不清晰的，隐约的，低沉的
• The pain, usually a dull ache, gets
worse with exercise. • (感觉)不明显的，不强烈的，隐约的
Reading One – Enjoy Your Job
Para. 3 apt adj.
• an apt remark / description / choice

四的所有写法

四的所有写法
“四”有很多种写法，包括楷书、行书、草书、隶书、篆书等。

以下是一些示例：
1. 楷书：楷书是一种非常规整的字体，每个字都有自己的标准写法。

在楷书中，“四”的写法是：先写上面一横，再写中间两竖，最后写下面一横。

2. 行书：行书是一种相对楷书而言更为流畅的字体，常常用于书写行草书。

在行书中，“四”的写法与楷书类似，但是更为流畅自然。

3. 草书：草书是一种较为潦草的字体，常常用于快速书写。

在草书中，“四”的写法是：先写一横，再写两竖，最后写一横。

4. 隶书：隶书是一种较为庄重的字体，常常用于书写碑文等。

在隶书中，“四”的写法是：先写上面一横，再写中间两竖，最后写下面一横。

5. 篆书：篆书是一种较为古老的字体，常常用于书写古文等。

在篆书中，“四”的写法是：先写上面一横，再写中间两竖，最后写下面一横。

总之，“四”的写法有很多种，不同的字体有不同的写法。

以上只是列举了一些常见的写法，具体可以根据需要选择适合的字体进行书写。

数字4的风水含义是什么

数字4的风水含义是什么
【数字4的风水含义】
1、阴阳平衡：数字4可以把阴阳的力量平衡起来，表示着阴与阳的不
断变化和互相补充，象征和谐、长寿、统一。

2、造型象征：数字4有“方正”之美，比喻调和之美，可以应用到建筑、装饰、摆设等方面，给人以宽广、充满、安全的感觉。

3、古德耆境：数字4与中国传统哲学的“道德耆境”有着巨大的关联，
反映了四季的到来，以及极乐世界和宇宙的起源、互动和演化。

4、五行关联：数字4有着与五行关联的含义，阳有着土、金、水、火，而阴有木，这五者是相互结合、彼此促进的，象征着新的生命和宁静。

5、四象传承：数字4和“四象”有着深刻的联系，象征着永恒不变、四
季之秀、平和宽容，在整个宇宙体系里具有根本的纽带作用。

6、吉祥意义：数字4代表吉祥、繁荣、和平，可以用在室内、家居装
饰上，把不同的物质与精神元素完美结合，给人以喜乐，祝愿团圆，
家庭团聚。

7、合圆卦象：数字4与家庭组织的卦象有着重要的相关性，象征着图
腾的复合性和社会的维系。

可以把它用在书画、香梯、摆件等上，预
示着一家人和睦、完满相处。

上海外语教育出版社大学英语听说教程4听力原文

全新版大学英语听说教程第四册听力原文（上海外语教育出版社）Unit1(BOOK4)Part B The Hospital WindowJack and Ben, both seriously ill, occupied the same hospital room. Jack, whose bed was next to the room's only window, was allowed to sit up in his bed for an hour each afternoon to help drain the fluid from his lungs. But Ben had to spend all day and night flat on his bed. To kill time the two men began to talk. They talked for hours about their wives, families, their homes, their jobs, their involvement in the military service, and where they had been on vacation. As days went by, a deep friendship began to develop between them.Every afternoon when Jack could sit up, he would pass the time by describing to Ben all the things he could see outside the window. And Ben began to live for those one-hour periods where his world would be broadened and enlivened by all the activity and color of the world outside.The window overlooked a park with a lovely lake. Ducks and swans played on the water while children sailed their model boats. Young lovers walked arm in arm amid flowers of every color of the rainbow. Grand old trees beautified the landscape, and a fine view of the city skyline could be seen in the distance.As Jack described all this in exquisite detail, Ben would close his eyes and imagine the picturesque scenes.One warm afternoon Jack described a parade passing by. Although Ben couldn't hear the band -- he could see it in his mind's eye as Jack portrayed it with descriptive words.Days and weeks passed. One morning the day nurse arrived to bring water for their baths only to find the lifeless body of Jack, who had died peacefully in his sleep. She was saddened and called the hospital attendants to take the body away.Ben was heart broken. Life without Jack was even more unbearable. How he longed to hear Jack's voice and his melodious descriptions of the outside world! As he looked at the window, an idea suddenly occurred to him. Perhaps he could see for himself what it was like outside. As soon as it seemed appropriate, Ben asked if he could be moved next to the window. The nurse was happy to make the switch, and after making sure he was comfortable, she left him alone.Slowly, painfully, he propped himself up on one elbow to take his first look at the world outside. Finally, he would have the joy of seeing it for himself! He strained to slowly turn to look out the window beside the bed. It faced a blank wall!'What could have compelled my roommate to describe such wonderful things outside this window?' Ben asked the nurse when she returned.'Perhaps he just wanted to encourage you to live on,' she said. 'You know, he was blind and could not even see the wall.'Questions:1. What does the story mainly tell us?2. Which of the following adjectives can best describe Jack?3. What did Jack describe to Ben according to the story?Part CAdditional ListeningShort ConversationsConversation 1:M: How do you like your roommate, Debby?W: Ever since we met on the first day of college, we've been inseparable.Q: What do you know about Debby and her roommate?Conversation 2:M: Have you heard from Linda lately? You two were so intimate in college.W: Well, honestly, I haven't heard from her as much as I used to since she moved to the east coast two months ago. But I'm sure the friendship between us is as strong as it was before.Q: What can you infer from the woman’s response?Conversation 3:W: Do you keep in touch with your old friends back home now that you don't see them regularly? M: Frankly, after I moved to this city, I'm out of touch with most of them except a few close ones. Q: What does the man mean?Conversation 4:W: It's polite to call a friend before we visit, isn't it?M: You're right. People usually don't like surprise visits. But close friends often drop in on each other.Q: What does the man mean?Conversation 5:M: Cathy, it seems that you and Sally do almost everything together.W: That's true. You see, we were born on the same day. We both majored in fashion