托福阅读句子简化题应对技巧3个实例精讲
托福阅读句子简化题的解题方法
托福阅读句子简化题的解题方法
句子简化题主要考察我们的paraphrase（在此可以简单理解为用比原文简单的语言来替换原文）的能力。
因此原文句式结构往往比较复杂，词汇相对比较高级，而且需要我们有比较强的逻辑分析能力。
正确选项往往会在句子结构，语法以及词汇上做改动，比如主动变被动，复合句变成简单句，同义词改写。
但是我们也不要被它吓到，只要我们有一定词汇基础（四级就可以），并掌握其解题技巧，正确解答此题还是不难的。
句子简化题的主要解题步骤是：
1.分析原句的逻辑关系，比如：转折，让步，递进，对比，等等。
2.扫描选项是否有对应的逻辑关系，如果不一样，立即排除该选项。
3.划出原句的核心词汇及概念，这些词往往是动作的发出者：主语，动作：谓语，以及动作的接受者：宾语。
4.把剩下的选项和原文进行快速比对，作出正确选择。
例1：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.。
托福阅读句子简化题实例解析
托福阅读句子简化题实例解析托福阅读句子简化题实例解析, 如何利用逻辑解题法解决简化题。
今天给大家带来托福阅读句子简化题实例解析,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读句子简化题实例解析如何利用逻辑解题法解决简化题?一.托福阅读句子简化题难点解析在托福阅读题型中，句子简化题可算是一种让学生颇为头疼的题型了，首先这种题型涉及句子阅读与理解，需要考生有一个比较好的句子分析基础，另外，它又同*段落结构相联系，同时答案又是选出简化后的内容，所以要求学生在确定*主题以及段落大意的情况下，通过仔细阅读来确定某些特定句子的主要意思。
那么怎样做这类题才能达到较好的复习效果呢?今天我们就一起来学习一下怎么做简化题，下面我为大家介绍一种方法，即运用逻辑解题法，希望对大家有所帮助。
二.逻辑解题法简述逻辑解题法，顾名思义就是通过对句子进行分析，在了解句子结构的基础上，分析句子的主要逻辑结构，找到句子所要表达的核心内容，然后对应答案，选出内容逻辑都符合的正确选项。
句子简化题简化的是内容，但不是逻辑，所以通过逻辑解题法我们可以快速锁定正确答案范围。
逻辑解题法主要有以下三个步骤：通读原句，分析句子结构，找到句子主干及句子所表达的主要逻辑关系查看选项，排除非主干逻辑的选项根据句子内容，对应逻辑关系的具体对象，选出正确答案。
三.托福阅读句子简化题实例解析下面我们来看一个例子：例: The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.上面这句话就是一个高亮的句子，我们来看一下对应的 4 个选项：A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people. B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land. C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in variouscountries are involved in the effort. D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.按照逻辑解题法的步骤，首先我们先分析一下原句，找到主干逻辑。
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲, 3个步骤搞定难点题型，今天给大家带来了托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲。
希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲3个步骤搞定难点题型托福阅读句子简化题解题流程介绍1 看原句是否有逻辑关系2 原句有逻辑关系，看选项，保留逻辑关系选项，去除无逻辑关系选项3 半句细节对比解题注：逻辑关系一般有，对比、转折、因果、条件等等托福阅读句子简化题思路实例分析If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.A.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.B.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.C.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.D.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.解题：1看原句是否有逻辑关系，初步浏览了一下，看到了but这个表转折的连接词，这是一个有逻辑关系的句子。
【实例解析】提速托福阅读关键 合理简化文中长难句
【实例解析】提速托福阅读关键合理简化文中长难句在托福阅读的考试中，有着“十大经典题型”是很多备考学生所津津乐道的备考内容。
其中托福阅读试题中的句子简化题便是一个，这种托福阅读题如果不会正确的方法可能会耽误不少时间，下面就来详细介绍一下这个问题。
句子简化的托福阅读试题可分为两种类型，那解答这种托福阅读题的方法也相应不同：第一种是有逻辑关系的句子。
那就需要分辨是哪一种逻辑关系，常见的逻辑关系有三种：转折、因果和比较;第二步就是要确定逻辑关系的双方：假如是因果关系就需要确定原因和结果分别是什么。
错误选项往往会因果倒置;假如是转折关系就需要确定作者更强调哪一部分信息。
错误选项往往把次要信息放在主要的位置上(如but后面);如果是比较关系的话，就需要确定比较的双方，比较的内容和比较的结果。
错误选项往往把比较结果弄反。
有些托福阅读题型句子逻辑和答案逻辑是相对应的，优先用逻辑解题比较简单，可以迅速正确解题，如例1。
Example 1 TPO5-2 The Origin of the Pacific Island PeopleContrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○ Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.○ The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.○ Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.○ The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.先看原句，contrary to表示一个与主干部分相反的附加信息，主干部分在逗号之后，后半句说看起来合理的是这个壮举是由精心准备的殖民远征实现的，他们满载食物和动植物。
搞定托福阅读长难句只需要3招
