Chinese civilization
Chinese_Civilization_and_the_Civilizational_Univer
Chi Zhen is associate research fellow of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences. Xie Maosong is senior researcher of the China Institute for Innovation and Development Strategy, director of the
e Universal Signi cance of Chinese Socialism
After leading the Chinese revolution to victory, the CPC established the People’s Republic of China and the Chinese socialist system. The Chinese socialist system has the universal significance of socialism, that is, the universal significance of world socialism. Additionally, its socialist qualities manifest Chinese time-honored civilization and the characteristics of China’s modern history.
华夏文明主题英语作文高中
华夏文明主题英语作文高中1. The ancient Chinese civilization is rich in history and tradition, with a long-standing legacy of art, philosophy, and culture.2. From the Great Wall to the Terracotta Warriors, China's historical landmarks are a testament to the ingenuity and craftsmanship of the ancient Chinese people.3. Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism are the three main philosophical traditions that have shaped Chinese society and values for centuries.4. Traditional Chinese medicine, including acupuncture and herbal remedies, has been practiced for thousands of years and continues to be a popular alternative to Western medicine.5. Chinese calligraphy is a highly respected art form that requires precision, skill, and a deep understanding ofthe written language.6. The Chinese language, with its intricate characters and tonal pronunciation, is one of the oldest and most complex languages in the world.7. Chinese cuisine, with its diverse flavors and regional specialties, is renowned for its use of fresh ingredients and bold seasonings.8. The Mid-Autumn Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, and Chinese New Year are just a few of the many traditional holidays celebrated in China each year.9. Traditional Chinese music, including opera and classical instruments like the guzheng and erhu, reflects the country's rich cultural heritage.10. The concept of yin and yang, representing the balance of opposites in nature and in life, is a fundamental principle of Chinese philosophy and medicine.。
华夏文明主题英语作文
华夏文明主题英语作文Title: Exploring the Essence of Chinese Civilization。
China, with its rich history spanning thousands of years, boasts one of the world's most profound civilizations. Delving into the essence of Chinese civilization reveals a tapestry woven with cultural, philosophical, and societal threads that have endured through the ages.Firstly, the cornerstone of Chinese civilization lies in its profound philosophical traditions. Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism have shaped the moral and spiritual landscape of China for millennia. Confucian teachings emphasizing filial piety, social harmony, and moral rectitude have profoundly influenced Chinese society's structure and values. Taoism's emphasis on harmony with nature and the pursuit of inner peace has permeated Chinese art, literature, and medicine. Buddhism, introduced from India, brought concepts of compassion, karma, andenlightenment, which integrated seamlessly into Chinese thought, leaving an indelible mark on the civilization's spiritual fabric.Furthermore, the Chinese writing system stands as a testament to the civilization's enduring legacy. With a history spanning over 3,000 years, Chinese characters encapsulate the collective wisdom, cultural heritage, and artistic expression of the Chinese people. Each stroke embodies layers of meaning and symbolism, reflecting the interconnectedness between language, culture, and identity. The written word has been a vehicle for transmitting knowledge, literature, and historical records across generations, fostering a sense of continuity and cultural unity unparalleled in human history.Moreover, Chinese civilization's economic and technological achievements have left an indelible mark on global history. From the invention of papermaking, printing, and gunpowder to the development of the compass, seismoscope, and movable type, China's ingenuity and innovation have propelled human progress forward. The SilkRoad, an ancient network of trade routes connecting China to the Mediterranean, facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures, shaping the course of world history and fostering cross-cultural exchanges.Additionally, Chinese art and literature reflect the civilization's profound aesthetic sensibilities andcultural diversity. From classical poetry and landscape painting to intricate porcelain and jade carvings, Chinese artistic expressions embody a harmonious blend of beauty, symbolism, and craftsmanship. Traditional Chinese architecture, characterized by its graceful curves,intricate wooden joinery, and emphasis on balance and symmetry, reflects the civilization's reverence for nature and cosmic harmony.Furthermore, Chinese cuisine, with its diverse regional flavors and culinary traditions, epitomizes thecivilization's gastronomic heritage. From the fiery spices of Sichuan cuisine to the delicate flavors of Cantonese dim sum, Chinese food reflects a rich tapestry of flavors, ingredients, and cooking techniques passed down throughgenerations.In conclusion, the essence of Chinese civilization transcends mere historical chronicles; it embodies a profound synthesis of philosophy, language, technology, art, and cuisine that continues to resonate in the modern world. Through its enduring legacy, China has enriched thetapestry of human civilization and continues to inspire curiosity, admiration, and reverence for its timeless wisdom and cultural treasures.。
向世界展示中华文明的英语作文
向世界展示中华文明的英语作文English:China has a long and rich history of civilization dating back thousands of years. One way to showcase the Chinese civilization to the world is through its traditional architecture. The Great Wall, the Forbidden City, and the Terracotta Warriors are just a few examples of architectural masterpieces that represent different dynasties and periods of Chinese history. Another way to demonstrate Chinese civilization is through its traditional arts, such as calligraphy, painting, and martial arts. These art forms not only reflect the aesthetic values of the society but also its philosophical, spiritual, and cultural beliefs. Additionally, Chinese cuisine is another aspect that can display the sophistication and diversity of Chinese civilization. From regional specialties like Sichuan hotpot to delicate dim sum from Guangdong, Chinese food is a melting pot of flavors, textures, and culinary techniques that have been perfected over centuries. By showcasing these various aspects of Chinese civilization, the world can gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of the rich cultural heritage that China has to offer.中文翻译:中国有着悠久而丰富的文明历史，可以追溯到几千年前。
ChineseCivilization
ChineseCivilization社会学院081班陆国欣08161110Chinese CivilizationWhen the right men are available, government flourishes. When the right men are not available, government declines.-------Confucius As compared with the looseness and discontinuity of Indian civilization, Chinese civilization is characterized by cohesion and continuity. There has been no sharp break in China’s evolution comparable to that caused in India by the appearance of the Aryans, the Moslems, or the British. There were, of course, numerous nomadic invasions of China, and even a few dynastic takeovers. But it was not the Chinese who were forced to adopt the language or the customs or the pastoralism of the invader. Rather, it was the invader who invariable became Chinese, quickly and completely.One reason for this was the greater isolation of China, so that it was the invaded only by the nomads of the northwest. It did not have to cope with the succession of peoples who invaded India and who, with their relatively sophisticated cultures, were able to retain in varying degrees their ethnic group and cultural identity. The Chinese were all Mongoloids to begin with, as were the nomadic invaders and the relatively primitive tribes that they assimilated in the course of their expansion eastward to the Pacific and southward to Vietnam. Thus the Chinese enjoyed racial and cultural homogeneity throughout their history. During the classical period this homogeneity was further cemented, as we shall see, by the standardization of the writing system, which enabled speakers of widely differing dialects to communicate with each other. In India, by contrast, there are today fourteen“national languages,”one of which, English, serves, in Nehru’s words, as “the link” among the other thirteen.The remarkable political unity that has persisted through the ages in China has been as important as its cultural homogeneity. This unity results in large part from the unique secularism of Chinese civilization---the only great civilization that has at no time produced a priestly class. To be sure, the emperor was also a priest who made sacrifices to heaven on behalf of all his subjects, but his religious function was always secondary to the business of governing. Consequently, there was no place in China for the great division between religion and laity, between church and state, which existed in the other Eurasian civilizations. Nor was there any counterpart to India’s epics, steeped in metaphysics and concerned with personal salvation. Rather, the Chinese classics emphasized the life of human beings in society, and particularly the relations between the members of a family and between a king and his subjects. This strong secular characteristic provided a firm underlying foundation for political organization and stability. This was further cemented during these centuries by a unique Chinese institution---a civil service recruited on the basis of public competitive examinations. It was 2000 years before anything comparable appeared in the west, or anywhere else for that matter.These, then, are some of the background factors that help explain the Chinesecivilization and history to be analyzed in this chapter.