designing. And we even have the same love for using bright-colored material in our designs. Isn't it amazing! Q: What can we learn from the conversation?Part DThe Colors of FriendshipLegend has it that the colors of the world started to quarrel one day. All claimed that they were the best, the most beautiful.Green said: "Clearly I am the most important. I am the sign of life and of hope. I was chosen for grass, trees and leaves. Without me, all animals would die."Blue interrupted: "You only think about the earth, but have you ever considered the color of the sky and the sea?"Hearing this, Yellow chuckled: "You are all so serious. I bring laughter, gaiety and warmth into the world. I am the color of the sun, the moon and all the stars. Without me there would be no fun."Orange started next to blow her trumpet: "I am the color of health and strength. I may be scarce, but I am precious, for I serve the needs of human life."At this, Red could stand it no longer. He shouted: "I am the ruler of all of you. I am the color of blood -- life's blood! I am also the color of danger and bravery, of passion and love."Purple rose up to his full height: "I am the color of royalty and power. I am the sign of authority and wisdom. People do not question me! They listen and obey."Finally Indigo spoke: "Think of me. I am the color of silence. You hardly notice me, but without me you all become superficial. I represent thought and reflection."And so the colors went on boasting. Their quarrelling became louder and louder. Suddenly there was a startling flash of bright lightning, followed by a roll of thunder. Rain started to pourdown. The colors crouched down in fear, drawing close to one another for comfort.Just then rain began to speak: "You foolish colors, fighting amongst yourselves, each trying to dominate the rest. Don't you know that you were each made for a special purpose, unique and different? Join hands with one another and come to me."Doing as they were told, the colors united and joined hands.Then rain continued: "From now on, when it rains, each of you will stretch across the sky to form a great bow of colors as a reminder that you can all live in peace. The rainbow is a sign of hope for tomorrow."And so, whenever a good rain washes the world, a rainbow appears in the sky, to let us remember to appreciate one another.Unit 2Part BEmbarrassing Experiences (Part One)Interviewer: Rob, you went to Brazil, didn't you?Rob: Yes, I did.Interviewer: So, what happened?Rob: Well, I went into this meeting and there were about, er... seven or eight people in there and I just said 'Hello' to everybody and sat down. Apparently, what I should have done is to go round the room shaking hands with everyone individually. Well, you know, it's silly of me because I found out later it upset everyone. I mean, I think they felt I was taking them for granted.Kate: Well, I know that because when I was in France the first time, I finished a meeting , with 'Goodbye, everyone!' to all the people in the room. There were about half a dozen people there but I was in a hurry to leave, so I just said that and left. Well, I later found out that what I should have done is shake hands with everyone in the group before leaving. Now, apparently, it's the polite thing to do.Interviewer: Well, people shake hands in different ways, don't they?Rob: Oh, yes, that's right, they do. See, normally I shake hands quite gently when I meet someone. So when I went to the US for the first time, I think people there thought my weak handshake was a sign of weakness. Apparently, people there tend to shake hands quite firmly.Kate: Oh, gosh, you know, that reminds me: on my first trip to Germany, it was a long time ago, I was introduced to the boss in the company when he passed us in the corridor. Well, I wasn't prepared, and I mean, I had my left hand in my pocket. And when we shook hands I realized my left hand was still in my pocket. Well, that was, you know, very bad manners and I was quite embarrassed.Interviewer: And how about using first names? Have you made any mistakes there?Rob: Oh, yes, I have! When I first went to Italy I thought it was OK to use everyone's first name so as to seem friendly. And I later discovered that in business you shouldn't use someone's first name unless you are invited to. Oh, and you should always use their title as well.Kate: Hm, yeah, well, when I met people in Russia, you know, they seemed to be puzzled when I shook hands with them and said 'How do you do?' Well, what they do when they greet a stranger is to say their own names, so I had that all wrong!Rob: Oh, yes, I agree with that. Remembering names is very important.Interviewer: Shall we take a break? When we come back we'll move on to our next topic.Kate & Rob: OK.Questions:1. What is the conversation mainly about?2. Who might be the people Rob and Kate met in various countries?3. What can we infer about Kate and Rob from the conversation?4. Which countries has Kate visited, according to the conversation?5. Which countries has Rob visited, according to the conversation?6. What is the main message that the