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完形填空（1）The spokes of the wheel are made from various kinds of CAPACS involved in the activity .Each CAPACS has a communication link to the controlled database so that it will capture the data to form its own distributed database 。

Values are added the distributed database to meet the needs and requirements of its expected users. The application of CAPACS to the manufacturing process enables the total system to increase productivity，reduce waste, and produce things it would not otherwise be able to make. As a result, new technologies， demands for products of higher quality and lower production costs, and the needs for improved technology in a competitive society have caused extensive use of CAPACS。

（2）The computer has a key role, and computer graphics is a core tool.It is normal practice in conceptual or preliminary design to make iteration after iteration to develop a product。

iteration after iteration to develop a product。

Analysis and simulation methods also draw on the computer for support。

A serviceable graphics software package provides these capabilities, or it interfaces to the programs that will provide these capabilities. When a concept is sold to a customer, program control develops master schedules and budgets for all functions of the project.Production design then puts the flesh on the skeletal concept. Manufacturing engineering prepares the tool plan and the process plan。

Procurer orders material as defined on bills of material （BOM). To01 design prepares designs to fulfill the manufacturing plan and tool manufacturing builds the tools。

Then production control issues fabrication and assembly orders to make sure that the proper tools are in the right place at the right time and that a product is created。

Quality assurane inspects parts and assemblies in conformance with the engineering definition of the product， and delivery to the customer is accomplished.Central to the whole process is the engineering design。

Integration requiries all the users of the engineering design, even engineering itself, to interface with the master drawing file for the extraction of data function in the chain of events leading to the end item。

There are other assists in this process. Typical of such tools are NC Processors，graphic systems，engineering/scientitfic processors， CAD/CAM workstations,，and finite element solver 。

（3）Computer-controlled manufacturing systems use computers as an integral part of their control。

As a result，computer controls are used in modern manufacturing automation from product conception through product design,to all process operations，and includeing product shipment and support. They control stand-alone systems such as robots welding， spray painting, processing planning，and processing. They provide optimal control over the use ofresources to produce a salable product mix to satisfy sales forecasts and produce a profit for the firm。

And they control complex systems such as automated storage/retrieval systems （AS/RS)， automated g，uided vehicle system （AGVS），and flexible manufacturing systems （FMS）。

These concepts are discussed in later sections.(4）Interactive computer graphic ( ICG ) plays an important role in CAD/CAM. Though the use of ICG, designers develop a graphic image of the product being designed while storing the data that electronically make up the graphic image。

The graphic image can be presented in a two-dimensional （2—D ）, three—dimensional （ 3-D )， or solids format。

Once created,these images can be easily edited and manipulated in a variety of ways including enlargements， reductions，rotations and movements.（5)Machining centers have been defined as multifunction CNC machines with automatic tool changing capabilities and tool magazine。

Since their introduction in the late 1950s，they have become one of the most common of all cutting machines。

Increased productivity and versatility are major advantages of machining centers. The ability to perform drilling,reaming，boring，milling，contouring and threading operations on a single machine eliminates the need for a number of individual machines，thus reducing cost of equipment and labor requirements. Even a relatively unskilled operator can often attend two machining centers and sometimes more。