ⅰ、AGE OF TRANSITIONThe period of the Eastern Zhou (771---256 B.C.E) was on the surface inauspicious, with its powerless dynasty and its feudal lords constantly at war with one another. Yet it was also a periodof basic socioeconomic change that determined the course of China’s evolution decisiv ely and permanently. The root cause for this change here, as in India, was the introduction of iron. Iron came late in China. It was not a significant factor until about 600 B.C.E. But by the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. it was making its mark on Chinese society and government.The pattern of its impact was familiar. New and more efficient iron tools allowed agriculture to spread from the original Yellow River point of origin southward toward the heavily wooded Yangtze basin (corresponding to the spread in India from the Indus to the Ganges). Iron tools also facilitated extensive drainage projects in the valleys, canal building for long---distance hauling of bulky commodities, and well digging for irrigation in dry northwest lands.All this meant a very substantial increase in productivity, which in turn stimulated trade and industry, and ended in the use of money in much of the economy. Money had been used earlier, usually in the form of cowrie shells. Now copper coins appeared, and their use grew in all branches of the economy. A new class of free and wealthy merchants and craftmakers were most involved in the increasing use of money. No longer dependent on feudal lords as they had been in the past, they now formed a new monetary aristocracy that soon challenged the leadership of the feudal lords.With the use of money, land became a form of property that was bought and sold. Wealthy merchants purchased large estates, and nobles sought to increase their revenues by appointing agents to collect more rent. The agents collected the increased rent directly from the peasants instead of in the traditional way, from the village headman.This economic change was accompanied by political change---by a fundamental shift from feudal decentralization to state centralization. The economic growth and use of money provided the rulers of the various feudal states with the financial resources needed for centralization. Since the newly reclaimed lands could be administered outside feudal relationships, rents were contribute d directly to the princes’ exchequers. Also the princes set up more and more profitable monopolies to produce and distribute iron and salt. The result was that the princes of the feudal states were able to change fiefs they had formerly parceled out to nobles into administrative units staffed by officials of their own central government. This was a gradual development, but where it did occur, it greatly increased the resources and power of the ruler and correspondingly weakened the Zhou dynasty in the capital. Indeed a basic reason for the success of the rulers of Ch’in in conquering all China was precisely that they pioneered in these measures and reaped the profit. We will discuss this topic in Section III of this chapter.ⅱ、PHILOSOPHERS AND CLASSICSThe disruption and reorganization just described profoundly affected Chinesethinkers. It forced them to take a new look at their traditions and to either abandon them or adapt them to the requirements of a period of transition. Thus the Eastern Zhou period was a time of great intellectual ferment and creativity, reminiscent of the achievements under comparable circumstances of the rationalist philosophers in Greece and of the Buddha and other religious reformers in India.Because of the secular, this-worldly nature of Chinese civilization, its outstanding thinkers tended to be practicalpoliticians who were mainly interested in winning over to their views the rulers of the various states. In the course of their travels and teachings, they attracted disciples and gradually formed various schools of philosophy. So intense was this intellectual activity that the Chinese refer to this as the period of the “Hundred School.” Here we shall consider a few of these schools that persisted through the centuries and had an important influence on the evolution of Chinese civilization.Although the founders of the various schools often were bold innovators, almost all of them looked for inspiration to a supposedly golden age in the distant past. A similar tendency is found in most civilizations, but consciousness and veneration of the past were exceptionally strong among the Chinese. Hence they carefully preserved and studied the writings of earlier ages and considered them indispensable for the conduct of both private and public affairs.The most important of these ancient works were the Five Classics, made up of poems, popular traditions, and historical documents. The Classics were studied and used by philosopher teachers, of which the most outstanding by far was Confucius. His influence has been so overwhelming and lasting that the Chinese way of life during the past 2000 years can be summarized with one word--- Confucianism. Born in 551B.C.E. to a poor family of the lower aristocracy, Confucius (the Latinized from of K’ung-fu-tzu, or Master Kung) had to make his own way in the world. And the world he faced was harsh. There was runaway feudal anarchy, with no higher power, spiritual or temporal, to attract national loyalty. Confucius was moved by this lack to wander from court to court, seeking a ruler who would adopt his ideas for successful government. He did hold a fewminor posts, but his influence in the world of practical politics was slight. So he turned to educating young men who, he hoped, might be more effective in carrying out his ideas.Confucius at last had found himself. He proved to be a teacher of rare enthusiasm and skill. Surviving records describe him as an attractive and magnetic person---sensible, kindhearted, distressed by the folly of his age, convinced that he could restore tranquility, and blessed with a saving sense of humor. Confucius’s teachings were fundamentally conservative. He did not want to tamper with the existing social order: “Let the ruler be a ruler and the subject a subject; let the father be a father and the son a son.” But while insisting on the right of the rulers to rule, he was equally insistent that they should do so on the basis of sound ethical principles. Like Plato, he wanted the kings to be sages, and this they could be if they possessed the five virtues of a gentleman---integrity, righteousness, loyalty, altruism, and love, or human heartedness.Confucius also was a rationalist in an age of gross superstition and fear of thesupernatural. People firmly believed in the prophetic significance of dreams, in the arts of divination, and in the dread power of the spirits of the dead. But Confucius, though he recognized spirits and Heaven, largely ignored them in his teachings. “Recognize,” he said, “that you know what you know, and that yo u are ignorant of what you do not know.” And again, “If you do not know about the living, how can you know about the dead?”Confucius’s teachings were far from being generally accepted, let alone applied, during his lifetime. Yet in the end they prevailed and became the official creed of the nation. Onereason was his basic conservatism, his acceptance of the status quo, which naturally appealed to those at the top. Another was his emphasis on ethical principles, which he insisted were essential for the proper exercise of authority. Finally, Confucius provided a philosophy for officialdom, for the bureaucrats who became indispensable with the establishment of imperial government 250 years after his death. As a famous Confucianist reminded the founder of the Han dynasty: “You have won the empire on horseback but you cannot rule it from horseback.”In the second century B.C.E. Confucianism was declared the official dogma or faith of the empire. The Classics became the principal study of scholars and statesmen. Until the fall of the Manchu dynasty more than 2000 years later, in 1911, the teachings of Confucius were unchallenged in China. Indeed they persisted even later, for Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek urged dedication to the principles of Confucianism as the solution for the problems of the Republic. To the present day the Nationalist regime on Taiwan observes Confucius’s birthday as Teachers’Day, a national holiday.After Confucianism, the most influential Chinese philosophy was Taoism. This is understandable, for the two doctrines supplement each other neatly. Between them they satisfy both the intellectual and emotional needs of the Chinese people. Whereas Confucianism emphasized decorum, conformity, and social responsibility, Taoism stressed individual whim and fancy and conformity to the great pattern of nature. This pattern was defined as Tao (the “road”or “way”), and its disciples were known as Taoists. The key to conforming with Tao was abandonment of ambition, rejection of honors and responsibilities, and a meditative return to nature. The