speakers want to tell us?Part CAdditional ListeningAmerican PartiesAs you would imagine, Americans move about a great deal at parties. At small gatherings they may sit down, but as soon as there are more people than chairs in a room - a little before this point - you will see first one and then another make some excuse to get to his feet to fetch a drink or greet a friend or open a window until soon everyone is standing, moving around, chatting with one group and then another. Sitting becomes static beyond a certain point. We expect people to move about and be "self-starters". It is quite normal for Americans to introduce themselves; they will drift around a room , stopping to talk wherever they like, introducing themselves and their companions. If this happens, you are expected to reply by giving your name and introducing the person with you; then at least the men generally shake hands. Sometimes the women do so as well, but often they merely nod and smile. A man usually shakes a woman's hand only if she extends it. Otherwise he too just nods and greets her.Statements:1. We can't imagine that Americans do not like big parties and they prefer going around at parties.2. At small parties they may sit down, but as more people come, they would stand up and move about.3. The reason why Americans like to stand is that they like the free atmosphere of the party.4. The meaning of "self-starters" is that Americans help themselves to drinks during the parties.5. Americans are more open-minded than British people according to the passage.6. If a woman doesn't extend her hand to a man at the party, he should not shakes hands with the woman.7. The passage shows a unique aspect of American culture.Embarrassing Experiences (Part Two)Interviewer: Let's go on with our talk. What do you think of business cards, Rob?Rob: I found them very useful when I was in Japan not so long ago. Each person can clearly see the other's name and the job title on the card. And I found out that you have to treat business cards with respect. What you've got to do is hold them with both hands and then read them very carefully. What happened to me was the first time I just took a man's card with one hand and put it straight into my pocket.Interviewer: What other advice do you have, Kate?Kate: Well, one time I unintentionally caused some problems when I was in China. Well, I was trying to make a joke when I pretended to criticize my business associate for being late for a meeting. And he was embarrassed, I mean, he was really embarrassed instead of being amused. Now you shouldn't criticize people in China or embarrass them. I mean, you must avoid confrontation. That's for sure!Rob: Oh, I must tell you about the first time I was in Mexico! I have to admit I found it a bit strange when business associates there touched me on the arm and the shoulder. Well, I tried to move away and, of course, they thought I was being very, very unfriendly. Apparently, it's quite usual there for men to touch each other in, you know, in a friendly way. Oh ... oh, and another thing, the first time I went to Korea I thought it was polite not to look someone in the eye too much. The Koreans I met seemed to be staring at me when I spoke, which seemed, you know, a bit odd at first. In Korea, eye contact conveys sincerity and it shows you're paying attention to the speaker.Kate: Oh, well, it seemed strange because you British don't look at each other so much when you're talking to each other. I mean, you look away, you know, most of the time. I found this hard to deal with when I first came to the UK, because people seemed to be embarrassed when I looked at them while they were speaking to me.Interviewer: So what's the thing visitors to Britain should avoid most?Rob: Well, I don't think we're all that sensitive, do you, Kate?Kate: Ohoo, well, I'll tell you, I made a big mistake when I was in Scotland. I found myself referring to the UK as "England" and to the British as "the English". Now, I know that would be just as bad in Wales, I guess.Rob: Yes, it certainly would!Unit 3Part BBirthday Celebrations Around the WorldChairman: Welcome to this special birthday edition of One World. Yes, folks, we've been on the air for exactly one year now, and we thought it would be a nice idea to have a special program dedicated to birthday celebrations around the world. With us in the studio tonight we have Shaheen Hag and Pat Cane, who have a weekly column on birthdays in the Toronto Daily Star. Shaheen: Good evening.Pat: Good evening.Chairman: Shaheen, perhaps we could begin with you. How are birthdays celebrated in India? Shaheen: Well, perhaps we're all assuming that everyone in the world celebrates their birthday. This just isn't the case. Low-income families in India, for instance, simply can't afford any festivities. And most Muslims don't celebrate their birthdays.Pat: I think Shaheen has raised an interesting point here. The Christian church, too, was actively against celebrating birthdays, and in any case most people, until a couple of hundred years ago, couldn't even read and wouldn't have even been able