搞定托福阅读长难句只需要3招在托福阅读考试中有一种题型叫做句子简化题，很多考生在面对这个题型的时候都感到十分头疼。
很多考生看到这样的题型，好几行的句子，让考生很难理解它的意思。
针对托福阅读长难句有没有什么解决办法呢?今天小编为大家带来了托福阅读长难句的解决方法——3招搞定托福阅读长难句，希望对大家托福备考有帮助。
一、判断句类：简单句or复杂句?当我们拿到一道句子简化题的时候，首先要做的就是对于题目中出现的长难句进行句类的判断。
如果该句只含有一个主谓结构，并且句子各成分都只由单词或者短语构成，那么这个句子就是简单句。
如果该句包含分句，那么这个句子就是复杂句。
二、找主干和句内逻辑当我们完成对于长难句的句类判断时，我们就要开始对这个句子内部的逻辑关系进行分析。
对于简单句来说，我们要找出这个句子的主干，也就是主谓宾语。
而对于复杂句来说，我们需要做的就是分析复杂句内部各分句之间的逻辑关系。
在句子简化题中最常考的逻辑关系分别有四种：并列、因果、转折、比较。
要判断逻辑关系，考生可以在阅读过程中寻找相应的逻辑词，如and、but、because等等。
三、找选项主干和逻辑关系当我们完成对句子的分析之后，我们就要去看选项了。
但是这个时候我们不能只是去看选项，我们要做的是在选项里寻找我们刚刚对句子进行分析的结果：主干和逻辑关系。
举个栗子：If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy forsurface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are smallenough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome theforce of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmlyheld。
教你搞定托福阅读句子简化题
教你搞定托福阅读句子简化题（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!教你搞定托福阅读句子简化题托福阅读中的句子简化题怎么做？你找对方法了吗？下面本店铺给大家带来教你搞定托福阅读句子简化题，望喜欢！搞定托福阅读句子简化题那些小秘密人在出生的时候，最先拥有的感观能力是“听”，但随着长大，真的懂得“听”的人却很少。
用实例告诉你怎么做托福阅读句子简化题-
用实例告诉你怎么做托福阅读句子简化题托福阅读中的句子简化题是不容忽视的，简化题在每篇阅读文章里一般都会有一个题。
托福阅读要想拿满分，就必须作对这道题。
下面大家来看一个例子：TPO30 阅读Role of Play in Development-第9题Paragraph 6:safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the young to deal with threats or predators. Play can also provide practice in social behaviors needed for courtship anddominant and submissive because each monkey might have to play either role in the future. Most of these things are learned in the long developmental periods that primates have, during which they engage in countless play experiences with their peers.9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.B. Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.C. Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.D. Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.解题思路：1.很明显这道题考察得是同学们对句子理解的程度，因为句子简化题考的就是句子内部的逻辑关系，它并不考句子之间的关系。
实例讲解托福阅读简化题的解题技巧_0
实例讲解托福阅读简化题的解题技巧.content {font-size:16px !important;font-family:Tahoma,”Simsun” ;line-height:28px !important;color:#333;}.content p {font-size:16px !important;padding:0 15px !important;margin:20px 0 !important;text-align:left;}托福阅读题目中，句子简化题又叫做释义题即recognizing paraphrases，是新托福阅读当中比较浪费考生时间的一种题型，考生在做句子简化题是需要先判断出句子的逻辑关系，然后选择与题干逻辑及语义对等的选项。
下面就来为大家分析一下如何解答托福阅读中简化题。
对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。
找到原句中的关键的词在选项当中进行同义替换。
例如：In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart fromthe rest of the animal kingdom.Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed B.The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.C.The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.D.Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。
托福阅读-句子简化题
练习题三
要点一
总结词
识别句子中的修饰成分
要点二
详细描述
练习题三要求考生识别句子中的修饰成分，如形容词、副 词、介词短语等，并理解其在句子中的作用。通过练习， 考生可以增强对句子细节的把握能力，提高对复杂句子的 理解水平。
05备考建议与总结提高阅读速度与理解能力
大量阅读
01
通过阅读英文原著、新闻、学术论文等，提高阅读速度和理解
03
句子简化题实例解析
题目展示与解析
题目
The company has a strong commitment to environmental protection, and it has taken several measures to reduce its carbon footprint.