idealsubject had big bones, strong muscles, and an empty head, whereas the ideal ruler “keeps the people without knowledge and without desir e…and fills their stomachs….By non-action nothing is ungoverned.”Altogether different from C onfucianism and Taoism were the doctrines of the Legalists. The Legalists were practicing statesmen, not philosophers, and were interested in reorganizing society to strengthen the princes they served and to enable them to wage war and unite the country by force. They viewed the nobility as useless hangovers from the past who could not be depended on by the princes, and who therefore should be replaced by state military forces. The Legalists also believed that the Chinese masses should be forced into productive work. They regarded merchants and scholars as nonessential and therefore not to be tolerated. All aspects of life were to be regulated in detail by laws designed to promote the economic and military power of the state. Rulers were to be guided not by the traditional virtues of humanityand righteousness extolled by the Confucianists but by their need for power and wealth.These Legalist doctrines were used successfully by the Ch’in rulers to conquer other princes and to establish the first empire. They then extended their regimentation ruthlessly to the entire country, but the result, as we shall see, was a reaction that led to the overthrow of the empire a few years after the death of its founder. Legalism was discredited and Confucianism became the permanent official creed. Henceforth the Confucianists had a monopoly of social respectability and of government posts. And so the memory of other schools faded away, while Taoism, absorbing all sorts of popular superstitions and demon lore,became the religion of the uneducated masses and was tolerantly despised by the Confucian teachers and officials.ⅲ、CH’IN EMPIREChina’s long history has been marked by three great revolutions that fundamentally changed its political and social structure. The first in 221 B.C.E. ended the feudal system and created a centralized empire; the second in 1911 C.E. ended the empire and established a republic; and the third in 1949 put the present Communist regime in power.The first of these revolutions was the work of the leaders of the northwest state of Ch’in in the Wei River valley. This location contributed to the victory, for the valley is largely inaccessible and easy to defend. The Ch’in rulers were able to attack the other states to the east without fear of any enemy action in their rear. The frontier location also helped to keep the Ch’in military forces in fighting trim because of the constant wars against the barbarian nomads. In fact, the Ch’in were among the first Chinese to use iron weapons, in place of bronze, and cavalrymen in place of charioteers. Important also in the Ch’in triumph was the conquest in 318 B.C.E. of the great food-producing plain of Szechwan, which added greatly to the area and strength of Ch’in, placing it in somewhat the same re lationship to the other Chinese states as Macedonia had been to the Greek cities. Finally, the Ch’in rulers were able and ambitious realists who pioneered in applying Legalist doctrines and in concentrating all power in their hands.。
中华文明具有多元一体的特征小作文
中华文明具有多元一体的特征小作文1.中华文明源远流长。
The Chinese civilization has a long history.2.中华文明具有悠久的传统。
The Chinese civilization has a long-standing tradition.3.中华文明融合了多种文化元素。
The Chinese civilization integrates various cultural elements.4.中华文明展现了多元一体的特征。
The Chinese civilization demonstrates the characteristic of diversity and unity.5.中华文明包容了不同的思想观念。
The Chinese civilization is inclusive of diverse ideologies.6.中华文明吸取了外来文化的精华。
The Chinese civilization draws on the essence of foreign cultures.7.中华文明形成了独特的文化体系。
The Chinese civilization has developed a unique cultural system.8.中华文明拥有丰富多彩的传统节日。
The Chinese civilization has rich and colorfultraditional festivals.9.中华文明体现了传统与现代的融合。
The Chinese civilization embodies the integration of tradition and modernity.10.中华文明传承了众多经典文学作品。
The Chinese civilization has inherited numerous classic literary works.11.中华文明饱含着深厚的道德观念。
中国古代文明 英语 China
Believed people were only fully civilized if they learned Chinese language and adopted Chinese customs
Invaders eventually lost identities and were absorbed into China’s population
ANCIENT CHINESE CIVILIZATION
Section 1: Geographic and Cultural Influences
Ancient Chinese civilization flourished from 1500 BC to AD 589
Four major dynasties existed during this time: Shang Zhou Qin Han
First dynasty Strengthened their rule by introducing
irrigation and flood control systems Used war chariots and bronze weapons to
defend kingdom’s borders Economy based on agriculture
Caravans returned to China with gold, silver, and wool
Fell to nomadic people around AD 220
A Chinese general reunified China in AD 581
The Silk Road
God chose rulers Local leaders fought amongst themselves One of the Warring States, the Qin, took over
英语作文中华文明
The Splendor of Chinese CivilizationChina, a vast country with a rich history and profound culture, has long been a beacon of civilization, influencing the world with its unique blend of art, philosophy, and science. The Chinese civilization, dating back over 5,000 years, is characterized by its profound respect for harmony, balance, and natural law.One of the most striking aspects of Chinese civilization is its written language, Chinese characters. These characters, with their intricate strokes and deep historical significance, are not just a means of communication but also a repository of cultural wisdom. Each character is a story, a testament to the rich history and profound philosophy of the Chinese people.The Chinese civilization also stands out for its art and architecture. From the magnificent terracotta army of the Qin dynasty to the elegant gardens of the Song period, Chinese art has always been a testament to the aesthetic sensibilities and craftsmanship of its people. The same can be said for Chinese architecture, which ranges from the grand palaces of the imperialera to the intricate temples and pagodas that dot the landscape.But the true essence of Chinese civilization lies in its philosophy and wisdom. Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism have all played a pivotal role in shaping the values and ethics of the Chinese people. These philosophies, with their emphasis on harmony, balance, and inner peace, have influenced not just the way the Chinese live their lives but also the way they interact with the natural world and each other.Science and technology have also played a crucial role in the development of Chinese civilization. The Four Great Inventions of China - paper, gunpowder, the compass, and printing - have had a profound impact on the development of human civilization. These inventions, along with many others, have demonstrated the ingenuity and creativity of the Chinese people.In conclusion, the Chinese civilization is a unique and remarkable blend of art, philosophy, science, and history. It is a civilization that has always been open to influence and learning, yet has managed to preserve its unique identity and values. Aswe look towards the future, it is this spirit of openness, innovation, and respect for tradition that will continue to guide the Chinese civilization towards greater heights of achievement and influence.**中华文明的辉煌**中国，这个拥有丰富历史和深厚文化的辽阔国家，长久以来一直是文明的灯塔，以其独特的艺术、哲学和科学影响着世界。
提炼展示中华文明的精神标识和文化精髓英语
提炼展示中华文明的精神标识和文化精髓英语The Spirit Symbols and Cultural Essence of Chinese CivilizationIntroductionChinese civilization is one of the world's oldest continuous cultures, with a rich history spanning thousands of years. Throughout its history, China has been known for its unique traditions, values, and cultural practices, which have shaped the country's identity and influenced many aspects of global culture. In this article, we will explore the spirit symbols and cultural essence of Chinese civilization, examining how they continue to shape modern China and resonate with people around the world.Spirit Symbols of Chinese CivilizationThe spirit symbols of Chinese civilization are a unique combination of traditional beliefs, values, and practices that have been passed down through generations. These symbols serve as a guide for individual behavior and societal norms, reflecting the core principles of Chinese culture. One of the most prominent spirit symbols of Chinese civilization is the concept of harmony, which emphasizes the importance of balance and peace in allaspects of life. In Chinese culture, harmony is seen as essential for maintaining order and stability within society, as well as creating a sense of unity and cooperation among individuals.Another key spirit symbol of Chinese civilization is the concept of filial piety, which emphasizes the importance of respecting and honoring one's parents and ancestors. Filial piety is a core value in Chinese culture, as it is believed to foster strong family bonds and promote a sense of duty and loyalty among family members. Additionally, the concept of loyalty is also a vital spirit symbol of Chinese civilization, as it underscores the importance of remaining faithful and devoted to one's country, family, and friends.Cultural Essence of Chinese CivilizationThe cultural essence of Chinese civilization is a rich tapestry of traditions, customs, and artistic expressions that have been developed over thousands of years. One of the most prominent aspects of Chinese cultural essence is its long history of artistic and intellectual achievements, which have