to spot their birthday on a calendar anyway. Shaheen: Of course some Muslims do celebrate their birthdays. In Egypt, Turkey and Indonesia, for example, the rich people invite friends and families around. But not in small villages. Chairman: Here in England your twenty-first used to be the big one. But now it seems to have moved to eighteen. Is that true?Pat: Yes, in most parts of the West eighteen is now the most important birthday. In Finland, for example, eighteen is the age when you can vote, you know, or buy wines, drive a car and so on. But in Japan I think you have to wait till you're twenty before you can smoke or drink. Shaheen: I know in Senegal, which is another Muslim country, girls get to vote at sixteen and boys at eighteen. And in Bangladesh, girls at eighteen and boys at twenty-one.Chairman: That's interesting. I mean is it typical that around the world girls are considered to bemore mature than boys?Shaheen: Yes, I think so, and there are some countries, particularly in South America, which have a big party only for girls. In Mexico and Argentina, for example, they have enormous parties for 15-year-old girls.Pat: You know in Norway they have a great party for anyone who's not married by the time they're thirty. It's kind of embarrassing. I mean you get pepper thrown at you.Chairman: Pepper? Why pepper?Pat: I'm not really sure.Shaheen: So does that mean that on your 29th birthday you can start thinking 'God I better get married'?Pat: Well, I'm not sure how seriously they take it.Chairman: In England we have quite big parties for your fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth and so on. Pat: Well, in Japan your eighty-eighth is considered ...Chairman: Eighty-eighth?Pat: ... to be the luckiest birthday. Eight is a very lucky number in Japan.Questions:1. What is One World?2. What is the topic of the program?3. What do Shaheen Hag and Pat Cane do?4. Why don't some people in India celebrate their birthdays?5. According to Pat, when did people around the world begin to celebrate their birthdays?6. Why is the eighteenth birthday so important in Finland?7. Why can girls in some countries get to vote at an earlier age than boys?8. Which of the countries mentioned in the text are Muslim countries?Part CAdditional ListeningsOne World One MinuteOne World One Minute is a unique film project that invites participants in every country around the globe to record, simultaneously, one minute of their lives, one minute of our world. Sponsors of this project have chosen 12:48 GMT, September 11th 2002 as the one minute to record. At that moment exactly a year earlier began the terrorist attacks that led to the deaths of more than 2,000 people from over 60 countries. For many this will be a time of remembrance and reflection. And for others this will be an appropriate time for international communication, cooperation and sharing. It will offer them an opportunity to share a moment of their world and their life with others, an opportunity to both talk to and listen to the world, to join with others around the globe and create a truly unique record and experience. This is the idea behind the project One World One Minute.Participants are free to choose what and how to record their One Minute. Some may want to take photographs, some paint or draw pictures, while others may want to write something and record their readings. The material can be submitted to the project organizers in Scotland via e-mail or post within 6 weeks of September 11th. All the material will then be made into a feature-length film, which will capture that One Minute of our existence.The film will explore the rich diversity that is both humanity and our world. It will allow a voice to all people regardless of nationality, religion, race, political viewpoint, gender or age. Therich diversity that is Humanity shall be there for all to see.Participants will not only be kept informed of the progress of the film and the release process but will be invited to actively participate through newsletters and discussion forums.When the film is finished, it will be shown in every country of the world, both in cinemas and on TV. Contributors will be invited to attend the premiere of the film in their respective countries and will receive a full screen credit on the finished production.Statements:1. One World One Minute is a project sponsored by some filmmakers in Hollywood.2. The purpose of the project is to record how people of the world mourn the death of those who lost their lives in New York's World Trade Center.3. Participants may come from different races or nations, have different religious beliefs, and maintain opposite political viewpoints.4. Participants are invited to record one minute of their lives on any given day.5. Participants are encouraged to make short video films to record an important event in their lives.6. The project will offer people from various parts of the world an opportunity to share a moment of their life with others.7. The organizers believe that humanity is represented by the colorful variety of people's life all over the world.8. Participants