空间分析英文版chapter3
相关主题
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
3rd edition www.spatபைடு நூலகம்alanalysisonline.com 13
PPDAC – Analysis Phase
Types of model Mathematical/Statistical models Cartographic modeling Flow models Micro-scale modeling... etc
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 11
PPDAC – Data phase
Changing context
Spatial Data Infrastructures Geoportals Metadata New data capture tools Changes in data visualisation & usage Interdisciplinary nature of geospatial analysis
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
12
PPDAC – Analysis Phase
Simplicity and parsimony Exploratory analysis & visualisation Interpretation of spatial patterns Construction of hypotheses Build-test-criticise ‘model’ cycle Developing preliminary conclusions Match to expectations?
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 2
Analytical methodologies
Mitchell (2005) Draper et al (2005)
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
3
Analytical methodologies - PPDAC
Chapter 3
Methodological context
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
Spatial analysis as a process
Problem formulation Data gathering Exploratory analysis Hypothesis formulation Modelling and testing Consultation and review Reporting and implementation
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 10
PPDAC – Data phase
Data quality & GIS tools - examples
Boundary definition and density computation Missing data handling and masking Classification Data transformation Breakline handling Error mapping Simulation
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
14
PPDAC – Analysis Phase
Simple dynamic cartographic model
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
15
PPDAC – Analysis Phase
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 8
PPDAC – Plan phase – cont.
Specifications and standards Data components required Data sourcing and augmenting Sampling, populations and inference Adopting multiple approaches Seeking robustness Testing/simulating the process flow Handling exceptions & rare events Re-examining the problem specification
After Mackay & Oldford (2002)
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
4
PPDAC
Views spatial analysis in a broader context Model is highly iterative Analysis is just part of the process Considers the process flow in reverse Spatial is special – extending the PPDAC methodology …
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
5
PPDAC
Extended PPDAC for spatial analysis
Spatial focus – spatial relationships and spatial dependence Spatio-temporal focus Failure to meet classical statistical criteria Pattern and process relationship Spatial data sourcing and quality
Sample risk assessment model output
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
16
PPDAC – Conclusion Phase
Expectations on delivery met? Simplicity again Clear/high quality visualisation Identify and report strengths, weaknesses and possible sources of error Recommendations Future actions
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 17
PPDAC – Final comments
Work through and specify each model step before commencing – test out ideas Identify risk areas and revisit PPDAC elements as required Confirm overall programme and deliverables with ‘client’ Manage risks and changes
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 18
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
6
PPDAC – Problem phase
Problem definition
Clear definition of problem/project and (client) expectations is paramount
ecological fallacy, atomistic fallacy
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 7
PPDAC – Plan phase
Nature of project Costing requirements Decision-support requirements Public participation issues Operational requirements Timing and critical dates Funding and resourcing Feasibility and risk analysis Client expectations
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 9
PPDAC – Data phase
Data quality & sourcing issues
Quality Cost Licensing Availability Completeness & consistency Timeliness Detail/resolution Intangible/qualitative data
Desk research as part of initial process Identification of specific spatial issues:
spatial (and statistical) scale factors spatial arrangement factors data availability and quality spatial grouping issues
PPDAC – Analysis Phase
Types of model Mathematical/Statistical models Cartographic modeling Flow models Micro-scale modeling... etc
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 11
PPDAC – Data phase
Changing context
Spatial Data Infrastructures Geoportals Metadata New data capture tools Changes in data visualisation & usage Interdisciplinary nature of geospatial analysis
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
12
PPDAC – Analysis Phase
Simplicity and parsimony Exploratory analysis & visualisation Interpretation of spatial patterns Construction of hypotheses Build-test-criticise ‘model’ cycle Developing preliminary conclusions Match to expectations?
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 2
Analytical methodologies
Mitchell (2005) Draper et al (2005)
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
3
Analytical methodologies - PPDAC
Chapter 3
Methodological context
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
Spatial analysis as a process
Problem formulation Data gathering Exploratory analysis Hypothesis formulation Modelling and testing Consultation and review Reporting and implementation
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 10
PPDAC – Data phase
Data quality & GIS tools - examples
Boundary definition and density computation Missing data handling and masking Classification Data transformation Breakline handling Error mapping Simulation
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
14
PPDAC – Analysis Phase
Simple dynamic cartographic model
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
15
PPDAC – Analysis Phase
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 8
PPDAC – Plan phase – cont.
Specifications and standards Data components required Data sourcing and augmenting Sampling, populations and inference Adopting multiple approaches Seeking robustness Testing/simulating the process flow Handling exceptions & rare events Re-examining the problem specification
After Mackay & Oldford (2002)
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
4
PPDAC
Views spatial analysis in a broader context Model is highly iterative Analysis is just part of the process Considers the process flow in reverse Spatial is special – extending the PPDAC methodology …
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
5
PPDAC
Extended PPDAC for spatial analysis
Spatial focus – spatial relationships and spatial dependence Spatio-temporal focus Failure to meet classical statistical criteria Pattern and process relationship Spatial data sourcing and quality
Sample risk assessment model output
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
16
PPDAC – Conclusion Phase
Expectations on delivery met? Simplicity again Clear/high quality visualisation Identify and report strengths, weaknesses and possible sources of error Recommendations Future actions
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 17
PPDAC – Final comments
Work through and specify each model step before commencing – test out ideas Identify risk areas and revisit PPDAC elements as required Confirm overall programme and deliverables with ‘client’ Manage risks and changes
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 18
3rd edition
www.spatialanalysisonline.com
6
PPDAC – Problem phase
Problem definition
Clear definition of problem/project and (client) expectations is paramount
ecological fallacy, atomistic fallacy
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 7
PPDAC – Plan phase
Nature of project Costing requirements Decision-support requirements Public participation issues Operational requirements Timing and critical dates Funding and resourcing Feasibility and risk analysis Client expectations
3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 9
PPDAC – Data phase
Data quality & sourcing issues
Quality Cost Licensing Availability Completeness & consistency Timeliness Detail/resolution Intangible/qualitative data
Desk research as part of initial process Identification of specific spatial issues:
spatial (and statistical) scale factors spatial arrangement factors data availability and quality spatial grouping issues