produced some of the world's most iconic works of literature, art, and philosophy. For example, Chinese literature is renowned for its classical poetry, which is characterized by its elegant language, intricate rhyme schemes, and profound themes.In addition to literature, Chinese civilization is also known for its rich tradition of visual arts, including painting, calligraphy, and sculpture. Chinese paintings often depict scenes of nature, such as mountains, rivers, and flowers, and are renowned for their use of color, texture, and symbolism. Calligraphy, on the other hand, is a highly respected art form in China, as it is seen as a way to convey one's inner thoughts and emotions through the careful arrangement of characters and strokes.Furthermore, Chinese civilization is also famous for its culinary traditions, which include a wide variety of dishes and cooking techniques that have been developed over centuries. Chinese cuisine is characterized by its use of fresh ingredients, bold flavors, and diverse cooking styles, with regional variations that reflect the country's vast geography and cultural diversity.Impact of Chinese Civilization on the WorldThe spirit symbols and cultural essence of Chinese civilization have had a profound impact on the world, influencing countless aspects of global culture, politics, and society. Chinese philosophy, particularly Confucianism and Taoism, has shaped the moral and ethical values of many societies around the world, emphasizing the importance of benevolence, righteousness, and harmony in interpersonal relationships.Chinese art and literature have also made significant contributions to the world's cultural heritage, inspiring artists, writers, and thinkers from diverse backgrounds. Chinese martial arts, such as kung fu and tai chi, have become popular worldwide for their focus on discipline, self-control, and physical fitness.Furthermore, Chinese cuisine has become a global phenomenon, with Chinese restaurants and food products found in almost every corner of the world. Chinese tea, in particular, has gained international recognition for its health benefits and elegant flavors, becoming a symbol of Chinese culture and hospitality.ConclusionIn conclusion, the spirit symbols and cultural essence of Chinese civilization are unique and enduring aspects of a rich and ancient culture that continues to inspire and influence people around the world. Through its values, traditions, and artistic expressions, Chinese civilization embodies a timeless wisdom that resonates with individuals seeking harmony, beauty, and meaning in their lives. As China continues to evolve and modernize, its cultural heritage remains a vital source of inspiration and pride for the Chinese people and a source of fascination and admiration for people around the world.。
From the dawn of Chinese civilization中国文明的开始
From the dawn of Chinese civilization, it was a primary task of kings and emperors to make sacrifices to ensure the continued harmony of the universe. The invisible forces of the universe—gods, spirits, and ancestors—needed to be fed. These rites continued through the nineteenth century, when the Qing emperors annually made the Grand Sacrifice at the Altar of Heaven. Spotless oxen, sheep, and deer were ritu¬ally slaughtered, while the palace chefs prepared the rarest rice and millet, crystalline soups, cooked meats, tempting pickled vegetables, and fragrant grain wines to be placed on the altar in the hope that the God of Heaven would accept the offering. If he did, then the emperor’s divine mandate was renewed, and the universe would continue on its cor¬rect course for another year. People also offered prepared foods, fruit, wines, and liquor at their household altars, at temples on festival days, and at rituals marking major life events like weddings and funerals, to ensure luck, longevity, wealth, and progeny. After some ceremonies, the people ate the food—the spirits’ sustenance was the sights and smells of the offering; after others, the food was ritually burned or simply discarded. Just before Chinese New Year, it was (and still is) customary to place sweet offerings before the image of the Kitchen God, one of the main household deities, and smear his lips with honey so he won’t tell Heaven of any sins the family has committed. In the nineteenth century in California, Chinese people covered the graves of the dead with treats like roast pig, fruit, and bread; after local (non¬Chinese) drunkards and urchins began to raid cemeteries for a free meal, the Chinese buried the spirit food with the dead. Today, most Chinese Americans who perform these funerary rituals bring the food home afterward for consumption.The Chinese also treated food as medicine. Meals were structured so as to maximize the health benefits (beyond sim-ple nutrition) to all parts of the human body. The Chinese saw the universe as a series of microcosms and macrocosms, each reflecting and responding to the others. As the legend¬ary Yellow Emperor wrote, “Heaven is covered with con-stellations, earth with waterways, man with channels.”13 Illness was understood to be the result of one’s being ou t of balance with the basic forces of the universe. Food therapy was one of the ways of returning the body to harmony with these forces. The Yellow Emperor again: “The five grains act as nourishment; the five fruits from the trees serve to aug-ment; the five domestic animals provide the benefit; the five vegetables serve to complete the nourishment. Their flavors, tastes and smells unite and conform to each other in order to supply the beneficial essence of (life).”14 After the doctor made his diagnosis 一usually by taking the patient’s pulse 一he prescribed a specific culinary regimen. Each food and fla¬vor was classified according to how it affected the organs, which depended on the balance of yin and yang and a com¬plicated system of energy flows. Today, the highly refined system of Chinese food therapy is often used in conjunction with Western medicine. This therapy also forms the basis of the Chinese meal’s primary organizing principle: the careful balance of flavors and ingredients.In imperial mythology, South Chinese rice was long considered a second-class grain. The rice-growing regions from the Yangzi watershed south to Guangdong weresub-jugated during a series of military campaigns by the Qin and Han Dynasty emperors beginning in BCE. The impe¬rial officials who took control of this area did their best to erase all southern religious cults centered on rice; south-erners were instructed to make offerings not to Lord Rice but Lord Millet when observing fertility rites. Southern rice farmers supported a huge population using much less land than did millet and other northern crops. These farmers had developed a highly sophisticated growing system based on advanced irrigation networks (complete with water pumps), diked fields, and crop rotation, planting rice in summer and wheat in winter. With the introduction of quick-growing Champa rice from Vietnam in 1012 CE, this system became even more productive; farmers could then produce two rice crops a year. When the Jurchen tribesmen captured most of North China in 1126 CE, these rice fields also fed millions of fleeing northerners. The imperial capital was relocated to Hangzhou, well south of the Yangzi, where officials realized how much they owed to rice. The trade in rice became one of China’s most importa nt; from then on, rice was inextri¬cably connected with the qualities of what might be called “Chinese-ness.” With official approval, artists and poets created works praising the virtues of rice farming that were widely circulated. Confucius didn’t restric t himself to cooked grains, or fan. All but the poorest Chinese supplemented their fan with cai—a word that encompasses any meat, vegetables, or aquatic creatures that are eaten with grain. In fact, the fan-cai combination became the most basic building block of Chinese cuisine—without both grain and a little pro¬tein or vegetable for a topping, one did not have a meal. In Shanghai, fan-cai could mean a bowl of rice topped with pickled mustard greens and mixed pork; in Beijing, it could include spicy wheat noodles cooked with Chinese cabbage. The most common cai, especially for rural peasants, was (and still is) a vast array of vegetables. The highly nutritious plants of the Brassica genus—that is, hundreds of types of Chinese cabbage, radish, turnip, and mustard, are still found in nearly every kitchen across China, where cooks find a use for nearly every part, from root to flower. Americans who visited the Middle Kingdom in the nineteenth century noticed the preponderance of Allium, the onion genus, which a lso includes leeks, scallions, and garlic, and its “pervasive”smell in Chinese cooking. The most common native root or tuber plants were lotus (whose seed was also used), water chestnuts, and taro (generally deemed a famine food). The tender shoots of various varieties of bamboo have been considered delicacies fit for the most aristocratic tables going back millennia. Soybeans, on the other hand, were most often cooked for peasant gruels until the technology to produce tofu was developed—probably during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-22〇CE). The other important bean—the red bean (known as the azuki in the United States)—was used as a fermented seasoning and in sweet desserts. Varieties of the muskmelon (Cucumis melo), with their sweet meat and their seeds, were treated more as a fruit. Winter melons (Benincasa hispida), also known as wax gourds, were used to make the savory soups and stews that frequently appear at Chinese banquets. While not strictly speaking vegetables, an immense variety of mushrooms and other fungi were put tosimilar use in Chinese kitchens. Finally, edible seaweeds were often used to season soup, particularly along the South China coast. Today, the typical fare in South China is a bowl of rice topped with some kind of cooked Brassica and tofu.。