are required to submit what they have recorded to organizers by e-mail not later than September 11, 2002.9. All the material submitted by the participants will be made into a feature-length film and shown on TV and in cinemas throughout the world.10. The film will become a powerful means to unite people all over the world in the war against terrorism.Part DOne World, Many UniversesOurs is, in many ways, a world without boundaries. Being a citizen of a particular nation is almost as much as being a resident of a particular town or province. Boundaries of class and caste that once shaped societies continue to fade. The freedom of people to move increases gradually with the relaxation of immigration laws in the last century. Many countries have fairly simple requirements for obtaining citizenship and voting rights.In Europe, for example, the European Union's membership has grown to 15 countries and may increase to 21 or more by 2010. It has developed a common body of laws, common policies and practices, and a great deal of cooperation among its members. The adoption of the single currency, the euro, by 12 of its member countries and the circulation of euro cash in January 2002 have enabled citizens in these countries to move about even more freely.In addition, all of the major organized religions, including Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam, are alive and well, but less clearly and exclusively identified with specific cultures and geographic regions. People everywhere feel free to convert to other religions, and many people identify themselves with more than one religion.Since 1995, which is called the Year of the Internet, cyberspace has become a rich and realistic realm of experience. Its activities include the No-Self Network, which is concerned with liberation from the self. The network's members regard this liberation as an ordinary humanachievement-roughly comparable to learning to play the piano -- and not as a superhuman or divine feat. One World, Many Universes is, for me, the most persuasive mix of idealism and realism. This particular future is likely to be the most fast-changing one, rapidly evolving beyond what I have described.Questions:1. What is the passage mainly about?2. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a reason that makes national boundaries less prominent?3. Which of the following is not one of the major religions mentioned in the passage?4. What enabled citizens in many EU countries to move about more freely?Unit4PartBHow to Use an OHPM: I want to use the overhead projector for my presentation. Could you show me how to use it? W: OK, let me show you. Just watch what I do. I... I'll talk you through the procedure.M: Thanks.W: Right, well. First of all, you put the OHP on the table here, about 2 meters from the wall or the screen. Er...do you have a screen?M: Er...no. I thought I'd just use the wall.W: Oh, er...well, a screen's better, but I suppose this wall will be all right. It is sort of white. Anyway, let's try it. So, the next thing you have to do is press these buttons in and lift this part up until it snaps into place.M: I see.W: And then turn it round so the head is facing towards the screen, I mean the wall, and now we can plug it in.M: Right, and you switch it on?W: Yeah. Then I press the switch here on the front...M: Right.W: There! And the light should come on.M: Right, OK.W: Yeah, there we are. So, you just place your transparency here on the glass.M: OK, there, oh!W: Oh, no! No, the other way up.M: Oh yes, of course.W: That's right, yeah. And to raise or lower the image you move this flap up or down... There, that's better.M: Right, OK.W: And finally, to focus the image you turn this wheel to make it sharp. There we are, that's not too bad.M: Oh, that's great, yeah. OK, thanks.W: Oh, one more thing: whatever you do, don't keep switching it on and off. I'm going to switch it off now. Now, when you use it in your presentation, you should leave it switched on, with a piece of paper over the glass.M: Right, I...er... I don't understand why you have to leave it on.W: Well, the reason why you have to do that is that you don't want the bulb to fail. The bulb fails easily if the machine is on and off frequently. If it does, you'll have to replace the bulb, which will be very hot and you may not have a spare anyway. So that's about it. Any questions?M: Erm...no, that seems all very clear. Thank you very much.W: You're welcome. Oh, and I really do think you need to get a screen, by the way. The picture would be much brighter than on that wall, you know.M: Oh, OK. Well, I'll ask Jim if he's got one.W: Oh, good idea! And make sure he shows you how to put it up!M: I will. Thanks again.PartCAdditional ListeningsHow to Send an E-mailM: I would like to send an e-mail to a friend of mine. Could you tell me how to do it?W: Certainly. First, you choose the e-mail program on your computer and click New Message. M: All right.W: OK? Well, then you start typing the name of the recipient. The program remembers the name and completes the e-mail address. Well, if not, you look up the