总结词
理解句子结构
VS
详细描述
通过练习题一，考生可以加深对句子结构 的理解，掌握如何识别主语、谓语、宾语 以及从句等关键成分，从而更好地理解句 子的意义。
练习题二
总结词
提炼句子主干
详细描述
练习题二要求考生提炼句子的主干，即主谓 宾结构，从而把握句子的核心信息。通过练 习，考生可以提高快速筛选关键信息的能力， 有助于在考试中快速理解文章内容。
修饰成分分析
修饰成分分析
在提取主干后，需要分析句子的修饰成分，如定语、状语等，这些成分对句子的意义和逻辑关系起到补充和修饰 的作用。
示例
原句“The scientist conducted an experiment to determine the effects of radiation on plants.” 的修饰 成分是“to determine the effects of radiation on plants”（为了确定辐射对植物的影响），补充说明了实验 的目的。
「托福阅读」托福阅读题型之句子简化题解题方
「托福阅读」托福阅读题型之句子简化题解题方「托福阅读」托福阅读题型之句子简化题解题方托福阅读中的句子简化题也称为“变换措辞题”，是托福阅读题型的一种。
在托福阅读文章中，可能有0-1道这样的题目，每次考试总共有2到3题。
那么，在托福阅读中遇到这样的题型，应该要怎么做呢?接下来，店铺就为各位同学们带来一些解题方法，希望可以帮助大家进行新托福阅读的备考。
托福阅读题型之句子简化题解题方法这类型题目的题干表达为：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.【托福阅读】托福阅读题型之句子简化题解题方法解决这类题目的三种方法：第一种：在保持原句序基本不变的前提下进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;第二种：在句序不变的前提下再进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;第三种：对原句进行总结性重复。
下面我们通过一个例子来看这些方法的具体应用：Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.1. A marketer who is not so smart should be more concernedwith the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.2. It is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.3. Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.4. Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.解题：首先，我们来分析这个句子，整个主句的主语为Small marketers，谓语为be concerned with，宾语为factors，这个分析完成之后，我们采用同意替换的方法，替换其中的'重点词组-谓语be concerned with，其同义词为focus on。
托福阅读句子简化题解题技巧
托福阅读句子简化题解题技巧一、托福阅读句子简化题答题要求这类问题要求考生选出一个句子，其句意与原文中某个句子的主要意思相同。
并不是每一篇文章都设有这种题目，一篇文章一般最多只会有一道此类题目。
所有简化句子类问题都是一样的。
在文中会有一个句子用阴影标示出来，然后在题目中考生将会被问到：Which of the following best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.二、托福阅读句子简化题解题技巧1. 以下两种形式的选项都是错误的：与被标示的句子相矛盾;遗漏了被标示的句子中的一些重要信息;2. 注意答案不要与句子所在段落或全文的主要观点相矛盾。
三、句子简化题例题解析我们通过一道例题来具体看一下句子简化题的解题步骤。
The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, …Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that if they drew a human image in their cave art, it would cause death or injury.B. Many contemporary people believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, so they, like Upper Paleolithic people, rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.C. If Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, this belief might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.D. Although many contemporary peoples believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, researchers cannot explain why Upper Paleolithic people rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.解析：我们来分析一下原文中这句看似很长的句子，它是由“and”来连接的。
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲, 3个步骤搞定难点题型，今日我给大家带来了托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲。
盼望能够关心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲3个步骤搞定难点题型托福阅读句子简化题解题流程介绍1 看原句是否有规律关系2 原句有规律关系，看选项，保留规律关系选项，去除无规律关系选项3 半句细节对比解题注：规律关系一般有，对比、转折、因果、条件等等托福阅读句子简化题思路实例分析If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.A.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.B.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away fromsmall size pores through surface tension.C.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.D.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.解题：1看原句是否有规律关系，初步扫瞄了一下，看到了but这个表转折的连接词，这是一个有规律关系的句子。