中国文明Chinese Civilization
1，根据史料记载，中国已有5000多年历史，是世界最早的文明古国之一。
China, with a recorded history of 5000 years, was one of the world’s earliest civilizations.2，最为一个文明古国，中国在汉唐时期是世界上最繁荣富强的国家之一。
As an old civilization, china used to be one of the most prosperous countries in the world in the Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty.3，中国文化不但影响了朝鲜，越南，日本，泰国等邻国，而且中国的四大发明，如指南针，造纸术，火药，印刷术对西方社会的发展产生了深远影响。
Not only has the Chinese culture influence her neighbors-Korea, Vietnam, Japan, Thailand, but the Chinese four great inventions such as the compass, paper, gunpowder and printing have also exerted far-reaching influences on the development of Western society.4，中国古典文学在世界文坛上享有盛誉，有着突出地位。
Chinese classic literature has been enjoying great popularity and has taken a prominent place in world literature.5，19世纪前，中国在天文学，数学，地理学，医学等方面取得了辉煌成就，令西方人羡慕并向中国学习。
Before the 19th century china had a lot of great achievements in fields of astronomy, mathematics, geography and medical science that the Western peoples admired and learned.。
中国古代文明简介 英语
中国古代文明简介英语China is one of the oldest continuous civilizations in the world with a history spanning over 5,000 years. During this long history, China has made numerous groundbreaking contributions to human development in areas such as philosophy, science, technology, and the arts. Ancient Chinese civilization laid the foundations for the modern Chinese state and continues to exert a profound influence on East Asian culture today.One of the hallmarks of ancient Chinese civilization was its philosophical traditions which sought to understand the natural world and the place of humanity within it. The most influential philosophical schools that emerged in ancient China were Confucianism and Daoism. Confucianism, founded by the philosopher Confucius in the 6th century BCE, emphasized the importance of social harmony, filial piety, and ethical conduct in both personal and political affairs. Confucian teachings became the dominant ideology of the imperial Chinese state and shaped the political, social, and cultural institutions of ancient China for over 2,000 years. In contrast, Daoism promoted a more naturalistic andmystical worldview that celebrated the inherent harmony and spontaneity of the natural world. Daoist thinkers like Laozi and Zhuangzi encouraged a lifestyle of simplicity, humility, and introspection in order to attune oneself to the underlying Dao or "Way" of the universe. The complementary yet often opposing philosophies of Confucianism and Daoism have enduringly influenced the Chinese intellectual tradition.In addition to its rich philosophical heritage, ancient China also made immense contributions to scientific and technological innovation. As early as the Shang dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE), the Chinese had developed a highly sophisticated system of writing using oracle bone script. This writing system, one of the earliest in human history, allowed for the documentation of events, laws, and astronomical observations. The Han dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) in particular witnessed a golden age of Chinese science and technology. During this period, the Chinese invented the magnetic compass, developed an advanced system of mathematics, and made landmark discoveries in astronomy, medicine, and metallurgy. Groundbreaking Chinese inventions from this era include paper, the water clock, and the mechanical south-pointing chariot. The Chinese also pioneered the use of gunpowder, which was later adopted in Europe and led to the development of firearms and artillery. These scientific and technological breakthroughs not only transformed Chinese civilization but had a profound global impact as well.The achievements of ancient Chinese civilization also extended to the realm of the arts. Chinese artists and craftspeople produced some of the most iconic works in human history. The Terracotta Army, a collection of thousands of life-size warrior statues constructed to guard the tomb of the first Qin emperor, is a stunning example of ancient Chinese sculpture. Chinese painting also reached new heights of sophistication, with masters like Wang Wei and Gu Kaizhi pioneering new techniques and styles. In the field of architecture, the ancient Chinese built magnificent imperial palaces, towering pagodas, and the iconic Great Wall of China which stretches for over 13,000 miles. The rich literary heritage of ancient China includes seminal works like the Analects of Confucius, the Dao De Jing of Laozi, and the classical poetry of the Tang dynasty. These artistic and literary masterpieces not only embody the cultural refinement of ancient China but also offer profound insights into the Chinese worldview.Despite the many achievements of ancient Chinese civilization, it also faced significant challenges and periods of turmoil. The unification of China under the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE was accompanied by the brutal suppression of dissent and the destruction of philosophical texts. Later imperial dynasties also had to contend with peasant uprisings, nomadic invasions, and factional infighting that sometimes led to the collapse of the Chinese state. However, even during these turbulent times, Chinese culture and social institutions exhibited aremarkable resilience and adaptability. The Chinese state was eventually able to reconstitute itself after periods of fragmentation, and China's philosophical and artistic traditions continued to evolve and flourish.In conclusion, ancient Chinese civilization was one of the most influential and long-lasting in human history. Through its groundbreaking contributions to philosophy, science, technology, and the arts, China laid the foundations for its continued prominence on the world stage. Even as China confronted periods of upheaval and transformation, its core cultural values and intellectual heritage endured. The lasting legacy of ancient China continues to shape the modern world in profound ways.。
讲中国古代文明的英语作文
讲中国古代文明的英语作文Here is an English essay on the topic of ancient Chinese civilization, with the content exceeding 1000 words as requested. Please note that the title is not included in the word count.The Enduring Legacy of Ancient Chinese CivilizationChina's ancient civilization is one of the oldest and most influential in the world, dating back thousands of years. From the dawn of its history, the Middle Kingdom has been a cradle of innovation, cultural richness, and profound philosophical traditions that have left an indelible mark on the course of human civilization. The enduring legacy of ancient Chinese civilization is a testament to the ingenuity, resilience, and profound wisdom of its people.At the heart of ancient Chinese civilization lies a deep reverence for the natural world and a harmonious relationship between humanity and the environment. The concept of Taoism, with its emphasis on the Dao or the "way of nature," has shaped the Chinese worldview for millennia. Taoists believed in the importance of living in accordance with the natural rhythms of the universe, rather than trying to conquer or control the natural world. This philosophy isreflected in the architectural wonders of ancient China, such as the Forbidden City in Beijing, where the layout and design of the buildings were carefully aligned with the principles of feng shui, the ancient Chinese art of harmonizing the built environment with the natural landscape.The ancient Chinese also made groundbreaking contributions to the fields of science and technology. From the invention of paper and the compass to the development of advanced agricultural techniques and the construction of the Great Wall, the achievements of ancient Chinese civilization continue to inspire awe and wonder. The Chinese were pioneers in the field of astronomy, developing sophisticated calendars and observational methods that were far ahead of their time. They also made significant advancements in the fields of mathematics, engineering, and medicine, laying the foundations for the technological and scientific progress that would come centuries later.One of the most enduring legacies of ancient Chinese civilization is its rich cultural heritage. The Chinese language, with its intricate system of written characters and its deep roots in the classical literature of the past, has been a unifying force for the Chinese people for thousands of years. The Confucian philosophy, with its emphasis on social harmony, filial piety, and the cultivation of moral virtue, has shaped the ethical and social norms of Chinese society forgenerations. The artistic traditions of ancient China, from the delicate brush paintings and calligraphy to the intricate jade carvings and porcelain wares, have inspired artists and art lovers around the world.The ancient Chinese also made significant contributions to the realm of philosophy and spirituality. The teachings of Confucius, with their emphasis on the importance of social and familial relationships, have had a profound impact on the way that Chinese people think about their place in the world. The Buddhist tradition, which was introduced to China from India, has also left an indelible mark on Chinese culture, shaping the way that the Chinese people approach questions of the meaning of life, the nature of the self, and the pursuit of enlightenment.One of the most remarkable aspects of ancient Chinese civilization is its enduring influence on the modern world. Despite the many political, social, and cultural upheavals that have occurred over the centuries, the legacy of ancient China continues to shape the way that the world perceives and interacts with the Middle Kingdom. From the design of modern cities to the practice of traditional Chinese medicine, the imprint of ancient Chinese civilization can be seen in every corner of the globe.In conclusion, the ancient Chinese civilization is a testament to the ingenuity, resilience, and profound wisdom of the Chinese people. Itsenduring legacy continues to inspire awe and wonder, and its influence can be felt in every aspect of modern life. Whether it is in the realm of science and technology, the arts and culture, or the realm of philosophy and spirituality, the ancient Chinese civilization has left an indelible mark on the course of human history. As we look to the future, it is clear that the lessons and insights of the past will continue to shape the way that we understand and engage with the world around us.。
