法律英语 第七课 刑法
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Criminal law法律英语刑法 PPT课件
- Extreme thoughtless of murder极端轻率谋杀罪
- Felony – murder重罪—谋杀罪
Manslaughter
- Voluntary manslaughter自 愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀 人 （比如激情犯罪crime of passion）
- involuntary homicide过失 杀人
Step 16 :Sentencing (three different types may be used)
Step 17 :Appeals
American criminal law classification
美国刑法种类
• 1.Criminal ACTS endangering degree（犯罪行为危害程度）： felony（重罪），misdemeanor(轻罪）
Step 1 :The Reported Crime (or “known offense”)
Step 2 :Prearrest Investigation (include three basic groups)
Step 3 :Arrest
Step 4 :Booking Step 5 : Post-Arrest Investigation (will vary with the fact situation)
My lecture topics ：
Death penalty sentencing plot
（死刑的量刑情节）
Basic situation
• American criminal law no specific reflect about the death penalty sentencing system, but the scope of the basic limit first-degree murder just executed, considering the consequences of a murder. Other must try to give every opportunity decreases victimised suspects miscalculation.
- Felony – murder重罪—谋杀罪
Manslaughter
- Voluntary manslaughter自 愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀 人 （比如激情犯罪crime of passion）
- involuntary homicide过失 杀人
Step 16 :Sentencing (three different types may be used)
Step 17 :Appeals
American criminal law classification
美国刑法种类
• 1.Criminal ACTS endangering degree（犯罪行为危害程度）： felony（重罪），misdemeanor(轻罪）
Step 1 :The Reported Crime (or “known offense”)
Step 2 :Prearrest Investigation (include three basic groups)
Step 3 :Arrest
Step 4 :Booking Step 5 : Post-Arrest Investigation (will vary with the fact situation)
My lecture topics ：
Death penalty sentencing plot
（死刑的量刑情节）
Basic situation
• American criminal law no specific reflect about the death penalty sentencing system, but the scope of the basic limit first-degree murder just executed, considering the consequences of a murder. Other must try to give every opportunity decreases victimised suspects miscalculation.
英美刑法课件
分类 特殊辩护事由，即某一个或某几个具体犯罪中的阻 却理由，这类事由不具有普遍适用于各罪的效力， 只具有个别意义。 一般辩护事由
二、一般辩护事由
主要有未成年（infancy） 精神错乱（mental disorder）错误 （mistake）醉态（intoxication）被害人承诺（consent by Victim）上级命令（order by high authorities） 胁迫 （duress）紧急避险（necessity） 正当防卫（ justifiable defense） 警察圈套（ entrapment ）其他一般辩护事由 美国将其分为两类： 辩解（excuse）：infancy、insanity、mistake、intoxication 、 duress、 order by high authorities、 consent by Victim 正当理由（justification）：necessity、 justifiable defense
Tips: The requirements for being patrial included birth in the United Kingdom, having a CUKC holding parent, married to a patrial male and legal resident in the United Kingdom for more than 5 years. Those with patrial status had a right of abode in the United Kingdom and those who were non-patrial did not. In 1981, the British government enacted the British Nationality Act to reflect the patrial notion. The act was approved by the Parliament in October 1981 and came into effect in January 1983. This law divided CUKC holders into three categories: British Citizens (BC), British Dependent Territory Citizens (BDTC), and British Overseas Citizens (BOC).
第七章刑法
犯 罪 中 必 受 损 害
犯 罪 中 未 必 受 损 害
不 决能 定决 犯定 罪犯 性罪 质性
质
案例分析
被告本人案赵的某犯伙罪同对李象某是，电自动19机85，年犯以罪来客先体后是从我正国在 使刑用法的所生 保产 护队的水犯房罪、行仓为库所、侵农害机的修社理会站主等义处社窃会得关 各系种。型本号 案之的所电以动盗机窃12同台类，对卖象给而乡判镇处企不业同和罪个体名户，。 案关发键后在， 于当 本地 案法 中院的对具赵体、对李象两体犯现以的盗社窃 会罪 主、 义破 社坏 会 集关体系生不产 同罪 ，实 即行 犯数罪罪行并为罚侵。犯张的犯客以体“不偷 同的 。全 因是 此电 构 动成机的，犯法 罪院 也判 就决 不数同罪。并盗罚窃不正当使”用为中由的提水出 房上 的诉 电。 动 二机，审侵法害院审的理客后体，是维社持会原主判义，集驳体回生上产诉的。正常活动， 构成破坏集体生产罪；盗窃仓库和农机修理站的 问电：动本机案 ，中 侵的 犯犯 的罪客对体象是是集什体么财？产为的什所么 有盗 权窃 ，同 所类 构 对成象的判是处 盗不 窃同 罪的 ，罪所名以，应试数用罪犯并罪罚客。体理论说明。
Chapter Seven Criminal Law
第七章 刑 法
刑法的概念
刑法是关于犯罪、刑事 责任和刑罚的法律规范 总称。它是国家的基本 法律。
1979年7月1日通过，1980 年1月1日生效。 1997年3 月14日修订并公布，1997 年10月1日生效。
之后又陆续颁布了7个刑 法修正案。
分析：本案中，行为人贾某生于1985年1月 13日，其行为时为1998年1月20日，行为时 贾某才满13岁，属于完全不负刑事责任年 龄阶段。因此，贾某故意杀人的行为不负 刑事责任。因不满16岁不予刑事处罚的， 责令他的家长或者监护人加以管教；在必 要的时候，也可以由政府收容教养。
法律英语(刑法)ppt
LOGO
Euthanasia
――曹美英 李珊珊 孔阳 刘荟 刘婷 吴永ontent
Ⅰ. What is Euthanasia Ⅱ. The Situation Ⅲ. Euthanasia and Criminal Law
Ⅳ. The Types of Euthanasia Ⅴ. Issues of Euthanasia
LOGO
Ⅱ. The Situation
LOGO
Netherlands
The Netherlands is the first country in the world where euthanasia is legal. Some twenty years ago, people in the Netherlands, well-intentioned physicians among them, began a process that has made physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia common practice there today. In the Netherlands, in April 2001, a law was passed that allows physicians to perform euthanasia but only when the patient has expressed explicitly the desire to die in order to prevent or end unacceptable suffer. Additionally, the physician must also agree with the patient that he suffers unacceptably and can only co-operate when he or she has consulted two colleagues who agree that euthanasia is acceptable in the given case and under the given circumstances. Given all these conditions, the physician needs the substances with which he can help the patient.