托福阅读长难句简化精读学习方法分享
托福阅读长难句简化精读学习方法分享福阅读长难句简化精读学习方法分享, 看懂*每一个复杂句,今天给大家带来了托福阅读长难句简化精读学习方法分享,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读长难句简化精读学习方法分享 看懂*每一个复杂句托福阅读备考如何精读长难句?看不懂长难句是很多考生在阅读时一直感到困扰的问题，大家在精读时一定要加强对长难句的理解练习。
考生可以先把每一段中最长的句子或者成分比较复杂的句子摘抄下来。
对于托福阅读考试来说，每篇托福阅读*几乎都会考查句子简化题，而句子简化题的原句一般都是长难句，非常值得考生摘抄下来学习。
考生摘抄完句子后就要对句子进行基本的句法分析。
此时，首要的一点是找出句子的主干，理解句子的主要意思。
何谓句子主干?一般指的是主句的“主-谓”、“主-谓-宾”或“主-系-表”等结构。
考生可以首先找到主句的谓语动词，因为任何主句一定有谓语动词，它是句子的灵魂，决定了主干的基本结构和主要意思。
而长难句除了主干，一般还会有诸多修饰成分，比如介词短语、不定式、分词结构、从句等。
一般来说，多个从句的出现会让句子变得特别长，更加难以理解，因此考生在划出主干后，可以先划出从句，并思考从句的类别和在句中充当的成分和作用，之后再理解句子的其他修饰成分。
最后，考生再对整个句子进行翻译，以确保自己真正理解了它的意思。
当你坚持做这样精读句子后，你会发现自己在考场上遇到长难句不再那么恐慌了，理解句子的效率也会有明显的提高。
托福阅读备考长难句精读方法介绍这里给考生做一个精读句子的示例。
However, what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis appeared only托福官方真题23relatively late in Dutch agriculture. (“Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture”)考生首先在笔记本上抄下这句话，然后再进行句法分析，可以通过划线等方式来体现。
托福阅读句子简化题例子解析
托福阅读句子简化题例子解析面对托福阅读部分来说，对于考试的题型，无论是题型特点还是解题技巧，我们都是需要我们掌握的，今天我们就通过实例来进行详细的解析，帮助大家更好地来备考。
托福阅读句子简化题例子解析句子简化题是托福阅读必考题目，每篇一题，主要考察考生对复杂句子的主干信息的把握。
所谓主干信息，要分清主句和从句，尤其是主句的语法主干：即主语谓语和宾语。
除此以外，还有注意常考的几种信息类型，如反面或负面信息，表示比较或对比的信息等等。
做到这些还不够。
此题的正确选项特点是：对原句的主干信息进行同义替换，即用词汇或语法手段替换原句的主干信息。
因此，如果你发现有的选项包括和原句长相非常相似的词汇，千万当心!来看下面的例子：Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.○The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.○Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form.○The general form of applied-art objects is limited by somearbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.原句的主要信息点包括：因果关系since, 否定信息not, 强调信息only。
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托福阅读句子简化题应对技巧3个实例精讲常有同学觉得托福阅读中的句子简化题难做，几个选项看着都差不多实在区分不出其中的差别。
今天给大家带来了托福阅读句子简化题应对技巧3个实例精讲,希望能够帮助到大家在托福考试中拿高分，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
【题型思路】托福阅读句子简化题应对技巧3个实例精讲托福阅读句子简化题解题思路实例分析例1 [结果]These plants are termed opportunists because [原因]they rely on their seeds’ falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.A. Because [原因]their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present, [结果]dandelions are classified as opportunists.B. [结果]Dandelions are called opportunists because [原因]they contribute to the natural processes of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy.C. The term opportunists apply to plants whose seeds fall in places where they can compete with the seeds of other plants.D. The term opportunists apply to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural processes.你发现原句中有个because，就知道这句话是在解释，必定有因有果。
我们先去找因和果。
结果是这些植物被称为机会主义者，原因是它们依赖种子掉进一个环境，后面说这个环境里竞争性的植物已经被移除了，即没有竞争性的环境。
对句子稍做整理后变成，因为它们依赖自己的种子掉进一个没有竞争性的环境，所以这些植物被称为机会主义者。
有同学会问，后面的such as要怎么处理。
一般我们有个原则，在句子当中如果是补充的信息，那很重要;如果是重复的信息，应该是不重要的。
所以看such as只要明白一点，它到底给前面的什么内容举例。
看例子的内容，会发现说的都是地方，说明是给setting举例，那么就可以把它放在一边。