成考英语作文万能模板河南
成考英语作文万能模板河南Henan, the Cradle of Chinese Civilization。
Henan, located in the central part of China, is a province with a rich cultural heritage and a long history. It is often referred to as the cradle of Chinese civilization, as it is the birthplace of the ancient Shang dynasty and the Zhou dynasty. Henan has played a pivotal role in the development of Chinese culture and history, and its influence can still be seen and felt today.One of the most famous landmarks in Henan is the Shaolin Temple, which is known as the birthplace of Kung Fu. The temple has a history of over 1500 years and is home to the legendary Shaolin monks who have mastered the art of martial arts. Many people from all over the world come to Henan to learn Kung Fu and experience the rich cultural heritage of the Shaolin Temple.In addition to its historical significance, Henan is also known for its natural beauty. The province is home to the famous Yellow River, which is the second-longest river in China and is often referred to as the cradle of Chinese civilization. The Yellow River has played a crucial role in the development of agriculture and civilization in Henan, and its importance can still be seen in the many ancient relics and artifacts that have been discovered along its banks.Furthermore, Henan is also known for its delicious cuisine. The province is famous for its wide variety of regional dishes, including the famous Luoyang water banquet, which consists of over 20 different dishes served in a large basin of water. The cuisine of Henan is a reflection of its rich cultural heritage and history, and it is a must-try for anyone visiting the province.In recent years, Henan has also been making strides in economic development and modernization. The province is home to many high-tech industries and has become a hub for innovation and entrepreneurship. With its strategic location and abundant naturalresources, Henan is poised to become a major player in China's economy in the coming years.Overall, Henan is a province with a rich cultural heritage, a long history, and a promising future. Its influence on Chinese civilization cannot be understated, and its contributions to the development of Chinese culture and history are immeasurable. Whether it's the ancient Shaolin Temple, the majestic Yellow River, or the delicious cuisine, Henan has something to offer for everyone. It truly is a cradle of Chinese civilization.。
中华文明 Chinese civilization
中华文明 Chinese civilization文明摇篮 cradle of civilization华夏祖先 the Chinese ancestors秦始皇帝 First Emperor, Emperor Chin皇太后 Empress Dowager汉高祖刘邦 founder of the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD) 成吉思汗 Genghis Khan ; Temujin夏朝 Xia Dynasty明清两代 (of) Ming and Qing dynasties地名：特别注意四川和陕西拼法四川 Sichuan, Szechwan, Szechuan陝西 Shaanxi四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China 火药 gunpowder印刷术 printing造纸术 paper-making指南针 the compass汉字 Chinese character单音节 single syllable汉语四声调 the four tones of Chinese characters阳平 level tone阴平 rising tone上声 falling-rising tone去声 falling tone四书 the Four Books《大学》 The Great Learning《中庸》 The Doctrine of the Mean《论语》 The Analects of Confucius《孟子》 The Mencius《春秋》 the Spring and Autumn Annals《史记》 Historical Records《诗经》 The Books of Songs;The Book of Odes《书经》 The Books of History《易经》 I Ching; The Book of Changes《礼记》 The Book of Rites《孝经》 Book of Filial Piety《孙子兵法》 The Art of War《三字经》 The Three-Character Scripture;The Three-Word Chant《三国演义》 Three Kingdoms《西游记》 Journey to the West; Pilgrimage to the West《红楼梦》 Dream of the Red Mansions《山海经》 The Classic of Mountains and Rivers《资治通鉴》 History as a Mirror;Comprehensive History Retold as a Mirror for Rulers《西厢记》 The Romance of West Chamber《水浒传》 Heroes of the Marshes; Tales of the Water Margin《聊斋志异》 Strange Tales of a Lonely Studio; Strange Tales from Make-Do Studio 《围城》 Fortress Besieged《阿Q正传》 The True Story of Ah Q五言绝句 five-character quatrain七言律诗 seven-character octave八股文 eight-part essay; stereotyped writing重要文化遗产 major cultural heritage优秀民间艺术 outstanding folk arts文物 cultural relics中国画 traditional Chinese painting书法 calligraphy水墨画 Chinese brush painting; ink and wash painting工笔 traditional Chinese realistic painting中国结 Chinese knot旗袍 Cheongsam中山装 Chinese tunic suit唐装 traditional Chinese garments (clothing)，Tang suit朝廷使者 royal court envoy文人 men of letters雅士 refined scholars表演艺术 performing art现代流行艺术 popular art, pop art纯艺术 high art高雅艺术 refined art电影艺术 cinematographic art戏剧艺术 theatrical art才子佳人 gifted scholars and beautiful ladies生 (男性正面角色) male (the positive male role)旦 (女性正面角色) female (the positive female role)净 (性格鲜明的男性配角) a supporting male role with striking character 丑 (幽默滑稽或反面角色) a clown or a negative role花脸 painted role歌舞喜剧 musical滑稽场面, 搞笑小噱头 shtick滑稽短剧 skit京剧人物脸谱 Peking Opera Mask皮影戏 shadow play; leather-silhouette show说书 story-telling叠罗汉 make a human pyramid折子戏 opera highlights踩高跷 stilt walk哑剧 pantomime; mime哑剧演员 pantomimist戏剧小品 skit马戏 circus show单口相声 monologue comic talk, standup comedy特技表演 stunt相声 witty dialogue comedy, comic cross talk杂技 acrobatics京韵大鼓 the traditional story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment秦腔 Shaanxi opera武术 martial art功夫 kung fu武术门派 styles or schools of martial art习武健身 practice martial art for fitness气功 qigong, deep breathing exercises拳击 boxing篆刻 seal cutting upriteous工艺, 手艺 workmanship / craftsmanship卷轴 scroll蜡染 batik泥人 clay figure漆画 lacquer painting唐三彩 Trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty景泰蓝 cloisonné文房四宝 The four stationery treasures of the Chinese study --- a writing brush, an ink stick, an ink stone and paper民间传说 folklores寓言 fable传说 legend神话 mythology古为今用,洋为中用 make the past serve the present and the foreign serve china 赋诗 inscribe a poem对对联 matching an antithetical couplet阳历 solar calendar公历 Gregorian calendar阴历 lunar calendar天干 heavenly stem地支 earthly branch闰年 leap year二十四节气 the twenty-four solar terms十二生肖 the twele Chinese zodiac signs本命年 one''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches传统节日 traditional holidays春节 the Spring Festival元宵节 the Lantern Festival (15th day of the first lunar month)清明节 the Pure Brightness Festival / the Tomb-sweeping Day (April the 5th) 端午节 the Dragon Boat Festival (5th of the fifth lunar month)中秋节 the Moon Festival / the Mid-Autumn Day (15th of the eight lunar month) 重阳节 the Double Ninth Day / the Aged Day。
chn中华文明国际形象宣传片英文文稿
chn中华文明国际形象宣传片英文文稿China, the ancient land of the dragon, has captivated the world with its rich and enduring cultural heritage. As the cradle of one of the oldest civilizations on Earth, China's influence has spread far and wide, leaving an indelible mark on the global landscape. In this essay, we will explore the vibrant and multifaceted international image of Chinese civilization, delving into its unique traditions, remarkable achievements, and the role it plays in shaping the world today.At the heart of Chinese civilization lies a profound reverence for harmony, balance, and the pursuit of wisdom. This ethos is reflected in the country's ancient philosophies, such as Confucianism and Taoism, which have profoundly shaped the Chinese worldview and the way its people interact with the world around them. From the grand imperial palaces to the serene landscapes of the countryside, China's cultural tapestry is woven with a tapestry of intricate details that captivate the senses and ignite the imagination.One of the most striking aspects of China's international image is its unparalleled artistic and architectural heritage. The iconic structures of the Forbidden City, the grandeur of the Great Wall, and the serene beauty of the Terracotta Warriors stand as testaments to theingenuity and craftsmanship of the Chinese people. These landmarks have become symbols of China's enduring cultural legacy, drawing visitors from around the globe to marvel at the country's remarkable achievements.Beyond its physical landmarks, China's artistic traditions have also left an indelible mark on the world. From the delicate brushstrokes of traditional Chinese painting to the elegant calligraphy that graces the pages of ancient texts, the country's artistic expressions have captivated audiences worldwide. The harmonious