Euthanasia
――曹美英 李珊珊 孔阳 刘荟 刘婷 吴永ontent
Ⅰ. What is Euthanasia Ⅱ. The Situation Ⅲ. Euthanasia and Criminal Law
Ⅳ. The Types of Euthanasia Ⅴ. Issues of Euthanasia
LOGO
Ⅱ. The Situation
LOGO
Netherlands
The Netherlands is the first country in the world where euthanasia is legal. Some twenty years ago, people in the Netherlands, well-intentioned physicians among them, began a process that has made physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia common practice there today. In the Netherlands, in April 2001, a law was passed that allows physicians to perform euthanasia but only when the patient has expressed explicitly the desire to die in order to prevent or end unacceptable suffer. Additionally, the physician must also agree with the patient that he suffers unacceptably and can only co-operate when he or she has consulted two colleagues who agree that euthanasia is acceptable in the given case and under the given circumstances. Given all these conditions, the physician needs the substances with which he can help the patient.
法律英语第七课 Criminal Law_OK
• 手枪意外走火，杀死被抢劫的受害者、旁观者 或警察
• A dangerous crime as robbery satisfies the requirem ent of malice
• 抢劫这样的危险犯罪构成恶意的条件
2021/6/28
18
Co-felons guilty of murder 重罪共犯谋杀
Malice
A deliberate intention to take a way the life of a fellow creature 故意剥夺他人生命
No considerable provocation
没有出现相当程度的挑衅
An abandoned and malignant hea
2021/6/28
2021/6/28
9
Excusable homicide
• A person accidentally and without gross negligence causes the death of another individual.
没有严重过失
2021/6/28
10
Criminal homicide——有罪杀人
2021/6/28
31
• In such paramour killing cases the conviction rate is quite low. • 在杀死情敌的案例中，定罪率很低 • Concocted explanation of self-defense • 编造的有关自卫的解释 • Acquit根据“不成文法”作出的无罪判决
巨大挑衅
激情之下
故意杀人 2021/6/28
27
Voluntary manslaughter
• A dangerous crime as robbery satisfies the requirem ent of malice
• 抢劫这样的危险犯罪构成恶意的条件
2021/6/28
18
Co-felons guilty of murder 重罪共犯谋杀
Malice
A deliberate intention to take a way the life of a fellow creature 故意剥夺他人生命
No considerable provocation
没有出现相当程度的挑衅
An abandoned and malignant hea
2021/6/28
2021/6/28
9
Excusable homicide
• A person accidentally and without gross negligence causes the death of another individual.
没有严重过失
2021/6/28
10
Criminal homicide——有罪杀人
2021/6/28
31
• In such paramour killing cases the conviction rate is quite low. • 在杀死情敌的案例中，定罪率很低 • Concocted explanation of self-defense • 编造的有关自卫的解释 • Acquit根据“不成文法”作出的无罪判决
巨大挑衅
激情之下
故意杀人 2021/6/28
27
Voluntary manslaughter
7-criminal law
21
2020/2/5
Death penalty 死刑
• 在一些废除了死刑的州，考虑到 只要有杀人的结果，对抢劫的处 罚就应该重得多，因此，立法机 关规定，对杀人抢劫的处罚比无 致命抢劫的处罚多15年以上。
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2020/2/5
(b) Degrees of murder 恶意杀人罪的等级
• Varying penalties for murder
• 在抢劫犯罪或试图逃跑的过程中，一个 强盗的同伙故意杀死人，那么该强盗也 属于有恶意。
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2020/2/5
每个参与者都有恶意
The dangerousness of the robbery itself
Act as an agent for the others in accomplishing their objective
• /
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2020/2/5
• Killing during the course of a felony such as robbery.