于是，我们明白作者原句的意图是在解释有因果的关系，那么四个选项中正确的答案必定在逻辑关系和讲话的意图上和原句是一样的。
发现A、B、C、D中只有A和B是有因果的，再进一步看具体的内容，可知A的原因和结果都与原句一致，为正确选项。
例2 [转折前]Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, [转折后]under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amount ing to about half a centimeter a year.A. Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region’s climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.B. Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.C. Because of the region’s present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the aquifer.D. Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the rates of addition of water continue to increase.这个题目原句中有一个but unfortunately，说明这句话前后有一个转折，那么它最核心的意义是作者前后表示的不同。
看转折前：aquifer地下蓄水层还有足够的水来填满休伦湖。
虽然我们不知道休伦湖有多大，但你明白作者的意图是说水很多。
转折后：在这个半干旱的条件下，补充率很小。
Amounting to 后面给出补充率的数字，是重复内容不重要。
所以明确转折前说水量大，转折后说补充率小。
然后我们看四个选项，正确答案一定在逻辑关系的表达上是跟But属于同一个范畴。
A有despite，表示转折、让步;B有although，让步;C有个因果，原文没有存在因果;D有even表示让步。
所以在四个选项中我们会优先考虑A、B、D这三个选项。
仔细看A选项，despite后的内容表示水量大，和原句转折前相同;而逗号后的内容表示补充率小，和原句转折后相同。
所以A是正确选项。
例3 Numerous insects occupy the marsh, feeding on living or dead cordgrass tissue, and redwing blackbirds, sparrows, rodents, rabbits, and deer feed directly on the cordgrass.A. Insects feed only on dead cordgrass, while most other marsh inhabitants feed on live cordgrass.B. The marsh is a good habitat for insects, but a relatively poor one for birds and animals.C. Although cordgrass provides food for birds and animals, it gives insects both food and a place to live.D.Cordgrass provides food for numerous insects, birds, and other animals.这个题目中有一个and，表示并列的关系。
那么我们需要考虑并列前和并列后两部分的内容。
并列的内容我们往往会取同，打包处理。
原文意思是，and前说很多昆虫占据沼泽地，它吃这样的一种植物，and后说这些鸟类去吃这种植物，两部分并列在一起。
看四个选项，A选项中有个while，表示对比，逻辑关系不对;B有个but表示转折，逻辑关系不对;C有个although表示让步，逻辑关系不对。
所以在逻辑关系上唯一比较符合原句的就是D选项。
具体来看D选项，意思是这种植物给昆虫、鸟类、其他的动物提供了食物。
如果仔细阅读，你会发现C选项其实说得也很有道理：尽管这种植物给鸟类和其他动物提供了食物，但它给昆虫既提供食物又提供住的地方。
似乎这句话更能够表示原文的意思，但是大家不要忘记，虽然它翻译成中文在语义上与原句差不多，但在作者讲话的逻辑意图和句子表示的功能上有所不同。
原文没有用任何的转折、让步、比较这样一种取反、表示不同的逻辑关系表达，所以你就不能考虑although。
大家要注意，内容说起来差不多，但是作者讲话的逻辑关系、意图不对，我们自然不考虑。
所以这道题的答案选D选项。
托福阅读机经预测一天文学【标题】Pluto’s Status关于冥王星是不是行星的讨论冥王星的体积很小，有些小行星都比它大。
冥王星在刚被发现时被认为体积很大，一方面跟reflectivity有关，一方面跟它的质量(mass)有关。
有些人提出冥王星一直保持围绕太阳运转的轨道，这一特征可使其被归为太阳系的第十大行星。
关于冥王星的争议在于，有人认为它已经长时间被认为是行星就应继续这样，也有人认为判断一个天体是不是行星，应该看它的重量是否足够达到受gravity的影响，从而形成一个球体。
所以最终冥王星的归宿是一个新的天文学分类——矮行星(dwarfplanet，介于行星planet和小行星asteroid之间)。
二历史学【标题】High Middle Ages中世纪鼎盛时期西罗马帝国灭亡之后，欧洲经济经历了数百年的停滞(stagnation)，直到公元1000年才迎来复苏，此后持续了300多年的繁荣，这个时期(1000-1300)被称为中世纪的鼎盛期(the High Middle Ages)。
鼎盛期的出现原因有三。
一是心理原因(psychological reason)。
当时广为流传的预言(thewidespreadprophecies)说世界将在公元1000年毁灭，但实际并未发生。
于是人们重拾对生活的信心。
二是政治原因。
当时欧洲大范围的外族入侵停止了(foreignincursions had ceased)。
三是农业技术的提高。
三田轮耕系统(a three-fieldsystem)取代了先前的二田轮耕系统。
土地每三年休耕一次(uncultivated every thirdyear)，而不是每两年就休耕一次，这导致农业生产大大增加。
此外，农业工具犁也从木制改为铁制，并且耕畜(draft animal)从牛改为马，生产效率大大提高。
中世纪鼎盛期的经济繁荣带来的一个主要结果是人口增长。
人口的增长反过来(inturn)又产生两个进一步的影响，即人们需要消费更多的商品，并且需要开垦更多的土地(more landreclamation)。