blending of nature, spirituality, and human expression found in Chinese art has inspired countless artists and scholars, making it a vital part of the global cultural landscape.The culinary prowess of China is another facet of its international image that has gained widespread recognition. Chinese cuisine, with its diverse regional flavors and innovative techniques, has become a beloved staple in kitchens around the world. From the delicate dim sum of Cantonese cuisine to the bold and spicy flavors of Sichuan cooking, the richness and complexity of Chinese food have left an indelible mark on the global palate.China's technological advancements and scientific achievements have also played a significant role in shaping its international image. From the groundbreaking innovations of ancient Chinese inventors,such as the compass, gunpowder, and paper, to the country's current leadership in fields like renewable energy and artificial intelligence, China has consistently demonstrated its capacity for innovation and scientific excellence. This legacy of innovation has made China a key player in the global quest for technological progress and sustainable development.Another crucial aspect of China's international image is its role as a global economic powerhouse. As the world's second-largest economy, China has become a driving force in the global marketplace, shaping international trade, investment, and economic policies. The country's vast manufacturing capabilities, thriving e-commerce industry, and burgeoning consumer market have made it a crucial player in the global economic landscape, with far-reaching implications for the world economy.However, China's international image is not without its complexities and challenges. The country's rapid development and growing global influence have also led to concerns about its environmental impact, human rights record, and geopolitical ambitions. These issues have been the subject of much debate and scrutiny, both within China and on the international stage.Despite these challenges, China's international image remains a multifaceted and dynamic tapestry that continues to evolve andcaptivate the world. From its rich cultural heritage to its technological and economic prowess, China's influence on the global stage is undeniable. As the world continues to grapple with the complexities of the 21st century, the role of China in shaping the future of the global community will undoubtedly remain a topic of great importance and fascination.。
中国文明的英文作文
The Richness and Depth of ChineseCivilizationChina, a country with a history spanning thousands of years, is renowned for its profound and unique civilization. From the ancient times of the Yellow River civilization to the present-day technological advancements, China has constantly exhibited a remarkable blend of tradition and modernity.The foundation of Chinese civilization can be traced back to the Neolithic Age, when the Yellow Rivercivilization flourished. This period marked the beginningof agricultural settlements, the invention of writing, and the emergence of complex social structures. The development of Confucianism, Taoism, and other philosophical systems further enriched the intellectual landscape of China, providing guidelines for moral, ethical, and political behavior.The art and architecture of China are also remarkable. The Great Wall, the Forbidden City, and the Terracotta Army are just a few examples of the extraordinary craftsmanship and aesthetic sensibility that have characterized Chinesecivilization. These structures not only reflect the technological prowess of the time but also embody the cultural and philosophical values of the Chinese people.Moreover, Chinese civilization has always beeninclusive and dynamic. Throughout its history, China has exchanged ideas, technologies, and cultures with other nations, leading to the creation of a rich and diverse cultural heritage. This openness and willingness to learn from others have been a defining feature of Chinese civilization.In modern times, China has continued to evolve and adapt, while maintaining its deep-rooted cultural values. The country has made remarkable progress in science, technology, and innovation, becoming a global leader in areas such as artificial intelligence, space exploration, and renewable energy.However, even as China moves forward, it remains firmly rooted in its past. The traditions of Confucianism, Taoism, and other philosophical systems continue to influence Chinese society and culture. The celebration of festivals like the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, and theMid-Autumn Festival are examples of how Chinesecivilization has been able to preserve its heritage while also embracing modernity.In conclusion, Chinese civilization is a vibrant and diverse tapestry of history, culture, and tradition. It is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of the Chinese people, who have always strived to maintain their unique identity while also embracing new ideas and innovations. The richness and depth of Chinese civilization continue to inspire and captivate the world.**中国文明的丰富与深邃**中国，这个拥有数千年历史的国家，以其独特而深远的文明而著称。
英语中国文明作文高中
英语中国文明作文高中China has a long history of civilization, with a rich cultural heritage that has been passed down from generation to generation. From ancient philosophy to traditional medicine, Chinese civilization has made significant contributions to the world.The Chinese language, with its unique characters and tones, is a reflection of the intricate and sophisticated civilization. It has a history of thousands of years andhas evolved into a rich and diverse system of communication.Chinese cuisine is also an important part of Chinese civilization. With its various flavors and cooking techniques, it has gained popularity all over the world. From spicy Sichuan dishes to delicate Cantonese dim sum, Chinese food reflects the diversity and complexity of Chinese civilization.Traditional Chinese medicine, with its focus onholistic healing and natural remedies, is another aspect of Chinese civilization that has gained global recognition. It emphasizes the balance of the body, mind, and spirit, and has been practiced for thousands of years.Chinese traditional arts, such as calligraphy, painting, and opera, are also integral to Chinese civilization. These art forms have been passed down for centuries and continueto be celebrated for their beauty and cultural significance.The Chinese philosophy of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism has also had a profound impact on Chinese civilization. These philosophies emphasize the importanceof morality, harmony with nature, and spiritual enlightenment.In modern times, China has continued to make advancements in science, technology, and innovation. The country's rapid development and global influence are a testament to the strength and resilience of Chinese civilization.In conclusion, Chinese civilization is a complex and multifaceted heritage that encompasses language, cuisine, medicine, arts, philosophy, and modern achievements. Its rich history and cultural diversity continue to shape the world and inspire people from all walks of life.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Origins of Chinese Civilization: Neolithic Revolution in China& the 1st Chinese civilizationJayce，James，Hugh，Hill,CharlesH13000312 ,H13000313,H13000311,H13000310, H13000119Chinese civilization mostly originated from large river valleys. These river valleys provide people with favorable conditions to survive. Mild climate help people to easily adapt the environment near river valleys. So people can settle near this kind of place and do not need to choose a nomadic life any more. Also, river valleys provide abundant water for irrigation, and people can have steady sources of food. These kinds of factors lead to the formation of 1st civilization in china. And we will introduce 5 civilizations which originated from the Yangtse River,theYellow River and Liao River in China.YangShao cultureYangShao culture is the important culture in Neolithic culture l ocated in In the middle reaches of the Yellow River region. 1912,it was discovered in yangshao village of Henan province and continu ed for about 7000 to 5000 years ago.Yangshao culture is one of the most important discovery in neolithic china,distributes in the region of the loess plateau in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and its edge,about 32 ~ 41 degrees, between 106 ~ 114 degrees east longitude. Its status is very high.[1]CharacteristicsCeramics industry of Yangshao culture is relatively developed, ceramics technology can represents the time of the economic development level of handicraft industry. From all the tribes of archaeological finds, tribe mastered the quite mature experience, including the selection of plastic clay, modelling, firing temperature and a series of plastic coated decoration technology .Blank forming is still blocking in hand-making .However, many small wares still adopt direct and simple method to product. Pottery craftsman The pottery craftsman applied on the surface of kinds of decorative, some flapped with a special mould, some decorative mainly for strengthening body and others just for beauty.Pottery of Yangshao culture are mainly argillaceous red clay, sandinclusion red clay, shale pottery. There are also some pottery clay and sand inclusion of black ash. The banpo type of pottery mainly sand clay,small mouth bottom tipbottle, ,bowl, and roll along thepainted pottery basin. Table aredecorated by jomon, lines, conelines, nails chord lines.Coloureddrawing or pattern design is drawn outside of the mouth of the bowl along the basin of purple and red broadband lines, painting some pictures, such as fish, deer, plants, internal and external painting face and the geometric design of polka dots and a decorative pattern and triangle. Along the broadband lines in more than twenty different score symbols, it may be the origin of ancient Chinese words. Temple bottom groove type of pottery are mainly bowl, basin, small bottle mouth bottom tip, abdominal small flat bottles, oblique mouth along the pot, kettle, oven, etc.