• 在抢劫这样的重罪过程中杀人
• Gun goes off accidentally killing the robbery victim, or a bystander, or a police officer.
voluntary involuntary
Prison term: 1-14 years
26
2020/2/5
(a) Voluntary manslaughter 自愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀人
• An intentional killing upon “great provocation” and in the heat of “passion ”
法律英语法律出版社 各课课件第七课
commission of a forcible felony • 警察预防暴力性重罪 • To prevent a dangerous felon escaping • 防止危险的重罪犯逃跑
9
2020/8/12
Excusable homicide
• A person accidentally and without gross negligence causes the death of another individual.
2
2020/8/12
Background
• Model Penal Code
• Model Penal Code was created by a group of law professors, judges, and lawyers to offer a comprehensive revision of the criminal law. The Model Penal Code is not law and has no binding effect. It has, however, been the model for many state criminal codes and has been very influential on state and local legislators.
13
2020/8/12
1. Murder
• Killing a human being with “malice” 恶意、预谋杀人
California Penal Code
SECTION 187-199 ：Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being, or a fetus, with malice aforethought.
9
2020/8/12
Excusable homicide
• A person accidentally and without gross negligence causes the death of another individual.
2
2020/8/12
Background
• Model Penal Code
• Model Penal Code was created by a group of law professors, judges, and lawyers to offer a comprehensive revision of the criminal law. The Model Penal Code is not law and has no binding effect. It has, however, been the model for many state criminal codes and has been very influential on state and local legislators.
13
2020/8/12
1. Murder
• Killing a human being with “malice” 恶意、预谋杀人
California Penal Code
SECTION 187-199 ：Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being, or a fetus, with malice aforethought.
何家弘 法律英语 翻译 第七课 刑法
第七课刑法课文：杀人罪杀人（homicide）就是一个人杀掉另一个人。
但并非所有的杀人都是犯罪。
比如一个人在自卫当中杀掉另外一个人就不是犯罪，而是正当的杀人。
在警察为了制止暴力性重罪，如抢劫或入室盗窃，杀人是一种合理而必需的制止措施的时候，或者警察为了防止危险的重罪犯逃跑而将其杀死，都是正当的。
而且某些杀人行为也是可以宽恕的，如一个人在意外而且没有重大疏忽的情况下导致他人的死亡。
杀人如果没有法定的正当性或原因就构成有罪杀人。
它根据具体情况不同构成谋杀罪或过失杀人罪。
在我国早些时候以及在那时以前的英格兰，谋杀和过失杀人犯罪的要件是由法院裁决规定的。
这些裁决被认为是“普通法”。
后来，大多数州的谋杀和非预谋杀人都由立法以单行法规形式或者作为刑法典的某个条文进行了重新定义。
第一部分谋杀根据普通法，谋杀是有“预谋”的杀人，而且在当今的一些立法和法典中也有这种“预谋”的要求。
比如，《加利福尼亚刑法典》就保留了这一点。
与普通法一样，该法典规定：“……预谋可以是明示的也可以是默示的。
在明显故意夺取他人生命的情况下，就是明示的。
而在没有故意挑衅或者在该杀人行为的有关情况表明了一颗冷酷邪恶之心的情况下，就是暗示的。
”一个人故意将他人推下悬崖就是明显表明具有明示的预谋的一个例子。
暗示的预谋的一个例子是一个人仅仅为了吓唬一列正在行进中的列车上的乘客或者为了展示它能够将子弹正好打过两节车厢之间而不会击中任何人而开枪的情况。
至于那些可以合理地归入这种行为范畴的杀人，该行为的危险性就是“预谋”的证明。
对于加利福尼亚法院或陪审团来说，它表明了“一颗冷酷邪恶之心”。
谋杀罪在一些州当中可判处死刑，在另一些州仅判处终身监禁或若干年徒刑。
（a）重罪中的谋杀预谋要件得以满足的另一个例子是在诸如抢劫之类的重罪中杀人。
即使抢劫者的枪走火致使抢劫受害人或旁观者或警察死亡，其实施诸如抢劫之类的危险犯罪的行为就满足了预谋的要求，因此这种杀人可按谋杀罪惩处。
法律英语lesson7criminallaw教材教学课件
Elements of criminal composition
Actus Reus
Mens Rea
Causation
Harm
The physical element of a crime, which refers to the voluntary act or omission that constitutes the criminal behavior.
• Incomplete crime and completed crime: Incomplete crime includes attempted crime, discontinued crime, and joint crime; completed crime refers to a crime that has been completed.
Motive and purpose
The motive refers to the inner reason that prompts the actor to commit the crime; the purpose refers to the actor's hope to achieve the result through the crime.
refer to the actual harm caused by the actor's criminal act to the protected social relationship.
Causal relationship
refers to the causal relationship between the actor's criminal act and the harmful consequences.