name in the address book or contact list. OK? Well, if you want other people to get copies of the same message, you send them 'CCs', which are copies of the message. OK? Then you press Return on the keyboard and then you type the subject of the message. Now, there's no need to put the date because that goes in automatically when you send the message, together with the time. OK?M: Oh, yeah.W: Well, then you press Return again and start writing the message. Now, if you make a mistake, you just press Backspace to delete the previous letter or word and then type it again correctly. M: I see.W: Now, when you've finished, you read the whole message through to make sure it looks right and contains the right information. Now, if you decide you want to change sentences around, you can copy sentences and paste them in other places.M: And...er...er...how about spelling and punctuation, er...that can be corrected automatically, can't it?W: Well, yes and no. You can run your spell checker and that may bring up some mis-typings and things like that. But it definitely won't catch them all, so you must read it through to check your spelling, too. And check your punctuation at the same time. Now if you notice a misspelt word, or if you want to change a word or something like that, double-click on the word and type the new word over it.M: Fine. That's easy.W: Hmm. And then it's ready to send. You just click on Send and it'll go off immediately. And the other person will find your message in their Inbox when they next go online to get their messages. M: Right. Well, that sounds much easier than handwriting a message and faxing it.W: Sure it does.Questions:1. Where does the computer store the e-mail addresses of your friends?2. What does "CCs" stand for? When do you use "CCs"?3. What can you do if you want to change sentences around?4. What can you do if you want the computer to check mis-typings?5. What do you do if you want to change a word?PartDLayout of a LetterAs we go through, I'm going to tell you the layout of a formal letter in English -- you might want to note this information down on a separate piece of paper. OK, the first thing is to write the sender's address in the top right-hand corner. OK. This has a set order with the number of the house or flat followed by the name of the street; and then underneath that, perhaps the district if it's a big town, then under that the name of the town or city, with the postcode. And it's now common, quite acceptable, to write all this without any punctuation at all. And the address -- please write it now in the top right-hand corner -- is 12 Greenwood Avenue.And the next line is West Ealing (that's E-A-L-I-N-G). Next line: London W5-then a small gap -- 6RJ. London W5 6RJ.Now leave a line, and then write the date directly underneath the address. Now you can do this in several different ways. You can put 10 September, or September 10, or just 10 dot 9 dot 2003. So use one of these methods and put today's date in the correct place.And now, if you want, you could write the address of the person you are writing to. If you do that, you put it on the left-hand side of the paper, and you would usually start the address at roughly the same level as the date which is on the right-hand side.The next thing we write is the salutation. Our letter is to Sean White, and we begin Dear Mr. White -- please note exactly where it goes.Now, if you don't know the person's name you just put Dear Sir, or Dear Madam, or Dear Sir or Madam. In an informal letter you still use "Dear", but you start with the person's first name -- for example, Dear Maria or Dear Stephen or whatever.And at the end of the letter you sign off "Yours sincerely" -- capital "Y", but small "s". So could you write that now at the end of the letter, leaving a line first?Now, we put "sincerely" if we know the name of the person that we are writing to. But if you don't know the name, the traditional ending is "Yours faithfully". Now, this is the custom in Britain, although it is true to say that not everyone keeps to it, and I think in America they use different endings -- for example, they may finish a letter with "Truly yours".OK, if you are writing to a friend, then it's usually something like "best wishes", or often "love" if it's a member of your family or a very close friend, but not so common between two friends who are men. After the ending, in this case "Yours sincerely", leave a line, and then put your signature directly underneath. If your name is Maria Lee, write M. Lee underneath "Yours sincerely" Then type your full name below your signature. So do that now -- write your signature at the end of the letter. And that's it.Questions:1. According to the speaker, what should be included in the sender's address in a formal letter in English?2. Which of the following is not an acceptable way to date an English letter?3. What does the speaker say about addressing the receiver in a formal letter if we don't know the person's name?4. What does the speaker say about the ways to end a letter?5. When is it not advisable to end a letter with the word "love"?。