[2]Status and influenceFirst of all, the discovery and excavation of yangshao village have a far-reaching influence. For the first time it declared the Chinese cultural heritage is rich in new era and confirmed that before in class society there is a more developed China neolithic period, breaking the "China has no Stone Age" fallacy. Yangshao culture become the first Chinesearchaeological history formally named after the ancient cultural system,marking the prehistoric archaeology in China and the birth of modern Chinese archaeology. Unveiled the first page of the the field rubbings in China, which makes the research of new Stone Age to expand the old Stone Age and the Bronze Age, opening a new era in the history of modern Chinese id the foundation of standardization for later discovered and named other neolithic culture and played the lead role. It brings the latest information for the research of the history of China.Longshan cultureLongshan culture lied in the lower reaches of the Yellow River region. It started about 6000 years ago and ended in 2500 BC. In the spring of 1928, archaeologists Wu Jinding discovered the world-famous Chengzi cliff relic in shandong province longshan town.Based on these findings, archaeologists named this relic "longshan culture".[3]Characteristics and influenceThe most notable feature of Longshan culture is the discovery of the city.Such as in shandong area, in addition to Chengzi child cliff longshan town, and rizhao YaoWang city ruins, shouguang sideline‟s king palace ruins, etc.[4]Longshan culture located in late neolithic and in this period Chinese agriculture and animal husbandry had very big development. The numberof production tools and types was greatly increasing. Fast ceramics technology is also very common which greatly improved the production efficiency.At the same time, also prevalent divination and witchcraft activities.In aspect of society, the society had already entered the patriarchy society and private property has emerged -- the starting of entering the class society.The most prominent representative is unique and exquisite black pottery, so archaeologists originally called this culture “black pottery culture”.Before the Chengzi cliff, ancient pottery unearthed in China are mostly have high sand sediment such as painted pottery and red clay. But black pottery which use the river mud as a raw material is arguably nation's unique creation more than 4000 years ago here. The eggshell thin cup which excavated from Chengzi cliff is only 0.5 mm thick and weighs only about 50 grams, these are the ultimate in black pottery.[5] We cannot imagine how our ancestors making such wonderful things because it is also very difficult for today‟s people to make these potteries.In addition to the pottery, Longshan culture also has a large number of stone and bone artifacts and clams and etc.They give priority to agriculture development and engaged in hunting, fishing, and raising livestock.They also has the habit of divination with bones.And may have started to use the bronze.In the history of xia, shang and zhou culture origin, they are all likely to be considerable contact with longshanculture.Liangzhu CultureLiangzhu culture distributed in Taihu which located in the lower reach of the Yangtse River in late Neolithic china. It was first discovered at a place called Y u Liang Zhu in 1936. And it begun at roughly 5,300-4,000 years ago.FeaturesHandmade productsIn the Liangzhu relics, archaeologists found a large amount of potteries and most of them are gray black pottery. The wall of pottery is very thin and the table of pottery uses surface polishing. Some of these potteries are decorated with beautiful floral patterns. Most of them have practical function while they also have aesthetic value. This indicates that people in Neolithic started to focus on how to get aesthetic value not only practical function.There are also many Jadecong found in Liangzhurelics.Jade cong was used tosacrifice in the ancient time. Jade cong is a square column with a round hole in the middle and the periphery has decoration. It also has many layers which means more layers the masters are more honorable. Jade cong from Liangzhu relics is known as the most complete and the most exquisite craft in Neolithic of china.Meanwhile, bamboo and wood manufacturing industries had also been developed.People have found wood and bamboo utensils in many Liang zhu relics. In Qian Shan Yang site ,archaeologists unearthed more than 200 pieces of bamboo, this craft became members of the clan also specializes in production and labor.In front of Liangzhu town, archaeologists unearthed wooden Spears, arrowheads and a number of rare timber products which include wood pulp, clogs, adze handles and inlaid teeth drill bit made of tree branches of wood.[6]We can see abundant types of bamboo and wood products. It means the inside labor distribution in Handicraft industry had emerged in the later Liangzhu culture.Division of labour and the development of the handicraft industry make the development of product exchange . In some ruins or tombs large set of jades, stone, pottery, bamboo wares could not be used in the daily life.And They are only a symbol of power and wealth.Social processesLiangzhu culture is one of the origins of rice agriculture in China. In many of the Liangzhu cultural site, archaeologists commonly found stone tools, such as triangular earthenware dishes and it shows that agriculture in the period of the Liangzhu culture was transmitted to plow agriculture farming stage. This is a big step in the development of ancient agriculture which led to the high productivity and the development of the handicraft. Meanwhile, jades shape specifications, patterns and Polishing standard reflect the more mental labor in the jade production process, relatively independent to the trend of simple manual labor.The difference between mental and physical labor of jades had been formed in that era.Another important social change is based on etiquette jade system.There are many tombs in Liangzhu relics and they have different levels.Jade unearthed in the tombs of the noble is over more than 20 species, mainly Cong, bi, Tomahawk, cone-shaped device, three forks, Crown-shaped device, spinning wheels, disc design, and so on. [7]And those scattered graves around the site of small tombs buried with only small pieces of jade without the kind of jade in the tombs of the nobles. And these tombs could be considered as civilians.The differences of jades using in the burials between nobles and common people show that strong class consciousness had been prevalent in that era. During the period of Liangzhu culture,high authority leader had emerged in the clan or tribe.And he could have a great social power to organize a lot of labor for the large-scale construction engineering.Hongshan CultureHongshan Culture has great influences on north-east of china. It located in liao River in the 5000 years ago. In 1935,archaeologists excavated hongshan relics in chifeng city and experts named this culture with this place. And it is one of the earliest cultural traces of Chinese civilization.Maternal SocietyHongshan culture represents the peak period of Maternal Society in China. Archaeologists unearthed many female statues from the hongshan relics. These female statues show the perfect figure of the female especially in the sexual organs. These sexual organs describe the big breasts and hypertrophic hips of the female which suggest people in that era worshiped the fertility of the female. One of the jades from Hongshan relics is carved as a female goddess.[8]She wears a crown which means power and dignity and rides a mythical animal. From this statues, we can find that female in that era existed as a goddess and had a wide significance to this society.10Dragon cultureDragon culture only exists in china. We admire dragon and considerdragon as the symbol of the power and luckwhich is different from that in the west. Theorigin of the dragon is almost fromhongshan culture. Archaeologists foundjade dragon in the relics. It is the earliestobjective found in china which is described as a dragon. The color of jade dragon is green and its shape performs as the cha racter …c‟. This jade dragon shows elegance and grace and fully explains that our ancestor were very imaginative.[1] Gong Qiming, Yangshao Culture, Lijiang Publishing House, 1998, print[2] History of Chinese ceramic culture. Luo wenliang , Central Compilation press, 2011[3]Zhang Xuehai , Longshan Culture, Lijiang Publishing House, 2001, print[4]Zhang Xuehai , Longshan Culture, Lijiang Publishing House, 2001, print[5]Liu Zihao, Chinese cultural relics and archaeology discovery and Research Series in twentieth Century, ChenNing press,2010[6]Zhang zhiheng,Archaeology of the Neolithic Age in China,Nanjing University Press,2003[7]Li Quanyou,Yuhang history and Culture Research Series,Xileng Press,2005。