法律英语 第七课 刑法
Lesson Seven
Criminal Law
1
Laws are generally found to be nets of such a texture, as the little creep through, the great break through, and the middle-sized are alone entangled in .
crime concerning securities/VAT invoices
crime of auditors providing falsified certification crime of homicide
6
Words
criminal case criminal group criminal procedure at first instance criminal procedure at second instance
8
▪ CLICK TO ADD TEXT
9
Background
▪ Model Penal Code ▪ Model Penal Code was created by a group of law
professors, judges, and lawyers to offer a comprehensive revision of the criminal law. The Model Penal Code is not law and has no binding effect. It has, however, been the model for many state criminal codes and has been very influential on state and local legislators. ▪ /model-penalcode.htm
Criminal Law
1
Laws are generally found to be nets of such a texture, as the little creep through, the great break through, and the middle-sized are alone entangled in .
crime concerning securities/VAT invoices
crime of auditors providing falsified certification crime of homicide
6
Words
criminal case criminal group criminal procedure at first instance criminal procedure at second instance
8
▪ CLICK TO ADD TEXT
9
Background
▪ Model Penal Code ▪ Model Penal Code was created by a group of law
professors, judges, and lawyers to offer a comprehensive revision of the criminal law. The Model Penal Code is not law and has no binding effect. It has, however, been the model for many state criminal codes and has been very influential on state and local legislators. ▪ /model-penalcode.htm
高教指定教材《法律英语》译文
高教指定教材《法律英语》译文第一部分特点与特点美国既是一个专门新的国家也是一个专门老的国家。
与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家。
同时，它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而连续更新，在此意义上，它也是新国家。
然而在其它的意义上它是老国家。
它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家。
它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的连续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践。
美国的年轻（性）有一个专门有意思的特点确实是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。
因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实能够专门有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国如此全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传奇中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。
而且其记录不仅全面，还专门浩繁。
不仅包括那个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦（nation）之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。
因此，据一个专门简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。
我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性。
但假如横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调，我们就有理由说这确实是其主调。
当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题，我们就有理由从中得出能够被称为国民特定的确定结论。
第二部分一般法和衡平法同英国一样，美国法律制度从方法论上来说要紧是一种判例法制度。
许多私法领域仍旧要紧是由判例法构成，广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的（说明制定法的）判例法。
因此，判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧关于明白得美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的。
从历史的角度来看，一般法确实是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的一般的一样法——优于地点法。
采纳或执行某项诉讼要求是以存在法院令状这种专门形式的诉为前提的，而这就使最初的一般法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”所构成的体系。
法律英语刑法
Intention
• The core meaning of intention is that a person intends a result when he wants or desires it to happen. It is irrelevant whether the result was likely or unlikely to occur.
Carers
• Carers are expected to act as reasonable people. This means that they must follow medical advice. Therefore a carer who does not give the patient the drugs prescribed by the doctor will infringe his duty.
Negligence
• Negligence is concerned with an objective standard of behaviour and often involves a failure to think rather than a state of mind. Negligence is rarely found as a componet of serious criminal offence; manslaughter is an exception and here the negligence required is "gross".
• Circumstances attached to the conduct
• Omission
• There are four particular circumstances in which the duty will arise: 1. Statutory duties 2. Contractual duties 3. Assumption of responsibility 4. Creation of danger
法律英语
第七课
1.a writ of execution
2.judgement creditor
3。garnishment
4.judgement debtor判决债务人
5.dispose of 处理
6.attachment财产保全
7.exempt from使。。。免受
8.set aside保全程序
20.federal question（jurisdiction）联邦问题（管辖权）
21.the us courts of appeals美国法院的上诉
22.the court of appeals for the district上诉法庭区
23.the court of appeals for the federal circuit联邦巡回上诉法院
erning law适用法律，准据法
23.the operation of the judicial process
司法过程的运行
lesson two
1.choice of law 法律的选择
2.multi—state transactions跨洲交易、事项
3.substantive rights实体权利
13.summons 传票
14.affirmative defense 积极抗辩
15.counter—claim 反诉
16.on one’s part就某人而言，在某人一方
17.give notice to 通知
18.under penalty of 违者以。。。惩治
19. in essence 实质上
4.choice of forum选择法院
1.a writ of execution
2.judgement creditor
3。garnishment
4.judgement debtor判决债务人
5.dispose of 处理
6.attachment财产保全
7.exempt from使。。。免受
8.set aside保全程序
20.federal question（jurisdiction）联邦问题（管辖权）
21.the us courts of appeals美国法院的上诉
22.the court of appeals for the district上诉法庭区
23.the court of appeals for the federal circuit联邦巡回上诉法院
erning law适用法律，准据法
23.the operation of the judicial process
司法过程的运行
lesson two
1.choice of law 法律的选择
2.multi—state transactions跨洲交易、事项
3.substantive rights实体权利
13.summons 传票
14.affirmative defense 积极抗辩
15.counter—claim 反诉
16.on one’s part就某人而言，在某人一方
17.give notice to 通知
18.under penalty of 违者以。。。惩治
19. in essence 实质上
4.choice of forum选择法院
法律英语第七课 Criminal Law
• /
17
2020/12/11
• Killing during the course of a felony such as robbery.
• 在抢劫这样的重罪过程中杀人
• Gun goes off accidentally killing the robbery victim, or a bystander, or a police officer.