hcio4的电离方程式

hcio4的电离方程式
今天，老师讲了一个好难的东西，叫做“hcio4的电离方程式”。

听起来好像很复杂，我有点不太明白。

老师说了一个“hcio4”是什么意思，原来是“高氯酸”！然后呢，还说它在水里可以分成两部分。

我在心里想：“啊，电离方程式是什么呀？”老师看我发愣，就笑了笑，拿起粉笔在黑板上写了一个方程式：“hcio4→h++hcio4-”。

哇，原来“hcio4”就是高氯酸，它分开了，变成了“h+”和“hcio4-”！好像拆开玩具一样，变成了两个小东西。

我拿起铅笔，啪一声，写下了这个方程式，心里咯噔咯噔地想：“嗯，这个不难，我明白了！”然后，我偷偷看了一眼小明，他正嘟着嘴，像是在想事情，好像没听懂呢。

不过，老师说这个电离方程式很重要，可能以后还会用到呢！我也要努力记住，别忘了。

好啦，我得赶紧去做作业啦，咕噜咕噜，笔在本子上转了转，开始写起来啦！
—— 1 —1 —。

冀教版七下英语（带翻译）UNIT4

四单元(19-24)19 a dinner date晚餐聚会Would you like to come over for dinner tomorrow? 明天你想要过来吃晚饭吗？I `m going to be the chess club after school 放学后我要去国际象棋俱乐部I have math class es on Fridays 星期五我要上数学课。

I `m not doing well in math classes this year . 今年我数学学的不好We are going to plant trees. 我们打算去植树We are both busy all week. 我们两个整个星期都很忙碌How about coming over for dinner this evening? 今晚过来吃晚饭怎么样？V ery old people can`t take care of themselves. 年事很高的人不能照顾自己。

They can get help there and meet new friends 在哪里她们可以得到帮助认识新朋友20 join our club加入我们的俱乐部Do you want to improve your thinking skills ? 你想提高你的思维技能吗？Do you want to make new friends ? 你想交新朋友吗？Chess challenges you and makes you think hard 国际象棋挑战你是你开动脑筋Y ou will learn and have fun at the same time. 你将在学习的同时玩的快乐Join us after school on Tuesdays and Tuesdays in Room 288.星期二和星期四放学后去288房间加入我们。

4P、4C、4R的含义与区别,比较实用,也比较全面

1、4P即产品（produc‎t）、价格（price）、促销（promot‎i on）、渠道（place）它的主导是以‎满足市场需求‎为目标。

2、4C即消费者‎(Consum‎e r)、成本(Cost)、便利(Conven‎i ence)和沟通(Commun‎i catio‎n) 它的主导是以‎追求顾客满意‎为目标。

3、4R即关联(Relati‎v ity)、反应(Reacti‎o n)、关系(Relati‎o n)和回报(Retrib‎u tion)它的主导是以‎建立顾客忠诚‎为目标。

之间的区别从‎字面上就可以‎理解了，所追求的达到‎的目标是不同‎的，但他们之间有‎一个逐渐发展‎的过程，这也是这些大‎师们从实践中‎总结出来的，不管是4P、4C还是4R‎，都是来自于实‎践，又反过来指导‎着企业的营销‎实践。

营销组合（Market‎i ng Mix）也称作4P模‎型，强调了产品、价格、销售渠道和促‎销手段这四个‎在销售产品中‎影响巨大的因‎素，公司制定产品‎营销战略时必‎须对它们加以‎考虑。

产品 (Produc‎t)我的产品与我‎现有其他产品‎的关系如何？以确定你的产‎品之间的协作‎区域，或发现在哪些‎方面对各项商‎业活动有约束‎。

∙我怎样让自己‎的产品更出众‎？个性化（Differ‎e ntiat‎i on）是个大题目，要做到这一点‎可以通过特点‎、适宜性、格调、可靠性、包装、服务及品牌命‎名等方面来体‎现。

