国外青少儿运动训练方法
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国外青少儿运动训练方法
任占兵 博士 广州体育学院
主要内容
➢ 青少儿动作发展及对运动训练的启示 ➢ 动作学习阶段概述 ➢ 经典运动训练方法概述 ➢ 基于金泰尔动作技能分类法对运动训练方法的启示
阶段
动作发展之“山”
(Clark & Metcalfe, 2002)
熟练时期 (11 岁后） 专门环境期 (7-11岁) 基本技能期 (1岁-7岁) 预先适应期 (2周-1岁)
Stage 1
Total Body Approach
Jumping ~ Horizontal
Arms move in an anterior-posterior direction during the preparatory phase Arms move sideward during the in-flight phase Knees and hips flex and ex tend more fully Angle of takeoff is above 450 The landing is made with the center of gravity above base of support Thighs are perpendicular to the surface rather than parallel
Stage 3
Running
Arms are no longer used for balance Arms are carried below waist level and may flex Foot contact is heel-toe Stride length increases Both feet move along a midsaggital line Swing-leg flexion may be as great at 900
反射期 (出生-2周) 胚胎期 (出生前9个月 – 出生)
熟练障碍
3
动作发展的山脉
熟练的动作者
其他熟练的动作技能
补偿(像：年龄和受伤)
发展的熟练性
动作技能的基础 5
普通的动作模式-踢
➢ 早期的模式 ➢ 固定位置 ➢ 踢球腿的后摆 ➢ 不能有效的移动并做出踢
的动作
6
后继的模式-踢
➢ 熟练的运动 ➢ 有防守者 ➢ 能够跑过去踢并能控制物
10
Biblioteka Baidu
对教师和教练的启示
➢ 对于技能的多样性必须有一定的计划 ➢ 例如：在孩子可以仅用双手够到物体前，是不可能成功地
参与很多竞技运动的 ➢ 如果一个孩子还不能踢一个滚动着的球，他们很难参与足
球比赛。
11
接球-第一阶段（CATCHING – STAGE 1）
接球第二阶段CATCHING – STAGE 2
Age at which 60% of boys and girls are able to perform at a specific level
Jumping ~ Standing Long Jump
Vertical component of force may be greater than horizontal Jump is upward rather than forward Arms move backward, acting as brakes to stop the momentum of the trunk Legs extend in front of the center of mass.
12
Stage 1
Running
Arms are extended sideward at shoulder height Stride is short and of shoulder width Surface contact is made with the entire foot, striking simultaneously Little knee flexion Feet remain near surface
Stage 2
Jumping ~ Horizontal
Arms swing backward and then forward during preparatory phase Knees and hips flex fully prior to takeoff Arms extend and move forward during takeoff Knee extension may be complete Takeoff angle is > 450 Upon landing, thigh is less than parallel to the surface Center of gravity is near the base of support
Stage 2
Running
Arms are carried waist high Stride is long Surface contact is made with entire foot, striking simultaneously Greater knee flexion Swing leg is flexed Movement of legs becomes anterior-posterior
Stage 4
Running
Foot contact is heel-toe (except in sprinting) Arm action is in opposition to leg action Knee flexion is used to maintain momentum during support phase Swing leg may contact buttocks during recovery
体（控球）
7
早期的模型-挥击
➢ 面对（物体） ➢ 用力砍向球 ➢ 一只手或双手
8
可变但仍一致
➢ 无论女孩还是男孩，在不同的时期和不同的个体都存在一般 性(共性)的发展模式
➢ 被大量的因素影响 ➢ 在某一个特定年龄可能有较大的变化 ➢ 有些技能（如，连续垫跳步）在较短的时间内发展的较快 ➢ 而其他的（像双脚跳jump）需要花费较长的时间
任占兵 博士 广州体育学院
主要内容
➢ 青少儿动作发展及对运动训练的启示 ➢ 动作学习阶段概述 ➢ 经典运动训练方法概述 ➢ 基于金泰尔动作技能分类法对运动训练方法的启示
阶段
动作发展之“山”
(Clark & Metcalfe, 2002)
熟练时期 (11 岁后） 专门环境期 (7-11岁) 基本技能期 (1岁-7岁) 预先适应期 (2周-1岁)
Stage 1
Total Body Approach
Jumping ~ Horizontal
Arms move in an anterior-posterior direction during the preparatory phase Arms move sideward during the in-flight phase Knees and hips flex and ex tend more fully Angle of takeoff is above 450 The landing is made with the center of gravity above base of support Thighs are perpendicular to the surface rather than parallel
Stage 3
Running
Arms are no longer used for balance Arms are carried below waist level and may flex Foot contact is heel-toe Stride length increases Both feet move along a midsaggital line Swing-leg flexion may be as great at 900
反射期 (出生-2周) 胚胎期 (出生前9个月 – 出生)
熟练障碍
3
动作发展的山脉
熟练的动作者
其他熟练的动作技能
补偿(像：年龄和受伤)
发展的熟练性
动作技能的基础 5
普通的动作模式-踢
➢ 早期的模式 ➢ 固定位置 ➢ 踢球腿的后摆 ➢ 不能有效的移动并做出踢
的动作
6
后继的模式-踢
➢ 熟练的运动 ➢ 有防守者 ➢ 能够跑过去踢并能控制物
10
Biblioteka Baidu
对教师和教练的启示
➢ 对于技能的多样性必须有一定的计划 ➢ 例如：在孩子可以仅用双手够到物体前，是不可能成功地
参与很多竞技运动的 ➢ 如果一个孩子还不能踢一个滚动着的球，他们很难参与足
球比赛。
11
接球-第一阶段（CATCHING – STAGE 1）
接球第二阶段CATCHING – STAGE 2
Age at which 60% of boys and girls are able to perform at a specific level
Jumping ~ Standing Long Jump
Vertical component of force may be greater than horizontal Jump is upward rather than forward Arms move backward, acting as brakes to stop the momentum of the trunk Legs extend in front of the center of mass.
12
Stage 1
Running
Arms are extended sideward at shoulder height Stride is short and of shoulder width Surface contact is made with the entire foot, striking simultaneously Little knee flexion Feet remain near surface
Stage 2
Jumping ~ Horizontal
Arms swing backward and then forward during preparatory phase Knees and hips flex fully prior to takeoff Arms extend and move forward during takeoff Knee extension may be complete Takeoff angle is > 450 Upon landing, thigh is less than parallel to the surface Center of gravity is near the base of support
Stage 2
Running
Arms are carried waist high Stride is long Surface contact is made with entire foot, striking simultaneously Greater knee flexion Swing leg is flexed Movement of legs becomes anterior-posterior
Stage 4
Running
Foot contact is heel-toe (except in sprinting) Arm action is in opposition to leg action Knee flexion is used to maintain momentum during support phase Swing leg may contact buttocks during recovery
体（控球）
7
早期的模型-挥击
➢ 面对（物体） ➢ 用力砍向球 ➢ 一只手或双手
8
可变但仍一致
➢ 无论女孩还是男孩，在不同的时期和不同的个体都存在一般 性(共性)的发展模式
➢ 被大量的因素影响 ➢ 在某一个特定年龄可能有较大的变化 ➢ 有些技能（如，连续垫跳步）在较短的时间内发展的较快 ➢ 而其他的（像双脚跳jump）需要花费较长的时间