• A killing amounts to a criminal homicide when it done without lawful justification or excuse.
murder
恶意杀人 谋杀
manslaughter
11
非恶意杀人 非预谋杀人
2020/12/11
The elements of the crimes of murder
Capital punishment
DEATH PENALTY
4
2020/12/11
5
2020/12/11
6
2020/12/11
Insanity defense 精神不正常辩护
Ronald Reagan
John Hinc7kley
2020/12/11
TEXT Homicide
• Not all homicides are criminal. • Justifiable homicide
Express malice vs. Implied malice
Push another off the side of a mountain
Fire a rifle at a moving passenger train
17
2020/12/11
• Killing during the course of a felony such as robbery.
• 在抢劫这样的重罪过程中杀人
• Gun goes off accidentally killing the robbery victim, or a bystander, or a police officer.
• A killing amounts to a criminal homicide when it done without lawful justification or excuse.
murder
恶意杀人 谋杀
manslaughter
11
非恶意杀人 非预谋杀人
2020/12/11
The elements of the crimes of murder
Capital punishment
DEATH PENALTY
4
2020/12/11
5
2020/12/11
6
2020/12/11
Insanity defense 精神不正常辩护
Ronald Reagan
John Hinc7kley
2020/12/11
TEXT Homicide
• Not all homicides are criminal. • Justifiable homicide
Express malice vs. Implied malice
Push another off the side of a mountain
Fire a rifle at a moving passenger train
何家弘法律英语第七课译文
Text 杀人罪杀人是指一个人为另一个人所杀的行为。
然而，并非所有的杀人行为都构成犯罪。
例如，一个人为了自卫而杀了另一个人就不构成犯罪；这是正当杀人。
同样的，如果一个警察为了阻止一项暴力性重罪发生，比如抢劫或入室盗窃；或者这位警察是为了阻止一个危险的重罪犯逃跑而杀人，并且杀人行为是合理且必要的预防措施，那么也不构成犯罪。
因此，有些可宽恕的杀人行为也不构成犯罪，例如，当一个人偶然地，并且不存在严重过失的情况下导致一个人死亡。
当杀人行为不存在法定的正当理由或辩解时就构成了一种有罪杀人。
根据特定的情形，它可能构成谋杀或非预谋杀人。
在我们国家的早期，以及在那时以前的英格兰，谋杀和非预谋杀人的犯罪要素都由法院判决作出规定。
这些判决演变成现在所知的“普通法”。
从那时起，大部分司法中的谋杀和非预谋杀人都被立法重新定义，或者是以单行法规的形式，或者作为刑法典一个条款。
第一部分谋杀根据普通法，谋杀是指对一个人的“预谋”杀害，这种对“预谋”的要求现在仍然可以在今天的法规和法典中找到。
例如，加利福尼亚州刑法典就保留了它。
该法典，如同普通法，规定，“…恶意可以是明示的也可以是暗示的。
当剥夺一个人生命的故意明显显露出来时，就是明示的。
当没有出现合理的刺激，或该杀人行为的有关情况表明了一颗冷酷邪恶之心时，就是暗示的。
”一个可以清楚描述明示恶意的例子是一个人故意地将另一个人推下山的边缘。
一个暗示恶意的例子是一个人在移动的客运列车上开枪，只是为了“吓”列车上的人们或者是为了展示自己在车子之间开枪却可以打击不到任何人的技艺。
至于那些可以合理地归入这种行为范畴的杀人，该行为的危险性就是“恶意”的证明。
对于加利福尼亚州的法庭或陪审团来说，这就表明了“一颗冷酷邪恶之心”。
对谋杀的刑罚，有些州规定了死刑；在其他州是监禁期限，范围是特定的年限到“终生”。
（a）重罪中的恶意杀人另一个满足预谋要素的例子是在实施一个比如抢劫的重罪的过程中的杀人行为。
法律英语-何家弘编-第四版课文翻译(1-20课)
律师并不按照职责进行正式的划分。在英国对诉讼律师和非诉律师的区分并没有移植到美国，既不存在拥有特别或者专有出庭权的职业群体，也没有专门制作法律文书的职业群体。美国律师的业务范围包括出庭辩护、咨询和起草文书。另外，在被广泛地成为“法律执业”的范围之内，律师的业务范围是专有性的，不对其他人开放。在出庭辩护领域，这种规则非常清楚：任何个人都可以代表其自己出庭，但除了一些基层法院之外，只有律师可以代表他人出庭。不过，律师不得代表他人参与一些行政机关设立的具有司法性质的正式程序当中。在咨询和起草法律文书领域的界限并不是太清晰，比如在在联邦所得税领域的法律执业和会计执业之间就是如此。但是，纽约最高法院的一个裁决表明了大多数美国法院的严格标准，该裁决认为，一个获准在外国执业单位获准在纽约执业的律师不得在纽约对客户提供法律咨询，即使该意见仅限于该律师获准执业的该外国的法律。但是，一个外国律师可能获准在一个州执业，而且无需获得许可便可以以一个外国法律顾问的身份向美国律师提供法律咨询。
美国的年轻(性)有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦(nation)之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。
但是由于新的法律领域随着当代问题的出现而不断发展，一些法学院将课程予以扩展，包括环境法方面的课程和诊所式课程，住房和城市发展、女权、工作场所的健康、福利权以及消费者保护等。并且还越来越多地以交叉学科的背景讲授法律，向其他学科靠近，如历史、心理学、社会学、医学以及经济学等。
美国的年轻(性)有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦(nation)之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。
但是由于新的法律领域随着当代问题的出现而不断发展，一些法学院将课程予以扩展，包括环境法方面的课程和诊所式课程，住房和城市发展、女权、工作场所的健康、福利权以及消费者保护等。并且还越来越多地以交叉学科的背景讲授法律，向其他学科靠近，如历史、心理学、社会学、医学以及经济学等。
法律英语(沙丽金第二版)参考译文完整版Lesso
《法律英语》（沙丽金版）2011年第二版课文参考译文翻译整理人：新浪微博@我是空白白《法律英语》（沙丽金版）2011年第二版参考译文目录前言（必看） (2)Lesson 1 law（法律） (3)Lesson 2 Legal System（法律体系） (4)Lesson 3 Legal Education（法律教育） (6)Lesson 4 Court System（法院体系） (7)Lesson 5 Construction（宪法） (9)Lesson 6 Administrative Law（行政法） (10)Lesson 7 Criminal Law（刑法） (12)Lesson 8 Criminal Procedure（刑事诉讼程序） (13)Lesson 9 Civil Procedure（民事诉讼程序） (15)Lesson 10 Torts（侵权行为） (16)Lesson 11 Contract（合同） (18)Lesson 12 Property Law（物权法） (19)Lesson 13 Law of Corporation（公司法） (20)Lesson 14 Intellectual Property（知识产权） (22)Lesson 15 International Law（国际法） (23)Lesson 16 Evidence（证据） (24)后记 (26)前言（必看）1、此翻译并非权威翻译，而是技术含量不高的译文。