∙产品生命周期‎对我的计划有‎什么影响？根据产品在产‎品生命周期（Produc‎tLife Cycle, PLC）中的不同位置‎，我们应采取不‎同的营销策略‎。

价格 (Price)∙成本定价（Cost Plus）：这是最简单的‎价格策略。

方法是在成本‎的基础上加上‎期望的利润。

∙消费者认同价‎值（Percei‎v ed Value to the Consum‎e r）：指按照为消费‎者提供的价值‎收费。

CTLA-4

CTLA-4细胞毒T淋巴细胞抗原4（CTLA-4）⼜名CD152，是由CTLA-4基因编码的⼀种跨膜蛋⽩质，表达于活化的CD4+和CD8+T细胞。

CTLA-4与其配体B7分⼦结合后产⽣抑制性信号，抑制T细胞激活，使肿瘤细胞免受T淋巴细胞攻击。

因此阻断CTLA-4的免疫效应可刺激免疫细胞⼤量增殖，从⽽诱导或增强抗肿瘤免疫反应。

CTLA-4的结构及功能CTLA-4基因定位于2号染⾊体长臂33带(2q33) ，主要表达于活化的T细胞表⾯，与T细胞表⾯的协同刺激分⼦受体（CD28）具有⾼度的同源性。

CTLA-4和CD28均为免疫球蛋⽩超家族成员，⼆者与相同的配体CD86(B7-2)和CD80(B7-1)结合。

与CD28的功能相反，CTLA-4与B7分⼦结合后抑制T细胞活化。

CTLA-4的作⽤机制尚未完全阐明，认为有以下⼏⽅⾯的可能：①通过其胞外域起竞争配体作⽤：CTLA4与B7分⼦具有⾼度的亲合⼒，与CD28竞争结合抗原提呈细胞（APC）上的B7家族分⼦，阻断CD28与B7的信号传导通路，防⽌CD28分⼦促进T细胞激活(图1)。

②抑制IL-2的产⽣实现负性调节作⽤。

③抑制T细胞从G期进⼊S期，从⽽抑制T细胞的增殖、活化。

④CTLA-4通过与PP2A及SHP2相互作⽤⼲扰TCR信号，同时CTLA-4与PI3K结合，导致AKT磷酸化，引起促凋亡因⼦BAD失活，并上调抗凋亡因⼦Bcl-xL和Bcl-2，在免疫耐受中扮演关键性的⾓⾊。

基于以上理论，CTLA-4为许多疾病包括肿瘤的免疫治疗提供了新的⽅法。

因此发展抗CTLA-4抗体⽤于肿瘤的免疫治疗，是⽬前肿瘤靶向免疫治疗的热点。

CTLA-4单克隆抗体临床前数个⼩⿏动物模型显⽰阻断CTLA-4后肿瘤的控制率提⾼。

由此研发了抗CTLA-4 单克隆抗体。

CTLA-4抗体产⽣的抗肿瘤作⽤包括两种机制：①⼲扰肿瘤特异性效应细胞如CD8细胞，导致其克隆扩增。

②去除肿瘤诱导的调节性T细胞（Treg），Treg细胞可抑制肿瘤相关抗原的免疫反应。

大学英语综合教程2 的课后练习答案unit4

Unit 4
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Passage A
Passage B
Passage A
• Think About It
• Read About It
• Talk About It
• Write About It
1. What kind of people are in favor of carrying on with the cloning science?
Reference:
Most governments prohibit cloning mainly because it is against nature and causes ethical problems. Besides, the failure rate of cloning is very high.
miracle n. — an unusual and mysterious event that cannot be explained by the laws of nature Examples
• The Great Wall is a miracle of architecture.
• A car ran over the child, but by a miracle, he was unhurt.
But only when the science is ready. And that’s the real problem. Five years on from Dolly, the science of cloning is still stuck in the dark ages. The failure rate is a shocking 97 percent and deformed babies all too common. Even when cloning works, nobody understands why. So forget the complex moral arguments. To begin cloning people now, before even the most basic questions have been answered, is simply a waste of time and energy. This is not to say that Antinori will fail, only that if he succeeds it is likely to be at an unacceptably high price. Hundreds of eggs and embryos will be wasted and lots of women will go through difficult pregnancies resulting in miscarriages or abortions. A few years from now techniques will have improved and the wasteful loss won’t be as excessive. But right now there seems to be little anyone can do to keep the cloners at bay.

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