其中肯定有很多不恰当甚至错误的地方，所以仅供参考，欢迎各位同学指正。
（新浪微博@我是空白白）2、制作本译文动力源于兴趣，目的在于互相交流学习。
3、如果你只是想以此译文来应付老师上课的抽问，那么你大可不必下载或复制此文档，因为这样你对不起你自己。
4、本译文=老师的长难句注解（即划线部分。
我无意间在网上找到了部分老师传到网上的注解文档。
O(∩_∩)O ）+1位往届同学的翻译+1位同届同学的翻译+课堂笔记+本人拙译（虽然本人英语不怎么好，但我会尽最大努力与大家分享所学到的知识）。
法律英语刑法
• 2.If a doctor who is seeking to relieve pain may not be found to have caused the death of a patient.
Omissions
• If the defendant does not act, for example, she does not provide the medical treatment necessary for the victim's life
Doctors
• Doctors are required to act in the patient's best interests. This will neer permit the doctor to act in a way that causes the death of the victim. However, the law has acepted that sometimes it isn ot in the patient's best interests to receive treatment, even if without it the patient will die.
Did the doctor intend to kill or seriously injure the victim?
• 1. If the doctor acts with the purpose of killing the patient this appears to be an example of direct intention and the mental element of murder would be established. The fact that the doctor or patient may be acting with the best of motives is irrelevant if the doctor’s purpose was to kill.
Omissions
• If the defendant does not act, for example, she does not provide the medical treatment necessary for the victim's life
Doctors
• Doctors are required to act in the patient's best interests. This will neer permit the doctor to act in a way that causes the death of the victim. However, the law has acepted that sometimes it isn ot in the patient's best interests to receive treatment, even if without it the patient will die.
Did the doctor intend to kill or seriously injure the victim?
• 1. If the doctor acts with the purpose of killing the patient this appears to be an example of direct intention and the mental element of murder would be established. The fact that the doctor or patient may be acting with the best of motives is irrelevant if the doctor’s purpose was to kill.
何家弘法律英语课件_第七课
巨大挑衅 激情之下 故意杀人
26 2015-1-17
Voluntary manslaughter
• the person killed another person; • the person acted in the heat of passion; • and heat of passion was caused by adequate provocation. /def2/m012.htm
30 2015-1-17
• In such paramour killing cases the conviction rate is quite low. • 在杀死情敌的案例中，定罪率很低 • Concocted explanation of self-defense • 编造的有关自卫的解释 • Acquittal by reason of ―the unwritten law‖ • 根据“不成文法”作出的无罪判决
5
2015-1-17
6
2015-1-17
TEXT
Homicide
• Not all homicides are criminal. • Justifiable homicide ——正当杀人 • Excusable homicide ——可宽恕的杀人
7
2015-1-17
Justifiable homicide
2
2015-1-17
Background
• Model Penal Code • Model Penal Code was created by a group of law professors, judges, and lawyers to offer a comprehensive revision of the criminal law. The Model Penal Code is not law and has no binding effect. It has, however, been the model for many state criminal codes and has been very influential on state and local legislators. • /model-penalcode.htm
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▪ Varying penalties for murder
First degree murder
punishable by death or long imprisonment
Second degree murdepenalty
2021/4/2
法律英语
29
First degree murder
▪ A “willful, deliberate and premeditated” killing, such as a poisoning or a killing during the commission of a dangerous felony
– William Shensto, British poet
人们通常会发现，法律就是这样的一种 网，触犯法律的人，小的可以穿网而过， 大的可以破网而出，只有中等的才会坠 入网中。
– 英国诗人 申斯通 W
2021/4/2
法律英语
2
▪ It is better to fight for justice than to rail at the ill.
or a bystander, or a police officer. ▪ 手枪意外走火，杀死被抢劫的受害者、旁观者或警
察
▪ A dangerous crime as robbery satisfies the requirement of malice
▪ 抢劫这样的危险犯罪构成恶意的条件
2021/4/2
▪ /model-penal-
code.htm
2021/4/2
法律英语
10
刑法的三个主要问题
➢ Crime—felony; misdemeanor
▪ Punishment – guidelines for sentencing (量 刑指南)
2021/4/2
法律英语
7
Words
justifiable 合法的、正当的 justifiable defense justifiable homicide
刑罚名称：
death penalty
death penalty with a reprieve
penalty for life
fixed-term imprisonment
▪ 在抢劫者与警察的交火过程中，一个警察意 外地被另一个警察打死。
2021/4/2
法律英语
26
每个参与者都有恶意
The dangerousness of the robbery itself
Act as an agent for the others in accomplishing their objective
Lesson Seven
Criminal Law
2021/4/2
法律英语
1
Laws are generally found to be nets of such a texture, as the little creep through, the great break through, and the middle-sized are alone entangled in .
Alfreds Tennyson, British writer
▪ 与其责骂罪恶，不如伸张正义。
英国作家 丁尼生 A
2021/4/2
法律英语
3
Background
★ 美国刑法的主要渊源是：联邦宪法、源于英国并且在各州 得到不同发展的关于惩罚犯罪的普通法、州刑法和联邦刑 法。但是刑法主要还是属于各州的司法管辖权范围。
法律英语
18
1. Murder
▪ Killing a human being with “malice” 恶意、 预谋杀人
California Penal Code
SECTION 187-199 ：Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being, or a fetus, with malice aforethought.
▪ Felony – murder ：a murder that occurs
while the accused is in the act of committing another felony, such as armed robbery. Felony murder carries a heavier sentence than plain murder.
2021/4/2
法律英语
21
Penalty for murder
▪ Death ▪ 死刑 ▪ Prison terms extending to “life” ▪ 终身监禁 ▪ Prison to a special number of years ▪ 一定年限的监禁
2021/4/2
法律英语
22
(a) Felony – murder 重罪恶意谋杀
没有严重过失
2021/4/2
法律英语
16
Criminal homicide——有罪杀人
▪ A killing amounts to a criminal homicide when it done without lawful justification or excuse.
murder
恶意杀人 谋杀
▪ Criminal liability
Capital punishment
DEATH PENALTY
2021/4/2
法律英语
11
2021/4/2
法律英语
12
Insanity defense 精神不正常辩护
Ronald Reagan
J20o21h/4/2n Hinckley
法律英语
13
TEXT Homicide
法律英语
24
Malice
▪ Malice may also be attributed to a robber whose partner in the crime intentionally kills someone during the commission of the crime or the attempted escape.
2021/4/2
法律英语
27
Death penalty 死刑
▪ 在一些废除了死刑的州，考虑到只要 有杀人的结果，对抢劫的处罚就应该 重得多，因此，立法机关规定，对杀 人抢劫的处罚比无致命抢劫的处罚多 15年以上。
2021/4/2
法律英语
28
(b) Degrees of murder 恶意杀人罪的等级
manslaughter
非恶意杀人 非预谋杀人
2021/4/2
法律英语
17
The elements of the crimes of murder Courts decisions
Legislatures
Common law
Separate statute
2021/4/2
Criminal code
▪ 有意的、故意的、有预谋的杀人，比如投毒， 或者在危险的重罪发生过程中杀人。
2021/4/2
法律英语
30
Common law
An abandoned and malignant heart
2021/4/2
冷酷邪法恶律英语的心
20
Express malice vs. Implied malice
Push another off the side of a mountain
Fire a rifle at a moving passenger train
▪ /
2021/4/2
法律英语
23
▪ Killing during the course of a felony such as robbery. ▪ 在抢劫这样的重罪过程中杀人 ▪ Gun goes off accidentally killing the robbery victim,
2021/4/2
法律英语
19
Malice
▪ Express malice——明示恶意
▪ Implied malice——暗示恶意
A deliberate intention to take
away the life of a fellow creature 故意剥夺他人生命
No considerable provocation 没有出现相当程度的挑衅
▪ 在抢劫犯罪或试图逃跑的过程中，一个强盗的 同伙故意杀死人，那么该强盗也属于有恶意。
2021/4/2
法律英语
25
Co-felons guilty of murder 重罪共犯谋杀
▪ In the course of an exchange of shots between robbers and the police, a police officer is accidentally killed by another officer.
penal servitude
put (sb.) under public surveillance
2021/4/2
法律英语
8
▪ CLICK TO ADD TEXT
2021/4/2
法律英语
9
Background
▪ Model Penal Code
▪ Model Penal Code was created by a group of law professors, judges, and lawyers to offer a comprehensive revision of the criminal law. The Model Penal Code is not law and has no binding effect. It has, however, been the model for many state criminal codes and has been very influential on state and local legislators.
First degree murder
punishable by death or long imprisonment
Second degree murdepenalty
2021/4/2
法律英语
29
First degree murder
▪ A “willful, deliberate and premeditated” killing, such as a poisoning or a killing during the commission of a dangerous felony
– William Shensto, British poet
人们通常会发现，法律就是这样的一种 网，触犯法律的人，小的可以穿网而过， 大的可以破网而出，只有中等的才会坠 入网中。
– 英国诗人 申斯通 W
2021/4/2
法律英语
2
▪ It is better to fight for justice than to rail at the ill.
or a bystander, or a police officer. ▪ 手枪意外走火，杀死被抢劫的受害者、旁观者或警
察
▪ A dangerous crime as robbery satisfies the requirement of malice
▪ 抢劫这样的危险犯罪构成恶意的条件
2021/4/2
▪ /model-penal-
code.htm
2021/4/2
法律英语
10
刑法的三个主要问题
➢ Crime—felony; misdemeanor
▪ Punishment – guidelines for sentencing (量 刑指南)
2021/4/2
法律英语
7
Words
justifiable 合法的、正当的 justifiable defense justifiable homicide
刑罚名称：
death penalty
death penalty with a reprieve
penalty for life
fixed-term imprisonment
▪ 在抢劫者与警察的交火过程中，一个警察意 外地被另一个警察打死。
2021/4/2
法律英语
26
每个参与者都有恶意
The dangerousness of the robbery itself
Act as an agent for the others in accomplishing their objective
Lesson Seven
Criminal Law
2021/4/2
法律英语
1
Laws are generally found to be nets of such a texture, as the little creep through, the great break through, and the middle-sized are alone entangled in .
Alfreds Tennyson, British writer
▪ 与其责骂罪恶，不如伸张正义。
英国作家 丁尼生 A
2021/4/2
法律英语
3
Background
★ 美国刑法的主要渊源是：联邦宪法、源于英国并且在各州 得到不同发展的关于惩罚犯罪的普通法、州刑法和联邦刑 法。但是刑法主要还是属于各州的司法管辖权范围。
法律英语
18
1. Murder
▪ Killing a human being with “malice” 恶意、 预谋杀人
California Penal Code
SECTION 187-199 ：Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being, or a fetus, with malice aforethought.
▪ Felony – murder ：a murder that occurs
while the accused is in the act of committing another felony, such as armed robbery. Felony murder carries a heavier sentence than plain murder.
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Penalty for murder
▪ Death ▪ 死刑 ▪ Prison terms extending to “life” ▪ 终身监禁 ▪ Prison to a special number of years ▪ 一定年限的监禁
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(a) Felony – murder 重罪恶意谋杀
没有严重过失
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Criminal homicide——有罪杀人
▪ A killing amounts to a criminal homicide when it done without lawful justification or excuse.
murder
恶意杀人 谋杀
▪ Criminal liability
Capital punishment
DEATH PENALTY
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Insanity defense 精神不正常辩护
Ronald Reagan
J20o21h/4/2n Hinckley
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TEXT Homicide
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Malice
▪ Malice may also be attributed to a robber whose partner in the crime intentionally kills someone during the commission of the crime or the attempted escape.
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Death penalty 死刑
▪ 在一些废除了死刑的州，考虑到只要 有杀人的结果，对抢劫的处罚就应该 重得多，因此，立法机关规定，对杀 人抢劫的处罚比无致命抢劫的处罚多 15年以上。
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(b) Degrees of murder 恶意杀人罪的等级
manslaughter
非恶意杀人 非预谋杀人
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The elements of the crimes of murder Courts decisions
Legislatures
Common law
Separate statute
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Criminal code
▪ 有意的、故意的、有预谋的杀人，比如投毒， 或者在危险的重罪发生过程中杀人。
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Common law
An abandoned and malignant heart
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冷酷邪法恶律英语的心
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Express malice vs. Implied malice
Push another off the side of a mountain
Fire a rifle at a moving passenger train
▪ /
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▪ Killing during the course of a felony such as robbery. ▪ 在抢劫这样的重罪过程中杀人 ▪ Gun goes off accidentally killing the robbery victim,
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Malice
▪ Express malice——明示恶意
▪ Implied malice——暗示恶意
A deliberate intention to take
away the life of a fellow creature 故意剥夺他人生命
No considerable provocation 没有出现相当程度的挑衅
▪ 在抢劫犯罪或试图逃跑的过程中，一个强盗的 同伙故意杀死人，那么该强盗也属于有恶意。
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Co-felons guilty of murder 重罪共犯谋杀
▪ In the course of an exchange of shots between robbers and the police, a police officer is accidentally killed by another officer.
penal servitude
put (sb.) under public surveillance
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Background
▪ Model Penal Code
▪ Model Penal Code was created by a group of law professors, judges, and lawyers to offer a comprehensive revision of the criminal law. The Model Penal Code is not law and has no binding effect. It has, however, been the model for many state criminal codes and has been very influential on state and local legislators.